yield provide produce v. 产生；产生效果
阅读常用替换词
abundant plentiful considerable a. 大量的accelerate increase rise v. 加速；加大accessible available a. 可用的
accordingly, for that reason ad. 因此accordingly, consequently ad. 因此
account for explain v. 解释，说明
accumulate collect gather v. 积累；积聚advocate proponent n. 倡导者；辩护者
aid help assist v. 帮助
alter change modify v. 改变；调整
alternative option choice n. 替代；替代物altogether completely ad. 完全地
antecedent predecessor n. 先辈
anticipate look forward to v. 期待；盼望appealing attractive a. 吸引人的
apply use, employ, utilize v. 应用；适用appreciation recognition n. 鉴赏；鉴别
article object n. 物品，物体
assemble gather v. 装配；组合
attained achieved reached v. 达到
attribute characteristics n. 特征
besides in addition to prep. 除此之外
bias prejudice n. 偏见；嗜好
boost raise v. 提高，推进
bound limit restrict confine 限制，范围；界限bring about cause v. 导致；引起
cease stop v. 停止；结束
chance，accident, unplanned a. 偶然的；碰巧的chronic, long term, long run 长期的，慢性的classify categorize v. 分类
clue information n. 线索；信息
collective group n. 集体
comparably similarly ad. 可比地；相当地competitor, rival 对手
component parts n. 部分
concrete specific a. 具体的；特定的consequence result outcome n. 结果
conserve retain v. 保存；保护
considerable substantial a. 很重要的；很大的constituent component n. 成分；要素
constitute make up v. 构成；组成
consume eat, use v. 吃掉, 用掉
contemporary existing a. 当代的；现有的
crucial important a. 重要的
deliberate careful a. 审慎的；仔细的
demand require v. 要求；需求
demonstrate show v. 表明；证实
depict, portray, describe 描述
detect find v. 探测
devote to dedicate v. 致力于；献身于
die out, become extinct 灭绝
distinct separate a. 清晰的；不同的
distinct different a. 独特的；不同的
distinguish differentiate v. 区分；辨别
diverse varied different a. 不同的
domain field n. 领域；范围
dramatic striking a. 戏剧性的；显著的
draw attract v. 吸引
elevate promote v. 提高；提升
emerge appear v. 浮现；出现
emit give off v. 发出
enhance, improve, encourage 提升，鼓励
end goal n. 末端；目的
ensures guarantees v. 保证
entire whole a. 全部的
essential fundamental a. 基本的
establish create v. 设立；创作
estimated judged v. 鉴定
evidence indicate n. 迹象；预示
expose uncover v. 使暴露；暴露于
extend stretch v. 延长；扩展
extract remove v. 提取；取得
extraordinary supreme a. 非凡的；极度的fabricate make v. 制作；装配
favor prefer v. 喜爱
fine tiny minute a. 细小的
flourished thrived n. 茂盛
forward-looking progressive a. 向前看的；有远见的fund, money, financial 金钱
ground, reason 原因
herald announce v. 预示；预报
ideal perfect a. 完美的
identical exactly alike a. 同样的
imitate copy v. 模仿；伪造
implication significance n. 含义；意义imposing demanding a. 紧迫的；紧急的
in place of, instead of ad. 代替
in reality actually n. 实际上；事实上
inhibit hinder v. 阻止；阻碍
initiate start v. 开始；引发
initiate cause v. 开始；引发
initial first 开始的
innovation new idea n. 创新；革新
instance case n. 实例；例证
intense extreme a. 强烈的；剧烈的
intensive concentrated a. 加强的，集中的intent purpose n. 目的
interchangeable equivalent a. 相等的；可互换的inviting attractive a. 吸引人的；诱人的
justify prove v. 辩护；证实
key important 关键的
laborious difficult a. 费力的
launch, initiate, start 开始
magnify intensify v. 放大；强化
maintain preserve v. 维持；坚持
major principal a. 主要的；大型的
margin edge n. 边；边缘
marked noticeable a. 显著的
matter, make a difference, be important 重要means method approach n. 方法
merely only ad. 仅仅地，只不过nevertheless however ad. 然而；仍然
norm standard n. 标准
obtain get v. 获得；取得
obtain acquire v. 获得；取得
obtain acquire v. 获得
overstate exaggerate 夸张
obvious apparent a. 明显的；显而易见的omit, neglect, leave out 省略
optimal best a. 最佳的
outbreak beginning n. 爆发；开始
peculiar strange a. 奇特的
persist continue v. 持续
pertinent relevant related a. 有关的phenomena event n. 现象；事件
pick up follow v. 寻找；寻路
plunge drop n./v. 投入，陷入
position job n. 职位；职务
potential possible a. 潜在的；可能的precise accurate a. 精确的
prefer favor v. 偏好；喜欢
preside manage v. 负责；统辖prevailing dominant a. 主要的，占优势的prevent avoid v. 制止；阻止
primarily chiefly ad. 主要地
primary fundamental a. 基本的；初步的prior to preceding a. 在先；居前
probe explore study research v. 探察pursue chase v. 追赶
raise rear v. 饲养；养育
random unpredictable a. 不可知的rapidity swiftness n. 迅速
rate, speed 速度
readily easily ad. 容易地
realization awareness n. 认识；意识rear raise v. 培养；饲养
recorded documented a. 已纪录的regardless of no matter what a. 不管relate connect v. 相关；关联
reliance dependence n. 依靠remarkable significant a. 异常的；非凡的replace substitute 代替
representative typical a. 典型的resemble be similar to v. 相似；类似resolve, find a solution for v. 解决resort to, use v. 采用
revise change v. 修正；改造
robust strong a. 强健的；坚强的scarcely barely ad. 稀缺；珍贵
scope extent n. 范围
secure acquire v. 获得；取得
secure safe ad. 安全的
serve as, function as v. 充当；担任settle decide v. 决定；解决
settled stabled a. 固定的
shield protect v. 保护；避开
site location n. 地点；场所
skepticism doubt n. 怀疑主义；怀疑态度skilled expert a. 熟练的；擅长的skyrocket increase rapidly v. 猛涨，突增sole only a. 唯一的；独一的
solemn serious a. 严肃的；庄重的
sort out separate v. 挑选出
spark bring about v. 激发；发动
standard customary a. 标准的
stimulate encourage v. 激发；促进
strain stress v. 拉紧，重压
strength basis n. 实力；基础
stress emphasize v. 强调
striking noticeable a. 显著的
subsequent later a. 后来的
subsidize finance v. 资助；赞助
sufficient adequate enough a. 足够的；充足的
supplement add to v. 补充，增加
supremacy dominance n. 至高无上；支配地位
surging accelerating a. 高涨的；跃进的
tempting attractive a. 诱人的
thanks to, because of n. 由于；多亏
trend tendency n. 趋势；趋向
undergone experienced v. 经历
undoubtedly certainly ad. 的确地
unique particular a. 独特的
unrestricted unlimited a. 无限制的；自由的
various different a. 不同的
vary differ v. 变化；改变
vast large a. 巨大的；广阔的
very closely intimately ad. 亲密；密切
virtually completely n. 实质地
whether if conj. 是否
witness observe v. 目睹；目击
十大
逻辑联系词
1时间关系
“……之前”adj.: earlier, former, previous, preceding
adv.: before, earlier, first, formerly, previously
词组：before that, before then, until now, before that time “……同时” at that moment, at the same time, meanwhile, nowadays, presently, as soon as, immediately, when, while
“……之后” after, after a short (long) t ime, afterward, , at last, , finally, from that time on, , lately, later, recently, shortly, since, since then, some time
later, soon, temporarily, then, thereafter
Nobody knows who first invented it, but the umbrella was used in very ancient times. Probably the first to use it were the Chinese, way back in the eleventh century B.C.
We know that the umbrella was used in ancient Egypt and Babylon as a sunshade. And there was a strange thing connected with its use: it became a symbol of honor and authority. In the Far East in ancient times, the umbrella was allowed to be used only by royalty or by those in high offices.
In Europe, the Greeks were the first to use the umbrella as a sunshade. And the umbrella was in common use in ancient Greece. But it is believed that the first persons in Eurpoe to use the umbrella as protection against rain were the ancient Romans.
During the Middle Ages, the use of the umbrella practically disappeared. Then it appeared again in Italy in the late sixteenth century. And against it was considered a symbol of power and authority. By1680, the umbrella appeared in France and later on in England.
By the eighteenth century, the umbrella was used against rain throughout most of Europe. Umbrellas have not changed much in style during all this time, though they have become much lighter in weight. It wasn't until the twentieth century that women's umbrellas began to be made in a whole variety of colors.
2 空间位置关系
above, across, around, below, beneath, beyond, before, below, beyond, far ahead, far behind, here, in the centre, in the distance, next to, nearby, opposite, on the bottom, on the north (south), on the right, over, straight ahead, on the left, on the right, up, on top of, opposite,
Our bedroom is on the fifth floor of the Second Dormitory Building. It is a medium-sized room about six meters long and three meters wide. The walls are milk white and the ceiling is light yellow. Facing the south there is a large window. Beneath it there is a painted radiator for heating the room in the winter-time. Near the right corner of the opposite wall there is a blue door. Next to it stands a tall shelf on which we put our suitcases. Beside the shelf there is a row of hooks to hang our school bags and jackets. Against each side of the northern and western walls stands a bunk bed for four of us. Each bed is covered with a bright-colored bedsheet. In the middle of the room, there are four sets of chairs and desks. The desks are arranged in such a way that they form a large writing surface and on it we put our books and stationery. Above the desks there are two incandescent lights which make the room
very bright at night. On the whole, it is a pleasant and comfortable room.
3 序列关系
first 首先first of all 首先
the first stage/ step 第一步in the first (second) place首先
first and foremost首先first and most important最重要的是
to begin with首先to start with首先
for a start首先
then 然后second 第二
next 其次since then 自此
afterwards 后来after that 此后
and next 再其次
in the last place 最后to end with, finally 最后
last最后in the last place最后
last of all最后least importantly最不重要的是
most important(ly) of all最重要的是most importantly最重要的是above all 最重要的是
Chatting on line has brought many problems into people’s life. First, some people are so addicted that they have fallen into love with their chatting partners, some of whom are unreliable. Second, many students spend too much time chatting on line. As a result, they have no time for other hobbies. Finally, some students chat on line to make friends, but they may lose the ability to communicate with others in real life.
4 并列关系
and 以及also 还有
(for) one thing 一（件事）是(for) another 另一件是likewise 同样the same is true that 同样similarly 同样again, equally,
in a like manner, in a similar manner, likewise, like 像……一样in the same way 同样
in the same vein 同一腔调地by the same token 由于同样的原因
In the United States, it is not customary to telephone someone very in the morning. If you telephone him early in the day, while he is shaving or having breakfast, the
time of the call shows that the matter is very important and requires immediate attention. The same meaning is attached to telephone calls made after 11:00 p.m.. If someone receives a call during sleeping hours, he assumes it's a matter of life and death. The time chosen for the call communicates its importance.
5 解释关系
in other words 换句话说namely换句话说
that is to say 那就是说that is那就是说
indeed 确实particularly 尤其
in reality 事实上let alone 更不用说
in particular 尤其是to be strict 严格地讲
not to mention 更不必说especially 特别是/尤其是without mentioning 更不必说strictly (speaking) 严格地讲
Vandalism，that is，the senseless destruction of other people's property，seems to have become part of modern life，and，at the same time，we have come to accept mugging，in other words，robbery with violence in our streets，as a common danger.
6 递进关系
even 甚至one more thing 还有
also也too也
again 还有and then还有
another还有一点still 而且，还
moreover 此外besides (this) 此外furthermore 此外what is more 此外
in addition 此外additionally此外
People in different cultures can communicate with each other. With the development of communication systems, people in different corners of the world can discuss a problem on telephone or through computer. Moreover, mankind has much in common. They work for peace and wealth, and they have created great music and arts that can be accepted across the world. And what’s more, human beings are faced with the same social problems, which they need to deal with effectively.
7 举例关系
like 就像such as 诸如
including 包括as regards 至于
for example 例如take… (for example) 以、、、为例
for instance 例如as an example 例如