Part III Reading (Reading in Depth)
Section A
Passage 1
The world will miss its agreed target to stem biodiversity loss by next year, according to experts gathering in Cape Town for a landmark conference devoted to biodiversity science.
The goal was agreed at the 6th Conference of Parties to the UN Convention on Biological Diversity in April 2003. Some 123 world ministers __1__ to ―achieve, by 2010, a significant reduction of the current rate of biodiversity loss at the local, national and regional levels, as a ___2__ to poverty alleviation and to the benefit of all life on Earth.‖
―We will __3___ miss the target for reducing the rate of biodiversity loss by 2010, and therefore also miss the 2015 environmental targets with the UN Millennium Development Goals to __4____ health and livelihoods for the world‘s poorest and most __5___ people,‖ says Georgina Mace of Imperial College, London, and Vice- Chair of the international DIVERSITAS program.
―It is hard to image a more important __6___ t han protecting the ecosystem services underpinned by biodiversity,‖ says Mace. ―Biodiversity is __7___ to humans having food, fuel, clean water and a habitable climate.‖
―Yet changes to ecosystems and losses of biodiversity have continued to ____8__. Since 1992, even the most conservative estimates agree that an area of tropical rainforest greater than the size of California has been ___9__ mostly for food and fuel. Species ___10__ rates are at least 100 times those in pre-human times and are expected to co ntinue to increase.‖
A. applied
B. priority
C. fundamental
D. committed E important F. converted G. accelerate H. improve I. contribution J. made K response L. certainly M. extinction N. accordingly O. vulnerable
Passage 2
Future automobiles will take many forms, with electricity and alternative fuels certain to play an ___1__ role. Toyota has made many advances to improve fuel economy, creating breakthrough __2___ used in many current models, and in coming tomorrow‘s. At the core of its efforts is the Toyota hybrid system, which___3___ fuel efficiency, and performance in a wide range of vehicles today. Toyota engineers are developing the technologies that will continue to advance fuel economy, reduce emissions and lessen the environmental __4___ of transportation, all while delivering the comfort, convenience and performance that drivers demand.
Toyota___5__ the automobile industry in 1997 when it introduced the world‘s first mass-produced gasoline-electric hybrid vehicle---the Prius. Since the ___6__ of the Prius, engineers have been building on the proven hybrid technology and have now developed a plug-in hybrid vehicle (PHV). Using existing battery technology, a PHV can ___7__ improve fuel economy and can be easily recharged, without requiring infrastructure changes or special equipment.
Toyota believed that to make a true impact on the environment, the solution needed to be both affordable and ___8___. This principle guided Prius development. The Prius has always been a
fully hybrid, with the ability to run on the motor alone, or on a __9___ of the motor and the engine. So far Toyota hybrid have made a __10___ impact on the way cars are designed and the expectations drivers have in the 21st century.
A. combination
B. tremendous
C. dramatically
D. introduction
E. involved
F. available
G. impact
H. increasing
I. technology
J. improves
K. automatically
L. conclusion
M. factor
N. practical
O. revolutionized
Passage 3
Let‘s face it: Spending hours in crowded lecture halls and c ommuting to a college campus just aren‘t options for most working women. But that doesn‘t mean you have to ___1__ your dream of getting a degree. Sign up for online classes and you can complete your course work at your __2___ and at your own pace--- all while keeping your days job.
Demand for this appealing __3___ has exploded: Of the more than 3 million Americans over 35 who are __4__ in degree-granting schools, nearly a third do some of the work off campus. In response, colleges and universities have begun offering an ever-wider ___5__ of online curricula and courses. You can earn degrees as ___6__ as an associate‘s in healthcare administration, a bachelor‘s in medieval philosophy, or a master‘s in public policy, largely from the comfort of your living room. __7___, even fields that require on-site training----such as nursing, __8___ therapy, and teaching---- allow you to do most of the work online.
Among online education‘s biggest___9__ is Robert Franek, vice president of publishing for the Princeton Revi ew college and grad school guides. ―It‘s no longer a class of 15 students sitting around one faculty member,‖ he says. ―Think of the diversity of ideas, backgrounds, and ages you get. That really _____ to the depth of learning!‖
A. alternative
B. reinforces
C. physical
D. involved
E. diverse
F. abandon
G. enrolled
H. obviously
I. accomplish
J. increasingly
K. convenience
L. important
M. supporters
N. array
O. adds
Passage4
The workplace-research group Catalyst studied 353 Fortune 500 companies and found that those with the most women in senior management had a higher __1___ on equities---by more than a third.
Are the women themselves making the difference? Or are these smart firms that make smart moves, like promoting women? There is growing ___2__ that in today‘s marketplace the female management style is not only distinctly different but also___3__. Studies from Cambridge University and University of Pittsburgh suggest that women manage more cautiously than men do. They __4___ on the long term. Men thrive on risk, especially when surrounded by other men. Wouldn‘t the economic crisis have unfolded a bit __5___ if Lehman Brothers had had a few more women on board?
Women are also less __6___, in a way. They‘re consensus builders, conciliators an d collaborators, and they __7___ what is called a transformational leadership style---heavily engaged, motivational, __8___ well suited for the emerging( 新兴的) , less hierarchical workplace. Indeed, when the Chartered Management Institute in the U.K. looked ahead to 2018, it
saw a work world that will be more fluid and more virtual, where the __9___ for female management skills will be stronger than ever. Women, CMI __10___, will move rapidly up the chain of command, and their emotional-intelligence skills may become ever more essential.
A. recommend
B. differently
C. essential
D. initiative
E. focus
F. employ
G. occasionally
H. evidence
I. demand
J. extremely
K. predicts
L. return
M. competitive
N. emphasize
O. concludes
Passage5
If an animal is moved from its home in the tropics to a cold climate, it will die if it is not kept warm. And animals ___1____ to cold climates will die if they are moved to the tropics. Many plants, too, will die if they are removed from the place where they _____2____ grow and are transplanted into an unfamiliar soil .Almost every species is adapted to life in a particular place by its organs and their functions and by __3____ habits .The specialized adaptation has great advantages, for it ____4____ many organisms to survive under different conditions. It also has disadvantages, for it means that the life if most species is controlled by ___5___ conditions. Living things are not ____6____ over the earth freely, most species have definite habits for living places .Ecology is the study of how organisms live in their environment .This means finding out how an organism survives and ____7____ in species and other species, plant or animal. Most living things are _____8___ to their environment .Some can __9____ certain features of their environment to suit themselves, a braver, for example, can make ponds by building dams, many birds and insects can build elaborate nests to provide ___10__their young. But these skills are restricted and highly specialized .Most organisms must adapt their bodies to fit on with their surroundings, and since they can adapt only for particular surroundings, they are found only in places where they can live successful with the least effort.
A normally
B shelter
C assigned
D accustomed
E scattered
F abundant
G surely
H alter
I reproduces
J permanent
K slaves L approach M enables N alternative O local
Passage 6
Health information and communications technologies (HIT) will play a viatal role in the creation of a 21st century health care system that is safe ,effective , patient-centric and fair .
For doctors ,HIT brings the promise of advanced knowledge at the point of care .For patinets ,HIT ___1_____ their passove role into one of collaboration and partnership with their health care team .
While the ___2___ of technology into health care has been slower than hoped for ,the transition is well under way in health care systems around the country , For example : Electronix health records (EHRS) are ___3_____ paper records .while many still experence the frustration of a paperdriven system that is only slightly more ____4_______ than black-and-white trruns of Marcus Welby ,M.D., EHRs give leading health care providers a complete and _____5_____ medical history as well as links to practice guidelines and best practices .Doctors can ___6____ a wide range of tools that support prevention ,care management and compiance with protocols.
Electronic Prescribing (eprescribing )____7______ cuts down the errors that can arise in
the chain from doctor to pharmacy to patient . It‘s not just about sending a prescription electronically to ensure legibility .A good ePrescribing system automatically flags potentially harmful drug interactions and checks a health plan‘s reimbursement schedule to ___8_____ costs for patients .
Personal Health Records (PHRs) are patient-owned and controlled eletronic health records that allow people to store access and coordinate their complete health history and make appropriate parts __9____ to those who need it .The key here is that individuals are in ___10____ of their own information .
A sophisticated
B barely
C replacing
D access
E increase
F transfers
G integration
H control
I original
J transforms
K reduce
L available
M accurate
N single
O significantly
Passage7
I find it wholesome to be alone the greater part of the time. To be in 1. even with the best, is soon tiresome. I love to be alone. I never found the companion that was so companionable as solitude（孤独）. We are for the most part more lonely when we go abroad among men than when we stay in our 2. . A man thinking or working is always alone; let him be where he will. Solitude is not 3. by the miles of space that lie between a man and his fellows. The 4 diligent student in one of the 5. public areas of Cambridge College is as solitary as a single traveler in the desert. The farmer can work alone in the field or the woods all day and not feel lonesome, because he is 6. But when he comes home at night he cannot sit down in a room alone. At the mercy of his thoughts, he must be where he can "see the folks" to 7. himself for his day's solitude. And hence he 8. how the student can sit alone in the house all night and most of the day without boredom and "the blues". But he does not 9. that the student, though in the house, is still at work in his field as the farmer in his. And he in 10. seeks the same recreation and society that the latter does, though it may be a more condensed form of it.
A. crowded
B. homes
C. balance
D. wonders
E. employed
F. turn
G. company
H. really I . measured J. asks
K. families L. absolutely M. realize N. pair O. compensate
Passage8
World Heart Day was first observed six years ago. Organizers 1. the event as a way to help reduce the spread of heart disease. The World Heart Federation says heart disease kills 17 million people each year.
The group 2. people to be active and have a good, healthy diet. It also warns against activities known to increase a person's risk of heart attack or 3.
Some of the warnings are directed at children. The World Heart Federation says about 22 million boys and girls under the age of five are 4 overweight. One message of World Heart Day is to eat right. Children should eat a healthy and 5. diet. Also, limit sugary drinks, sweets and eating between 6. .The World Heart Federation urges parents to keep their children 7 .It says physical exercise helps to decrease the risk of obesity(肥胖) and keeps a child healthy.
The World Heart Federation also is concerned about the effects of tobacco on young people. It says the younger someone 8. to smoke, the greater the chance of a health problem tied to
smoking is. The group says almost half of all children live with a 9. .The World Heart Federation also says parents should warn children not to be influenced by 10. companies. And it says parents who smoke should try to stop.
A warns
B urges
C mainly
D stroke
E fit
F balanced
G active
H smoker
I proposed
J begins
K tobacco L foods M severely N sound O meals
Passage 9
We often think of agriculture as planting seeds and harvesting crops. But many crops do not come from seeds. Many kinds of trees and plants are grown from 1. cut from existing trees and plants. This is called grafting(嫁接).
Farmers cut branches or young growths, called 2. ,from one plant and place them on a related kind of plant. The branch or bud that is grafted is called a scion(接穗).The plant that 3. the graft is called the root stock. Over time, the 4. from the two plants grow together. The grafted plant begins to 5. the leaves and fruit of the scion, not the root stock.
A graft can be cut in several ways. A cleft graft(割接，劈接),for example, requires a scion with several buds on it. The bottom of the scion is cut in the 6. of the letter V.A place is cut in the root stock to accept the scion. The scion is then 7. placed into the cut on the root stock. Growth medium is put on the 8. to keep it wet and help the growth.
Grafting can join scions with 9. qualities to root stock that is strong and resists disease and insects. Some common fruit trees such as sweet cherries have to be grafted.
In an age of high-technology agriculture, grafting is a low-technology method that remains
10 important.
A blossoms
B pieces
C composes
D parts
E securely
F extremely
G buds
H agreeable
I accepts
J firmly
K grow L desirable M produce N shape O joint
Passage 10
Your heart is the single most important muscle in your body ,but keeping it in ___1_____ doesn't‘t drequire a fancy gym membership or hours of tiring workouts .Squeezing a few brisk walks into your week is all it takes --- and because heart disease is the _____2___ cause of death amon gwomen in America, you should get moving now . If you‘re over 40 ,a walking program can reduce your ____3____ of heart disease by up to 40 precent ,as well as ___4_____ your blood pressure , make your heart pump blood more ___5___ , and improve your circulation .Studies show that regular aerobic exercise , like walking , also reduce stress and ___6_____ fat ,saus cardiologist Nieca Goldberg , medical director of New York University‘s Women‘s Heart Program .
Our plan is based on the latest ______7____ from the American Heart Association and the American College of Sports Medicine , which suggest two diferent walking ___8___ , depending on your fitness level ,to help keep your healthy: walking moderately for 30 minutes ,five days a wiik , or striding at a more ______ pace for 20 minutes , three days a week .First , take a fitness test , then pick the routine that‘s right for you .And don‘t forg et to ___10__ with your doctor before starting this regimen or any new exercise program .
A lower
B recommendations
C final
D leading
E risk
F mormal G
strategies H vigorous I confidentially J burns k shape L argue M check N dffectively O increase
Passage 11
Losing your job can make you feel terrible. Whether you're fired or laid-off, joining the ranks of the unemployed is not 1. a feel-good event. You don't need a study to tell you that.
But what 2. does losing a job have on your health? Could a layoff send a perfectly healthy person into a downward spiral of sickness? It's 3. , says Kate Strully, a sociologist at State University of New York in Albany. In her new study published in the journal Demography, Strully analyzed a 4. of job loss situations - including being fired or laid off or losing a job after the entire company 5. down - and found that job loss may indeed trigger serious physical illness.
Strully used a 6. representative and continually updated data set known as the U.S. Panel of Study of Income Dynamics (PSID), which 7. people around the country each year on their employment status and their self-reports of health, among other things. Strully used data from 1999, 2001 and 2003 to track people's job status and the impact on each person's health 18 months later. Since previous studies on employment and health 8. from a chicken-or-egg puzzle- researchers could never be sure whether the stresses and strains of unemployment led to poorer health, which 9. to job loss - Strully focused on people who reported having lost their job due to factors out of their 10, such as the entire company shutting its doors.
A variety
B possible
C specifically
D turn
E subjected
F reasonable
G suffered
H contributed
I nationally
J generally
K surveys L exactly M impact N shut O control
Passage12
Snow is a form of frozen water. It 1. many groups of tiny ice particles called snow crystals. These crystals grow from water 2. in cold clouds. They usually grow around a piece of 3. .All snow crystals have six sides, but they grow in different shapes. The shape depends 4. on the temperature and water levels in the air.
Snow crystals grow in two designs-plate like and columnar. Plate like crystals are flat. They form when the air temperature is about 15 degrees below zero Celsius. Columnar snow crystals look like 5. of ice. They form when the temperature is about five degrees below zero Celsius.
The shape of a snow crystal may change from one form to another as the crystal 6. through levels of air with different temperatures. When melting snow crystals or raindrops 7. through very cold air, they freeze to form small particles of ice, called sleet.
Groups of frozen water droplets are called snow pellets(小球).Under some conditions, these particles may grow larger and form 8. pieces of ice, or hail (冰雹).
When snow crystals stick together, they produce snowflakes. Snowflakes come in different sizes. As many as 100 crystals may join together to form a snowflake larger than 2 .5 centimeters. Under some conditions, snowflakes can form that are 5 centimeters 9. . Usually, this requires near freezing temperatures, light winds and changing conditions in Earth's 10. .
A surrounding
B long
C mainly
D contains
E big
F passes
G dust
H fall
I only
J sticks
K tall L solid M atmosphere N drop O particles
Passage 13
I didn't have a chemistry set as a kid . Instead , my Dad and I searched the shed for glass jars and filled them with varying ___1___ of water to make our own musical instrument For me it was the start of a lifelong ____2____ for science --- yet I didn‘t go on become a scientist ,I was a __3___ fan of painting and writing at school , so I saw myself as an artist . I excluded myself from science because I didn‘t think you could do both .
We need scientists more than ever , not least to work out how to ____4____ the effects of climate change .Yet like me , many children who ____5____ show an interest in science are rejecting the subject at school . Why is this and what can we do about it . I believe that children are natural-born scientis ts . They have enquiring minds and they aren‘t ____6____ to admit that they don‘t know something . If you think about the spirit of science --- deciding what you want to find out ,setting out how you‘re goin gto discover it , then carrying out the experime nt and coming to a ___7___ that‘s how kids work .Unfortunately , most of us lost this as we get ___8___ .Instead of finding things out for ourselves we make __9___ that often turn out to be wrong .
So it‘s not a case of getting kids interested in science .You just have to find a way to ___10____ killing the passion for learning what they were born with .
A older
B passion
C illusions
D stronger
E asumption F. afraid G. avoid H. conclusion I. Amounts J finally K massive L eager M. tackle N intiallty O understanding
Passage 14
It‘s a statistic that the Department of Energy likes to hammer home: 40% of energy in America is consumed in homes and buildings, more than what is used by either transportation or industry. That number is t he ___1____ reason for the DOE‘s Solar decathlon contest, a biannual competition on the National Mall that ____2___ on groups of college students worldwide to meet a simple(or at least simple-sounding)___3__ : with two years and $ 100,000 construct a fully operational house __4__ by nothing but the sun. There is __5__ one winner each year, judged on more than a dozen criteria, from comfort to market viability, who receives substantial bragging rights.
The contest, which began in 2002, is a sign of an important shift. Since the mid-1970s, the task of figuring out how to use energy in the future has __6__ to the National Renewable Energy Lab in Colorado and the handful of other DOE labs around the country. But a climate bill up for debate by the Senate would substantially shift incentives, __7__ private-sector thinkers for coming up with new ways not just to create energy, but to maximize its __8__. Energy Secretary Steven Chu thinks that government labs and public universities will always be __9___ research centers, but that the ingenuity of innovative thinkers who don‘t work for the government will __10___ the future.
A. calls
B. shape
C. challenge
D. gather
E. efficiency
F. only
G. fallen
H. punishing I actually J powered K. rewarding L primary M valuable N profit O situation
Passage 15
Child psychologists and kindergarten teachers have long known that when children first show up for school, some of them speak a lot more fluently than others. Psychologists also know that children‘s socioeconomic status tends to ___1___ wtth their language facility. The better off and more educated a child‘s parents are, the more verbal that child tends to be by school age --- and
vocabulary skill is a _2__ predictor for success in school. Children from low-income families, who may often start school knowing _3__ fewer words than their better-off peers, will ___4__ for years to make up that ground.
Previous studies have shown that wealthier, educated parents talk to their young children more, using more __5__ vocabulary and syntax, than parents of lesser means. And these differences may help explain why richer kids start school with richer vocabularies. But what goes on before children can talk, during that phase when __6_ takes the form of pointing, waving, grabbing and other kinds? Do well-off parents also__7_ more to their kids?
Indeed they do, say psychologists Susan Golden-Meadow and Meredith Rowe. The researchers found that at 14 months of age, babies already showed a __8_ range of ― speaking‖ ability through gestures, and that those differences were correlated with their socioeconomic __9_ and how frequently their parents use gestures to communicate.
High-income, better-educated parents gestured more frequently to their children to _10__ meaning and new concepts, and in turn, their kids gestured more to them.
A key
B communication
C convey
D communicate
E wide
F complex
G background
H correlate
I interesting
J narrow
K significantly
L gesture
M struggle
N compare
O absolutely
Passage 16
The state Board of Regents will consider letting alternative teacher training programs certify teachers, expanding the role that for decades has been ___1__ performed by education schools. The proposal is one of several _2__ to improve teacher quality and recruitment that the board will consider in Albany on Monday. Another world changes the __3__ for teacher certification, like having more difficult content exams and classroom demonstration.
The possible expansion of certification would further redefine the __4_ path to becoming a teacher in the state.
While New York has had some __5_ certification programs in place for years, like Teach for America and New York Teaching Fellows, students are still required to take classes at education schools during the summer, nights and weekends to earn a teaching certificate.
But critics have often __6_ education schools of not doing enough to prepare graduates for the classroom. In a speech at Teacher College at Columbia University last month, Education Secretary Arne Duncan said that schools would focus more on hands-on classroom work, _7__ to medical residencies that aspiring doctors must complete.
Dr. Steiner said that if the Regents __8_ the changes, he expected it would strengthen New York State‘s ap plication for Race to the Top, a federal grant program that will __9__ some states for taking on education improvement initiatives.
Robert L. Hughes, chief executive of New Visions for Public School, which helps train educators at New York City schools, has long been critical of education school. He said the plan had the chance to _10__ a ―revolution‖.
A. accused B reward C. alternative D recommendations E familiar F provoke G traditional H guidelines I executively J similar K approved L informed M exclusively N requirements O complex
Passage 17
Devon went to the movies with a new group of kids from school. After the movie, the kids
started pressuring him to smoke cigarettes with them. What should Devon do?
You make 1. like this all the time. Some of them are small and some of them are big. Some of them are easy and some of them are more difficult. All decisions have 2. , or results. Consequences can be positive or 3. so it is important to think your decisions through. 4. not to smoke a cigarette can lead to a positive consequence-healthy lungs. Choosing to 5. eat the fries instead of the salads can lead to weight gain and heart disease.
Consequences of your decisions can 6. yourself. Consequences of your decisions can affect others, too. How? Think about it. Your decision to smoke 7. secondhand smoke for those around you. Drinking while driving can harm 8. others. Choosing to recycle helps everyone around you. When making important decisions, it is important not to be 9. .You want to do your best not to regret anything later. Give some thought to your situation. 10. your options. Think about all your choices. Not many things are black and white. You might have more choices than you realize.
A impulsive
B creates
C hoping
D decisions
E choosing
F influence
G innocent
H affect
I review
J arises
K temporarily L uncertain M consequences N negative O continually
Passage 18
This is the story of a very foolish traveler I will refer to as Clueless Traveler. He is clueless because he makes every mistake in the book when planning a flight--- and drives up the cost of his trip up by more than 350 percent. I know most of you will never make such __1__ mistakes, but trust me: it can and does happen.
Let‘s see where Clueless Traveler messed up, and how one can __2__this financial pain.
First mistake: No flexibility. Clueless made his __3___for the Wednesday before Thanksgiving, returning on Monday after. That Wednesday is always an extra-expensive day.
Second mistake: Reservations made by phone. Making reservations online is ___4__ free, whether you use the airline site or a site like ours at https://www.doczj.com/doc/ec8268792.html,. You are __5___ when booking by phone with a one-time charge of $ 150.
Third mistake: Clueless Traveler originally made his reservations for different __6___. A few days later he decided the times and dates weren‘t so __7___., so he made changes. Big mistake. His original ticket was ―non-refundable,‖ meaning he had to ___8__ over a one-time ―change fee‖ of $ 150.
There may not be much hope for a Clueless Traveler, but next time I hope he does a little prep work. Perhaps he can be more __9__ on his dates, but if not, he should know exactly when he wants to fly, so he won‘t make expensive __10___ to his ticket later on.
A. penalized
B. determination
C. flexible
D. reservation
E. colorful
F. fork
G. absolutely H. cheated I. ridiculous J. generally K. avoid L. changes
M. convert N. flights O. convenient
Passage 19
People experience stress throughout their lives. It may be taking a test, peer pressure, or raising children. You already know that you 1. physically and emotionally to stress. Long-term stress can cause stress-related disease. So what can you do to 2. the negative effects of stress?
Taking care of yourself is one of the best ways. Exercise on a 3. basis. It helps keep
you fit and it 4. tension. Sleep at least nine hours a night. Eat nutritious foods so your immune system can function properly.
Learning to relax is another way to prevent the negative effects of stress. Relaxing helps you relieve the tension that is built up in 5. to stress. Deep breathing is an example of a relaxation technique. It allows you to bring in more oxygen to keep your brain 6. .It can also help your muscles work more 7. . Deep breathing slows down your heart rate and relaxes you. Tension-releasing exercises also help you to relax. Under stress, your muscles 8. .So, go ahead, relax those muscles. Other ways to relax may be personal to you. Perhaps you enjoy listening to music or reading a book.
To deal with stress, a person needs to build resiliency (精神的恢复力),or the ability to 9. from stress. Resilient people keep going when the going gets tough. Resilient people use their skills and assets. Resilient people have a 10. system of help such as family, friends or counselors.
A. effectively B support C regular D tense E. response
F. react G alert H. harms I. remarkably J common
K. recover L relieves M. conflict N. prevent O. object
Passage 20
Newspapers have one basic purpose, to get the news as quickly as possible from its source, from those who make it to those who want to know it. Radio, telegraph, television, and other inventions brought 1. for newspapers. So did the development of magazines and other means of communication. However, this competition 2. spurred the newspapers on. They quickly made use of the newer and faster means of communication to improve the speed and thus the 3. of their own operations. Today more newspapers are printed and read than ever before. Competition also led newspapers to branch out into many other fields. Besides keeping readers 4. of the latest news, today's newspapers educate and 5. readers about politics and other important and serious matters. Newspapers influence readers' economic choices through advertising. Most newspapers depend on advertising for their very 6. . Newspapers are sold at a price that fails to cover even a small 7. of the cost of production. The main source of income for most newspapers is 8. advertising. The success in selling advertising depends on a newspaper's value to advertisers. This is 9. in terms of circulation. How many people read the newspaper? Circulation depends much on the work of the circulation department and on the services or 10. offered in a newspaper's pages. But for the most part, circulation depends on a newspaper's value to readers as a source of information about the community, city, country, state, nation, and world-and even outer space.
A. informed
B. fraction
C. commercial D shift E. existence
F. competition
G. hardly
H. acquainted
I. appearance J entertainment
K. influence L. measured M. merely N. efficiency O. helpful
Passage 21
For many people today, reading is no longer relaxation. To keep up their work they must read letters, reports, trade publications, not to mention newspapers and magazines: a never-ending flood of words. Yet the 1. fact is that most of us are poor readers. Most of us develop poor reading habits at an early age, and never get over them. The main 2. lies in the actual stuff
of language itself-words. Taken 3. ,words have little meaning until they are strung together into phrases, sentences and paragraphs. Unfortunately, however, the 4. reader does not read groups of words. He 5. reads one word at a time, often regressing（退回）to reread words or passages. Regression, the 6. to look back over what you have just read, is a common bad habit in reading. Another habit which slows down the speed of reading is vocalization-sounding each word either orally or mentally as one reads.
To 7. these bad habits, some reading clinics use a device called an accelerator, which moves a bar (or curtain) down the page at a predetermined speed. The bar is set at a 8.
faster rate than the reader finds comfortable, in order to "stretch" him. The accelerator 9.
the reader to read fast, making word-by-word reading, regression and subvocalization, 10. impossible. At first comprehension is sacrificed for speed. But when you learn to read ideas and concepts, you will not only read faster, but your comprehension will improve.
A. untrained
B. Practically
C. Overcome
D. Hinders
E. hardly
F. unfortunate
G. Individually
H. tendency
I. challenge
J. uneducated
K. slightly L. Reduce M. deficiency N. forces O. laboriously
Passage 22
A lawyer has called on government to take more aggressive steps to achieve the roll-out of Internet access points for citizens.
Speaking on the opening day of the Cellular Backhaul conference at the South African Reserve Bank in Pretoria, Brendan Hughes argued that there is a constitutional __1___ on the state to achieve the full and equal enjoyment of all constitutional rights, including the right to receive, impart or access information.
Hughes called for more __2___ state support of current projects designed to make Internet access points __3___ at several hundred public libraries and post offices throughout the country.
Delegates were gathered at the Reserve Bank in Pretoria to discuss ways in which the growing need for data __4___ could be met by cellular backhaul technologies which are used to transport data traffic between distributed sites and more centralized points of presence.
With the last few years of __5___ broadband being largely driven by 3G network, operators are __6___ using backhaul as a strategic lever to __7___ user demand and increasing operational expenditures.
Hughes also called for a more liberal ___8__ in the licensing of electronic communications network services and said that letting the market decide who dies, __9___ or thrives in Internet access industries will be the most __10___ way to achieve greater broadband penetration in South Africa.
A.balance
B. communications
C. expensive
D. hardly
E. available
F. duty G broadcast H. efficient I. survives J. wireless K. approach L. increasingly M. aggressive N. extensive O. meet.
Passage 23
As soon as the job opening( 空缺职务) was posted on the afternoon of Friday, July 10, the deluge began. C. R. England, a nationwide trucking company, needed an administrative assistant for its busy driver training school here. __1___ included data entry, assembling paperwork and making copies.
It was a bona-fide opening at a ___2__ wage, making it the rarest of commodities here in northwest Indiana, where steel industry layoffs have helped drive __3___ to about 10 percent.
When Stacey Ross, C. R. England‘s head pf corporate recruiting, ar rived at her desk at the company‘s Salt Lake City headquarters the next Monday, she found about 300 __4___ in the company‘s e-mail inbox. And the fax machine had __5___ out an inch-and-a-half thick stack of resumes before running out of paper. By the time she ___6__ the posting off https://www.doczj.com/doc/ec8268792.html, later in the day, she guessed nearly 500 people had applied for the $ 13-an-hour job. ―It was just ___7__,‖ she said. ―I had never seen anything so big.‖
Ms. Ross had only a __8___ amount of time to sort through the resumes. While C. R. England had not been immune to the downturn, it has added __9___ to its stable of drivers and continued to hire office staff members to support them. Ms. Ross was also trying to __10___ more than two dozen other positions.
A. duty
B. high
C. shocking
D. cancel
E. pull
F. fill
G. awkward
H. decent
I. eventually J applications K. significantly L. limited M. unemployment N. spit O. responsibility
Passage 24
A long trip is certainly more satisfying than a short one, but many also choose it because it‘s better for the environment. In __1__ of carbon emissions, they say, a clutch of weekend trips is more __2___ to the planet than one round-the-world journey. Clive Stacy, managing director of the U.K.—based tour operator Discover the World, has just __3___ a 50-day trip around Iceland, which can be done in one stint or spread over three years. ―We want to encourage people to go away less frequently,‖ he says. ―The boom in low-cost flying has meant a big __4___ in weekend breaks. I say fly less, stay ___5__, do more. If you focus on one or two holidays a year, you‘re really getting to know the country and achieving so much more.‖
Longer trips aren‘t necessarily pricier, either. ―The airfare is a big ___6__ of the cost of a trip,‖ Stacy says. ―It means longer trips can even ___7__ out cheaper per day--- say, in somewhere like New Zealand---than staying at home.‖ Morgan-Grenville says that Abercrombie & Kent‘s clients, who come mostly from the U.S. and the U.K., are already t raveling less __8___. ―If they were taking four big trips a year, they are now taking two,‖ he says. ―What is important is they are not __9___ on the duration of their holidays or the quality. The downturn in the travel industry is already giving rise to s ome __10___ deals, which will continue at least in the short term.‖
A. insisting
B. beneficial
C. frequently
D. work
E. significantly
F. compromising
G. get H rise I terms J proportion K longer L fantastic M launched N less O damaging
Section B
Passage 1
The contribution genes make intelligence increases as children grow older.This goes against the notion most people hold that as with age, environmental influences gradually overpower the genetic legacy we are born with and may have implications for education.
―people assume the genetic influence goes down wirh age because the encironmental differences between people pile up in life , ― says Robert Plomin. ―what we found was quite amazing, and goes in the other direction. ‖
―Precious studies have shown variations in intelligence are at least partly due to genetics .To find out whether this genetic conrribition varie with age ,Plomin‘s team pooled data from six separate studies carried out in the US , the UK , Australia and the Netherlands ,involving a total of 11000 pairs of twins.
In these studies, the researchers tested twins on reasonin, logic and arithmetic to measure a quantity called gen eral cognitive ability, or ―g‘. Each study also included both identical twins, with same genes m and fraternal twins m sharing a biut half their genes, making it possible to disentangle the contributions of genes and environment to their g scores .
Plomin‘s te am calculated that in childhood, genes account for about 41 percent of the cariation in intelligence. In adolescence, this rose to 55 percent, bu young adulthood , it was 66 percent .
No one knows why the influence from genes should increase with age, but plomin suggests that as children get older, they become better at exploiting and manipulating their environement to suit their genetic needs, and says ―ki ds with high g will use their environment to foster their cognitive ability and choose friends who are like-minded. ―Children with medium to low g may choose less challenging pastimes and activities, further emphasizing their genetic legacy.
Is there any way to interfere with the pattern? perhaps, ―the evidentce of strong heritability doesn‘t mean at all that there‘s nothing you can do about it, ―says Susanne Jaeggi, ―from our own work, the ones that started off with lower IQ scores had higher gains after training.‖Plomin suggests that genetic differences may be more emphasized if all children share an identical curriculum instrad o f it being tailored to children‘s natural abilities. ―My inclination would be to give everyone a good education, but put more effort into the lower end, ‖ he says .
Intelligence re searcher Paul Thompson agrees : ―It shows that educators need to steer kids
t owards things drawing out their natural talents .‖
1、Most people think intelligence increases_______ with age .
A are affected more by environment than the genetic legacy .
B should contribute more to the contribution genes .
C are connected with the genetic legacy closely
D go against the implication of the education .
2、which of the following is correct about the previous studes ?
A genetic effect on intelligence goes down with age increasing .
B cognitive ability grows with people agin g.
C environment contributes more to one‘s g scores .
Genetics in part leads to variations in intelligence .
3、What can be inferred from the calculation got by Plomin‘s team ?
A the younger the people , the greater the role genes play in intelligence cariations .
B the genes play a greater and greater role in intelligenc variations with age incereasing .
C the younger the people , the greater the variations in intelligence .
D the older the people ,the greater the variations in intelligence .
4、what can be known from the sixth paragrtaph ?
A the entertainment chosen by kids with low g may beless challenging .
B children want better environment to suit their genetic needs with age
C the older a child becomes , the better his cognitive ability is .
D kids with high cognitive ability stress genetic legacy more .
5、what does Susanne Jaeggi think of those with lower IQ scores ?
A they should be paid less attention to than those with high IQ scores .
B they can do nothing because of the evidengce of strong heritability .
C their IQ scores can grow higher by training .
D they should emphasize their natural talents more .
Passage 2
When school was out, I hurried to find my sister and get out of the schoolyard before seeing anybody in my class. But Barbara and her friends, had beaten us to the playground entrance and they seemed to be waiting for us. Barbara said, ―So now you‘re in the A class. ‖ She sounded impressed. ―What‘s the A class?‖ I asked. Everybody made superior yet faintly envious giggling sou nds. ―Well, why did you think the teacher moved you to the front of the room, dopey? Didn‘t you know you were in the C class before, way in the back of the room?‖
Of course I hadn‘t known. The Wenatchee fifth grade was bigger than my whole school which had been in North Dakota, and the idea of subdivisions within a grade had never occurred to me. The subdividing for the first marking period had been done before I came to the school, and l had never, in the six weeks I‘d been there, talked to anyone long en ough to find out about the A, B, and C classes.
I still could not understand why that had made such a difference to Barbara and her friends. I didn‘t yet know that it was shameful and dirty to be a transient laborer and ridiculous to be from North Dakota. I thought living in a tent was more fun than living in a house.
I didn‘t know that we were gypsies, really (how that thought would have excited me then! ), and that we were regarded with the suspicion felt by those who plant toward those who do not plant. It didn‘t occur to me that we were all looked upon as one more of the untrustworthy natural phenomena, drifting here and there like mists or winds, I didn‘t know that I was the only child who had camped on the Baumann‘s land ever to get out of the C class. I didn‘t know that school administrators and civic leaders held conferences to talk about the problem of transient laborers.
I only knew that for two happy days I walked to school with Barbara and her friends, played hopscotch and jumped rope with them at class intervals, and was even invited into the house for some ginger ale—a strange drink I had never tasted before.
1.The tone of this passage as a whole is.
A. reflective
B. enthusiastic
C. impersonal
D. defensive
2.The narrator had most probably been placed in the C class because .
A. she was a poor reader
B. she had come from a small school
C. the marking system confused her
D. all children of transient laborers were placed in the C class
3.The basic reason why the people in the community distrusted the transient workers was that the
transient workers.
A. tended to be lawbreakers
B. had little schooling
C. were afraid of strangers
D. were temporary residents
4. Which of the following is not characteristic of Gypsies?
A. Wandering around the world.
B. Make ginger ale in their house.
C. Never plant something.
D. Had been foreigners wherever they go.
5.Immediately after the narrator was moved to the A class, what was the attitude of Barbara and Barbara‘s friends towards her?
A. Dislike
B. Acceptance
C. Apology
D. Jealousy
Passage 3
More and more, the operations of our business, governments, and financial institutions are controlled by information that exists only inside computer memories. Anyone clever enough to modify this information for his own purposes can reap substantial rewards. Even worse, a number of people who have done this and been caught at it have managed to get away without punishment.
It‘s easy for computer crimes to go undetected if no one checks up on what the computer is doing, but even if the crime is detected, the criminal may walk away not only unpunished but with a glowing recommendation from his former employers. Of course, we have no statistics on crimes that go undetected. But it‘s disturbing to note how many of the crimes we do know about were detected by accident, not by systematic inspections or other security procedures. The computer criminals who have been caught may have been the victims of uncommonly bad luck.
For example, a certain keypunch operator complained of having to stay overtime to punch extra cards. Investigation revealed that the extra cards she was being asked to punch were for dishonest transactions. In another case, dissatisfied employees of the thief tipped off the company that was being robbed.
Unlike other lawbreakers, who must leave the country, commit suicide, or go to jail, computer criminals sometimes escape punishment, demanding not only that they not be charged but that they be given good recommendations and perhaps other benefits. All too often, their demands have been met.
Why? Because company executives are afraid of the bad publicity that would result if the public found out their computer had been misused.
They hesitate at the thought of a criminal boasting in open court of how he juggled the most confidential records r ight under the noses of the company‘s executives, accountants, and security staff. And so another computer criminal departs with just the recommendations he needs to continue his crimes elsewhere.
1.It can be concluded from the passage that .
A. it is still impossible to detect computer crimes today
https://www.doczj.com/doc/ec8268792.html,puter crimes are the one of most serious problem in the operation of financial institutions
C. computer criminals can escape punishment because they can‘t be detected
D. people commit computer crimes at the request of their company
2.It is implied in the third paragraph that .
A. many more computer crimes go undetected than are discovered
B. the rapid increase of computer crimes is a troublesome problem
C. most computer criminals are smart enough to cover up their crimes
D. most computer criminals who are caught blame their bad luck
3.Which of the following is mentioned in the passage?
A. A strict law against computer crimes must be enforced.
B. Companies need to impose restrictions on confidential information.
C. Companies will guard against computer crimes to protect their reputation.
D. Companies usually hesitate to uncover computer crimes.
4. The underlying reason for the computer criminals to get recommendations he needs is that .
A. they have skills formidably difficult for others to master
B. the employers are afraid that they would take avenge if punished
C. the employers are much afraid of bringing the public into disbelief towards them through the criminals words in open court
D. those who commit crimes do not mean bad
5.What may happen to computer criminals once they are caught?
A. With bad reputation they can hardly find another job.
B. They will be denied access to confidential records.
C. They may walk away and easily find another job.
D. They must leave the country or go to jail.
Passage4
Some argue that, amid demanding economic conditions, our resolve to meet environmental commitments should weaken, that the costs are too high. In fact, the opposite is true; a strong agreement on climate change in Copenhagen is essential for global economic recovery. For that recovery depends on the investment that an agreement will unleash. The economies that embrace the green revolution earliest will reap the greatest rewards.
Initially, more-efficient consumption of energy will bring greater overall productivity, as resources once directed to meet fuel bills are released for investment. Meanwhile the global need for low-carbon energy production and infrastructure, in both the developed world and the rapidly growing emerging economies, will require up to $33 trillion of investment by 2030, according to estimates from the International Energy Agency. By 2015, the global environmental sector could be worth $7 trillion and sustain tens of millions of jobs.
But perhaps the most important element of this low-carbon future is the wave of innovation that will accompany the decarbonization drive. Some of the technologies required are fairly mature, such as onshore wind and household insulation-- though even there, significant improvements are still to be made. But many others will see dramatic improvements and breakthroughs. Both in performance and in cost.
This is beginning to happen already in areas such as large-scale battery design, stimulated by the acceleration of research into electric vehicles by the automotive industry. It is happening in sustainable building technologies, in new lightweight materials, in solar power, in carbon capture and storage, and in various lean manufacturing technologies. As innovations in one area feed into others, the economic potential and benefits will ripple out across the global economy.
So just as the revolution in information technologies provided a major motor of growth over the past 30 years, the transformation to low-carbon technologies will do so over the next. But it can be sustained only if governments back it—not just on a national scale, but globally. They need to act to create sufficient economic incentives and to ensure investor certainty and confidence.
This means sending clear and long-term signals about the direction of policy and shape of future demand, and market-based implementation methods to enable the private sector to respond innovatively. This has to be a genuine partnership of the public and private sectors.
1.What can we know the passage?
A.The costs of protecting environment are lower now due to the economic recession.
B.The economies that accept the green revolution earliest will get the smallest rewards.
C.The global economic recovery doesn‘t rely on the investment that an agreement‘s realization
will bring.
D. A strong agreement on climate change in Copenhagen plays a small role in recovering global
economy.
2.How much investment will the global need for low-carbon energy production an infrastructure
require by 2030?
A. $7 trillion
B. $10 trillion
C. $33 trillion
D. $43 trillion
3.What‘s probably the k ey to low-carbon technologies‘ development?
https://www.doczj.com/doc/ec8268792.html,rge investments from private sectors.
B.People‘s awarements of protecting the environment.
C.Strong support form governments of all the countries in the world.
D.The wave of innovation that will accompany the drive of decarbonization.
4.Why will the economic potential and benefits spread across the global economy?
A.Because significant improvements are to be made continuously.
B.Because innovations in one area can influence other areas.
C.Because many other great breakthroughs in performance and cost will be made.
D.Because tens of millions of people will work in the global environmental sector by 2015.
5.What conclusion can be drawn from the passage?
A.The transformation to low-carbon technologies will become the major stimulator of economic
growth in the next half century.
B.The transformation to low-carbon technologies doesn‘t need the support of underdeveloped
countries‘ governments.
C.The realization of transformation to low-carbon technologies needs real cooperation of the
public sector and private setor.
D.If the governments can send clear and long-term signals about the profits of applying
low-carbon technologies, the private sector will respond actively.
Passage 5
Modern offices may scorn the stuff, but paper has found a new use in the laboratory --- as the
basis for 3D models of tumors and damaged hearts.
Chemist George Whitesides and his colleagues at Harvard University reckon that the balls of cells they have grown at the centre of stacked paper could help us better understand how tumors and damaged hearts respond to drugs, and even to select therapies most suited to individuals.
Cells tend to be grown on flat plates in the lab, which isn‘t representative of the 3D structure of cells in the body. ―It‘s nothing like human tissue,‖ says Whitesides. In our bodies, cells are exposed to natural concentration gradients: the further away they are from major blood vessels, the less oxygen and nutrients they get. But in 2D cell cultures, such gradients aren‘t present. ―We need to move awa y from those boring flatlands that cell culture dishes represent, ―says cell biologist Emmanuel Reynaud who was not involved in the research.
Although techniques for growing cells in 3D exist, many are time-consuming and far from perfect. For example, once the cells have grown, the cultures need to be sliced with a knife to be analyzed. ―Not only does this kill some cells, it‘s extremely difficult to do, ―Whitesides says. His group has now developed a cheap alternative.‖
The team start by spraying a gel containing their cells onto small sheets of sterile chromatography paper. The cells they used included human lung cancer cells, human fibroblasts, which make up connective tissue, and mouse immune cells, ― I tried everything I could get my hands on,‖ says Wh itesides.
The cells seeped through the paper ―like coffee through a napkin‖, he says. When the researchers stacked up eight sheets of cell-infused paper and suspended them in an oxygen and nutrient-rich broth, they found that the cells grew into a ball.
To analyze how these cells behaved, the researchers simply peeled off the layers one at a time and analyzed them individually. It seemed that the outer sells closer to the medium were nourished while the cells on the inside showed signs of being starved, which is what you would expect to happen a tumor inside the body.
1 what can we know about the benefit of the new use of paper from the passage?
A. It can save more resources used in the research.
B. It enables researchers to do experiments on 3D models.
C. I t‘s helpful for doctors top study patients‘ tumors and dmaged hearts.
D. It‘s helpful for doctors to select about the most suitable treatment for patients.
2. What can we know about the cells in our body from the third pargraph?
A They are less effective in treating tumors than those grown in the lab.
B They are the same as the cells grown on the flat plate in the lab.
C. The closer they are to the main blood vessels, the less oxygen and nutrients they get.
D. Their distance from the main blood vessels determines the amoount of oxygen and nutrients they gain.
3. What does Whitesides think of cutting the cell cultures to do ananlysis?
A. It is the most useful for treating tumors.
B. It needs too much time to finish.
C. It is difficult and has imperfection.
D. It is very cheap to operate.
4. The phrase ―seeped through‖ (Line 1, Para. 6) is thw closest in meaning to ______.
A. disappearred gradually
B. spread and leaked through
C. broke through
D. passed and vanished gradually
5. What does this passage mainly talk about?
A. How to use paper to grow cells in labs.
B. The benefit of using paper to grow cells.
C. Paper‘s new use for growing cells in labs.
D. The disadvantage of growing cells in 3D.
Passage6
However important we may regard school life to be, there is no gain saying the fact that children spend more time at home than in the classroom. Therefore, the great influence of parents cannot be ignored or discounted by the teacher. They can become strong allies of the school personnel or they can consciously or unconsciously hinder and thwart(阻挠) curricular objectives.
Administrators have been aware of the need to keep parents apprised of the newer methods used in schools. Many principals have conducted workshops explaining such matters as the reading readiness program, manuscript writing and developmental mathematics.
Moreover, the classroom teacher, with the permission of the supervisors, can also play an important role in enlightening parents. The informal tea and the many interviews carried on during the year, as well as new ways of reporting pupils' progress, can significantly aid in achieving a harmonious interplay between school and home.
To illustrate, suppose that a father has been drilling Junior in arithmetic processes night after night. In a friendly interview, the teacher can help the parent sublimate(使升华，使提高) his natural paternal interest into productive channels. He
participate in discussing the family budget, buying the food, using a yardstick or measuring cup at home, setting the clock, calculating mileage on a trip and engaging in scores of other activities that have a mathematical basis.
If the father follows the advice, it is reasonable to assume that he will soon realize his son is making satisfactory progress in mathematics, and at the same time, enjoying the work.
Too often, however, teachers' conferences with parents are devoted to petty accounts of children's misdemeanors(小过失),complaints about laziness and poor work habits, and suggestion for penalties and rewards at home.
What is needed is a more creative approach in which the teacher, as a professional advisor, plants ideas in parents' minds for the best utilization of the many hours that the child spends out of the classroom. In this way, the school and the home join forces in fostering the fullest development of youngsters' capacities.
1.The word ―apprised‖(line 1, Para. 2) probably means______.
A. informed
B. evaluated
C. criticized
D. judged
2. According to the passage , the ―informal tea ―(line 2, Para. 3 ) is used to _______.
A. improve the relationship between teacher and parents
B. report student‘s misdoing and suggestions for penaltie s
C. help in achieving a pleasant interaction between school and home
D explain to the parents the school curriculum
3. The author provides an example in Para. 4 in order to show _______.
A a child should participate in activities in the family
B. teacher plays an important role in enlightening parents on home training
C. engaging in activities that have a mathematical basis really helps a student helps a student
make progress in mathematics
D. parents are ignorant in educating their children
4. From the passage we can see that the author ________.
A. is satisfied with the present state of school education
B. dislikes school education
C. thinks teacher should do better as a professional advisor
D believes time spent out of the classroom has been wasted because parents don‘t know how to
supervise their children
5. We can infer from the passage that _______.
A. hone training is more important than school life
B. parents‘ influence on children is often ignored by the teacher
C. teacher and parents should interact with each other to foster the fullest development of youngsters‘ capacities
D. in education youngsters, teacher plays a more important role than parents do
Passage 7
Most people know, hate, and will do anything to avoid bad breath. Executives ready to close a big deal often engage in the "breathe into hand and inhale" maneuver to determine how close they can stand to their prospective partners before they march into the boardroom.
Whether or not they admit it, the simple truth is that everyone suffers from bad breath from time to time. For the estimated 27 million Americans who have chronic halitosis (慢性口臭), however, it is a more serious issue, but many may be surprised to hear what causes the condition. "One of the biggest misconceptions about bad breath is that it starts in the stomach," points out Marvin Cohen, author of the halitosis section of the Encyclopaedia Britannica and founder of the Halitosis Research Institute. "In fact, at least 90% of all bad breath is caused by germs that live in the mouth." The millions of bacteria lurking in the human mouth digest protein particles and then produce sulfur gases. When those gases are emitted through the mouth, they are perceived by those unfortunate enough to be on the receiving end as the dreaded "bad breath".
In addition to food with strong odors, like onions and garlic, incidental bad breath can be caused by other factors, such as alcohol, tobacco, and poor dental hygiene. A dry mouth increases the likelihood of bad breath. In fact, the decrease of salivary (唾液的) flow in the mouth at night is largely to blame for the occurrence of "morning breath".
The prevention of bad breath is big business. Americans spend an estimated $3-4 billion each year for a variety of mints, toothpastes, mouthwashes, and gum in the hopes of eliminating embarrassing mouth odors. Unfortunately for them, the antibacterial agents commonly utilized in many over-the-counter products only kill up to one-third of the bacteria that cause halitosis, leaving the remaining two-thirds to work up enough new odorous gases to crank out bad breath again within the hour.
1. Many Americans who suffer from halitosis incorrectly believe that bad breath _______.
A. cannot be eliminated B originates in the stomach
C. is the result of suffer gases
D. can be caused by smoking
2. The word ―chronic ―(line 2 Para. 2) most probably means ______.
A. annoying
B. acute C recurring D. painful
3. Which of the following is mentioned as a cause of bad breath?
A. stomach gas
B. Infrequent use of mouthwash
C. Food with strong odors
D. lack of sleep
4. Over –the –counter products may not eliminate bad breath because they ______.
A. are too expensive B produce odorous gases
江苏扬州市江都区仙女镇中心小学（２２５２００）李培兰 《我和祖父的园子》是作家萧红《呼兰河传》中的一个篇章，文章中充满了萧红童年的快乐，以及在园子中的自由。但是，当你读完整本《呼兰河传》时，你却发现，整本书中像《我和祖父的园子》这样让人愉快的篇章是少之又少，绝大部分关于呼兰河城的回忆都是一种对辛酸生活的描写，而萧红的童年生活实质上也是相当不幸的。为什么在这篇文章中，字里行间却洋溢着被宠爱、自由和快乐呢？ 在听了七位教师执教的《我和祖父的园子》后，我发现，为了突破难点，每位教师在教学过程中都有意识地补充了课外材料。有的教师在导入时利用课文后面的作家名片，简单介绍了萧红清新质朴的语言文字特点，还介绍了著名作家矛盾对《呼兰河传》的经典评价；有的教师补充介绍了萧红出生的时代背景、政治背景；有的教师让学生在充分感受“园子”中的快乐、自由后，引导学生质疑。 比较了几位教师补充的阅读材料，权衡了他们补充课外资料的不同时机，我一直在思考：阅读教学中，需要补充哪些材料？在教学过程中，什么时候补充材料才是恰到好处的呢？一、把握拓展性材料的内涵 阅读教学中的拓展性材料是指教科书文本内容之外的、对文本内容进行延伸和拓展的文字类材料。这些材料，或是为了补充文本材料，或为了运用课堂上所学的知识技能，它与课文文本不是完全脱离的，而是有机的整体。 二、根据需要，补充拓展性材料 课堂上，为了培养学生的阅读理解能力，为了训练学生的语感，教师都得根据教学目标的需要补充些课外资料。 １．扩充阅读内容的需要 为了指导学生掌握阅读技巧、写作方法，或为了更好地理解课文内容，教师可以适当地补充些课外的相关文章来扩充学生的阅读，如《我和祖父的园子》教学中，可以补充《呼兰河传》中的有关篇章；为了感受作家的风格，教师也可以补充同一作家的文章，如学完冰心的《只拣儿童多处行》，可补充她的《小桔灯》；教师还可以补充原汁原味的、未经删减的原著，让学生感受写作构思方面的指导，如学习了鲁迅的《百草园》，可补充有关“三味书屋”的介绍。２．填补背景空白 语文课不仅是语言文字的天地，还是历史人文的舞台。对于有些课文，必须补充文章所涉及的作者生平、时代背景、历史地位等，以此帮助学生更好地理解课文内容，激发学生学习的欲望，提高学生的文学修养。如教学《世界上第一个听诊器》这课时，如果仅仅让学生知道世界上第一个听诊器是如何诞生的，岂不辜负了这篇课文。于是，可以补充雷奈克的生平，他六岁时母亲因肺结核去世，以及他生长过程中对医学的不懈追求，还有当时法国医学界的发展情况。 ３．补充跨学科知识 教材中的很多课文，尤其是一些科学小品文、说明文和科学想象文，都不仅是文学知识的展现，还包含了社会科学知识、自然科学知识等。在教学中，教师都需要有针对性地给学生补充些有关的拓展性材料，否则，教学难以深入下去。如四年级的《人类的“老师”》一课，教学时可适当补充些科学知识，让学生明白，所谓的“老师”，不是外表形态的相似，而是在工作原理等方面的学习和效仿。 三、抓住时机，利用拓展性材料 知道了要根据需要补充材料，还要能巧妙地使用这些材料，让课堂因此而更加有效。１．课前，引导阅读 课前，师生可以共同收集课文的写作背景、作者的相关信息、与课文内容相关的知识等资料进行拓展性阅读。对教师来说，主要是把这一部分的拓展性材料融入课堂的导入中，以激发
观日出 看日出须早起。四点钟还不到,我就起身,沿着海边的大路,向着东山走去。我走得很快,不久,便爬上了山顶。残(can)云已经散尽了。几颗晨星在那晴朗的天空中,闪烁(shuo)着渐渐淡下去的光辉(hui)。东方的天空泛起了粉红色的霞(xa)光。天边的朝霞变浓变淡,粉红的颜色渐渐变为桔红,以后又变成鲜红了。而大海和天空也像起了火似的通红一片。就在这时,在那水天融为一体的苍茫远方,一轮红日冉(ram)冉升起。开始时,它升得很慢,只露出一个弧(hu)形的金边儿。但是,这金边丿儿很快地扩大着,扩大着,涌了上来。 到后来,就不是冉冉升起了,而是猛地一蹦就出了海面。于是那辽(iao)阔的天空和大海,一下子就布满了耀(ao)眼的金光。 (1)全文有()个自然段,“天空泛起了粉红色的霞光”是在第()个自然段讲到的内容。 (2)请在文中找出下面各词的反义词,写在括号里。 浓--()慢--() (3)联系上下文,给加点的字选择合适的解释(选上的在上面打勾） 露(露水看见显现)蹦(出跳照) 二、好词好句我爱记。 悲痛欲绝怒火中烧心惊胆战心慌意乱心急如焚心灰意冷 虚心好学发奋苦读脚踏实地不耻下问精益求精刨根问底 废寝忘食手不释卷如饥似渴持之以恒一丝不苟聚精全神 时光老人与流浪汉 一个流浪汉呜呜地哭着。时光老人问你是谁为什么哭我少年时代玩玻璃球青年时代玩电子游戏中年时代打麻将家产都败光啦如今我一无所有我真后悔呀流浪汉说 时光老人看他哭得可恰,试探地问:“假如你能返老还童……” 返老还童?”流浪汉抬头捋老人打量一番,“扑通”一声跪下,苦苦哀求,“假如再给我一个青春,我一定从头学起,做一个勤奋好学的人!”好吧!"时光老人说完便消失了。 惊呆了的流浪汉低头一看,自己已变成一个十来岁的少年,屑上还背书包呢。 他想起自己刚才说的话，便向熟悉的一所小学走去。路上，看到几个孩子正在玩玻璃球，他就觉得手痒了，也挤进去玩了起来。他仍然按老样子生活，玩电子游戏，打麻将……到了老年，他又懊悔地哭了起来。正巧又碰到时光老人。他“扑通”一声跪下，乞（ qǐ）求时光老人再给他一个青春。“我做了一件蠢( chǔn )事！”时光老人冷笑着：“给你再多的青春，你也不会得到真正的生命。” 1、给第1自然段中缺少标点符号的地方加上标点符号。 2、在文中找出词语，作为下列词语的近义词。（2分） 后悔（）央求（） 3．组词。（4分） 呜（）悔（）跪（）探（）鸣（）侮（）脆（）深（） 5．用4、“假如……就……”造句。（2分） 5、后来，流浪汉乞求时光老人再给他一个青春时，时光老人为什么说“我做了一件蠢事！”？（3 分） _____________________________________________________________________ 6、读完这篇短文后，你想对时光老人说什么？或者你想对懒汉说什么？（3 分） _________________________________________________________________ 好词好句 装模装样若无其事调皮捣蛋满身泥浆追来逐去大发脾气吵闹不休舞刀弄棍瓮中捉鳖胸有成竹得心应手随心所欲左右逢源欢呼雀跃生机勃勃生机盎然生机勃发春色满园洒满阳光人声鼎沸书声琅琅热闹非凡垂柳依依林荫小道你追我赶欢声笑语
Weekly Reading Materials (1) What matters is what you do One time or another, you’ve had the thought running through your head that if you only knew more you would be more successful in life. It’s only natural that you think knowing more will make you more successful. Perhaps another degree, a conference, or a DVD business series is what you need to turn your situation around. It’s frustrating.b ecause the more you learn, the less you feel like you’re becoming successful. That’s because, despite what you hea r about success, it has very little to do with formal education. How much you know doesn’t really matter.Some of the most successful people did it without all the education: Steve Jobs stayed in college for only six months. His breakthrough inventions in mobile technology and movie animation are perhaps the greatest business marvel of the last fifty years. Henry Ford had no college education at all. He went on to reinvent the manufacturing process and the entire automobile industry. William Shakespeare dropped out of middle school. He would later create almost 2,000 English words and write the most famous literary works. Horace Greeley had no schooling at all. He would later become a Congressman, and today is considered one the most influential journalists in American history. Albert Einstein was a high school dropout and failed his university entrance exams. He came up with the Theory of Relativity, published 300 scientific papers, won a Nobel Prize, and is considered the greatest mind of the twentieth century. Success isn’t really about how much you know. What matters is what you do. One of the greatest inventors the world has ever know explained success this way: “Genius is 1% inspiration, 99% perspiration.”Thomas Edison didn’t just say that; he lived it. He would attempt over 10,000 separate tries in creating the light bulb. Some people probably thought he was crazy. And some will think you are too. Maybe you’re just on your way to doing something mind-blowingly amazing. How Carl Max learned foreign languages Karl Marx was born in Germany, and German was his native language. When he was still a young man, he was forced to leave his homeland for political reasons. He stayed in Belgium for a few years; then he went to France. Before long he had to move on again. In 1849, he went to England and made London the base for his revolutionary work. Marx had learned some French and English at school. When he got to England, he found that his English was too limited. He started working hard to improve it. He made such rapid progress that before long he began to write articles in English for an American newspaper. In fact, his English in one of these articles was so good that Engels wrote him a letter and praised him for it. Marx wrote back to say that Engel’s praise had greatly encouraged him. However, he went on to explain that he was not too sure about two things - the grammar and some of the idioms. These letters were written in 1853. In the years that followed, Marx kept on studying English and using it. When he wrote one of his great works, The Civil War in France, he had mastered the language so well that he was able to write the book in English. In the l870s, when Man was already in his fifties, he found it important to study the situation in Russia, so he began to learn Russian. At the end of six months he had learned enough to read articles and reports in Russian. In one of his books, Marx gave some advice on how to learn a foreign language. He said when people are learning a foreign language, they should not translate everything into their own language. If they do this, it shows they have not mastered it When they use the foreign language, they should try to forget all about their own. If they cannot do this, they have not really learned the spirit of the foreign language and cannot use it freely. Want to know how to improve your grades without having to spend more time studying? Sounds too good to be true? Well, read on... How to Improve Y our Study Habits Terhaps you are an average student with average intelligence. Y ou do well enough in school, but you probably think you will never be a top student. This is not necessarily the case, however. Y ou can receive better grades if you want to. Y es, even students of average intelligence can be top students without additional work. Here's how: 1. Plan your time carefully. Make a list of your weekly tasks. Then make a schedule or chart of your time. Fill in committed time such as eating, sleeping, meetings, classes, etc. Then decide on good, regular times for studying. Be sure to set aside enough time to complete your normal reading and work assignments. Of course, studying shouldn’t occupy all of the free time on the schedule. It's important to set aside time for relaxation, hobbies, and entertainment as well. This weekly schedule may not solve all of your problems, but it will make you more aware of how you spend your time. Furthermore, it will enable you to plan your activities so that you have adequate time for both work and play.
高三英语补充材料（DYC）： 阅读方法，在非常短的时间内浏览全文获得文章的中心思想和主要事实。精读则是仔细阅读 每句话，理解分析其含义，弄清句与句之间的逻辑关系，进而理解整个段落的意思。而寻读 则是通过目光扫视，迅速确定你所期望得到的信息的位置。考试中 3 种基本方法可以用在不同的情况。通过略读，我们可以了解材料的结构安排和主要信息，利用精读我们可以针对考 题中的某些信息或难点做具体细致的解析，而寻读则在解题过程中起着一个定位的作用。 不少考生常常提出这样一个问题：做阅读理解题是先读文章还是先读后面的问题呢？ 我们认为，答案因人而异。英语水平较高，阅读速度较快的考生可以先通读短文，一边阅读 一边思考文章的主旨大意, 理解文章的细节, 基本理解原文之后再看考题及选项并做出选 择，遇上个别无把握的题时再回头查阅短文的相关部分，仔细推敲定夺，以求准确无误得高 分。但这种方法只适合那些有能力获取优异成绩的考生，其优点是对文章有一个总的概念和 印象，缺点是，费时间，对文章的细节记不清楚。对于大多数考生来说，考试的时间较为紧 迫，我们建议使用以下几个步骤： 第一步：略读短文把握方向 用尽量短的时间扫视短文，特别留意每段的第一句和最后一段的最后一句。因为各段的 主题句往往在句首，而文章的最后一句很可能是概括总结。略读的目的是掌握短文的主旨大 意，做到对全文的内容心中大致有数，有一个思考的方向。 第二步：浏览问题，有的放矢 浏览 5 个问题，揣测出题者出此题的目的并侧重阅读短文相关部分。由于对所问问题 及文章主旨都已有所了解，在阅读时自然会知道哪些地方得细读哪些地方可一带而过甚至跳过不读。所有问题都是根据文章内容提出的，基本反应并覆盖了文章内容的主干。先阅读 问题再阅读全文，这种方法的优点是：可在较短的时间内有针对性地阅读相关内容，便于给相关问题定位，有的放矢，事半功倍。 第三步：分析判断确定答案 在完成上面两步的基础上，对 5 个问题逐一解答。需要注意的是：要是文章内容涉及你 所熟悉的题材和知识范畴，在选项时绝对不能单凭自己的主观判断解决问题。因为文章考的 是你对该篇的阅读理解能力，而不是你的某种知识，因此选项不能脱离文章的题意。对于英 语水平相对较低，阅读速度较慢的考生来说，我们建议不妨直接从第二步开始：先浏览所有 5 道题的题目，对文章所涉及的内容有个粗略的估计或了解，然后逐一解答。先寻读文章的相关部分，然后选择正确答案。如遇到有关文章主旨大意或需要推理的题，可先放一放，等 做完其他题再做这类题。先难后易，各个击破。 另外，在阅读过程中，不妨在自己认为比较重要的某些句子或词语（主题句，关键词） 下面划线，标上符号，这样有助于突出重点，活跃思维，同时也便于阅读，节省时间，使阅 读更加积极。并且对于记忆力稍差的考生而言，记住几个重要句子和信息要比记住全文容易 得多了。所以，我们建议对阅读文章中的主要句子和关键词标出记号并重点阅读。 考生应具备的阅读理解能力包括：考生应能综合运用英语语言知识和阅读技能来理解英语书 面材料，能以每分钟60 －70 词的速度阅读各种题材和体裁；掌握所读材料的主旨和大意； 抓住用以阐述主旨的事实和相关细节；能根据上下文判断某些陌生词或短语的意义；能够根 据所读材料进行一定的判断、推理；并且能够领会作者的意图和态度。根据所读材料，考生
雅思阅读讲义 1．关键词 （1）转折 But: Computerised data storage and electronic mail were to have heralded the paperless office, but contrary to expectations, paper consumption throughout the world shows no sign of abating. The risks of nuclear accidents may be tiny, but when they happen they can be catastrophic. Yet: The Aborigines made no use of Leptospermum or Dodonaea as food plants, yet the early settlers found that one could be used as a substitute for tea and the other for hops. However: Form the mid-1990s when the Green revolution began, Asian food production doubled through a combination of high-yielding crops, expanded farming area and greater intensification .However, a mysterious threat is emerging in the noticeably declining yields of rice. In fact Quite a few candidates are disturbed by the rumour that IELTS is going through big changes .In fact ,it appears nothing ever happened. whereas Whereas her country has plenty of oil, ours has none. On the other hand: Some people think that changes can be exciting, thrilling and adventuresome .On the other hand ,changes can also bring about life-threatening disasters. Etc. (2)让步 Although: Although the world regards Asia as the focus of an economic and industrial miracle, without adequate supplies of food, chaos could easily result. While: While ducks offer many advantages over hens, they must be given greater quantity of food. While much work has been done on the development of power sources for water pumping, for many people in rural Africa the use of human energy is only option. Albeit: For many previously inexperienced young women, the opportunity to gain financial independence, albeit limited and possibly temporary, has helped break down some of the taboos of their societies. Despite: Despite the great progress made in the recent decades, the achievement of the goal of clean water for all is still along way off. Etc. (3)并列 A and B The modern city consists of monstrous edifices and of narrow, dark streets full of petrol fumes and toxic gases, torn by the taxicabs and buses, and thronged ceaselessly by great crowds. A---, B---, and C--- Selecting the right person for the job involves more than identifying the essential or desirable skills ,educational
小学四年级英语阅读补充材料40篇 Passage 1 Our Class This is our class. There are fifty students in our class. There are twenty-five boys and twenty-five girls. There is an American student in our class. Her name is Mary. Her English is very good. We all like her. She likes eating bread and cakes. She likes drinking milk and orange juice. We like eating rice and drinking tea. We are very happy together. I. 仔细阅读，在下列句子前标上T（对）或F（错） ( )1. There is an American boy in our class. ( )2. Mary is an English girl. ( )3. She likes rice, tea, and bread. ( )4. We are good friends. ( )5. There are twenty-four girls in our class. II. 在A, B, C中选出一个最佳答案 ( )1. How many students are there in the class? A. Twenty-five B. Fifty-five C. Fifty ( )2. What does Mary like eating? A.hamburger B.hot dog C.Cakes and bread ( )3. What does she like drinking? A. Apple juice. B. Cola C. Orange juice and milk ( )4. What do the Chinese students like eating and drinking? A. Rice and tea B. Bread and milk C. Bread and tea Passage 2 Betty and Kitty Betty and Kitty are twins. They’re 12 years old. They look the same. But they have different （不同的）hobbies. Betty likes collecting stamps(集邮). She has many beautiful stamps. They’re from different cities（城市）and countries（国家）. But Kitty likes growing flowers. The flowers are all very beautiful.Betty and Kitty both like reading books. Betty likes reading storybooks. But Kitty likes reading science books.On Sunday,they usually ride bikes to the park. They can play with their friends there. Sometimes their parents go there, too. 根据短文内容，判断下列句子的正误，正确的写“T”，错误的写“F” ( ) 1. Betty is Kitty’s sister.( ) 2. Betty likes growing flowers. ( ) 3. Kitty likes reading storybooks. ( ) 4. They’re twelve years old. ( ) 5. They usually take a bus to the park on Saturday. Passage 3 In the Classroom This is a classroom. You can see some girls, a boy and a teacher in it. The boy is Tom. He has golden(金色的) hair and blue eyes. He is from America. He is a new pupil. The girls are Chinese. They can speak a little English. They are talking with Tom in English. Miss Li is writing something on the blackboard. 根据短文内容，判断下列句子的正误，正确的写“T”，错误的写“F” ( )1. There are some boys in the classroom. ( )2. Tom’s hair is black. ( )3. Tom is an American boy. ( )4. The girls are Chinese. ( )5. Miss Li is talking with her students.
European Countries Have Begun to Accept Refugees We’re starting today in the Eastern European nation of Hungary, when hundreds of ____________migrants at a Hungarian holding camp(收容所) broke through police lines, CNN was there. (ARWA DAMON, CNN SENIOR INTERNATIONAL CORRESPONDENT) We’re running now with these migrants and refugees(难民) who just broke out of the holding area right along the border with Serbia. The police right behind them - - CNN. The police are literally right behind them and in front. (AZUZ) The people who run were reportedly _______ ____ ______ the conditions in the holding area. And when police were able to stop about half of them, the authorities brought them food and water. Hungary’s been at the forefront of Europe’s __________ refugee crisis. Many of the people arriving there from Afghanistan, Iraq and Syria are passing through, hoping for a new life in Western Europe. But some have _________the bad conditions at holding areas and camps in Hungary and are af raid they’ll get ________ there. Hungary’s government says it’s just trying to travelers who don’t have the right documentation. In Europe, refugees have certain rights, the right not to be sent back to their home countries, the rights to housing, work and education. Most of those who are _________恐怖分子) in Iraq, war-ravaged conditions in Afghanistan, considered migrants, people _________to resettle in countries with better opportunities. It’s _________ a historic humanitarian(人道主义) crisis for Europe. A number of countries are accepting these people. Germany expects to _______ _____800,000 asylum seekers(寻求庇护者) at a cost of $6.7 billion. Some other European nations say they can’t _______ or ________ ______ ______ the flood of people.
五年级下册语文补充材料-阅读练习14人教版新课标 阅读《桥》，完成练习。 水渐渐窜上来，fànɡ sì（）地舔着人们的腰。老汉突然冲上前，从队伍里揪出一个小伙子，吼道：“你还算是个党员吗？排到后面去！”老汉凶得像只豹子。小伙子瞪了老汉一眼，站到了后面。桥开始发抖，开始痛苦的shēn yín（）。水，爬上了老汉的胸膛。最后，只剩下了他和小伙子。小伙子推了老汉一把，说：“你先走。”老汉吼道：“少废话，快走！”他用力把小伙子推上了木桥。突然，那木桥轰地一声塌了。小伙子被洪水吞没了。老汉似乎要喊什么，猛然间，一个浪头也吞没了他。 1．根据文中的汉语拼音在括号内写出正确的词语。 2．联系课文，说说小伙子和老汉是关系，课文到结尾才交代他们的关系。这样写的好处是，从中可以看出老汉是一个 的人。3．老汉为什么把小伙子从队伍里揪出来？ 4．文段中对“水”和“桥”的描写运用了什么手法？这样写有什么好处？
5.原文传真 （1）山洪着，像一群的野马，从山谷 里， （2）木桥前，的水里，他们的党支部书记，那是全村人都 的。 （3）村庄了。人们下床，却一脚水里。是谁惊慌地喊了一嗓子，一百多号人地往南跑。 6.把下面的比喻句补充完整，并说说这样写的好处。 （1）老汉清瘦的脸上淌着雨水，他不说话，盯着乱哄哄的人们，他 像。 好 处： 。 （2）老汉突然冲上前，从队伍里揪出一个小伙子，吼道：“你还算是个党员吗？排到后面去！”老汉凶得像只。 好 处： 。 阅读参考答案： （三）阅读《桥》，完成练习。 水渐渐窜上来，fànɡ sì（放肆）地舔着人们的腰。老汉突然冲上前，从队伍里揪出一个小伙子，吼道：“你还算是个党员吗？排到后面去！”老汉凶得像只豹子。小伙子瞪了老汉
工作就业类文章 Job Opportunities and Unemployment in South Africa The South African Department of Labor reported last month that the nation has too few jobs for unskilled laborers. The department also said there are not enough workers for highly skilled positions. The sharp differences between jobs and skills were apparent recently when officials advertised a job opening in the government. The position was that of auditor-general or chief financial supervisor. With a 26 percent unemployment rate nationwide, there was no shortage of interest in the job. 90 people asked to be considered. But officials said many of them lack the necessary skills of education. The auditor-general is responsible for supervising and independently examining South Africa's finances. The advertisement said, the position required the person to be a trained accountant. It said candidates had to have at least a Master's degree and years of experience. Yet among the job hopefuls were laborers, a security guard, a secretary and some whose highest education level was high school. The Labor Department report blamed the nation's poor education system. But for unskilled workers, the story is very different. Restaurant industry official TJ Van der Walt says the business he works with get a huge number of applications for every job. "We deal in an industry where there's no real skill needed, so we get literally thousands of applicants for the positions that we get." Mr Van der Walt notes that good workers are hard to find. He says he spends a lot of time studying the job qualifications of people who don't have the require skills. In his words, people just want jobs. Sejamothopo Motau is a member of South Africa's Parliament. He says the job market is difficult, and both skilled and unskilled workers are feeling the pain. He says education has been a major problem in South Africa's development. He notes that many Blacks received a poor education under white-minority rule. Apartheid officially ended in 1994.