2005年考研英语模拟题
张锦芯
Section I Use of English
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
British universities, groaning under the burden of a huge increase in student numbers, are warning that the tradition of a free education is at risk. The universities have threatened to ___1___ an admission fee on students to plug a gap in revenue if the government does not act to improve ___2___ finances and scrap some public spending cutbacks.
The government responded to the universities' ___3___ by setting up the most fundamental review of higher education for a generation, ___4___ a non-party troubleshooter，Sir Ron Dearing.
One in three school-leavers enters higher education, five times the number when the last ___5___ took place thirty years ago.
Everyone agrees a system that is feeling the ___6___ after rapid expansion needs a lot more money—but there is little hope of getting it ___7___ the taxpayer and not much scope for attracting more finance from business.
Most colleges believe students should ___8___to tuition costs, something that is common elsewhere in the world ___9___ would mark a revolutionary change in Britain. Universities want the government to introduce a loan scheme for tuition fees and have ___10___ their own threatened action for now. They await Dearing's advice, hoping it will not be too late—some are already reported to be ___11___ financial difficulty.
___12___ the century nears its end, the whole concept of ___13___ a university should be is under the microscope. Experts ponder how much they can use computers ___14___ classrooms, talk of the need for lifelong learning and ___15___ to students as “consumers”.
The Confederation of British Industry, the key employers' organization, wants even more ___16___ in higher education to help fight competition on world markets from ___17___ Asian economies. But the government has ___18___ about more expansion. The Times newspaper agrees, complaining ___19___ quality has suffered as student numbers soared, with close tutorial supervision giving ___20___ to“mass production methods more typical of European universities.”
1. A. expose B. impose C. suppose D. propose
2. A. its B. it’s C. their D. theirs
3. A. risk B. danger C. threat D. hazard
4. A. under B. down C. beneath D. below
5. A. report B. declaration C. proclamation D. review
6. A. restraint B. strain C. complaint D. strength
7. A. from B. for C. with D. against
8. A. attribute B. tribute C. distribute D. contribute
9. A. and B. but C. or D. so
10. A. suspended B. expended C. depended D. impended
11. A. at B. in C. with D. on
12. A. With B. So C. As D. When
13. A. which B. that C. what D. where
14. A. such as B. as to C. other than D. instead of
15. A. refer B. prefer C. infer D. offer
16. A. extension B. expansion C. expensiveness D. expression
17. A. booming B. glooming C. dooming D. looming
18. A. doubts B. certainties C. intentions D. demonstrations
19. A. what B. why C. whose D. that
20. A. path B. channel C. route D. way
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)
Text 1
If it ain’t broke don’t fix it. When it comes to the current laws regarding the withdrawal of feeding tubes in the terminally ill and permanently comatose, this sound bit of practical advice needs to be heeded.
But recently the Pope proclaimed that feeding tubes should never be withdrawn from any patient and that health-care providers are morally obligated to provide nutrition and hydration regardless of a patient's wishes. The Pope's order spells trouble for your health care -- not only because it threatens to undermine a powerful social consensus in the United States about your right to refuse medical treatment, but also because it means you can no longer be sure whether a hospital will respect your request or that of your loved ones making a decision for you.
The Pope’s position is directly at odds with current clinical practice in U.S. hospitals. In the 1990 case of Missouri's Nancy Cruzan, the U.S. Supreme Court answered the question of whether food and water are medical treatments that can be declined. Cruzan was in a car crash that left her in a persistent vegetative state. But, at the insistence of U.S. Attorney General John Ashcroft, Cruzan was kept alive by a feeding tube despite the wishes of her family. Cruzan's parents fought for the better part of a decade to have her feeding tube withdrawn. Finally, in a landmark decision, the Supreme Court ruled that receiving food and water through tubes administered by nurses and doctors constitutes medical treatment and that if there is clear and convincing evidence about what a patient would have wanted, then the feeding tubes can be withdrawn.
Ever since then, America has maintained an ethical consensus on the issue. Medical organizations, critical care specialists, hospice workers, numerous state and appellate courts, and legal experts have all affirmed the soundness of the Cruzan decision. The Pope’s aim in reminding us that all people, even those in permanent comas or vegetative states, are human beings deserving of compassion and care is important. But he is wrong about what confers dignity on the sick and the dying. It is not about artificially feeding them against their will, but about finding ways to let their will be respected.
The right to control your medical care is one of the most fundamental rights you have.
Respect for your liberty means that even if you are unable to assert your autonomy, others should be able to do so for you or you should be able to write your wishes down so that others must respect them. No one should be forced to endure medical treatment that they do not want. Nothing could be more cruel or disrespectful of human dignity.
21. From the first paragraph we learn that the author believes that ___________.
[A]the job of repairing tubes is comparable to the treatment of the terminally ill
[B]the current practice in the treatment of the terminally ill is reasonable enough
[C]the current laws concerning the medical treatment of the terminally ill should be mended
[D]every effort should be made to save the terminally ill from becoming worse
22. The author is strongly opposed to the Pope’s order in that it ___________.
[A]ignores the financial burden such practice exerts on the patient’s family
[B]puts the moral obligation on the family rather than on the society
[C]intrudes on the autonomy of the patient for independent decision
[D]shows no consideration and compassion for the terminally ill
23. We learn from the third paragraph that __________.
[A]the Pope’s order goes against the wishes of most people
[B]Cruzan’s parents are eager to get rid of their daughter
[C]the Supreme Court’s ruling is unfair to the doctors and nurses
[D]medical malpractice is a legal rather than ethical issue
24. What gives the terminally ill human dignity according to the author?
[A] Compassion and pity. [B] Advanced clinical treatment.
[C] Due reverence from doctors. [D] Assertion of one’s autonomy.
25. What does the author think of withdrawing feeding tubes in the terminally ill?
[A]It should be practised with caution.
[B]It is inconsiderate and unacceptable.
[C]It should be carried out at family members’ consent
[D]It is a decision that lies with patients.
Text 2
In large part as a consequence of the feminist movement, historians have focused a great deal of attention in recent years on determining more accurately the status of women in various periods. Although much has been accomplished for the modern period, premodern cultures have proved more difficult: sources are restricted in number, fragmentary, difficult to interpret, and often contradictory. Thus it is not particularly surprising that some earlier scholarship concerning such cultures has so far gone unchallenged.
An example is Johann Bachofen's 1861 treatise on Amazons, women-ruled societies of questionable existence contemporary with ancient Greece. Starting from the premise that mythology and legend preserve at least a nucleus of historical fact, Bachofen argued that women were dominant in many ancient societies. His work was based on a comprehensive survey of references in the ancient sources to Amazonian and other societies — societies in which descent and property rights are traced through the female line. Some support for his theory can be found in evidence such as that drawn from Herofotus, the Greek "historian" of the fifth century B. C., who speaks of an Amazonian society, the Sauromatae, where the women hunted and fought in wars. A
woman in this society was not allowed to marry until she had killed a person in battle.
Nonetheless, this assumption that the first recorders of ancient myths have preserved facts is problematic. If one begins by examining why ancients refer to Amazons, it becomes clear that ancient Greek descriptions of such societies were meant not so much to represent observed historical fact －real Amazonian societies －but rather to offer "moral lessons" on the supposed outcome of women's rule in their own society. The Amazons were often characterized, for example, as enemies to be killed by Greek heroes. Their customs were presented not as those of a respectable society, but as the very antitheses of ordinary Greek practices.
Thus, I would argue, the purpose of accounts of the Amazons for their male Greek recorders was to teach both male and female Greeks that all-female groups, formed by withdrawal from traditional society, are destructive and dangerous. Myths about the Amazons were used as arguments for the male-dominated status quo, in which groups composed exclusively of either sex were not permitted to segregate themselves permanently from society. Bachofen was thus misled in his reliance on myths for information about the status of women. The sources that will probably tell contemporary historians most about women in the ancient world are such social documents as grave-stones, wills, and marriage contracts. Studies of such documents have already begun to show how mistaken we are when we try to derive our picture of the ancient world exclusively from literary sources, especially myths.
26.All of the following are stated by the author as problems connected with the sources for
knowledge of premodern cultures except __________.
[A] partial completeness [B] restricted accessibility
[C] limited quantity [D] tendency toward contradiction
27.The author suggests that the main reason for the persisting influence of Bachofen’s work is
that __________.
[A]feminists have shown little interest in ancient societies
[B]Bachofen’s knowledge of Amazonian culture is unparalleled
[C]Reliable information about the ancient world is difficult to acquire
[D]Historians have been primarily interested in the modern period
28.It can be inferred from the passage that the probable reactions of many males in ancient
Greece to the idea of a society ruled by women could best characterized as ___________. [A] confused and dismayed [B] alert and hostile
[C] curious but fearful [D] excited but anxious
29.The author views the ancient Greeks’ descriptions of the Amazons as ___________.
[A] accomplishing a moral purpose [B] being discriminatory and dangerous
[C] well borne out by historical facts [D] being vivid and convincing
30. The author’s attitude toward Bachofen’s treatise is ____________.
[A] approving [B] impersonal [C] indifferent [D] critical
Text 3
Defenders of special protective labor legislation for women often maintain that eliminating such laws would destroy the fruits of a century-long struggle for the protection of women workers. Even a brief examination of the historic practice of courts and employers would show that the fruit
of such laws has been bitter: they are, in practice, more of a curse than a blessing.
Sex-defined protective laws have often been based on stereotypical assumptions concerning women's needs and abilities, and employers have frequently used them as legal excuses for discriminating against women. After the Second World War, for example, businesses and government sought to persuade women to vacate jobs in factories, thus making room in the labor force for returning veterans. The revival or passage of state laws limiting the daily or weekly work hours of women conveniently accomplished this. Employers had only to declare that overtime hours were a necessary condition of employment or promotion in their factory, and women could be quite legally fired, refused jobs, or kept at low wage levels, all in the name of "protecting" their health. By validating such laws when they are challenged by lawsuits, the courts have worked together over the years in establishing different, less advantageous employment terms for women than for men, thus reducing women's competitiveness on the job market.
At the same time, even the most well-intentioned lawmakers, courts, and employers have often been blind to the real needs of women. The lawmakers and the courts continue to permit employers to offer employee health insurance plans that cover all known human medical disabilities except those relating to pregnancy and childbirth.
Finally, labor laws protecting only special groups are often ineffective at protecting the workers who are actually in the workplace. Some chemicals, for example, pose reproductive risks for women of child-bearing years; manufacturers using the chemicals comply with laws protecting women against these hazards by refusing to hire them. Thus the sex-defined legislation protects the hypothetical female worker, but has no effect whatever on the safety of any actual employee. The health risks to male employees in such industries cannot be negligible, since chemicals toxic enough to cause birth defects in fetuses or sterility in women are presumably harmful to the human metabolism. Protective laws aimed at changing production materials or techniques in order to reduce such hazards would benefit all employees without discriminating against any.
In sum, protective labor laws for women are discriminatory and do not meet their intended purpose. Legislators should recognize that women are in the work force to stay, and that their needs--good health care, a decent wage, and a safe workplace--are the needs of all workers. Laws that ignore these facts violate women's rights for equal protection in employment.
31. Which of the following does the author consider to be most helpful in determining the value of special protective labor legislation for women?
[A]An estimate of how many women workers are in favor of such laws
[B]An analysis of the cost to employers of complying with such laws
[C]A consideration of the advocates’ intentions for passing such legislation
[D]An examination of its actual effects in the past on women workers
32. Special labor laws protecting women workers tend generally to _________.
[A]modify the stereotypes employees often hold concerning women.
[B]make it less likely that women will be hired
[C]offer more protection to women workers
[D]deny health insurance and disability plans to women workers
33. The author suggests that many employee health insurance plans _________.
[A]cover only some of the medical conditions affecting women
[B]show that only medical costs associated with pregnancy, and childbirth are paid
[C]do not adequately safeguard the health of either male or female employees
[D]exclude coverage of certain uncommon medical conditions affecting women
34. It is implied in the fourth paragraph that protective labor laws that single out a particular group of workers for protection __________.
[A]are often too weak to be effective at protecting the group in question.
[B]are usually drafted by legislators who show no concern for male workers
[C]exert no pressure on employers to eliminate hazards in the workplace
[D]often provokes lawsuits by employees claiming discrimination
35. According to the author, special protective labor laws for women workers _________.
[A]are unnecessary because most workers are well protected by existing labor laws
[B]offer them little or no actual protection and harm their economic interests
[C]do represent a hard-won legacy of the labor movement
[D]do not prevent employers from exposing women workers to many health hazards
Text 4
Investigators of monkeys' social behavior have always been struck by monkeys' aggressive potential and the consequent need for social control of their aggressive behavior. Studies directed at describing aggressive behavior and the situations that elicit it, as well as the social mechanisms that control it, were therefore among the first investigations of monkeys' social behavior.
Investigators initially believed that monkeys would compete for any resource in the environment: hungry monkeys would fight over food, thirsty monkeys would fight over water, and, in general, any time more than one monkey in a group sought the same incentive simultaneously, a dispute would result and would be resolved through some form of aggression, However, the motivating force of competition for incentives began to be doubted when experiments like Southwick's on the reduction of space or the withholding of food failed to produce more than temporary increases in intragroup aggression.
Indeed, food deprivation not only failed to increase aggression but in some cases actually resulted in decreased frequencies of aggression. Studies of animals in the wild under conditions of extreme food deprivation likewise revealed starving monkeys devoted almost all available energy to foraging, with little energy remaining for aggressive interaction. Furthermore, accumulating evidence from later studies of a variety of primate groups, for example, the study conducted by Bernstein, indicates that one of the most potent stimuli for eliciting aggression is the introduction of an intruder into an organized group.
These studies of intruders suggest that adult members of the same species introduced to one another for the first time show considerable hostility because, in the absence of a social order one must be established to control interanimal relationships. When a single new animal is introduced into an existing social organization, the newcomer meets even more serious aggression. Whereas in the first case aggression establishes a social order, in the second case resident animals mob the intruder, thereby initially excluding the new animal from the existing social unit．The simultaneous introduction of several animals lessens the effect, if only because the group divides its attention among the multiple targets．If, however, the several animals introduced to a group constitute their own social unit, each group may fight the opposing group as a unit; but, again, no individual is subjected to mass attack, and the very cohesion of the groups precludes prolonged
individual combat．The submission of the defeated group, rather than unleashing unchecked aggression on the part of the victorious group, reduces both the intensity and frequency of further attack．Monkey groups therefore see to be organized primari1y to maintain their established social order rather than to engage in hostilities per se.
36. Investigators have been especially interested in aggressive behavior among monkeys because __________.
[A]aggression is the most common social behavior among monkeys
[B]successful competition for incentives determines the social order in a monkey group
[C]most monkeys are potentially aggressive but have some mechanisms to control it
[D]most monkeys are social, yet they frequently respond to newcomers by attacking them
37. Studies such as Southwick’s had the effects of ___________.
[A]discounting the monkeys’ ability to maintain an established social order.
[B]confirming investigators’ theories about monkeys’ aggressive behavior.
[C]disproving investigators’ theory about monkeys’ intragroup aggressive behavior
[D]casting doubt on investigators’ theories on the patterns of aggression among monkeys.
38. It is found from the experiment on the effects of food deprivation on monkey’s behavior that food deprivation __________.
[A]increases aggression among monkeys because one of the most potent stimuli for eliciting
aggression is the competition for incentives
[B]may increase long-term aggression among monkeys in a laboratory setting, but it produces
only temporary increases among monkeys in the wild
[C]may temporarily increase aggression among monkeys, but it also leads to a decrease in
conflict
[D]decreases the intensity but not the frequency of aggressive incidents among monkeys
39. It can be inferred from the passage that the establishment and preservation of social order among a group of monkeys is essential in order to __________.
[A]keep the monkeys from straying and joining other groups
[B]control aggressive behavior among group members
[C]prevent the domination of that group by another
[D]protect newcomers to that group from mass attack
40. The author expects us to draw the conclusion that monkeys fight primarily to _________.
[A]maintain established social order
[B]compete for inadequate food supplies
[C]signal hostilities to newcomers
[D]subdue newcomers to their domination
Part B
Directions:
In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A – G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
Imagine if fire departments were modeled on our current health care system. Your access to the fire department services would depend on the quality of your fire insurance. If private market forces operated as they do in health care, 37 million people would not have fire insurance, and 60 million more Americans would have only limited fire insurance. 41. ______________________.
While it is possible you could feel secure if you had quality fire insurance, you might begin to wonder when your neighbor's house sets ablaze. Is his employer still providing his fire insurance, or is he one of the 29 million working uninsured? Absurd, isn't it?
42. _____________________. After World War II, America continued a policy of wage controls as our troops returned home and flooded the labor market. Facing labor shortages and unable to increase wages, businesses competed for workers by offering benefits such as health insurance.
Relying on employers to manage health insurance has resulted in a piecemeal system of coverage that is inefficient and ineffective. With business affiliation providing the basis of forming insurance pools, there is no rationale why two individuals with the same health status may face drastically different insurance costs because of their business affiliation or lack of it.
43. ______________________. This is what our physicians face every day, and this inefficiency has contributed to the highest administrative cost of any health care system in the industrialized world.
44. ______________________.
Responsibility for insuring health care is misplaced; it is as if we were telling businesses that they must manage the provision of fire insurance in our community. America's health care crisis derives from a core misconception, and gradual solutions will not deliver a cure. Increasing coverage in this inefficient system will worsen our increasing health costs and, therefore, lead to poorer access to services. 45. ______________________ .
[A]Moreover, if you were previously a victim of fire, your fire insurance agent would raise your
premium due to your preexisting condition of bad luck. .
[B]Yet America deserves a better health insurance system. I find it sadly amusing that amid our
talk of the community of nations, we have forgotten to safeguard the foundations of our own communities. The fires are burning.
[C]We must declare that providing health insurance entails an obligation to cover a
comprehensive population dispersing our shared risk of illness in a large insurance pool. We can no longer provide private insurance for the healthy and the affluent and leave the ill and the poor for a public program.
[D]Our health insurance system's moral deficiencies translate into economic inefficiencies. The
complexity of our current system is a nightmare for health care providers. Picture a firefighter searching through files to determine whether a desperate caller is insured and if so what services are covered.
[E]Fortunately, our society has decided that protection from fire is a community responsibility; it
is time that we made the same distinction for health care. It is a historic accident that health care coverage has fallen to the responsibility of business.
[F]Hospitals should receive a budget target with which to provide an expected level of services.
District and state health boards would review each institution's performance with respect to its budget target rewarding efficient providers and weeding out inefficient practices. Physicians,
not insurance companies, would have greater responsibility for managing our health care. The American economy suffers from a stranglehold of these soaring health care costs. Businesses that provide health insurance for their employees are crippled in the international market. Currently, Chrysler's health insurance costs force the price of its automobiles up by $700 compared with the $300 expense incurred by a comparable German car company.
Part C
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)
(46) Although an estimated 50 million Americans suffer from chronic pain, only 26% of those battling moderate to severe pain see the proper specialists. The complexity of diagnosing the condition and designing a treatment for a specific patient, especially prescribing possibly addictive narcotic-based painkillers, can make this a task if a physician isn't well-versed in pain management.
(47) Chronic pain is generally defined as persistent pain, like daily migraines, or pain that continues after an injury heals or fails to heal. Dr. Russell Portenoy of New York City's Beth Israel Medical Center, president of the American Pain Society, urges a comprehensive assessment of the pain's characteristics, including its causes and impact on the patient's activity and quality of life. If doctors undertake an assessment without your asking, that's fine. But if they're prescribing for you without a thorough exam, you should be suspicious.
In the 90s, unconventional pain medications have exploded onto the scene. (48) These drugs are considered adjuvant therapies because they're usually used in conjunction with conventional medications when the latter fail to provide relief. Occasionally they're prescribed alone. Surprisingly, new painkillers are antiseizure medications. According to Southern Medical Journal, anecdotal evidence suggests that antiseizure drugs provide the best relief for neuropathic pain, associated with nerve problems. (49) The newest and most successful has been gabapentin, which seems to relieve a wide range of nerve pain, including that often accompanying cancer and AIDS. Drowsiness, dizziness, nausea and unsteadiness can usually be alleviated by adjusting the dosages of the drug, while more severe side effects, such as liver toxicity, blood disorders and disturbed vision, are relatively rare.
Antidepressants have been used for the past 20 years as adjuvants in pain relief. The most effective appear to the tricyclics, prescribed for a broad spectrum of pain, including headaches, arthritis, chronic low-back pain, fibromyalgia, cancer pain and diabetic nerve pain; they can make some people lower blood pressure, create confusion and cause constipation and urine retention.
Chronic pain makes life miserable for millions. (50) Fears of addiction are understandable, but evidence suggests that many of the older and newer medications can be safely prescribed. They won't work for everyone, but there's a strong chance, if you suffer from chronic pain, they'll make your life a lot more comfortable.
For more on pain, visit the American Pain Society at https://www.doczj.com/doc/eb6066899.html,.
(383 words)
Section III Writing
Part A
51. Directions:
You were absent from an English class. Write a letter to your English teacher Wang Xiaoyun to
1)inform which class you were absent from,
2)explain why you were absent, and
3)enquire about the reading and writing assignments.
You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Wen” instead. You do not need to write the address. (10 points)
Part B
52. Directions:
Study the following two pictures carefully and write an essay to
1)describe the pictures
2)analyze the requirements of the shop managers
3)comment on the requirements
You should write about 160—200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)
两幅类似图画：商店A和商店B内，各有一经理模样人士向若干店员训话。A店经理说（嘴中冒出大泡泡）：“You must smile when the customer…”。B店经理说：“You must put on a smile when the customer…”
图画标题“What Is the Difference In Their Requirements?”
Key to the Test Paper
Section I Use of English
1.Ｂ
2.Ｃ
3.Ｃ
4.Ａ
5.Ｄ６.Ｂ7.Ａ8.Ｄ9.Ｂ10.Ａ
11.Ｂ12.Ｃ13.Ｃ14.Ｄ15.Ａ16.Ｂ17.Ａ18.Ａ19.Ｄ20.Ｄ
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
21. B 22.C 23.A 24.D 25.D 26. B 27.C 28.B 29.A 30.D
31. D 32.B 33.A 34.C 35.B 36. C 37.D 38.C 39.D 40.A
Part B
41. A 42.E 43.D 44.G 45.B
Part C
46.据估计尽管大约有五千万美国人患有慢性疼痛症，但是那些忍受中等程度疼痛或剧痛的患者中只有26%的人找到了合适的专家看病。
47.一般说来，慢性疼痛症指的是持久难消的疼痛，如日常的偏头痛，或是指伤口愈合后或者没有痊愈都会有的疼痛。
48.这些药物通常在常规止痛药没有功效的情况下与后者搭配使用，所以被视为辅助药物。
49.最新研制的、疗效最好的止痛药是gabapentin，它可以缓解多种多样的神经性疼痛，包括癌症和爱滋病引起的疼痛。
50.担心用药成瘾是可以理解的，但是有证据表明许多早就生产的和最新研制的药物都可以放心地使用。
Section III Writing
Part A
51. （略）
Part B
52. （略）