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2016年对外经济贸易大学翻译硕士模拟题库,考研参考书,考研招生目录,考研经验,历年真题

2016年对外经济贸易大学翻译硕士考研招生目录,考研参考书,历年真题笔记贸大英语翻译基础书目推荐

1、庄绎传,《英汉翻译简明教程》。北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2002。

2、叶子南,《高级英汉翻译理论与实践》。北京:清华大学出版社,2001。

3、中国日报(China Daily):英语点睛:新词新译

4、王恩冕,《大学英汉翻译教程》,对外经济贸易大学出版社,第三版,2010。

5、金融时报官方网站:双语时评。

6、网站:https://www.doczj.com/doc/e38377561.html,/

7、外贸、金融、经济学、世贸组织等英语专业术语。

8、张曦,《口语与口译300题》,上海交通大学出版社。

9、金焕荣,《商务英语翻译》,苏州大学出版社。

10、赵军锋,《商务英语口译》,高等教育出版社,2009.

11、2015年度国家领导人出席的国际会议:演讲稿中英对照。

12、三笔、二笔相应题材的文章。

百科知识和汉语写作书目推荐

1、卢晓江.《自然科学史十二讲》.中国轻工业出版社(2007)(矿大)

2、叶朗.《中国文化读本》.北京:外语教学与研究出版社(2008)

3、杨月蓉.《实用汉语语法与修辞》.重庆:西南师范大学出版社(1999)(北大)

4、金元浦.《中国文化概论》.北京:中国人民大学出版社(2007)

5、庄锡昌.《西方文化史》.北京:高等教育出版社(2011)

6、林青松.《中国文学与中国文化知识应试指南》.南京:东南大学出版社(2005)

7、张元忠.张东风.《经济应用文写作与评析》.武汉:华中科技大学出版社(2008)

9、俞纪东.《经济写作》.上海:上海财经大学出版社

10、张文.《外贸文秘写作全书》.中华工商联合出版社

11、郑孝敏.《商务应用文》.东北财经大学出版社

12、柯琳娟.《公司(企业)常用文书写作格式与范本》.企业管理出版社

13、邵龙青.《财经应用写作》.东北财经大学出版社

14、伟业管理咨询公司编著.《商务文书模板速查手册》.中国言实出版社(贸大)

15、李玉珊.《商务文案写作》.高等教育出版社

16、岳海翔.《商务文书写作要领与范文》.中国言实出版社

17、岳海翔.《企划文书写作要领与范文》.中国言实出版社

18、程裕祯.《中国文化要略》.外语教学与研究出版社

19、朱维之,《外国文学史》(欧美卷),南开大学出版社。

20、《高中语文基础知识手册》,文学与文化部分。

21、张岱年,《中国文化概论》。北京:北京师范大学出版社,2004、2010。

22、夏晓鸣,《应用文写作》。上海:复旦大学出版社,2010

23、《不可不知的2000/3000/5000个常识》

24、李国正主编的《百科知识考点精编与真题解析》

25、世界历史地理及年度国际国内重大事件,包括文学及经济类畅销书籍,与名著有关的影视剧作,年鉴、周年纪念日等。(平时关注网站、报刊)

翻译硕士英语书目推荐

1、单选:外贸函电真题,《巅峰突破8级词汇巧学速记》

2、改错:(改错只要弄懂了错误类型其实很送分的)

3、阅读:FT(原文,要重视,打印出来认真看,下个app多看)

4、王关富《商务英语阅读》(里面很多经贸词汇不错)、专八阅读练习、外国报刊阅读练习

5、写作:《十天突破雅思写作》

2016年攻读对外经济贸易大学英语翻译硕士英

语翻译基础模拟试题

对外经济贸易大学2016年硕士研究生入学考试

科目代码:357科目名称:英语翻译基础

Part1.Put the English phrases into Chinese and vice visa.Then choose ten of them to explain in according language.30pts.

1.信息不对称

2.plaintiff

3.贸易顺差

4.chattel mortgage

5.negotiable share

6.Nominal GNP

7.市场均衡

8.吉尼系数

9.external diseconomy

10.指令经济

11.paradox of value

12.interest rate ceiling

13.本金

14.SBIC

15.bill of entry

16.Creditor

17.shipping documents

18.exclusive sales

19.出口申报单

20.general agent

21.generalized system of preferences

22.索赔

23.revolving letter of credit

https://www.doczj.com/doc/e38377561.html,PIT

25.gross for net

26.certificate of deposit

27.convertible security

28.DPI

29.financial standing

30.SAARC

Part two:put the flowing passage into Chinese.Choose one of them to translate.(60 pts)

Passage1

Market manipulation has become standard operating procedure in policy circles around the world.All eyes are now on China’s attempts to cope with the collapse of a major equity bubble.But the efforts of Chinese authorities are hardly unique.The leading economies of the West are doing pretty much the same thing–just dressing up their manipulation in different clothes.

Take quantitative easing,first used in Japan in the early2000s,then in the United States after2008,then in Japan again beginning in2013,and now in Europe.In all of these cases,QE essentially has been an aggressive effort to manipulate asset prices.It works primarily through direct central-bank purchases of long-dated sovereign securities,thereby reducing long-term interest rates,which,in turn,makes equities more attractive.

Whether the QE strain of market manipulation has accomplished its objective–to provide stimulus to crisis-torn,asset-dependent economies–is debatable:Current recoveries in the developed world,after all,have been unusually anemic.But that has not stopped the authorities from trying.

In their defense,central banks make the unsubstantiated claim that things would have been much worse had they not pursued QE.But,with now-frothy manipulated asset markets posing new risks of financial instability,the jury is out on that point as well.

China’s efforts at market manipulation are no less blatant.In response to a31% plunge in the CSI300(a composite index of shares on the Shanghai and Shenzhen exchanges)from its June12peak,following a145%surge in the preceding12months, Chinese regulators have moved aggressively to contain the damage.

Official actions run the gamut,including a$480billion government-supported

equity-market backstop under the auspices of the China Securities Finance Corporation,a$19billion pool from major domestic brokerages,and an open-ended promise by the People’s Bank of China(PBOC)to use its balance sheet to shore up equity prices.Moreover,trading was suspended for about50%of listed securities (more than1,400of2,800stocks).

Unlike the West’s QE-enabled market manipulation,which works circuitously through central-bank liquidity injections,the Chinese version is targeted more directly at the market in distress–in this case,equities.Significantly,QE is very much a reactive approach–aimed at sparking revival in distressed markets and economies after they have collapsed.The more proactive Chinese approach is the policy equivalent of attempting to catch a falling knife–arresting a market in free-fall. There are several other noteworthy distinctions between China’s market manipulation and that seen in the West.First,Chinese authorities appear less focused on systemic risks to the real economy.That makes sense,given that wealth effects are significantly smaller in China,where private consumption accounts for just36%of GDP–only about half the share in more wealth-dependent economies like the US.

Moreover,much of the sharp appreciation in Chinese equity values was very

short-lived.Nearly90%of the12-month surge in the CSI300was concentrated in the seven months following the start of cross-border investment flows via the so-called Shanghai-Hong Kong Connect in November2014.As a result,speculators had little time to let the capital gains sink in and have a lasting impact on lifestyle expectations.

Second,in the West,post-crisis reforms typically have been tactical,aimed at repairing flaws in established markets,rather than promoting new markets.In China, by contrast,post-bubble reforms have a more strategic focus,given that the

equity-market distress has important implications for the government’s capital-market reforms,which are viewed as crucial to its strategy of structural rebalancing.Long saddled with a bank-centric system of credit intermediation,the development of secure and stable equity and bond markets is a high priority in China’s effort to promote a more diversified business-funding platform.The collapse of the equity bubble calls that effort into serious question.

Finally,by emphasizing a regulatory fix,and thereby keeping its benchmark policy rate well above the dreaded zero bound,the PBOC is actually better positioned than other central banks to maintain control over monetary policy and not become ensnared in the open-ended provision of liquidity that is so addictive for frothy markets.And,unlike in the West,China’s targeted equity-specific actions minimize the risk of financial contagion caused by liquidity spillovers into other asset markets.

With a large portion of China’s domestic equity market still closed,it is hard to know when the correction’s animal spirits have been exhausted.While the government has assembled considerable firepower to limit the unwinding of a spectacular bubble,the overhang of highly leveraged speculative demand is disconcerting.Indeed,in the12 months ending in June,margin financing of stock purchases nearly tripled as a share of tradable domestic-equity-market capitalization.

While Chinese equities initially bounced14%off their July8low,the8.5%plunge on July27suggests that that may have been a temporary respite.The likelihood of forced deleveraging of margin calls underscores the potential for a further slide once full trading resumes.

More broadly,just as in Japan,the US,and Europe,there can be no mistaking what prompted China’s manipulation:the perils of outsize asset bubbles.Time and again, regulators and policymakers–to say nothing of political leaders–have been asleep at the switch in condoning market excesses.In a globalized world where labor income is under constant pressure,the siren song of asset markets as a growth elixir is far too tempting for the body politic to resist.

Speculative bubbles are the visible manifestation of that temptation.As the bubbles burst–and they always do–false prosperity is exposed and the defensive tactics of market manipulation become both urgent and seemingly logical.

Therein lies the great irony of manipulation:The more we depend on markets,the less we trust them.Needless to say,that is a far cry from the“invisible hand”on which the efficacy of markets rests.We claim,as Adam Smith did,that impersonal markets ensure the most efficient allocation of scarce capital;but what we really want are markets that operate only on our terms.

Passage2

CAREER MASTERCLASS GET PROMOTED

Mould yourself.Reaching the top isn’t just about results;it’s about fitting in with those who are already there.Know your business leaders inside out:their working styles,past successes and failures and how these have shaped their https://www.doczj.com/doc/e38377561.html,e every interaction to show you’re one of them.

Ditch the details.Always talk about outcomes and benefits over process and activity. Leaders want to know what they’re getting from you,not what you’re up to.

Get personal.Position your promotion as the answer to your manager’s problems. Does the department lack strategic focus?Being able to delegate would free up the boss for vital planning.Is it product knowledge he worries about?Run training sessions.

Take criticism on board.If you disagree,make minor(but visible)adjustments to show you’re willing to change.

Save up successes.Build credibility over time by consistently exceeding expectations, but schedule big triumphs to coincide with your review as a well-timed reminder of your brilliance.

Focus,focus,focus.Of your activity,80%should be directly in line with business priorities.Leave anything that upsets the balance to your staff and forget the rest.No one will notice.

Show devotion.Ooze commitment to the cause and those at the top will want you in a role where your energy can influence others.Not a true crusader?Fake it with vibrant language(‘energised’,‘inspired’,thrilled’)and a big smile.

Bring proof.Demonstrate your contribution to the business with indisputable facts. Qualitative data is good;quantitative is better;results presented in£,$and€are best

of all.

Stick at it.Staying power is one of the most important but least recognized attributes of successful leaders.If you don’t make promotion this time,don’t give up.Capture the insights,adapt and come back stronger.

From Management Today,January2012

Passage3

Analysis:Japan's lost decade still a risk for U.S.economy As the U.S.economy slouches toward another recession and confidence in policymakers erodes,investors are coming to grips with the notion that the country may already be several years into a Japan-style lost decade.

If so,the years ahead could be a very tough slog.U.S.households,unlike those in Japan,have higher debts and lower savings,while massive deficits have sapped political support for the type of robust government spending Japan relied upon.

In short:in a prolonged period of anemic growth,the U.S.economy may have a slimmer margin for error.

"I'm more convinced we are headed in that direction,"said Scott Mather, portfolio manager at PIMCO,the world's largest bond fund with$1.2trillion in assets under management."We might have an even harder time than Japan did."

Not all economists believe the United States will repeat the Japanese experience, but markets have been flashing warning signs.

Three years after the United States'housing bubble burst,10-year Treasury yields are struggling to stay above2percent,while stocks have declined every month since April.

Japan's10-year yield has not closed above2percent since1999and the Nikkei is 77percent below a peak hit in1990before a commercial real estate bubble burst.

U.S.economic output through the second quarter of2011has yet to surpass the level seen before the crisis hit in2008and may not do so soon;economists polled by Reuters give the country nearly one-in-three odds of falling back into recession over the next year.

"The financial turmoil of the last three or four months has been the markets coming to terms with a period of prolonged slow growth,"said Andrew Scott, professor of economics at London Business School."With households paying down debt and not consuming,it's hard to see where growth will come from."

Passage4

Analysis:Japan's lost decade still a risk for U.S.economy As the U.S.economy slouches toward another recession and confidence in policymakers erodes,investors are coming to grips with the notion that the country may already be several years into a Japan-style lost decade.

If so,the years ahead could be a very tough slog.U.S.households,unlike those in Japan,have higher debts and lower savings,while massive deficits have sapped political support for the type of robust government spending Japan relied upon.

In short:in a prolonged period of anemic growth,the U.S.economy may have a slimmer margin for error.

"I'm more convinced we are headed in that direction,"said Scott Mather, portfolio manager at PIMCO,the world's largest bond fund with$1.2trillion in assets under management."We might have an even harder time than Japan did."

Not all economists believe the United States will repeat the Japanese experience, but markets have been flashing warning signs.

Three years after the United States'housing bubble burst,10-year Treasury yields are struggling to stay above2percent,while stocks have declined every month since April.

Japan's10-year yield has not closed above2percent since1999and the Nikkei is 77percent below a peak hit in1990before a commercial real estate bubble burst.

U.S.economic output through the second quarter of2011has yet to surpass the level seen before the crisis hit in2008and may not do so soon;economists polled by Reuters give the country nearly one-in-three odds of falling back into recession over the next year.

"The financial turmoil of the last three or four months has been the markets coming to terms with a period of prolonged slow growth,"said Andrew Scott, professor of economics at London Business School."With households paying down debt and not consuming,it's hard to see where growth will come from."

Passage5

As consumers keep an ever-tighter grip on their money,this hoary old marketing wheeze is enjoying a new lease of life.The idea is you tempt prospects in with deep discounts,then after a while ramp up the prices and hope they stick around.Groupon, the group-buying internet business,is based entirely on this idea.But do loss leaders work?There are plenty of reasons why they might not.

People get wise to it.If you receive an insurance renewal quote that is twice what you paid last year,it is the work of moments to get on a comparison website and find a better deal.If you then call the original insurer and point this out,chances are it will back down and immediately offer to match the lower price.If enough of its customers don’t bother,then this temporary discount might seem like a good strategy, but it makes loyal customers feel jaundiced.This has happened to me and now I watch my insurance company’s every move.

Loss leaders attract the wrong kind of customer.This,reportedly,is what many Groupon customers are finding.They aren’t gaining repeat business but merely filling capacity with permanent bargain-hunters.These people may not return,but even if they do you may not want them.It’s a well-observed phenomenon in many businesses that the less customers want to pay,the more trouble they cause.

It’s illogical,captain.Perhaps most importantly,there is a basic logical flaw in

the loss-leader philosophy,as it assumes customers will come to you for a cheap deal but won’t leave you for another one.Unless there is something unique and amazing about your service that can only be understood when experienced,this is unlikely.

Most of the time,users of the loss leader make the same error as a man who persuades his lover to divorce her husband and marry him,conveniently forgetting that his paramour has given proof positive that she’s prepared to cheat on her spouse. Part three:put the following passage into English.(60pts.)

Passage1

我们面临一系列“两难”问题。经济发展慢了不行,那样就业压力就会更大,财政收入就会减少,许多应该办的事业就会缺乏资金。经济发展过快也不行,那样经济运行紧张,难以为继。第三,中国经济发展中的问题,说到底是经济结构问题、经济增长方式问题和经济体制问题。而解决这些深层次的问题需要时间。综上所述,我想明确告诉大家,摆在政府面前的第一位任务,是通过加强和改善宏观调控,继续保持经济平稳较快发展。“行百里者半九十”,绝不能半途而废。当然,我们将更加注重区别对待、有保有压,注重运用市场机制和经济手段调节。

Passage2

中国的汇率改革从1994年开始,到现在从没有停止。我们确立的目标是实行以市场为基础的、有管理的、浮动的汇率制度。现在我们正在进一步研究汇率改革的方案,使汇率对于市场更富有弹性。我们现在做的事情,是为汇率改革打下坚实的基础。第一,保持宏观经济的稳定和发展。第二,保持金融的健康运行。与此同时,我们在外汇管制方面已经采取了一系列放宽的措施。至于中国汇率的改变或者说人民币的升值,究竟会给中国经济、中国的企业带来什么影响,究竟给周边国家以至世界其他国家带来什么影响,争议很大。坦率地说,有些人强烈要求人民币升值,但并没有完全弄懂人民币升值以后会出现的问题。中国是一个负责任的国家,对于人民币升值和汇率机制的改革,我们不仅要考虑本国的利益,而且要考虑对周边国家和世界的影响。我可以告诉大家,这项工作我们正在制定方案,何时出台、采取什么方案,可能是一个出其不意的事情。

对外经济贸易大学英语学院2016年硕士研究生招生专业目录

招生目录中所列招生人数均为拟招生人数(含推免生和少数民族骨干计划招生人数),具体招生人数将根据生源状况略有调整,此数据仅供参考。下列所有参考书目仅供参考,命题教师将根据考生通常应该掌握的知识点酌情命题。

特别说明:英语学院不接收专科等同等学力考生报考。

一、招生目录

招生目录中所列招生人数均为拟招生人数(含推免生和少数民族骨干计划招生人数),具体招生人数将根据生源状况略有调整,此数据仅供参考。下列所有参考书目仅供参考,命题教师将根据考生通常应该掌握的知识点酌情命题。

英语口译(专业学位)考生可以选报全日制或在职方式攻读,但在全国统一报名系统中不作区分,相关考生需在11月份现场确认后登陆我校研究生院相关系统进行确认(具体网址为https://www.doczj.com/doc/e38377561.html,/lkxxxs,通时间另行通知)。在职攻读班拟安排周末上课。但是,如果以在职攻读方式报考的上线考生人数不能达到成班规模,这类学生将自动转为全日制方式攻读,按全日制分数线进行录取。特此说明。

注:以上各方向均可志愿参加英美名校联合培养,学院在录取时会针对生源情况进行专业方向调剂。在职双证录取时单独划线,集中授课,不转户档,不安排住宿,不参加毕业派遣。

汉字

1.(文字)的产生标志着社会文明有了划时代的进步,标志着人的思想、感情、

意志可以积累成为精神财富。

2.汉字的起源,最早应当是原始社会的(图画)和(象形符号)。

3.我国现存最早的汉字是(甲骨文)和(金文)。金文又叫(钟鼎文)

4.甲骨文最早是由(王懿荣)首先发现的。

5.我们所说的甲骨文包括(原始甲骨文)和(殷墟甲骨文)。

6.篆书分大篆和小篆,大篆以(石鼓文)为代表,它是我国现存最早的石刻文

字,也是由金文向小篆过渡的一种字体。

7.研究汉字的书,有秦代的(《仓颉篇》)(《爰历篇》)(《博学篇》),

到汉代,三书合一成为(《仓颉篇》)。

8.“六书”这个词最早见于(《周礼》),后世文字学家多采用(许慎)的名称、

(班固)的次序。

9.六书(《说文解字》的解释):是指汉字的六种结构

六书含义例子

象形依照物体的轮廓,用弯曲的线条,画出那个

物体的形状来,就是象形字;

日、月、龙、门等

指事指看一下就可以知道它代表什么,但要仔细

观察以后才能明白它的意义;

上、下、本、甘等

会意把两个或两个以上的子合并在一起,并把它们的字义合起来,就出现一个新义的指向;武:上边是戈,下边是脚趾,表示开步执戈,动武征伐。旅、聂、安等

形声由形旁和声旁组合形成的字;左形右声:江、河、松、枫等

右形左声:期、朔、鸠、鸽等

上形下声:空、穹、笔、篆等

下形上声:基、垄、悲、愁等

内形外声:闷、圆、闽、唐等

外形内声:街、裹、序、固等

转注建立同一类的字有统一的部首,如果字义相同则可互相注释;条件:部首相同或字义相

同。考、老属同一部首,又都是年老的意思,可以互相注释。民和氓;走和趋;舟和船;梁和桥;顶和颠等

假借词语中没有这个字,但是也不用新的字,而

是借用现成的字去表示。

令、长、我、自、耳、且10.汉字结构的基本精神:

(1)写实主义精神

(2)人体本位精神

(3)原始社会物质条件和精神生活的反映。

学术思想

1.构成中国文化核心的东西是历代哲人们的(哲学思想)和(学说)。

2.孔孟之道:算得上是中国文化史上的第一学说,代表人物孔子和孟子。

孔子所创立的学说称为“儒学”,后经孟子、荀子等人继承和发展,

成为春秋战国时期影响最大的思想流派。讲的是“入世之学”,讲

的是政治教化,其作用偏重于社会,就个人来说,偏重于人的品格

修养。

3.老庄思想:是影响中国文化发展的第二大学说,先秦时代的代表人物是老子和庄子。

讲的是“出世之学”,主要讲的是宇宙人生,其作用偏重于个人,

而且偏重于个人的精神层面。

4.墨家学说:在战国时代与儒学并称为两大“显学”,代表人物墨子。

墨家思想更多地代表了下层劳动者的利益和要求。

思想理论方面:墨子提出了“兼爱、非攻、尚贤、尚同、节葬、节

用、非乐、非命、尊天、明鬼”等十大主张。

形式逻辑方面:提出了以“名、辞、说”为思维的三种基本形式

自然科学方面:几何学、力学方面都有突出成就。

5.(儒学)和(墨家学说)在战国时代并称为两大显学。

6.法家学说:战国时代后起的学派,代表人物韩非将“法、术、势”合为一体,

集法家之大成。法家思想实际上是后世封建统治者维护集权统治的

理论基石。

“法”即君主的法令,君主治国必须有明确的法令,赏罚必须严明;

“术”即君主驾驭群臣的心术和权术,君主应知人用人,听言察实;

“势”即君主的权势地位,君主必须牢牢掌握权柄不放。

7.经学:由先秦进入汉代,因汉武帝独尊儒术而兴起两汉学术思想的主流——

“经学”,它是研究和阐发儒家经典的宗旨及其方法的一门学问。

其内容极为广泛,几乎涵盖了中国古代文化的一切领域,涉及到中国传统社会的政治、经济、伦理、道德、哲学、礼仪、教育、文学、艺术、史学、法律、宗教及民间习俗等。

8.六艺:《诗》、《书》、《礼》、《乐》、《易》、《春秋》等六部先秦时的著作,在《庄子》一书中被称为“六经”,这六部经典经过孔子删订,成为向弟子讲授的教材,因此也称为“六艺”。

9.今文经:到汉武帝设立“太学”时,经书大都没有先秦时的旧本,而是由战

国时代的学者师徒之间口头传授,后来才采用汉代当时流行的隶体文

字书写而成的,因此称为“今文经”。

10.古文经:使用“古?文字”写成的先秦旧本,是从孔子旧宅的壁缝里发现和

从民间获得的古文经书。

11.今文经学家西汉以(董仲舒)为代表,尊(孔子)为经学之祖,注重阐述经

文的(微言大义)。

12.古文经学家尊崇(周公),认为六经不过是孔子整理过的古籍史料,真正的

古意还有待研究,注重(名物训诂)。

13.孔颖达等人合编(《五经正义》),对汉代以来的经学做了一次系统性的整理。

14.玄学:是魏晋时期流行的一种哲学思潮,它是以老庄思想为主旨,又糅合儒家经义而产生的一种新的学说。“玄”就是老子所说的“玄之又玄,众妙之门”,

指深奥难测而又无法用语言明确的某种状态、关系或道理,研究这种深奥难测的状态关系或道理的学问,就可称为“玄学”。

15.魏晋玄学及其思辨方法,如(得意忘象)、(得意忘言)等对中国文学艺术

产生了深刻的影响。

16.北宋初年的(胡瑗)和(孙复),都强调儒家纲常与天道的一致性,讲“经

世济人”,两人实开理学先河。

17.张载称他治学的目的是:为天地立心、为生民立命、为往圣继绝学、为万世

开太平

18.北宋理学四大家:周敦颐、张载、程颐、程颢。

19.(朱熹)集理学大成。

20.四学:濂(周敦颐之学),洛(二程之学),关(张载之学),闽(朱熹之学)

21.王阳明集心学之大成,提出(知行合一)的观点。

22.朴学:清代的儒家学者因思想和社会的变迁又归向经学,象汉儒一样注重训诂和考据,而这种训诂和考据之学被称为“质朴之学”,简称“朴学”。

23.乾嘉学派:朴学以清代为盛,成就超过古人,尤以乾隆、嘉庆时的朴学最辉煌,形成“乾嘉学派”。

24.(顾炎武)是清代儒林第一人,他的两部著作(《日知录》、《天下郡国利

病书》)被认为“无一字无来历”。

25.黄宗羲的(《明儒学案》)是第一部研究中国哲学断代史的著作,(《明夷

待访录》)为考古论今之作,突出表达了他的进步思想。

26.后人把王夫之的作品集结为(《船山遗书》),总结和发展了古代唯物论和

辩证法思想,达到了中国古代哲学的高峰。

27.四存之学:颜元是一位专讲实学的思想家,因反对书本上的学问,所以著述很少,

一生只写了四篇文章,即《存学》、《存治》、《存性》、《存人》。称为“四存之学”。

28.清代早期和乾嘉时期的朴学推崇(古文经),而晚清的朴学则重视(今文经),

其代表人物有(龚自珍、魏源、康有为)。

宗教信仰

1.中国人对(天地)、(祖先)、(君师)的崇拜最为突出。

2.中国古代的祭祀以天地的仪式以(封禅)最为重要。

3.封禅:就是由帝王来祭祀天地,“封”是在泰山顶上设坛祭天;“禅”,是

在泰山附近的小山上祭地。封禅的目的是帝王取得天下以后,以天子身

份祭告天地,以表示自己的统治符合天意,合乎正统。

4.史书记载第一个封禅的皇帝是(秦始皇);

中国历史上最后一个封禅的皇帝是(宋真宗)。

5.历史上首次将祭祀后土列为大典的是(汉文帝)。

6.往泰山封禅,到汾阴祭后土,祭祀天地的仪式还有(庙祭)和(郊祭)。

7.五岳:东岳泰山、西岳华山、南岳衡山、北岳恒山、中岳嵩山。

8.五镇:东镇沂山、西镇吴山、南镇会稽山、北镇医巫闾山、中镇霍山。

9.四渎:东渎大淮(淮河)、南渎大江(长江)、

西渎大河(黄河),北渎大济(济水)

10.四海:东海、南海、西海(青海湖)、北海。

11.从(秦始皇)时候开始,宗庙成为帝王祭祀祖先的专用场所,后世称为(太庙)。

12.庙号:即帝王死后在太庙受祭时享有的称号。如:明太祖、明成祖、清世祖、清圣祖

13.帝王祭祀祖先用(太庙),官员百姓祭祀祖先用(宗祠)。

14.现存最大的一座宗祠是山西省闻喜县礼元镇的(裴氏祠)。

15.北京阜成门现存的(历代帝王庙),是国内仅存的一座帝王庙。

16.(师)是哪些可以为万世师表的圣人,传统上指(孔子)和(关公)两个人。

17.(汉高祖刘邦)亲祭孔子是封建帝王祭孔的开始;

(汉文帝)追封孔子(褒成宣尼公),这是孔子受封的开始;

(东汉光武帝刘秀)明确把孔子作为一个教育家来尊崇;

到(唐贞观四年),开始全国性的祭孔。

18.佛教是由(释迦牟尼)于公元前六世纪到五世纪在(古印度)境内创立的,

在我国又叫(释教),管和尚叫(释子)。

19.迦叶摩腾、竺法兰翻译的(《四十二章经》),据说是中国最早的佛经。

20.佛教在(两汉)之间传入中国。

21.魏晋南北朝时期佛教发展的表现:

(1)佛经翻译的规模明显扩大;

(2)弘传活动进一步兴盛,出现了比较大的佛教活动中心,如洛阳、长安、

建康、庐山等地;

(3)大量营建佛寺僧舍,建造石像石窟;

(4)西行求法活动成风。

22.(鸠摩罗什)翻译的中论、百论、十二门论、金刚经及妙法莲花经对中国佛学理论的发展有划时代的意义。

23.中国最早到西域去求法取经的僧人是三国时的(朱士行),他也是中国第一

个西行求法的人。

24.魏晋南北朝时期佛教突出发展的原因:

(1)东汉末年天下大乱,社会各阶层都遭受了无穷的苦难,于是都想在痛苦

中寻求一种寄托和安宁,佛教所主张的自我解脱和超度求生等教义正好

适应了这种需要;

(2)这一时期,社会上流行玄学,热衷清淡;

(3)统治阶级的提倡和利用

25.隋唐时期佛教的特点:

(1)佛学大盛。唐代的佛经翻译无论是数量和质量都超越前代而达到最高成

就;

(2)寺产丰肥;

(3)宗派林立。

26.佛教宗派:三论宗、三阶宗、天台宗、华严宗、法相宗、律宗、净土宗、密宗、禅宗

27.(禅宗)是佛教中国化最典型的产物。

28.藏传佛教:藏传佛教主要以印度传入的(密教)经典为主,吸收了(苯教)

的某种的仪式和神持,形成了具有西藏特色的(藏密),后流传

于(青海)、(内蒙古地区)、(蒙藏附近的国家)等地。

29.(葛举派)又称(白教),是藏传佛教中最早采用活佛转世制度的。

30.(萨迦派)为西藏政教合一的宗派。

31.(格鲁派)用活佛转世制度解决法位传承问题。

32.(达赖)和(班禅)是黄教两大活佛转世系统的称号。

33.(无常)和(无我)是佛教思想的基本出发点。

34.小乘佛教:指初始的、传统的教派。

35.大乘佛教:指后起的变化了的教派。

36.三武一宗:历史上的灭佛事件主要有四次,被称为“三武一宗”,是中外文化冲突的一种反映,也是三教对立、斗争的一种表现。即:北魏太武帝拓拔焘、北周武帝宇文邕、唐武宗李炎、周世宗柴荣。

37.佛教对中国文化的影响:(99年大题)

(1)佛教对中国哲学的影响;

(2)佛教对中国文学的影响;

(3)佛教对中国艺术的影响;

(4)佛教对中国语言的影响。

38.佛教四大名山:山西五台山、四川峨眉山、安徽九华山、浙江普陀山。

39.中国佛教属于(大乘佛教),尊崇(文殊、普贤、地藏、观世音)菩萨。

40.佛教四大禅林:灵岩寺、国清寺、玉泉寺、栖霞寺。

41.四大石窟:云冈、敦煌、龙门、麦积山。

42.(乐山大佛)是中国第一大佛。

43.中国开凿最早的大佛是(太原西山大佛)。

44.大藏经:以佛教经典为主,也包括了印度、中国等佛教著述在内的大型丛书。

45.石经山:位于北京市房山区云居寺,以石刻佛经闻名于世。

46.(佛指灵骨)指释迦牟尼的真身遗骨。

47.道教的渊源:

(1)原始宗教和巫术——行为基础

(2)春秋战国时代产生“方术”——思想基础

(3)阴阳五行学说——理论基础

(4)黄老学说——名称来源

48.道教的产生大体在(东汉中叶)。

49.道教的基本特点:

(1)保留了较多的民间信仰和方术,其宗教理论和信仰素质都与中国的传统

文化、生活风俗密切适应;

(2)保留了历史上的自然宗教因素,而且还夹带着不少迷信成分;

(3)它的宗教内容和传道组织包括了道家、神仙术和为人驱鬼治病的几个层

次;

(4)以长生成仙为信仰目标,以修生养性为现实利益,是一种既重视眼前利

益,又有长远追求的宗教,很符合中国人的传统。

50.道教发展的原因:

(1)道教所依据的哲学思想是中国本土产生的;

(2)道教的传播手段与各阶层群众的切身利益直接有关;

(3)入道成仙的口号有相当的诱惑力。

51.丹鼎派:由方术发展而来,以炼丹取药、祈求长生成仙为其特点。

52.符录派:由巫术发展而来,以鬼神崇拜、画符念咒、驱鬼降妖、祈福禳灾为特点。

53.道教对中国文化的影响

(1)道教的某些活动含有一定的科学精神,对某些科学技术,如:冶炼、化

学等做出了贡献;

(2)道教的养身之道和引导之术,是现在体育健身活动的直接来源;

(3)道教的成仙思想和仙界构想,激发了作家和艺术家的想象力,丰富了文

学创作的浪漫主义色彩;

(4)在中国的民间习俗和传统节日中含有大量的道教内容。

54.道教一般把(楼观台)作为最早的道观。

55.道教以(青龙、白虎、朱雀、玄武)为四方保护神。

56.世界三大宗教:佛教、伊斯兰教、基督教

57.伊斯兰教的六大信仰:

(1)信安拉是唯一的神

(2)信穆罕默德是安拉的使者

(3)信天神

(4)信《古兰经》是安拉启示的经典

(5)信一切都是由安拉决定的

(6)信“死后复活”和“末日审判”

58.五功:

(1)念功

(2)拜功

(3)斋功(回历9月)

(4)课功(“课功”的“课”的意思:信徒要交纳课税。)

(5)朝功(回历12月)

资料来源:育明考研考博官网https://www.doczj.com/doc/e38377561.html,

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