ORIGINAL PAPER
Carotenoids synthesized in citrus callus of different genotypes Juan Xu?Baozhen Liu?Xi Liu?Huijun Gao?
Xiuxin Deng
Received:29April2010/Revised:23July2010/Accepted:30August2010
óFranciszek Go′rski Institute of Plant Physiology,Polish Academy of Sciences,Krako′w2010
Abstract Eight carotenoids,such as phytoene,a-caro-tene,violaxanthin,etc.,synthesized in citrus callus of31 genotypes were identi?ed and determined.Though varied with genotypes,the carotenoids composition of callus derived from a certain genotype was stable,while carote-noids contents altered between sub-cultures.Some speci?c carotenoids were produced in calluses of limited geno-types:b-citraurin was only synthesized in calluses of Nianju tangerine(Citrus reticulata Blanco)and Page tan-gelo(C.reticulata9C.paradisi);while9-Z-violaxanthin was only detected in Nianju tangerine and Skaggs Bonanza navel orange(C.sinensis L.Osbeck).Notably,the only carotenoid detected in calluses of Natsudaidai(C.auran-tium L.)and other two sweet oranges(C.sinensis L.Osbeck)was phytoene.It implied that citrus calluses could be employed to produce speci?c carotenoids in the future.To further elucidate the characters of callus carotenoids pro?le,comparisons of carotenoids pro?les was made among calluses,fruit tissues and leaves of four selected citrus genotypes.Results showed that lycopene was not detected in leaves and calluses;nevertheless,both citrus fruits and calluses accumulated phytoene,whereas leaves did not except those of Cara Cara navel orange.It is postulated that citrus callus featured its carotenoids pro?le different from fruit tissues and leaves.In conclusion,the advantages of using citrus callus as an alternative model research system in understanding the regulation of carote-nogenesis have been discussed.
Keywords Citrus callusáCarotenoids pro?leáFruit tissuesáLeaves
Introduction
Carotenoids are a large family of terpenoid compounds widely distributed in?owers,roots and fruits of plants (Tanaka et al.2008).Lutein,a-carotene and other photo-synthesis related carotenoids accumulate in chloroplasts and act as antenna pigments in the light harvesting complex (LHC)(Croce et al.2002);antheraxanthin,b-carotene and so on in chromoplasts act as attractants to pollinators, rendering bright yellow,orange or red colors(Hirschberg 2001;Howitt and Pogson2006).Moreover,as health-pro-moting components(Fraser and Bramley2004),b-caro-tene,b-cryptoxanthin,lycopene,astaxanthin,etc.possess various bioactivities in preventing vitamin A de?ciency (Paine et al.2005),scavenging oxidative free radicals (Kong et al.2010)and inhibiting the development of tumor cells in vitro(Abdullaev et al.2003).In addition,deriva-tives of carotenoids are also responsible for the special fragrance(crocin)of saffron(Crocus sativus L.)(Abdul-laev et al.2003)and affect the volatiles of tomato and watermelon(Lewinsohn et al.2005).
Carotenoids are all derived from a C5building block and the universal precursor isopentenyl diphosphate(IPP). Biosynthesis of carotenoids in the plastid are catalyzed by several nuclear encoded enzymes(Sandmann2001), such as phytoene synthase(PSY),phytoene desaturase (PDS),f-carotene desaturase(ZDS),lycopene b-cyclase (LCYB),etc.The main genes accounting for
carotenoids Communicated by K.Trebacz.
J.Xu(&)áB.LiuáX.LiuáH.GaoáX.Deng
Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology
(Ministry of Education),National Key Laboratory of Crop
Genetic Improvement,College of Horticulture and Forestry,
Huazhong Agricultural University,Wuhan430070,China
e-mail:xujuan@https://www.doczj.com/doc/ef5066856.html,
123 Acta Physiol Plant
DOI10.1007/s11738-010-0599-2
biosynthesis in plants have been isolated and characterized, and the biosynthetic pathway has been largely understood (Cunningham and Gantt1998;Hirschberg2001;Kato et al. 2004;Romer and Fraser2005;Sandmann2001).In this pathway,the?rst carotenoid is colorless phytoene,and the cyclization of lycopene is an important branching point. When solely catalyzed by LCYB,linear lycopene is con-verted into b-carotene by adding two b-rings at both ends (Ronen et al.2000),while a competing e-cyclase(LCYE) acting together with LCYB may add a e-ring and a b-ring to lycopene to form a-carotene(Cunningham and Gantt 2001).Later on,a-carotene and b-carotene are transformed into various xanthophylls catalyzed by e-ring hydroxylase, b-ring hydroxylase and zeaxanthin epoxidase,and so on.
Citrus is an important plant for elucidating plant carote-noids metabolism and regulation mechanism(Rouseff et al. 1996).However,as a perennial crop with a long juvenile phase,information concerning metabolism and relevant regulation of carotenoids in citrus is largely scarce.It is anticipated that some systems can be set up to expedite such researches.Herein,we describe a phenomenon by which calluses induced from various citrus genotypes synthesize different carotenoids pro?les.Biochemical characteriza-tion of the carotenoids produced by the tissue may prove as a new material and provide new insights into such researches.
Materials and methods
Materials
Thirty-one genotypes of citrus embryogenic calluses, mostly derived from seeds,were obtained from the National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University(Table1).They all grew on Murashige and Tucker culture medium of4%sucrose at 25±2°C,with a photoperiod of16h(white light of 1,500–2,000lx).The calluses were collected and frozen immediately in liquid nitrogen after being transferred to new callus medium for20days,and then kept at-80°C until analysis.Each experiment was performed in triplicate.
Ripening fruits of four selected citrus genotypes,Cara Cara navel orange(C.sinensis L.Osbeck),Tarocco blood orange(C.sinensis Osbeck),Guoqing No.1Satsuma mandarin(C.reticulata Blanco)and Murcott tangor (C.sinensis9C.reticulata)were harvested from healthy trees planted at the Citrus Research Institute,Huazhong Agricultural University in their harvest seasons of2009. After washing with tap water,fruits?avedo,albedo,seg-ment membrane(SM)and juice sacs(JS)were separated and immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen until extraction of carotenoids.For each cultivar,the fourth adult leaves on 12healthy new spring shoots of four trees were also col-lected in the summer of2009.
High performance liquid chromatography(HPLC)grade chemicals were purchased from Fisher Co.(USA).While authentic standards of b-carotene and lycopene were obtained from Sigma(St Louis,MO,USA),other authentic standards were obtained from CaroteNature(Lupsingen, Switzerland).
Methods
Extraction of carotenoids
Extraction of carotenoids was conducted according to Lee et al.(2001)with modi?cations.The calluses were lyoph-ilized in Heto LyLab3000(Heto-Holten A/S,Aller?d, Denmark)and homogenized to powder in liquid nitrogen. The lyophilized powder of1g was extracted three times with15mL extracting solvent(hexane:acetone:ethanol, 50:25:25,v/v/v)containing0.01%(w/v)2,6-di-tert-butyl-methylphenol(BHT)in an ultrasonic cleaner FS60(Fisher Scienti?c,Pittsburgh,PA,USA)for30min,and centri-fuged for10min at4,000g(Beckman Coulter,USA).The colored supernatant was collected and transferred to a 50mL volumetric?ask,and the residue was re-extracted several times with the same extracting solvent until colorless.
The combined supernatant was then washed three times with saturated NaCl solution until neutral,and then the aqueous phase was discarded.The supernatant was con-centrated to dryness with a Concentrator5301(Eppendorf, Germany),redissolved in0.3mL methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE)containing0.01%BHT.After centrifuging at 12,000rpm for30min,the sample was?ltered through a 0.22l m?lter?lm before HPLC analysis.During the extraction and HPLC analysis,all operations were con-ducted under subdued light and all samples were wrapped in foil to avoid degradation of carotenoids.
HPLC analysis of carotenoids
Carotenoids were analyzed by reverse phase HPLC using binary gradient elution procedure modi?ed from Lee et al. (2001).The analysis was carried out with a Waters HPLC system(Waters https://www.doczj.com/doc/ef5066856.html,ford,MA USA)coupled with a 600E solvent delivery system,a photo diode array detec-tion2996(DAD)system,an auto-sampler717plus and an Empower chromatography manager.A C30carotenoids column(15094.6mm i.d.,3l m)from YMC(Wil-mington,NC,USA)was used for separation.Solvent A (acetonitrile:methanol,3:1,v/v),containing0.01%BHT and0.05%triethylamine(TEA),and solvent B(100%
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MTBE),containing0.01%BHT,were used as mobile phases.Flow rate was set at1mL/min,column tempera-ture was25°C,and injection volume was20l L.Elution procedure was programmed as initial condition,A–B (95:5);0–10min,A–B(95:5);10–19min,A–B(86:14); 19–29min,A–B(75:25);29–54min,A–B(50:50); 54–66min,A–B(26:74)and back to the initial condition for re-equilibration.
The carotenoids were identi?ed by their retention time and absorption spectra(Liu et al.2007)and were quanti?ed by integrating peak areas.Peak areas were converted to concentrations by comparing with authentic carotenoid standards of known concentrations run on HPLC.Phytoene was recorded at wavelength of304nm,while the others were at450nm.B-citraurin and9-Z-violaxanthin were identi?ed according to Britton(1995)and quanti?ed by taking b-cryptoxanthin and violaxanthin as their standards, respectively.Statistical analysis
Data were processed with Excel(Microsoft,USA),average signi?cant difference analyses were conducted by using ANOVA in SAS(SAS Institute INC,USA),and signi?cant level was examined at P\0.05.
Results
Carotenoids synthesized in citrus calluses of different genotypes
As listed in Table1,calluses of different citrus genotypes were sub-cultured and subjected to determination and quanti?cation of carotenoids by HPLC.In these calluses, Hong Kong Kumquat had the longest tissue culture time, which was induced in the year1983,while Hamlin sweet
Table1Citrus embryogenic
callus of31genotypes
https://www.doczj.com/doc/ef5066856.html,mon names Scienti?c names Abbreviations
1Shamouti sweet orange C.sinensis L.Osbeck Shamouti
2Cara Cara navel orange C.sinensis L.Osbeck Cara Cara
3Bingtangcheng orange C.sinensis L.Osbeck Bingtangcheng
4Tarocco blood orange C.sinensis L.Osbeck Tarocco
5Newhall navel orange a C.sinensis L.Osbeck Newhall a
6Newhall navel orange b C.sinensis L.Osbeck Newhall b
7Anliu sweet orange C.sinensis L.Osbeck Anliu
8Hamlin sweet orange C.sinensis L.Osbeck Hamlin
9Valencia orange C.sinensis L.Osbeck Valencia
10Pineapple sweet orange(triploid) C.sinensis L.Osbeck Pineapple
11Yihongcheng sweet orange C.sinensis L.Osbeck Yihongcheng
12Nice navel orange C.sinensis L.Osbeck Nice
13Olinda Valencia orange C.sinensis L.Osbeck Olinda
14Succari sweet orange C.sinensis L.Osbeck Succari
15Skaggs Bonanza navel orange C.sinensis L.Osbeck Skaggs Bonanza
16Xunenzao Satsuma mandarin C.reticulata Blanco Xunenzao
17Changyuan Pokan mandarin C.reticulata Blanco Changyuan
18Nianju tangerine C.reticulata Blanco Nianju
19Guoqing No.1Satsuma mandarin C.reticulata Blanco Guoqing No.1
20Ponkan mandarin C.reticulata Blanco Ponkan
21Changshaju tangerine C.reticulata Blanco Changshaju
22Tianfuhongju tangerine C.reticulata Blanco Tianfuhongju
23Star Ruby grapefruit C.paradisi Macf.Star Ruby
24Red Marsh grapefruit C.paradisi Macf.Red Marsh
25Sunburst tangelo C.reticulata9C.paradisi Sunburst
26Page tangelo C.reticulata9C.paradisi Page
27Murcott tangor C.sinensis9C.reticulata Murcott
28Sour orange C.aurantium L.Sour orange
29Natsudaidai C.aurantium L.Natsudaidai
30Key Lime C.aurantifolia Swingle Key
31Hong Kong Kumquat Fortunella hindisi Swingle Hong Kong Acta Physiol Plant
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orange had the shortest,which was induced in the year 2006.
In general,as shown in Table2,carotenoids could be detected in all of the calluses after being transferred to new callus medium for20days.Eight carotenoids were detec-ted,such as violaxanthin,9-Z-violaxanthin,antheraxanthin, lutein,a-carotene,b-carotene,b-citraurin,and phytoene. While no lycopene was detected in any of the calluses,9-Z-violaxanthin was rare and detected only in Skaggs Bonanza navel orange(0.89±0.05l g/g)and Nianju tangerine (1.00±0.05l g/g),while b-citraurin was found only in Nianju tangerine(3.22±0.94l g/g)and Page tangelo (1.18±0.59l g/g).However,trace amount of other carotenoids was also detected,which is not included in Table2.It is interesting that no carotenoid was detected at all in the callus induced from the hybrid of C.reticulata Blanco‘Hongju tangerine’9Poncirus trifoliata L.(data not shown).
In the calluses induced from15sweet oranges(includ-ing two Newhall navel oranges),compared with other carotenoids,phytoene was the most abundant carotenoid in12sweet oranges;moreover,phytoene was the only carotenoid detected in Yihongcheng(27.12±13.30l g/g) and Olinda Valencia oranges(50.85±15.04l g/g).How-ever,a-carotene was the least abundant carotenoid in calluses of sweet oranges,with the highest observed in Succari(0.38±0.05l g/g),and it was undetectable in four cultivars.
In all calluses of seven loose-skin citrus,violaxanthin, lutein and a-carotene were detected.Phytoene was detected only in Changyuan Ponkan mandarin(3.50±3.04l g/g) and Guoqing No.1Satsuma mandarin(1.96±0.07l g/g). Antheraxanthin was only accumulated in Xuanenzao Sat-suma mandarin and Ponkan mandarin with low concen-trations of0.24±0.05and0.42±0.02l g/g,respectively. Changshaju tangerine contained the lowest content of total carotenoids in all investigated calluses(0.78l g/g).
In the calluses of two red-?eshed grapefruits,Red Marsh and Star Ruby,contents of phytoene,lutein and b-carotene were higher than violaxanthin,antheraxanthin and a-caro-tene.However,lycopene was not detected.
Calluses of Sunburst tangelo,Page tangelo and Murcott tangor were the only three hybrids used here.Calluses of Sunburst tangelo contained mainly phytoene(5.44±1.09l g/g),b-carotene(3.57±0.93l g/g)and violaxan-thin(2.01±0.52l g/g),while violaxanthin and b-citraurin were detected in Page tangelo as its major carotenoid.As indicated above,b-citraurin was only detected in Nianju tangerine and Page tangelo,whereas phytoene was under detection level in both genotypes.In Murcott tangor,trace or lower amount of phytoene(0.36±0.09l g/g)was present,while b-carotene and violaxanthin were the two major carotenoids,similar to loose-skin citrus genotypes.
In the calluses of two sour orange genotypes(sour orange and Natsudaidai),phytoene and lutein were the primary carotenoids in the?rst genotype of sour orange, which contained 5.94±0.38and 3.21±0.33l g/g, respectively.Notably,the amount of phytoene in Natsu-daidai(174.18±84.03l g/g)was the highest among all investigated citrus calluses,which was also the only carotenoid detected in this genotype.
Calluses of Key lime contained the highest content of violaxanthin in all investigated calluses(7.17±2.05l g/g), accounting for40.5%of its total carotenoids.In addition,the callus also synthesized two other major carotenoids,b-car-otene(3.64±0.62l g/g)and lutein(3.28±0.52l g/g).
The largest amount of lutein was noted in the callus of Hong Kong Kumquat(9.00±0.87l g/g),representing 32.2%of its total carotenoids.Phytoene(13.23±2.18l g/g)and b-carotene(3.57±0.43l g/g)were also detected as its major carotenoids,accounting for47.4 and12.8%of total carotenoids,respectively.
However,to?nd out if the carotenoids pro?le of a certain genotype was stable between sub-cultures,calluses of Tarocco blood orange,Newhall navel orange,Star Ruby grapefruit and Murcott tangor from different sub-cultures were randomly selected for analyzing.As shown in Table2,data in gray blocks indicated that contents of carotenoids in calluses of a certain genotype varied with sub-cultures.Nevertheless,the composition of carotenoids of a genotype remained stable,though in some cases some carotenoids were in trace amount.
Comparisons of carotenoids pro?les between calluses and fruit tissues of four citrus genotypes
To elucidate the characters of callus carotenoids’pro?le, comparisons of carotenoid pro?les was made among cal-luses,fruit tissues and leaves of four citrus genotypes. As shown in Table3,total carotenoids in fruits were remarkably higher than that in the calluses,and the carotenoids compositions were different.B-cryptoxanthin and9-Z-violaxanthin were observed in the fruit tissues in large amount,while among the four genotypes,anthera-xanthin in the calluses was detected even at lower con-centrations except Guoqing No.1Satsuma Mandarin,in which antheraxanthin was undetectable.Lutein and a-car-otene were detected in all calluses and were at low con-centrations or under detection level in?avedo and JS of citrus fruits.
In the calluses induced from Tarocco blood orange (Table3),lutein was the richest carotenoid(2.34±
0.13l g/g),and b-carotene(1.53±0.21l g/g),phytoene
(1.48±0.14l g/g),a-carotene,antheraxanthin and viola-xanthin were also detected.In?avedo,large amount of 9-Z-violaxanthin(192.33±6.78l g/g)and violaxanthin
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T a b l e 2C a r o t e n o i d s c o n t e n t i n c a l l u s o f d i f f e r e n t c i t r u s g e n o t y p e s s u b -c u l t u r e d f o r 20d a y s
T y p e s C i t r u s
V i o
9-Z -V A n t L u t b -c i t a -c a r b -c a r P h y T o t a l
S w e e t o r a n g e s S h a m o u t i
0.97±0.19
N D T r a c e 2.05±0.55N D 0.33±0.011.17±0.21T r a c e 4.52
C a r a C a r a
0.65±0.09
N D 0.31±0.011.14±0.18N D 0.23±0.014.39±0.2229.08±1.1731.41
B i n g t a n g c h e n g
0.91±0.41
N D 0.17±0.120.95±0.90N D 0.27±0.010.63±0.690.64±0.443.57
T a r o c c o
0.82±0.10
N D 0.60±0.042.34±0.13N D 0.23±0.011.53±0.211.48±0.14
7.00
2.05±1.32
N D 0.74±0.784.82±1.98N D 0.32±0.022.17±1.925.77±2.56
15.87
N e w h a l l a
1.48±0.07
N D 0.51±0.031.72±0.09N D T r a c e T r a c e 11.58±0.73
15.29
N e w h a l l b
0.74±0.03
N D T r a c e 1.66±0.68N D 0.34±0.011.54±0.4611.57±2.47
15.85
A n l i u
0.55±0.05
N D 0.15±0.011.77±0.25N D 0.26±0.011.33±0.142.56±0.53
6.62
H a m l i n
1.06±0.30
N D N D 1.48±0.65N D N D N D
6.86±3.32
9.40
V a l e n c i a
0.81±0.07
N D N D 1.90±0.58N D 0.32±0.041.94±0.63
19.54±5.59
24.51
S u c c a r i
1.24±0.21
N D N D 1.22±0.59N D 0.38±0.050.39±0.37
N D
3.23
P i n e a p p l e
1.86±0.97
N D 0.29±0.211.19±0.98N D 0.35±0.031.11±1.10
8.17±5.94
12.91
Y i h o n g c h e n g
N D
N D N D N D N D N D N D
27.12±13.30
27.12
N i c e
0.78±0.15
N D 0.25±0.191.99±1.27N D 0.25±0.020.30±0.34
3.60±2.07
7.17
O l i n d a
N D
N D N D N D N D N D N D
50.85±15.03
50.85
S k a g g s B o n a n z a
1.93±0.14
0.86±0.05N D 0.87±0.10N D N D
2.20±0.31
3.65±1.04
9.51
L o o s e -s k i n c i t r u s X u n e n z a o
1.37±0.14
N D 0.24±0.050.68±0.11N D 0.37±0.01
1.68±0.05
N D
4.34
C h a n g y u a n
2.17±1.20
N D N D 2.94±2.93N D 0.49±0.07
1.81±
2.33
3.50±3.04
10.91
P o n k a n
1.32±0.75
N D 0.42±0.020.74±0.25N D
0.45±0.03
0.68±0.03
N D
3.61
N i a n j u
3.76±0.42
1.00±0.05N D 1.83±0.183.22±0.94
0.33±0.03
3.18±0.42
N D
13.32
G u o q i n g N o .1
2.22±0.49
N D N D 2.27±0.38N D
0.30±0.01
2.96±0.04
1.96±0.07
9.71
C h a n g s h a j u
0.21±0.03
N D N D 0.44±0.17N D
0.13±0.01
N D
N D
0.78
T i a n f u h o n g j u
1.52±0.95
N D N D 0.47±0.69
N D
0.29±0.03
0.16±0.49
N D
2.44
G r a p e f r u i t s S t a r R u b y
0.52±0.04
N D 0.19±0.013.88±0.09
N D
0.26±0.01
2.23±0.03
3.83±0.31
10.90
0.52±0.02
N D 0.64±0.025.19±0.21
N D
0.28±0.01
2.08±0.23
5.38±0.24
14.09
R e d M a r s h
2.56±0.32
N D 1.56±0.264.18±0.77
N D
0.43±0.01
4.21±0.06
9.42±0.29
22.36
H y b r i d s S u n b u r s t
2.01±0.52
N D 0.64±0.260.14±0.11
N D
0.34±0.02
3.57±0.93
5.44±1.09
12.14
P a g e
1.19±0.36
N D 0.27±0.10
0.54±0.35
1.18±0.59
0.37±0.01
N D
N D
3.55
M u r c o t t
1.05±0.10
N D 0.21±0.04
0.98±0.17
N D
0.30±0.01
1.37±0.11
T r a c e
3.91
0.67±0.16
N D 0.10±0.04
0.29±0.22
N D
0.20±0.02
1.08±0.72
0.36±0.09
2.70
S o u r o r a n g e S o u r o r a n g e
0.89±0.06
N D N D
3.21±0.33
N D
0.23±0.01
0.71±0.09
5.94±0.38
10.98
N a t s u d a i d a i
N D
N D N D
N D
N D
N D
T r a c e
174.18±84.03
174.18
L i m e K e y l i m e
7.17±2.05
N D 2.06±0.46
3.28±0.52
N D
0.33±0.11
3.64±0.62
1.23±0.14
17.71
K u m q u a t H o n g K o n g
1.77±0.02N D T r a c e
9.00±0.87
N D
0.34±0.10
3.57±0.43
13.23±2.18
27.91
C o n c e n t r a t i o n s a r e e x p r e s s e d i n l g /g d r y w e i g h t (
D W )a n d r e p r e s e n t t h e m e a n o f t h r e e r e p l i c a t e s ±s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n (S D ).D a t a i n i t a l i c s s h o w c a r o t e n o i d s c o n t e n t s o f c a l l u s e s v a r i e d w i t h s u b -c u l t u r e s
A n t a n t h e r a x a n t h i n ,a -c a r a -c a r o t e n e ,b -c a r b -c a r o t e n e ,b -c i t b -c i t r a u r i n ,b -c r y b -c r y p t o x a n t h i n ,L u t l u t e i n ,l y c l y c o p e n e ,P h f p h y t o ?u e n e ,P h y p h y t o e n e ,V i o v i o l a x a n t h i n ,9-Z -V 9-Z -v i o l a x a n t h i n ,N D n o t d e t e c t e d b y H P L C a n a l y s i s
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accumulated(63.32±2.38l g/g),followed by b-crypto-xanthin and phytoene.It is worthy to note that phytoene in the?avedo(41.90±3.84l g/g)was more than20-fold higher than that in the calluses.In albedo and SM,phyto-ene,phyto?uene and9-Z-violaxanthin were the main carotenoids.In JS,a-carotene(0.14±0.01l g/g)and b-carotene(0.54±0.04l g/g)were detected at low con-centrations,while they were below detection level in other fruit tissues;9-Z-violaxanthin and b-cryptoxanthin were rich in the tissue.
Table3Carotenoids contents in fruit tissues of four citrus genotypes
Carotenoid content in different fruit tissues(l g/g)
Genotype Carotenoid Flavedo Albedo Segment membrane Juice sacs
Tarocco blood orange Phy41.90±3.84c26.39±0.70a24.63±1.95a 2.13±0.11c
Phf ND13.14±0.30c12.05±1.42b ND
a-car ND ND ND0.14±0.01d
b-car ND ND ND0.54±0.04d
Lut ND ND ND ND
b-cry58.89±2.53b9.47±0.13d 3.28±0.31c7.08±0.47b
Ant ND ND ND ND
Vio63.32±2.38b 6.88±0.11e 1.91±0.27d 2.74±0.25c
9-Z-V192.34±6.78a24.57±0.33b 4.73±0.66c7.95±0.67a
Sum356.4580.4546.620.58
Guoqing No.1Satsuma mandarin Phy19.77±0.28d25.29±3.64a22.71±1.72b 2.23±0.31b
a-car ND ND ND ND
b-car 2.22±0.06e0.82±0.24c 1.65±0.10d 3.39±0.50b
Lut ND ND ND ND
b-cry123.09±1.61a31.49±6.73a30.42±1.81a54.64±0.83a
Vio31.56±1.01c 4.47±0.89c 2.99±0.02d7.69±1.04b
9-Z-V80.11±2.00b11.51±2.37b8.08±0.06c 4.16±0.58b
Sum256.7573.5865.8572.11
Murcott tangor Phy16.40±1.71c35.06±8.84b8.12±0.48b 3.52±0.86b
a-car ND ND ND ND
b-car 1.34±0.05d ND 2.94±0.18b 3.82±0.96b
Lut 1.88±0.26d ND ND ND
b-cry131.24±11.23a47.82±7.95a20.78±1.24a24.19±1.97a
Ant ND ND ND ND
Vio19.66±2.15c7.14±0.93c 1.29±0.49b 1.81±0.51b
9-Z-V64.54±5.79b23.17±4.24b 4.05±0.23b 6.14±1.69b
Sum235.06113.1937.1839.48
Cara Cara navel orange Phy72.35±0.74a48.34±4.39a444.20±43.33a214.35±27.03a
Phf 2.07±0.76d11.23±0.30b11.10±0.92b10.43±0.66c
Lyc ND 1.66±0.33c36.83±0.82b26.74±1.11b
a-car ND ND ND0.10±0.01f
b-car0.09±0.01d ND 2.33±0.11c 3.39±1.08de
Lut0.23±0.03d ND ND ND
b-cry 2.97±0.11d0.49±0.05c0.65±0.03c 1.35±0.40ef
Ant ND ND ND ND
Vio20.44±0.89c 4.08±0.39c 1.00±0.03c 1.50±0.13e
9-Z-V49.31±3.58b9.95±1.17b 2.71±0.18c 4.34±0.37c
Sum147.4675.76498.82262.20 Concentrations are expressed in l g/g dry weight(DW)and represent the mean of three replicates±standard deviation(SD).Different letters following means±SD in a column show signi?cant difference(P\0.05)
Ant antheraxanthin,a-car a-carotene,b-car b-carotene,b-cit b-citraurin,b-cry b-cryptoxanthin,Lut lutein,lyc lycopene,Phf phyto?uene, Phy phytoene,Vio violaxanthin,9-Z-V9-Z-violaxanthin,ND not detected by HPLC analysis
Acta Physiol Plant 123
In Guoqing No.1Satsuma mandarin(Table3),phyto-ene,b-carotene,violaxanthin and lutein were the main carotenoids in calluses,while concentration of a-carotene was much lower.In?avedo,the highest content of carot-enoid was b-cryptoxanthin(123.09±1.61l g/g),followed by9-Z-violaxanthin(80.11±2.00l g/g),while violaxan-thin and phytoene were less abundant.In albedo,SM and JS,b-cryptoxanthin and phytoene were dominating caro-tenoids.
In the calluses of Murcott tangor(Table3),b-carotene and violaxanthin were the main carotenoids,while b-cryptoxanthin,violaxanthin and9-Z-violaxanthin were the main ones in?avedo.Albedo of Murcott contained the highest content of phytoene(35.06±8.84l g/g).
With no lycopene detected in calluses induced from Cara Cara navel orange(Table3),phytoene was the highest content of carotenoid(29.08±1.17l g/g),fol-lowed by b-carotene(4.39±0.22l g/g)and lutein (1.14±0.18l g/g).However,phytoene accumulated in all fruit tissues,especially in SM and JS,and it took up49.1, 63.8,89.1and81.8%of total carotenoids of?avedo, albedo,SM and JS,respectively.In those fruit tissues,high amount of phyto?uene was also detected.Lycopene was detected in fruit tissues except in?avedo,in which large amount of violaxanthin(20.44±0.89l g/g)and9-Z-vio-laxanthin(49.31±3.58l g/g)were detected. Comparisons of carotenoids pro?les between leaves
and calluses of four citrus genotypes
Calculation of total carotenoids suggested that leaves contained more carotenoids than fruit tissues and calluses, ranging from551.63l g/g(Guoqing No.1Satsuma man-darin)to736.85l g/g(Tarocco blood orange).In the
leaves,lutein and b-carotene were the main carotenoids, representing18.5–24.1%(122.45–146.86l g/g)and 52.1–64.5%(323.27–483.11l g/g)of total carotenoids, respectively,while in calluses,they make up3.2–33.4% (0.29–2.34l g/g)and12.3–40.0%(1.08–4.39l g/g), respectively.
Figure1reveals that phytoene was accumulated in leaves of Cara Cara navel orange with a percentage of 14.2%,but was not detected in leaves of the other three genotypes.However,9-Z-violaxanthin(22.36±2.34l g/ g)was only detected in leaves of Tarocco blood orange, while antheraxanthin was not detected.Other than that, leaves and calluses almost share the same carotenoids, though with varied contents.Nevertheless,in leaves,total percentages of three carotenoids,phytoene,lutein and b-carotene,were limited from82.7to85.4%,while per-centages of leaf violaxanthin were limited to5.8–6.9%in all four genotypes.It was notable that lycopene did not accumulate in leaves even in Cara Cara navel orange.
Discussion
Citrus calluses might be a new material in producing speci?c carotenoids
So far,there are no available data on carotenoids concen-tration and composition in citrus callus.In this study,the contents of phytoene,a-carotene,b-carotene,b-citraurin, lutein,antheraxanthin,violaxanthin and9-Z-violaxanthin were determined in31citrus genotypes.Though varied with genotypes,the compositions of carotenoids synthe-sized in citrus calluses of a certain genotype between sub-cultures were stable,while contents of speci?c carotenoid blood
Tarocco orange
No. 1
Guoqing
Satsuma
Mandarin
Murcott
tangor
Cara Cara navel
orange
64.5
19.9
58.6
24.1
66.0
19.4
52.1
18.5
14.2
calli leaves calli leaves calli leaves calli leaves 9-Z-Vio Vio Ant Phy Lut
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and total carotenoids changed with sub-cultures,which may be due to the different growing vigor of calluses.
Our work showed the unique carotenoids pro?le observed in certain citrus calluses.For example,b-citraurin was only synthesized in Nianju tangerine and Page tangelo, and9-Z-violaxanthin was detectable only in Nianju tan-gerine and Skaggs Bonanza navel orange.It implied that citrus calluses could be employed to produce speci?c carotenoid in the future.For example,calluses of Natsu-daidai may be used to produce the health-promoting carotenoid,astaxanthin,via genetic transformation by taking the large amount of phytoene as its upstream pre-cursor.Furthermore,our experiment showed that,like lettuce leaves and radish seedlings(Phillip and Young 2006),herbicide treatment such as with2-(4-chlorophe-nylthio)-triethylamine(CPTA)could also enhance speci?c carotenoid production in calluses,such as phytoene and lycopene(data not shown).
Moreover,in calluses of Natsudaidai,phytoene was the only carotenoid that was detected and was in high con-centrations(174.18±84.03l g/g).Also in calluses of Yihongcheng sweet orange and Olinda Valencia orange, no carotenoid but phytoene was detected.Phytoene is a colorless carotenoid synthesized early in the carotenoids biosynthetic pathway,which can be converted into other downstream carotenoids when catalyzed by certain enzymes.Thus,calluses of Natsudaidai,Yihongcheng sweet orange or Olinda Valencia orange may be utilized to produce rare,but more functional,carotenoids such as astaxanthin via genetic transformation(Cho et al.2008; Zhu et al.2009).
Citrus calluses feature their carotenoids pro?les different from leaves and fruit tissues
Carotenoids pro?les were compared among calluses,fruit tissues and leaves of Cara Cara navel orange,Tarocco blood orange,Guoqing No.1Satsuma mandarin and Mur-cott tangor.Results showed that leaves contained much higher total carotenoids than the other tissues,which is another rich resource of carotenoids besides fruits;other than phytoene,calluses and leaves almost shared the same carotenoids.In leaves and calluses,the observation of lutein and a-carotene might re?ect a relatively higher enzymatic activity of LCYE than that in fruit tissues. However,calluses and fruit tissues had at least one aspect in common:24of31citrus calluses and all investigated fruit tissues accumulated phytoene whereas leaves did not, except Cara Cara navel orange,in which phytoene took up 14.2%of its total carotenoids in leaves.This might imply that desaturated enzymes of phytoene,including PDS and ZDS,were rate-limiting enzymes in the biosynthetic pathway,both in fruit tissues and in calluses.
A notable feature of leaf carotenoids composition in our report was that the total percentages of phytoene,lutein and b-carotene in leaves were stable and were limited from 82.7to85.4%,and violaxanthin was limited to5.8–6.9%in all four cultivars.It might suggest that there was a stable xanthophyll pool in the leaves,related to the important functions of carotenoids in leaves,light harvesting and photo protection(Phillip et al.2002).However,a stable composition of carotenoids was not observed in the cal-luses(Fig.1),which might be caused by the differences in growing environment between callus and leaf.
Another feature shared by calluses and leaves was that lycopene was below detection level,even in those geno-types with lycopene-accumulated fruits such as Red Marsh grapefruit and Cara Cara navel orange(Xu et al.2006). With the large amount of phytoene detected in fruit tissues of Cara Cara navel orange(Table3),the undetectable state of lycopene may be due to the less abundant precursor produced in calluses and leaves.
Thus,more evidences were needed to elucidate whether the carotenoids pro?le of citrus callus featured more clo-sely with leaves or fruit tissues,or held its independent features.According to Stange et al.(2008),in leaves and modi?ed roots of carrot(Daucus carota),different regu-latory mechanisms were involved and led to different carotenoids composition and accumulation.Due to their theoretically identical genetic background,it is possible that fruit tissues,leaves and callus of citrus may share some regulator genes in the regulation of carotenogenesis,further molecular research on carotenoids synthesis in the callus may help to?nd out these regulator genes.
The possibility of using citrus calluses as an alternative material in carotenoids biosynthetic research
In previous researches on citrus carotenoids biosynthesis, fruits were the priority material,because they are rich in carotenoids,which is relevant to fruit qualities(Kato et al. 2004;Liu et al.2007).However,it is dif?cult to focus on the interaction research between environment changes and carotenoids production in citrus fruits,due to the dif?cul-ties and complexity of environment control in the?eld, coupled with the long period of fruit development.Callus may become an alternative material in such research,as it is relatively easier to modulate the environment in the laboratory and the response of carotenoids synthesis to environment change could be readily monitored in short term.
In earlier reports,callus culture was utilized to investi-gate the production of?avonol glycoside,anthocyanins, procyanidin,essential oil and phenol in plants(Lopez Arnaldos et al.2001;Moumou et al.1992;Reichling et al. 1984;Simoes et al.2009;Yamamoto et al.1992).In our
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research,the biochemical and further molecular insight gained into the carotenoids production of the citrus callus will prove it an alternative model system in facilitating our understanding of the regulation of carotenogenesis. Acknowledgments This research was?nancially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.30771482, 30921002and30300241).We thank Drs.Jihong Liu and Wenwu Guo for their helpful suggestions.
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Inc. (incorporated) 为根据公司法组成的股份有限公司. LLC(Limited Liability Company)有限责任公司 有限责任公司和股份有限公司 有限责任公司与股份有限公司作为公司的两种主要形式，有它们的共同点，也有不同点。 有限责任公司与股份有限公司的共同点是： （1）股东都对公司承担有限责任。无论在有限责任公司中，还是在股份有限公司中，股东都对公司承担有限责任，“有限责任”的范围，都是以股东公司的投资额为限。 （2）股东的财产与公司的财产是分离的，股东将财产投资公司后，该财产即构成公司的财产，股东不再直接控制和支配这部分财产。同时，公司的财产与股东没有投资到公司的其他财产是没有关系的，即使公司出现资不抵债的情况，股东也只以其对公司的投资额承担责任，不再承担其他的责任。 （3）有限责任公司和股份有限公司对外都是以公司的全部资产承担责任。也就是说，公司对外也是只承担有限的责任，“有限责任”的范围，就是公司的全部资产，除此之外，公司不再承担其他的财产责任。 有限责任公司与股份有限公司的不同点： （1）两种公司在成立条件和募集资金方面有所不同。有限责任公司的成立条件比较宽松一点，股份有限公司的成立条件比较严格；有限责任公司只能由发起人集资，不能向社会公开募集资金，股份有限公司可以向社会公开募集资金；有限责任公司的股东人数，有最高和最低的要求，股份有限公司的股东人数，只有最低要求，没有最高要求。
（2）两种公司的股份转让难易程度不同。在有限责任公司中，股东转让自己的出资有严格的要求，受到的限制较多，比较困难；在股份有限公司中，股东转让自己的股份 比较自由，不象有限责任公司那样困难。 （3）两种公司的股权证明形式不同。在有限责任公司中，股东的股权证明是出资证明书，出资证明书不能转让、流通；在股份有限公司中，股东的股权证明是股票，即股 东所持有的股份是以股票的形式来体现，股票是公司签发的证明股东所持股份的凭证，股票可以转让、流通。 （4）两种公司的股东会、董事会权限大小和两权分离程度不同。在有限责任公司中，由于股东人数有上限，人数相对来计比较少，召开股东会等也比较方便，因此股东会 的权限较大，董事经常是由股东自己兼任的，在所有权和经营权的分离上，程度较低；在股份有限公司中，由于股东人数没有上限，人数较多且分散，召开股东会比较困难，股东会的议事程序也比较复杂，所以股东会的权限有所限制，董事会的权限较大，在 所有权和经营权的分离上，程度也比较高。 （5）两种公司的财务状况的公开程度不同。在有限责任公司中，由于公司的人数有限，财务会计报表可以不经过注册会计师的审计，也可以不公告，只要按照规定期限送交 各股东就行了；在股份有限公司中，由于股东人数众多很难分类，所以会计报表必须 要经过注册会计师的审计并出具报告，还要存档以便股东查阅，其中以募集设立方式 成立的股份有限公司，还必须要公告其财务会计报告。
常用整流二极管 型号VRM/Io IFSM/ VF /Ir 封装用途说明1A5 600V/1.0A 25A/1.1V/5uA[T25] D2.6X3.2d0.65 1A6 800V/1.0A 25A/1.1V/5uA[T25] D2.6X3.2d0.65 6A8 800V/6.0A 400A/1.1V/10uA[T60] D9.1X9.1d1.3 1N4002 100V/1.0A 30A/1.1V/5uA[T75] D2.7X5.2d0.9 1N4004 400V/1.0A 30A/1.1V/5uA[T75] D2.7X5.2d0.9 1N4006 800V/1.0A 30A/1.1V/5uA[T75] D2.7X5.2d0.9 1N4007 1000V/1.0A 30A/1.1V/5uA[T75] D2.7X5.2d0.9 1N5398 800V/1.5A 50A/1.4V/5uA[T70] D3.6X7.6d0.9 1N5399 1000V/1.5A 50A/1.4V/5uA[T70] D3.6X7.6d0.9 1N5402 200V/3.0A 200A/1.1V/5uA[T105] D5.6X9.5d1.3 1N5406 600V/3.0A 200A/1.1V/5uA[T105] D5.6X9.5d1.3 1N5407 800V/3.0A 200A/1.1V/5uA[T105] D5.6X9.5d1.3 1N5408 1000V/3.0A 200A/1.1V/5uA[T105] D5.6X9.5d1.3 RL153 200V/1.5A 60A/1.1V/5uA[T75] D3.6X7.6d0.9 RL155 600V/1.5A 60A/1.1V/5uA[T75] D3.6X7.6d0.9 RL156 800V/1.5A 60A/1.1V/5uA[T75] D3.6X7.6d0.9 RL203 200V/2.0A 70A/1.1V/5uA[T75] D3.6X7.6d0.9 RL205 600V/2.0A 70A/1.1V/5uA[T75] D3.6X7.6d0.9 RL206 800V/2.0A 70A/1.1V/5uA[T75] D3.6X7.6d0.9 RL207 1000V/2.0A 70A/1.1V/5uA[T75] D3.6X7.6d0.9 RM11C 1000V/1.2A 100A/0.92V/10uA D4.0X7.2d0.78 MR750 50V/6.0A 400A/1.25V/25uA D8.7x6.3d1.35 MR751 100V/6.0A 400A/1.25V/25uA D8.7x6.3d1.35 MR752 200V/6.0A 400A/1.25V/25uA D8.7x6.3d1.35 MR754 400V/6.0A 400A/1.25V/25uA D8.7x6.3d1.35 MR756 600V/6.0A 400A/1.25V/25uA D8.7x6.3d1.35 MR760 1000V/6.0A 400A/1.25V/25uA D8.7x6.3d1.35 常用整流二极管(全桥） 型号VRM/Io IFSM/ VF /Ir 封装用途说明RBV-406 600V/*4A 80A/1.10V/10uA 25X15X3.6 RBV-606 600V/*6A 150A/1.05V/10uA 30X20X3.6 RBV-1306 600V/*13A 80A/1.20V/10uA 30X20X3.6 RBV-1506 600V/*15A 200A/1.05V/50uA 30X20X3.6 RBV-2506 600V/*25A 350A/1.05V/50uA 30X20X3.6 常用肖特基整流二极管SBD 型号VRM/Io IFSM/ VF Trr1/Trr2 封装用途说明EK06 60V/0.7A 10A/0.62V 100nS D2.7X5.0d0.6 SK/高速 EK14 40V/1.5A 40A/0.55V 200nS D4.0X7.2d0.78 SK/低速 D3S6M 60V/3.0A 80A/0.58V 130p SB340 40V/3.0A 80A/0.74V 180p SB360 60V/3.0A 80A/0.74V 180p SR260 60V/2.0A 50A/0.70V 170p MBR1645 45V/16A 150A/0.65V <10nS TO220 超高速
常用二极管参数 2008-10-22 11:48 05Z6.2Y 硅稳压二极管 Vz=6~6.35V, Pzm=500mW, 05Z7.5Y 硅稳压二极管 Vz=7.34~7.70V, Pzm=500mW, 05Z13X 硅稳压二极管 Vz=12.4~13.1V, Pzm=500mW, 05Z15Y 硅稳压二极管 Vz=14.4~15.15V, Pzm=500mW, 05Z18Y 硅稳压二极管 Vz=17.55~18.45V, Pzm=500mW, 1N4001 硅整流二极管 50V, 1A,(Ir=5uA, Vf=1V, Ifs=50A) 1N4002 硅整流二极管 100V, 1A, 1N4003 硅整流二极管 200V, 1A, 1N4004 硅整流二极管 400V, 1A, 1N4005 硅整流二极管 600V, 1A, 1N4006 硅整流二极管 800V, 1A, 1N4007 硅整流二极管 1000V, 1A, 1N4148 二极管 75V, 4PF, Ir=25nA, Vf=1V, 1N5391 硅整流二极管 50V, 1.5A,(Ir=10uA, Vf=1.4V, Ifs=50A) 1N5392 硅整流二极管 100V, 1.5A, 1N5393 硅整流二极管 200V, 1.5A, 1N5394 硅整流二极管 300V, 1.5A, 1N5395 硅整流二极管 400V, 1.5A, 1N5396 硅整流二极管 500V, 1.5A, 1N5397 硅整流二极管 600V, 1.5A, 1N5398 硅整流二极管 800V, 1.5A, 1N5399 硅整流二极管 1000V, 1.5A, 1N5400 硅整流二极管 50V, 3A,(Ir=5uA, Vf=1V, Ifs=150A) 1N5401 硅整流二极管 100V, 3A, 1N5402 硅整流二极管 200V, 3A, 1N5403 硅整流二极管 300V, 3A, 1N5404 硅整流二极管 400V, 3A, 1N5405 硅整流二极管 500V, 3A, 1N5406 硅整流二极管 600V, 3A, 1N5407 硅整流二极管 800V, 3A, 1N5408 硅整流二极管 1000V, 3A, 1S1553 硅开关二极管 70V, 100mA, 300mW, 3.5PF, 300ma, 1S1554 硅开关二极管 55V, 100mA, 300mW, 3.5PF, 300ma, 1S1555 硅开关二极管 35V, 100mA, 300mW, 3.5PF, 300ma, 1S2076 硅开关二极管 35V, 150mA, 250mW, 8nS, 3PF, 450ma, Ir≤1uA, Vf≤0.8V,≤1.8PF, 1S2076A 硅开关二极管 70V, 150mA, 250mW, 8nS, 3PF, 450ma, 60V, Ir≤1uA, Vf≤0.8V,≤1.8PF, 1S2471 硅开关二极管80V, Ir≤0.5uA, Vf≤1.2V,≤2PF, 1S2471B 硅开关二极管 90V, 150mA, 250mW, 3nS, 3PF, 450ma, 1S2471V 硅开关二极管 90V, 130mA, 300mW, 4nS, 2PF, 400ma, 1S2472 硅开关二极管50V, Ir≤0.5uA, Vf≤1.2V,≤2PF, 1S2473 硅开关二极管35V, Ir≤0.5uA, Vf≤1.2V,≤3PF,
Ch1 1. What are the advantages Blades could gain from importing from and/or exporting to a foreign country such as Thailand? ANSWER: The advantages Blades, Inc. could gain from importing from Thailand include potentially lowering Blades’ cost of goods sold. If the inputs (rubber and plastic) are cheaper when imported from a foreign country such as Thailand, this would increase B lades’ net income. Since numerous competitors of Blades are already importing components from Thailand, importing would increase Blades’ competitiveness in the U.S., especially since its prices are among the highest in the roller blade industry. Furthermore, since Blades is considering longer range plans in Thailand, importing from and exporting to Thailand may present it with an opportunity to establish initial relationships with some Thai suppliers. As far as exporting is concerned, Blades, Inc. could be one of the first firms to sell roller blades in Thailand. Considering that Blades is contemplating to eventually shift its sales to Thailand, this could be a major competitive advantage. 2. What are some of the disadvantages Blades could face as a result of foreign trade in the short run? In the long run? ANSWER: There are several potential disadvantages Blades, Inc. should consider. First of all, Blades would be exposed to currency fluctuations in the Thai baht. For example, the dollar cost of imported inputs may become more expensive over time if the baht appreciates even if Thai suppliers do not adjust their prices. However, Blades’ sales in Thailand would also increase in dollar terms if the baht appreciates, even if Blades does not increase its prices. Blades, Inc. would also be exposed to the economic conditions in Thailand. For example, if there is a recession, Blades would suffer from decreased sales to Thailand. In the long run, Blades should be aware of any regulatory and environmental constraints the Thai government may impose on it (such as pollution controls). Furthermore, the company should be aware of the political risk involved in operating in Thailand. For example, the likelihood of expropriation by the Thai government should be assessed. Another important issue involved in Blades’ long-run plans is how the foreign subsidiary would be monitored. Geographical distance may make monitoring very difficult. This is an especially important point since Thai managers may conform to goals other than the maximization of shareholder wealth. 3. Which theories of international business described in this chapter apply to Blades, Inc. in the short run? In the long run? ANSWER: There are at least three theories of international business: the theory of comparative advantage, the imperfect markets theory, and the product cycle theory. In the short run, Blades would like to import from Thailand because inputs such as rubber and plastic are cheaper in Thailand. Also, it would like to export to Thailand to take advantage of the fact that few roller blades are currently sold in Thailand. Both of these factors suggest that the imperfect markets theory applies to Blades in the short run. In the long run, the goal is to possibly establish a subsidiary in Thailand and to be one of the first roller blade manufacturers in Thailand. The superiority of its production process suggests that the theory of comparative advantage would apply to Blades in the
1.塑封整流二极管 序号型号IF VRRM VF Trr 外形 A V V μs 1 1A1-1A7 1A 50-1000V 1.1 R-1 2 1N4001-1N4007 1A 50-1000V 1.1 DO-41 3 1N5391-1N5399 1.5A 50-1000V 1.1 DO-15 4 2A01-2A07 2A 50-1000V 1.0 DO-15 5 1N5400-1N5408 3A 50-1000V 0.95 DO-201AD 6 6A05-6A10 6A 50-1000V 0.95 R-6 7 TS750-TS758 6A 50-800V 1.25 R-6 8 RL10-RL60 1A-6A 50-1000V 1.0 9 2CZ81-2CZ87 0.05A-3A 50-1000V 1.0 DO-41 10 2CP21-2CP29 0.3A 100-1000V 1.0 DO-41 11 2DZ14-2DZ15 0.5A-1A 200-1000V 1.0 DO-41 12 2DP3-2DP5 0.3A-1A 200-1000V 1.0 DO-41 13 BYW27 1A 200-1300V 1.0 DO-41 14 DR202-DR210 2A 200-1000V 1.0 DO-15 15 BY251-BY254 3A 200-800V 1.1 DO-201AD 16 BY550-200～1000 5A 200-1000V 1.1 R-5 17 PX10A02-PX10A13 10A 200-1300V 1.1 PX 18 PX12A02-PX12A13 12A 200-1300V 1.1 PX 19 PX15A02-PX15A13 15A 200-1300V 1.1 PX 20 ERA15-02～13 1A 200-1300V 1.0 R-1 21 ERB12-02～13 1A 200-1300V 1.0 DO-15 22 ERC05-02～13 1.2A 200-1300V 1.0 DO-15 23 ERC04-02～13 1.5A 200-1300V 1.0 DO-15 24 ERD03-02～13 3A 200-1300V 1.0 DO-201AD 25 EM1-EM2 1A-1.2A 200-1000V 0.97 DO-15 26 RM1Z-RM1C 1A 200-1000V 0.95 DO-15 27 RM2Z-RM2C 1.2A 200-1000V 0.95 DO-15 28 RM11Z-RM11C 1.5A 200-1000V 0.95 DO-15 29 RM3Z-RM3C 2.5A 200-1000V 0.97 DO-201AD 30 RM4Z-RM4C 3A 200-1000V 0.97 DO-201AD 2.快恢复塑封整流二极管 序号型号IF VRRM VF Trr 外形 A V V μs （1）快恢复塑封整流二极管 1 1F1-1F7 1A 50-1000V 1.3 0.15-0.5 R-1 2 FR10-FR60 1A-6A 50-1000V 1. 3 0.15-0.5 3 1N4933-1N4937 1A 50-600V 1.2 0.2 DO-41 4 1N4942-1N4948 1A 200-1000V 1.3 0.15-0. 5 DO-41 5 BA157-BA159 1A 400-1000V 1.3 0.15-0.25 DO-41 6 MR850-MR858 3A 100-800V 1.3 0.2 DO-201AD
常用稳压管型号对照——（朋友发的） 美标稳压二极管型号 1N4727 3V0 1N4728 3V3 1N4729 3V6 1N4730 3V9 1N4731 4V3 1N4732 4V7 1N4733 5V1 1N4734 5V6 1N4735 6V2 1N4736 6V8 1N4737 7V5 1N4738 8V2 1N4739 9V1 1N4740 10V 1N4741 11V 1N4742 12V 1N4743 13V 1N4744 15V 1N4745 16V 1N4746 18V 1N4747 20V 1N4748 22V 1N4749 24V 1N4750 27V 1N4751 30V 1N4752 33V 1N4753 36V 1N4754 39V 1N4755 43V 1N4756 47V 1N4757 51V 需要规格书请到以下地址下载， 经常看到很多板子上有M记的铁壳封装的稳压管，都是以美标的1N系列型号标识的，没有具体的电压值，刚才翻手册查了以下3V至51V的型号与电压的对 照值，希望对大家有用 1N4727 3V0 1N4728 3V3 1N4729 3V6 1N4730 3V9
1N4733 5V1 1N4734 5V6 1N4735 6V2 1N4736 6V8 1N4737 7V5 1N4738 8V2 1N4739 9V1 1N4740 10V 1N4741 11V 1N4742 12V 1N4743 13V 1N4744 15V 1N4745 16V 1N4746 18V 1N4747 20V 1N4748 22V 1N4749 24V 1N4750 27V 1N4751 30V 1N4752 33V 1N4753 36V 1N4754 39V 1N4755 43V 1N4756 47V 1N4757 51V DZ是稳压管的电器编号，是和1N4148和相近的，其实1N4148就是一个0.6V的稳压管，下面是稳压管上的编号对应的稳压值，有些小的稳压管也会在管体 上直接标稳压电压，如5V6就是5.6V的稳压管。 1N4728A 3.3 1N4729A 3.6 1N4730A 3.9 1N4731A 4.3 1N4732A 4.7 1N4733A 5.1 1N4734A 5.6 1N4735A 6.2 1N4736A 6.8 1N4737A 7.5 1N4738A 8.2 1N4739A 9.1 1N4740A 10 1N4741A 11 1N4742A 12 1N4743A 13
二极管封装大全 篇一：贴片二极管型号、参数 贴片二极管型号.参数查询 1、肖特基二极管SMA（DO214AC） 2010-2-2 16:39:35 标准封装： SMA 2010 SMB 2114 SMC 3220 SOD123 1206 SOD323 0805 SOD523 0603 IN4001的封装是1812 IN4148的封装是1206 篇二：常见贴片二极管三极管的封装 常见贴片二极管/三极管的封装 常见贴片二极管/三极管的封装 二极管： 名称尺寸及焊盘间距其他尺寸相近的封装名称 SMC SMB SMA SOD-106 SC-77A SC-76/SC-90A SC-79 三极管： LDPAK
DPAK SC-63 SOT-223 SC-73 TO-243/SC-62/UPAK/MPT3 SC-59A/SOT-346/MPAK/SMT3 SOT-323 SC-70/CMPAK/UMT3 SOT-523 SC-75A/EMT3 SOT-623 SC-89/MFPAK SOT-723 SOT-923 VMT3 篇三：常用二极管的识别及ic封装技术 常用晶体二极管的识别 晶体二极管在电路中常用“D”加数字表示，如： D5表示编号为5的二极管。 1、作用：二极管的主要特性是单向导电性，也就是在正向电压的作用下，导通电阻很小;而在反向电压作用下导通电阻极大或无穷大。正因为二极管具有上述特性，无绳电话机中常把它用在整流、隔离、稳压、极性保护、编码控制、调频调制和静噪等电路中。 电话机里使用的晶体二极管按作用可分为：整流二极管(如1N4004)、隔离二极管(如1N4148)、肖特基二极管(如BAT85)、发光二极管、稳压二极管等。 2、识别方法：二极管的识别很简单，小功率二极管的N极(负极)，在二极管外表大多采用一种色圈标出来，有些二极管也用二极管专用符号来表示P极(正极)或N极(负极)，也有采用符号标志为“P”、“N”来确定二极管极性的。发光二极管的正负极可从引脚长短来识别，长
1N 系列常用整流二极管的主要参数
反向工作 峰值电压 URM/V 额定正向 整流电流 整流电流 IF/A 正向不重 复浪涌峰 值电流 IFSM/A 正向 压降 UF/V 反向 电流 IR/uA 工作 频率 f/KHZ 外形 封装
型 号
1N4000 1N4001 1N4002 1N4003 1N4004 1N4005 1N4006 1N4007 1N5100 1N5101 1N5102 1N5103 1N5104 1N5105 1N5106 1N5107 1N5108 1N5200 1N5201 1N5202 1N5203 1N5204 1N5205 1N5206 1N5207 1N5208 1N5400 1N5401 1N5402 1N5403 1N5404 1N5405 1N5406 1N5407 1N5408
25 50 100 200 400 600 800 1000 50 100 200 300 400 500 600 800 1000 50 100 200 300 400 500 600 800 1000 50 100 200 300 400 500 600 800 1000
1
30
≤1
＜5
3
DO-41
1．5
75
≤1
＜5
3
DO-15
2
100
≤1
＜10
3
3
150
≤0.8
＜10
3
DO-27
常用二极管参数： 05Z6.2Y 硅稳压二极管 Vz=6~6.35V,Pzm=500mW,
LLC，LLP，Inc，Corp的区别 Corp是Corporation的缩写，（公司, 财团法人） （结合, 合并, 形成法人组织, 组成公司(或社团) Inc是Incorporation的缩写， Co.Ltd.是Limited company的缩写，叫做有限责任公司 LLC是Limited Liability Company 的缩写，叫做有限责任公司 LLP 是Limited Liability Partnership的缩写，叫做有限责任合伙公司 法定公司Corporation (INC) 定义Definition: 是一个州政府注册组织最完善的独立法人。商业行为明文制限于公司法。有 C-Corporation和S-Corporation两种。 This state chartered organization acts as a separate legal entity and is the most structured business entity. Business activities are restricted to those listed in the corporate charter. Corporations may elect to file as a C-Corporation or S-Corporation. C-corporation –根据收入需付联邦及州税。当利润交给股东，股东申报个人税时再次需付收入税。双重克税为其最大缺点。 pays federal and state income taxes on earnings. When the earnings are distributed to the shareholders as dividends, the earnings are taxed again. Double taxation is a big drawback of C-corporations. S-corporation -法律特色如同C-Corporation，但不需直接付税，只要申报收入付个人税即可。 have the same legal attributes as the C-corporation, however, the corporation does not pay income taxes on earnings, rather, the shareholder pays income tax on dividends on their personal income tax return. S corporation需另符合下列几项条件: S corporation owners (shareholders) must meet the following criteria: 拥有人（股东）少于100人Number fewer than 100 拥有人（股东）不可是非永久居民外国人Cannot be non-resident aliens 拥有人（股东）不可是其他法定公司、有限责任公司、合伙公司或信托Cannot be C corporations, other S corporations, limited liability companies (LLCs), partnerships or certain trusts. 优点Advantages:
1N系列稳压管
快恢复整流二极管
常用整流二极管型号和参数 05Z6.2Y 硅稳压二极管 Vz=6~6.35V,Pzm=500mW, 05Z7.5Y 硅稳压二极管 Vz=7.34~7.70V,Pzm=500mW, 05Z13X硅稳压二极管 Vz=12.4~13.1V,Pzm=500mW, 05Z15Y硅稳压二极管 Vz=14.4~15.15V,Pzm=500mW, 05Z18Y硅稳压二极管 Vz=17.55~18.45V,Pzm=500mW, 1N4001硅整流二极管 50V, 1A,(Ir=5uA,Vf=1V,Ifs=50A) 1N4002硅整流二极管 100V, 1A, 1N4003硅整流二极管 200V, 1A, 1N4004硅整流二极管 400V, 1A, 1N4005硅整流二极管 600V, 1A, 1N4006硅整流二极管 800V, 1A, 1N4007硅整流二极管 1000V, 1A, 1N4148二极管 75V, 4PF,Ir=25nA,Vf=1V, 1N5391硅整流二极管 50V, 1.5A,(Ir=10uA,Vf=1.4V,Ifs=50A) 1N5392硅整流二极管 100V,1.5A, 1N5393硅整流二极管 200V,1.5A, 1N5394硅整流二极管 300V,1.5A, 1N5395硅整流二极管 400V,1.5A, 1N5396硅整流二极管 500V,1.5A, 1N5397硅整流二极管 600V,1.5A, 1N5398硅整流二极管 800V,1.5A, 1N5399硅整流二极管 1000V,1.5A, 1N5400硅整流二极管 50V, 3A,(Ir=5uA,Vf=1V,Ifs=150A) 1N5401硅整流二极管 100V,3A, 1N5402硅整流二极管 200V,3A, 1N5403硅整流二极管 300V,3A, 1N5404硅整流二极管 400V,3A,
常用稳压二极管技术参数及老型号代换 型号最大功耗 (mW) 稳定电压(V) 电流(mA) 代换型号国产稳压管日立稳压管 HZ4B2 500 3.8 4.0 5 2CW102 2CW21 4B2 HZ4C1 500 4.0 4.2 5 2CW102 2CW21 4C1 HZ6 500 5.5 5.8 5 2CW103 2CW21A 6B1 HZ6A 500 5.2 5.7 5 2CW103 2CW21A HZ6C3 500 6 6.4 5 2CW104 2CW21B 6C3 HZ7 500 6.9 7.2 5 2CW105 2CW21C HZ7A 500 6.3 6.9 5 2CW105 2CW21C HZ7B 500 6.7 7.3 5 2CW105 2CW21C HZ9A 500 7.7 8.5 5 2CW106 2CW21D HZ9CTA 500 8.9 9.7 5 2CW107 2CW21E HZ11 500 9.5 11.9 5 2CW109 2CW21G HZ12 500 11.6 14.3 5 2CW111 2CW21H HZ12B 500 12.4 13.4 5 2CW111 2CW21H HZ12B2 500 12.6 13.1 5 2CW111 2CW21H 12B2 HZ18Y 500 16.5 18.5 5 2CW113 2CW21J HZ20-1 500 18.86 19.44 2 2CW114 2CW21K HZ27 500 27.2 28.6 2 2CW117 2CW21L 27-3 HZT33-02 400 31 33.5 5 2CW119 2CW21M RD2.0E(B) 500 1.88 2.12 20 2CW100 2CW21P 2B1 RD2.7E 400 2.5 2.93 20 2CW101 2CW21S RD3.9EL1 500 3.7 4 20 2CW102 2CW21 4B2 RD5.6EN1 500 5.2 5.5 20 2CW103 2CW21A 6A1 RD5.6EN3 500 5.6 5.9 20 2CW104 2CW21B 6B2 RD5.6EL2 500 5.5 5.7 20 2CW103 2CW21A 6B1 RD6.2E(B) 500 5.88 6.6 20 2CW104 2CW21B RD7.5E(B) 500 7.0 7.9 20 2CW105 2CW21C RD10EN3 500 9.7 10.0 20 2CW108 2CW21F 11A2 RD11E(B) 500 10.1 11.8 15 2CW109 2CW21G RD12E 500 11.74 12.35 10 2CW110 2CW21H 12A1 RD12F 1000 11.19 11.77 20 2CW109 2CW21G RD13EN1 500 12 12.7 10 2CW110 2CW21H 12A3 RD15EL2 500 13.8 14.6 15 2CW112 2CW21J 12C3 RD24E 400 22 25 10 2CW116 2CW21H 24-1
常用稳压管型号参数对照 3V到51V 1W稳压管型号对照表1N4727 3V0 1N4728 3V3 1N4729 3V6 1N4730 3V9 1N4731 4V3 1N4732 4V7 1N4733 5V1 1N4734 5V6 1N4735 6V2 1N4736 6V8 1N4737 7V5
1N4739 9V1 1N4740 10V 1N4741 11V 1N4742 12V 1N4743 13V 1N4744 15V 1N4745 16V 1N4746 18V 1N4747 20V 1N4748 22V 1N4749 24V 1N4750 27V 1N4751 30V
1N4753 36V 1N4754 39V 1N4755 43V 1N4756 47V 1N4757 51V 摩托罗拉IN47系列1W稳压管IN4728 3.3v IN4729 3.6v IN4730 3.9v IN4731 4.3 IN4732 4.7 IN4733 5.1
IN4735 6.2 IN4736 6.8 IN4737 7.5 IN4738 8.2 IN4739 9.1 IN4740 10 IN4741 11 IN4742 12 IN4743 13 IN4744 15 IN4745 16 IN4746 18 IN4747 20
IN4749 24 IN4750 27 IN4751 30 IN4752 33 IN4753 34 IN4754 35 IN4755 36 IN4756 47 IN4757 51 摩托罗拉IN52系列 0.5w精密稳压管IN5226 3.3v IN5227 3.6v
威廉.索拿马公司 Williams-Sonoma Inc 背景简介： 威廉.索拿马公司（WSI）是一家成立于1956年的高品质家居用品美国专业零售商、邮购商和电商。在美国纽约证劵交易所上市，年营业额$??? 。其中电子商务和邮购销售占营业额的43.%，零售占56.1%。其在美国，加拿大、澳大利亚和中东（科威特，沙特阿拉伯和阿拉伯酋长国）等地开设专业零售商店，产品通过网络销售可到全球79个国家和地区，共有员工约26,9000余人， 579家实体店，发行7种直邮目录，拥有6个电子商务网站。 该公司旗下有八个品牌，每个品牌在他们所处的行业中都是非常知名且备受尊敬和追从。威廉.索拿马一直以来都以为客户提供高品质和新式样的产品体验为企业经营目标，产品线已覆盖至消费者家里的每一个角落，从厨房到餐厅、客厅、卧室、书房及衣帽间。 威廉.索拿马旗下的八个品牌分别有各自不同的分销策略和客户群： 品牌1： William Sonoma Inc –主营炊具和提供婚礼注册表服务 品牌2：Pottery Barn Furniture –主营家具和提供婚礼注册服务 品牌3：Pottery Barn Kids –主营儿童家具和提供婴儿注册表服务 品牌4：PBteen –主营青少年家具和床上用品 品牌5：West Elm –主营现代家具和室内装饰品 品牌6：William Sonoma Home –主营豪华家具和饰品 品牌7：Rejuvenation –主营高档室内灯饰 品牌8：Mark and Graham –主营客制化高档饰品
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G ENERAL PURPOSE RECTIFIERS – P LASTIC P ASSIVATED J UNCTION 1.0 M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M7 SMA/DO-214AC G ENERAL PURPOSE RECTIFIERS – G LASS P ASSIVATED J UNCTION S M 1.0 GS1A GS1B GS1D GS1G GS1J GS1K GS1M SMA/DO-214AC 1.0 S1A S1B S1D S1G S1J S1K S1M SMB/DO-214AA 2.0 S2A S2B S2D S2G S2J S2K S2M SMB/DO-214AA 3.0 S3A S3B S3D S3G S3J S3K S3M SMC/DO-214AB F AST RECOVERY RECTIFIERS – P LASTIC P ASSIVATED J UNCTION MERITEK ELECTRONICS CORPORATION
U LTRA FAST RECOVERY RECTIFIERS – G LASS P ASSIVATED J UNCTION
S CHOTTKY B ARRIER R ECTIFIERS
S WITCHING D IODES Power Dissipation Max Avg Rectified Current Peak Reverse Voltage Continuous Reverse Current Forward Voltage Reverse Recovery Time Package Part Number P a (mW) I o (mA) V RRM (V) I R @ V R (V) V F @ I F (mA) t rr (ns) Bulk Reel Outline 200mW 1N4148WS 200 150 100 2500 @ 75 1.0 @ 50 4 5000 SOD-323 1N4448WS 200 150 100 2500 @ 7 5 0.72/1.0 @ 5.0/100 4 5000 SOD-323 BAV16WS 200 250 100 1000 @ 7 5 0.8 6 @ 10 6 5000 SOD-323 BAV19WS 200 250 120 100 @ 100 1.0 @ 100 50 5000 SOD-323 BAV20WS 200 250 200 100 @ 150 1.0 @ 100 50 5000 SOD-323 BAV21WS 200 250 250 100 @ 200 1.0 @ 100 50 5000 SOD-323 MMBD4148W 200 150 100 2500 @ 75 1.0 @ 50 4 3000 SOT-323-1 MMBD4448W 200 150 100 2500 @ 7 5 0.72/1.0 @ 5.0/100 4 3000 SOT-323-1 BAS16W 200 250 100 1000 @ 7 5 0.8 6 @ 10 6 3000 SOT-323-1 BAS19W 200 250 120 100 @ 100 1.0 @ 100 50 3000 SOT-323-1 BAS20W 200 250 200 100 @ 150 1.0 @ 100 50 3000 SOT-323-1 BAS21W 200 250 250 100 @ 200 1.0 @ 100 50 3000 SOT-323-1 BAW56W 200 150 100 2500 @ 75 1.0 @ 50 4 3000 SOT-323-2 BAV70W 200 150 100 2500 @ 75 1.0 @ 50 4 3000 SOT-323-3 BAV99W 200 150 100 2500 @ 75 1.0 @ 50 4 3000 SOT-323-4 BAL99W 200 150 100 2500 @ 75 1.0 @ 50 4 3000 SOT-323- 5 350mW MMBD4148 350 200 100 5000 @ 75 1.0 @ 10 4 3000 SOT-23-1 MMBD4448 350 200 100 5000 @ 75 1.0 @ 10 4 3000 SOT-23-1 BAS16 350 200 100 1000 @ 75 1.0 @ 50 6 3000 SOT-23-1 BAS19 350 200 120 100 @ 120 1.0 @ 100 50 3000 SOT-23-1 BAS20 350 200 200 100 @ 150 1.0 @ 100 50 3000 SOT-23-1 BAS21 350 200 250 100 @ 200 1.0 @ 100 50 3000 SOT-23-1 BAW56 350 200 100 2500 @ 70 1.0 @ 50 4 3000 SOT-23-2 BAV70 350 200 100 5000 @ 70 1.0 @ 50 4 3000 SOT-23-3 BAV99 350 200 100 2500 @ 70 1.0 @ 50 4 3000 SOT-23-4 BAL99 350 200 100 2500 @ 70 1.0 @ 50 4 3000 SOT-23-5 BAV16W 350 200 100 1000 @ 75 0.86 @ 10 6 3000 SOD-123 410-500mW BAV19W 410 200 120 100 @ 100 1.0 @ 100 50 3000 SOD-123 BAV20W 410 200 200 100 @ 150 1.0 @ 100 50 3000 SOD-123 BAV21W 410 200 250 100 @ 200 1.0 @ 100 50 3000 SOD-123 1N4148W 410 150 100 2500 @ 75 1.0 @ 50 4 3000 SOD-123 1N4150W 410 200 50 100 @ 50 0.72/1.0 @ 5.0/100 4 3000 SOD-123 1N4448W 500 150 100 2500 @ 7 5 1.0 @ 200 4 3000 SOD-123 1N4151W 500 150 75 50 @ 50 1.0 @ 10 2 3000 SOD-123 1N914 500 200 100 25 @ 20 1.0 @ 10 4 1000 10000 DO-35 1N4148 500 200 100 25 @ 20 1.0 @ 10 4 1000 10000 DO-35 LL4148 500 150 100 25 @ 20 1.0 @ 10 4 2500 Mini-Melf SOT23-1 SOT23-2 SOT23-3 SOT23-4 SOT23-5 SOT323-1 SOT323-2 SOT323-3 SOT323-4 SOT323-5