初中英语语法讲解资料及练习目录
第1讲：名词
名词复数的特殊变化。
普通名词的复数我们知道是直接加-s或-es，可是偏偏有一些名词不听话，变化不规则。这些小调皮是：
a. class, box, watch, brush等词以s, x, ch, sh, 结尾，复数要加-es；
b. story, factory 等以"辅音字母+y"结尾的词复数要先将-y 变成-i再加-es；
c. knife, wife, life等以-f 或-fe结尾的词一般先将-f或-fe变为-v, 再加-es；
d. 以-o结尾的名词，一般来说，末尾是"元音字母+o" 的词加-s，我们学过的有radio,zoo。末尾是"辅音字母+o"的词，变复数加-es。如：tomato, hero, potato，当然其中的piano 和photo，又是一个例外，他们的结尾只能加-s。
e. child（children）, foot（feet）, tooth（teeth）, mouse（mice）, man（men ）, woman（women ）等词的复数变化全不遵循规则。
注意：与man 和woman构成的合成词，其复数形式也是-men 和-women。如：an Englishman，two Englishmen. 但German不是合成词，故复数形式为Germans；
f. deer，sheep等词更是懒得可以，竟然单复数同形。好记好记。people，police，cattle 等词，以单数形式出现，但实为复数，所以它们的谓语当然也是复数形式，这就是集体名词。the English，the French，the Chinese等名词表示国民总称时，也作复数用。
注意：maths，politics，physics等学科名词,虽然以-s结尾，仍为不可数名词。还有theUnited States(美国），the United Nations（联合国）等应视为单数。
别奇怪，名词有时也可以作定语的。它作定语时一般用单数，但也有以下例外。
a. man, woman等作定语时，它的单复数以其所修饰的名词的单复数而定。如：men workers，women teachers。
b. 数词+名词作定语时，这个名词一般保留单数形式,中间加连字符。如：a ten-mile walk十里路，two-hundred trees 两百棵树。
名词所有格：
表示“……的”通常是在名词的后面加-s，如：Children's day，father's shoes。但以-s结尾的名词因为已经有s了，只需加' 就OK了。如果两个名词并列，并且分别有's，.则表示“分别有”。.如：John's and Mary's room（约翰和玛丽各有一间，共两间）；两个名词并列，只有一个's，则表示"共有"。如：John and Mary's room（约翰和玛丽共有一间）。
还有些无生命名词的所属要用介词of来帮助一下，如：a map of China，the end of this term。
练习：
1. All the _____teachers and______students are having a meeting there.
A. women …girls
B. women…girl
C. woman…girls
D. woman…girl
2. Mr. Black is a friend of _________.
A. Jack's aunt's
B. Jack's aunt
C. Jack aunt's
D. aunt's of Jack
3. This toy was made by a ____ boy.
A. ten-year-old
B. ten-years-old
C. ten-year-older
D. ten-years-older
4. The farmer raised ten _________.
A. sheeps
B. deers
C. horse
D. cows
5. She looked at us sadly with her eyes as large as_________.
A. her grandmother
B. her grandmother's
C. her grandmothers'
D. that of her grandmother
6. We have moved into a ________.
A. two- storey house
B. house of two storey
C. two-storeys house
D. two storeys house
7. The ______ was too much for the child to carry.
A. box's steel
B. box of a steel
C. steel box
D. box of the steel
8. We'll give our English teacher a card for _________.
A. the Teacher's Day
B. Teacher's Day
C. a Teacher's Day
D. Teachers' Day
9. Li Ping met an old friend of _______on a train yesterday.
A. he
B. him
C. his
D. her
10. _________are big and bright.
A. The classroom window
B. The window of the classroom
C. The windows of the classroom
D. The classroom's windows
第2讲：代词
代词：它与名词的作用其实很相似，所担当的句中成分也相差不多。
代词中第一个“小个性”就是物主代词。像my和mine这两个小冤家总是让人分不清谁是谁。但你只要记住它们最重要的区别—my的后面一定要接名词，不可以单独出现，只能做定语，如：my father；而mine则是名词性，只能单独出现，在句中做主语和表语。如：Mine is green. It's mine. 记住这两个句子，凡是名词性物主代词（yours, hers, his, its, ours, theirs）就都可以放在mine的位置上了。这样，通过它们出现的位置不同，我们就可以把它们区别开了。
代词的第二个“罗嗦”就是它有一个小跟班－self(selves)—反身代词，也就是表示“自己、亲自”的意思。关于反身代词，需要注意的是她不能单独做主语，但可以放在人称代词后面，做同位语。如：Marry herself said so. 玛丽她自己这么说的。（不能说Herself said so.）下面我给你开点小灶，单独讲一讲须“特特”注意的地方。
Of+名词性物主代词：of +物主代词构成双重所有格。公式为：a（an, this, that ）+名词+of +名词性物主代词。牢记公式，举一反三。因为物主代词不可与a, an, this, that, these, those, some, any, no, each, every, such, another等词一起前置，修饰一个名词，而必须用双重所有格。如：a friend of mine （我的一个朋友），each brother of his（他的每一个兄弟）.
some, any的用法：我们都知道some用于肯定句中，而any则用于否定句和疑问句中。所以somebody，someone也用于肯定句中，而anybody、anyone则用于否定和疑问句中。
注意：在Would you like some coffee?（要来点咖啡吗？）这样的肯定疑问句中，说话人认为对方的答案会是肯定的，或期望得到肯定回答时，用some而不用any。
every 和each的用法：every 强调全体的概念，指三个以上的人或物(含三个)，不可单独使用；each强调个体概念。指两个以上的人或物(含两个)，可单独使用.。Every student in our school works hard.（我们学校的学生都很用功。）Each student may have one book.. （每个学生都可有一本书。）both, either, neither的用法：
both意为“两者全都”，与复数连用。either意为“两者中间的任何一个”，neither 表示“两者之间一个也不是”，与单数连用。如：Both of the them come from London。他们两人都是伦敦人。You may take either with you。两个中间你随便带哪个都行。Neither is correct。两个都不对。
Few，a few和little，a little的用法：
Few，a few用来代替和修饰可数名词，little，a little用来代替和修饰不可数名词;a few和a little 着重肯定意思，相当于汉语“有几个”，“有一点儿”；few和little 着重否定意思，相当于汉语“没有几个”，“没有多少”
练习：
1. We had plenty of paper but______ ink.
A. a few
B. few
C. not many
D. not much
2. Learning a foreign language is especially difficult for those who has never learned ______before.
A. one
B. it
C. them
D. that
3. We're very busy because we've so ______books to read and so _______homework to do every day.
A. much ... many
B. many ... much
C. many ... a lot
D. a lot ... much
4. I thought ______of the matter but still couldn't find out the reason.
A. every
B. both
C. nothing
D. everything
5. My car is not so expensive as ________.
A. him
B. he's
C. he
D. his
6. Lily and Lucy have arrived，but _______students aren't here yet.
A. other
B. others
C. the other
D. the others
7. There are high buildings on ______side of the street.
A. both
B. every
C. any
D.either
8. －What do you usually have for breakfast?
－______eggs and ______milk.
A Little ... a few B. A little ... a little C. A few ... a little D. A few ... a few
9. ______ is difficult in the world if you put your heart into it.
A. Something
B. Anything
C. Nothing
D. Everything
10. Is this story the same as ______in that book?
A. the one
B. what
C. that
D. it
第3讲：形容词
a beautiful little new white wooden house 从这个长长的词中可以看出多个形容词作
定语时排列有一定的先后顺序。它们往往遵循以下规律：冠词或人称代词所有格+数词+性质+大小+形状+表示老少、新旧+颜色+事物质地、人的国籍、用途。其实,你大可不必这样费神记,只要记住我给你的句子就可以了。
There is something wrong with my bike。这句话可能让你挠挠头皮，为什么wrong放在something的后面呢？原来虽然大部分形容词做定语时的位置是放在名词之前的，但当形容词所修饰的词为something，anything，nothing，everything等以-thing为字尾的词语时，形容词要后置。
形容词级别问题：
a. Our classroom is twice larger than theirs。（我们的教室是他们的两倍。）这种表示倍数的句子用…times +形容词比较级+than … 这样的格式。你记住了吗？
b. I'm three years older than you.（我比你大三岁。）表示"大三岁，""高二厘米"等时用"表示数量词的词+比较级"。
c."越来越……"用"比较级+and +比较级"来表示。如：The earth is getting warmer and warmer。（地球变得越来越暖和。）
d."越……就越……"用"the +比较级…，the+比较级…"来表示。如：The busier he is，the happier he feels。(他越忙，越觉得高兴。)
最高级用法的用法就很简单了，提醒你一点，最高级要用于三者以上。还有几点是不得不提的：alone 和lonely：I feel lonely, because I am alone at home. 你独自一人在家用
"alone" 表示"单独的"、"独自一人的"，它表示一个客观事实，在句中只能做表语。你在家感到寂寞，
用"lonely"，表示主观上感到"孤独""寂寞"，指一种悲伤忧郁的情绪，可作定语和表语。
older和elder: Jack is older than me, he is my elder brother.杰克比我大要用"older"，表示"年纪大的，
年老的"，常用做表语；他是我的长兄用"elder"，表示"年老的，年长的"，用做定语，只用于比较两个人的长幼，只能作表语。
练习：
1. Tony is going camping with ___ boys.
A. little two other
B. two little other
C. two other little
D. little other two
2. Which is the _______country, Japan or Australia?
A. more developed
B. more developing
C. most developed
D. most developing
3. －How was your recent visit to Qingdao?
－It was great. We visited some friends，and spent the ___days at the seaside.
A. few last sunny
B. last few sunny
C. last sunny few
D. few sunny last
4. The books are not ________ to be published.
A. enough interesting
B. interesting enough
C. so interesting
D. too interesting
5.What's your _______sports?
A. the most favorite
B. most favorite
C. favorite
D. the favorite
6.There's ________ with the recorder
A. anything wrong
B. wrong anything
C. something wrong
D. wrong something
7. His sister is _______than he .
A. younger five years
B. five years younger
C. five year younge
D. five younger years
8.－We should speak English in and after class.
－Yes, _____, ________.
A. more , better
B. the more, the bette
C. much, better
D. the often, the better
9. The old man lives alone, he feels ________.
A. alone
B. lonely
C. lone
D. alonely
10. I think bananas are ________of all the fruits.
A. delicious
B. much delicious
C. more delicious
D. the most delicious
第4讲：副词
学完了形容词，副词讲解起来会更容易一些。一般认为形容词+ly就变成了副词，如形容词quick 加上-ly变成副词quickly。但是象friendly , lovely 虽然以ly 结尾，但实则是形容词，She is friendly to me (她对我很友好。)
副词可修饰动词、形容词和副词，这些用法相信大家已经掌握。那我们挑选一下易混、易用错的来详细讲解一下。
already 和yet ：
Where is Tom? He hasn't come yet. But Jack is already here . 这句话中又是already，又有yet，是怎么回事吗？原来already和yet意思虽然相同，但用法有点小区别。表示事情早已发生或提前发生用already，一般放于句中，用于肯定句和疑问句。含有already的肯定句，变为否定句时，要将already 变为yet，且放在句尾。yet表示预料要发生的事未发生，位于句尾，一般用于否定句和疑问句中。
还迷糊吗？再迷糊，只好再看一看上面的例句喽。
hard 和hardly：
hard，hardly 两者虽然只有-ly之差，意义却大不相同。hard表示"辛苦，使劲，努力，"如：He works very hard.(他学习非常努力。) 而hardly为否定副词，表示"几乎不"。如：The box is so heavy that he could hardly carry it .（这箱子是那么沉，他几乎搬不动。）
ago 和before：
ago 不能单独使用，应与three days (months , weeks)等连用, 而且和动词的过去时连用。如：I met
my neighbour an hour ago. Before 之前有"一段时间"时，指"距这段时间以前"，和过去完成时连用。如：He said he had finished the work two days before.（他说他两天前已完成了工作。）如果before单独使用，是泛指"以前"，常常和完成时连用。如：I have seen the film before.（我以前没看过这部电影。）
farther 和further:
far 有两种比较级，farther，further. 在英语中两者都可指距离。如：He runs farther than she does.（他比她跑得远。）在美语中，farther 表示距离，further表示进一步。如：I have nothing further to say.（我没什么要说的了。）
至于副词的比较级和最高级问题，参照形容词的就OK了。
练习：
1. The teacher was very angry and decided to send ______school, so he wasn't a student any longer.
A. away him from
B. him away from the
C. away him out of
D. him away from
2. _______, he didn't fail in the English exam.
A. Luck
B. Lucky
C. Luckily
D. Luckly
3.－Are you feeling ____?
－Yes，I'm fine now.
A. any well
B. any better
C. quite good
D. quite better
4. The more we looked at the picture, _________.
A. the less we liked it
B. we like it less
C. better we like it
D. it looked better
5. After the new machine was introduced，the factory produced ___ shoes in 1988 as the year before.
A. as twice many
B. as many twice
C. twice as many
D. twice many as
6. Our English needs to be______improved.
A. farther
B. farthest
C. further
D. far
7. What a pity! Lucy ran _______ more slowly than Lily.
A. a few
B. much
C. a little
D. little
8. He is running _______now.
A. more slowly and more slowly
B. slowlier and slowlier
C. more and more slowly
D. slowly and slowly
9. Last night my father went back _________later than before.
A. quite
B. very
C. even
D. much more
10.The sick man was too thin to go any _______.
A. far
B. farther
C. further
D. farthest
第5讲：动词
系动词：大概是最简单的动词了。你只需注意的是系动词除了be的形式之外，还有become，get，grow，turn，sound，look，smell，taste等，它们不能单独作谓语,必须和作表语的词语(如形容词, 名词等) 连用, 所以用的时候，可要小心为是呀！如：It smells delicious.(它闻起来味道很美)。delicious 是形容词，不是副词。
情态动词：首先要记住情态动词后必跟动词原形。must和need几乎是每年的必考题，这里我们重点讲一下。
must的意思是"应当，必须"，侧重于说话者的主观看法，没有时态变化，其否定式是mustn't，在"Must I(we) ...."的疑问句中，须注意的是其否定回答常用needn't。如：Must I go?(我一定要走吗?) No, you needn't.(不，不必。)
need意为"需要"。既可作实义动词，又可作情态动词，因此在用法上需要注意。作实义动词时，
need后跟名词，动名词，或不定式。如：I need to go. (我得走了。) 作情态动词时，后跟动词原形。如：You needn't come tomorrow if you are busy. (如果你忙，明天就不必来了。)
实意动词：实意动词可谓家族兴旺，人员众多。我们跑(run)，我们跳(jump)，我们笑(laugh)，这些都得用实意动词来表达。我们一起来看一看一些特殊的词吧。它们在接动名词和不定式时意义有所不同。
stop：这个词让好多同学大伤了一番脑筋，到底什么时候加to do，什么时候加doing 呢?两者意义又有什么不同呢?OK, Come with me. 看下面两个句子。
When the teacher came in, they stopped to read.
When the teacher came in, they stopped talking.
第一句的意思是"当老师进来时，他们停下来开始读书"。而第二句的意思是"老师进来时，他们停止了说话"。所以stop to do sth表示"停止正在做的事情去干另一件事"。而stop doing表示"中断正在做的某事"。现在明白了吗?
forget，remember，regret 这三个词用法基本相同，只要记住+doing 表示"事情已经做过"，+to do 表示"事情还未做"就可以了。forget to do 忘记要去做某事。(未做)forget doing 忘记做过某事。(已做) 如：The light is still on. He forgot to turn it off. 灯还在亮着，他忘记关了。( 没有做关灯的动作) He forgot turning the light off. 他忘记他已经关了灯了。( 已做过关灯的动作)
感官动词：see, watch, notice, look at, hear, listen to ,smell, taste, feel 等+do 表示动作的完整性，真实性+doing 表示动作的连续性，进行性。如：I saw him work in the garden yesterday. 昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。(强调"我看见了"这个事实) I saw him working in the garden yesterday.（强调"我见他正干活"这个动作）昨天我见他正在花园里干活。
练习：
1. Wang Lin _______some help. Can you help him?
A. needs
B. want
C. need to
D. ask
2. All of us enjoy _______football very much.
A. play
B. playing
C. played
D. to play
3. ---- The light in the classroom is still on.
---- Oh，I forgot___.
A. turning it off
B. turn it off
C. to turn it off
D. having turned it off
4. I regret ___ the window.
A. to do
B. to be doing
C. to have done
D. having broken
5. His grandparents saw her ___ up from childhood.
A. grow
B. grew
C. was growing
D. to grow
6. ---What's this in English?
---Sorry, I can't _____it in English.
A. tell
B. say
C. speak
D. talk
7. --- _____I finish my homework today?
---No, you needn't.
A. Can
B. May
C. Must
D. Need
8. In Spring , the days ______longer and longer, the trees _______green.
A. get, turn
B. gets, turns
C. got, turned
D. have got, have turned
9. When the traffic lights are red, you ________stop.
A. can
B. must
C. won't
D. needn't
10. When the teacher came into the classroom, I ________to my desk mate.
A. stopped to talk
B. stopped talking
C. stop to talk
D. stop talking
第6讲：不定式
不定式的构成非常简单是to+动词原形。当然to有时也可以不带。动词不定式没有人称和数的变化，可以担当除谓语外的任何句子成分。那什么时候可以不带to呢?
不定式省to有四种情况：
使役动词let, have, make 等后接不定式。如：Let him go! 让他走!
would rather，had better后。如：You had better stay at home.你最好呆在家里。
Why... / why not...后。如：Why not have a good rest on Sunday? 为什么星期天不好好休息一下呢?
感官动词see, watch, look at, hear, listen to, smell, feel, find 等后作宾补，省to。如：I saw him dance. 我看见他跳舞。
注意：这些情况在被动句中可千万不可省to 如：The boss made them work the whole night. 变成被动句：They were made to work the whole night.
不定式的特殊用法：
It与不定式：动词不定式可以做主语，但如果动词不定式太长，显得头重脚轻的，那么我们就可用形式主语it代替，而把真正主语(即不定式)放于句尾。
如: It is not difficult for me to study English well.(对我来说学好英语是可能的。)
不定式还可以充当句子的宾语，但有些动词，如find，think，believe 等，在语法上不能接受不定式作宾语，只有用it作形式宾语，从而把动词不定式置于句尾。这样的不定式可继续充当其宾语的作用。
如: I found it difficult to fall asleep.我发现很难入睡。
还有一点：动词不定式，还可用在how，when，where，what，which 等疑问代词或副词之后，与其共同作宾语。如：I don't know how to use a computer.我不知道怎样使用电脑。Remember?
too...to...和enough...to：too...to表达"太 ... 一致于不能..."。
enough ... to 表达"足以..."。这两个词组的用法用两个例子就可以说清楚了。
The box is too heavy for me to lift.这个箱子太沉了，我提不动。
He is old enough to go to school.他到上学的年龄了。也就是说，他的年龄足够上学了。
练习：
1. Tell him ___ the window.
A. to close not
B. not to close
C. to not close
D. not close
2. Paul doesn't have to be made ___. He always works hard.
A. learn
B. to learn
C. learned
D. learning
3. You'd better _______the story in Japanese.
A. say
B. speak
C. tell
D. talk
4. The patient was warned ___ oily food after the operation.
A. to eat not
B. eating not
C. not to eat
D. not eating
5. ---- I usually go there by train.
---- Why not ___ by boat for a change?
A. to try going
B. trying to go
C. to try and go
D. try going
6. There are some books on the floor, would you like ________?
A. to pick them up
B. to pick up them
C. pick it up
D. pick up it
7. She is very ill, let's _______a doctor at once.
A. to wake up
B. send for
C. to pay for
D. pay for
8. I want ________a teacher when I grow up.
A. to be
B. to
C. be
D. being
9. It's cold here. You'd better ______ your coat.
A. not take out
B. not to take down
C. not take off
D. not to take away
10. My mother told me ________more water.
A. drinking
B. drank
C. to drink
D. drink
动名词
动名词可以起名词的作用，在句子中作主语，宾语，表语，定语。动名词仍保留动词的一般特征，可以有自己的宾语和状语，构成动名词短语。动名词的否定形式是在前面加上not, never 等否定词。
（一）做主语和表语。动名词短语用and连起来做主语时，谓语用复数形式。例如：Fishing in this lake is forbidden. 这个湖里禁止钓鱼。
Going abroad for a visit and settling down abroad are two different things. 出国访问和在国外定居是两件不同的事情。
It seems that reading English is easier than speaking it.似乎读英语比说英语容易。
My favorite hobby is fishing/collecting stamps . 我最喜欢的爱好是钓鱼/集邮。
在It’s no use; It’s (no) good; It’s useless ; It’s (not) wise; It’s (not) worthwhile; It’s of great (no, little) importance 等习惯表达中，It为形式主语，而将做主语的动名词短语放在后面。例如：It’s no use /good ringing her up now. 现在给她打电话没用了。
Is it worthwhile bargaining two hours for two cents? 为两分钱讲价两小时值得吗？
It’s wise trying again. 再试一次是明智的。
It is of great importance fighting against pollution. 制止污染有重要意义。
It is no use operating on the sick man. He should have been sent here early. 给这个病人做手术已经没用了。本应该早些把他送来。
It is no good smoking; you’d better give it up. 吸烟没好处，你最好戒掉。
（二）动名词短语作宾语。常用的能接动名词的动词有：admit承认，appreciate 感激，avoid 避免，advise 建议，can’t help 不禁，celebrate 庆祝，consider 考虑，complete 完成，contemplate沉思、打算，defer推迟，delay 延期，deny 否认，detest 痛恨，discontinue 停止，dislike不喜欢，dispute不同意，endure 忍耐，enjoy 喜欢，escape逃脱，excuse 原谅，fancy想象，feel like 想要，finish结束，严禁，forgive 原谅，hinder 阻碍，imagine想象，keep 保持，mention 提到，mind 在意，miss 错过，pardon 饶恕、原谅，permit允许，postpone 推迟，practise 实践、练习，prevent 阻止，recall 回忆，report报告，resent 怨恨，resist抵制、阻止，risk冒险，stop 停止，suggest 建议，understand 明白、理解，等等。
例如：
He avoided giving me a definite answer. 他避免给我一个正确答案。
David suggested selling your dog and car to pay the debt. 戴维建议卖掉你的狗和车抵债。
（我们把这句话改为虚拟语气：David suggested that you (should) sell your dog and car to pay the debt. ）
I couldn’t risk missing that train. 我可不敢冒误了那趟火车的险。
下列动词既可用动词不定式又可用动名词做宾语：
abhor憎恶，attempt 试图，begin 开始，cannot bear 无法忍受，cannot stand无法忍受，cease 停止，continue，继续,，decline 拒绝，deserve值得，disdain蔑视，dread害怕，endure忍耐，forget忘记，hate 痛恨，intend打算，learn学，like 喜欢，loathe厌恶，love喜欢，mean意思是、意味着，need需要，neglect疏忽，omit省略，忽略，plan计划，prefer更喜欢，propose建议，regret后悔，remember记得，require需要，scorn蔑视、瞧不起，start开始，try尝试，努
力，entail必须，involve涉及，necessitate使成为必要，等。以上多数动词用不定式或用动名词作宾语意思一样，个别不同。
（三）动名词短语作介词宾语的时候最多。尤其是在短语动词后面。如：
The children are fond of listening to pop music. 孩子们喜欢流行音乐。
Are you interested in going to the show? 你有兴趣去看演出吗？
Thomas insisted on doing it in his own way. 托马斯坚持按他自己的方法做这件事。
我们把这句话改为虚拟语气：Thomas insisted that he (should) do it in his own way.
Excuse me for interrupting you. 请原谅我打扰你，
Since returning from Xi’an, he has been busy. 从西安回来后，他一直很忙。
He warned me against swimming in this lake. 他警告我不要在这个湖里游泳。
改为不定式短语：He warned me not to swim in this lake.
We came out without being seen. 我们出来没被人看见。
Before finishing your homework, you’d better not go out. 做完作业之前，你最好别出去。
改为用before 作连词：Before you finish your homework, you’d better not go out.
（四）动名词也可以有自己的逻辑主语，就是在动名词短语前面加上物主代词或名词的所有格。带逻辑主语的动名词短语可做主语，宾语，表语等。在非正式文体当中，经常把物主代词简化为宾格人称代词，把名词所有格简化为名词。例如：
I insisted on his (him) going to the cinema with me. 我坚持要他和我一起去看电影。
I can hardly imagine Peter(Peter’s) sailing across the Atlantic Ocean in five days. 我简直不能想象彼
得会在五天内横渡大西洋。
Linda’s coming will do you good.（主语）林达的到来对你有好处。
What made him angry was their (them) laughing.（表语）使他生气的是他们笑。
（五）动名词的完成式和被动语态：
（1）完成式表示动名词的动作发生在谓语动作之前。例如：
I apologize for having broken my promise. 我没有遵守诺言，我道歉。
I don’t remember having talked with him before. 我不记得以前曾和他谈过话。
恨不相逢未嫁时。→I regret not having met you before my marriage/before I got married.
（2）当动名词的逻辑主语是动名词动作的对象或承受者时，动名词要用被动语态。例如：
I could no longer stand being treated like that. 我再也不能忍受被那样对待。
She was proud of having been trained in the U.K. 在英国受过训，她感到自豪。
他不喜欢嘲笑别人。→He doesn’t like laughing at others.
他不喜欢被人嘲笑。→He doesn’t like being laughed at.
（六）某些动词可接不定式也可接动名词做宾语，但意义有差别。
（1）like, love, hate, prefer等表示喜爱，厌恶的动词后面，可用动名词也可用不定式作宾语，意义差别不大。但当这些词前面有should或would时，一定要用动词不定式作宾语。表示想要，愿意，打算。例如：
She likes dancing. But she wouldn’t like to dance with you. 她喜欢跳舞。（泛指）但他不喜欢和你跳。（特指）
He looked tired and I didn’t like to disturb him. 他看上去很累，我不想打扰他。
I don’t like reading, but I’d like to read a magazine in bed tonight. 我不喜欢看书，但是今天晚上
倒想躺在床上看本杂志。
Little Jim should love to be taken to the theatre this evening. 小吉姆今晚喜欢被带去看戏。
The reporter would /should like to see you again. 那位记者还想见见你。
We don’t like talking about people behind their backs.我们不喜欢背后议论人。
hate to do sth 表示“真不想做某事，（但不得不做）”。如：
I hate to disturb you now, but I have no choice. 我真不想现在打扰你，但没有办法。
（2）forget to do sth.忘记去做某事（未做）
forget doing sth.忘记做过某事（已做）
例如：
The light in the office is still on. She forgot to turn it off. 办公室的灯还在亮着。她忘记关了。（关灯的动作没做）
The light in the office is off. She turned it off, but she forgot turning it off. 办公室的灯没亮着。是她关的，但她忘记关过灯。（已关过灯，她忘了）
她昨天又来还我二百元钱。她忘记上个月还我了。→She came to pay back RMB 200 to me again yesterday. She forgot having paid it back to me last month.
（3）remember to do sth.记着去做某事
remember doing sth. 记得做过某事
例如：
Do you remember meeting me at a party last year? 你记得去年一次宴会上见过我吗？（已见过面）You must remember to leave tomorrow。你一定要记着明天离开。（还没离开）
（4）stop to do sth. 停下来去做另一件事
stop doing sth. 停止做某事
例如：
She stopped to have a rest on a big rock by the side of the path. 她停下来，在路边的一块大石头上休息。
As long as you live, your heart never stops beating, 只要你活着，你的心脏就永远不会停止跳动。（5）regret to do sth. 对尚未做的或正在做的事情表示遗憾;
regret doing sth. 对已做的事情表示后悔
例如：
I regret saying that. 我后悔说了那话。
I regret to tell you the following truth. 我非常遗憾地告诉你下面这个事实。
（6）try to do sth努力去做某事
try doing sth.做某事试一试
例如：
You must try to do it again. 你必须想方设法再做一次。
Let’s try doing the work in some other way. 咱们用另一种方法做这工作试试。
（7）mean to do sth. 打算、意欲做某事
mean doing sth.意味着做某事
例如：
If it means delaying more than a week, I’ll not wait. 如果这意味着拖延一个多星期，我就不等了。
I mean to help you, and nothing else. 我想帮助你们，没别的。
我不是想伤害你，对不起。→I didn’t mean to hurt you. I’m sorry.
宣布台独就是对中国宣战。→Declaring Taiwan independent means declaring war on China.
（8）go on to do sth.做了一件事又去做另一件
go on doing sth继续做原来的事情
例如：
After he finished his maths, he went on to do his physics. 他作完数学后，接着又做物理。
I hope it won’t go on raining all day long. 我希望这雨别一天下个没完。
现在做一些练习：
1．根据括号里的汉语意思用动名词填空：
1)（游泳）is a very enjoyable exercise. (Swimming)
2) His work is (修自行车). (Repairing bicycles)
3) Europeans uses an knife and a fork (吃肉). （for eating meat）
4) We will only succeed by (努力工作）. (working hard)
5) I don' t want to force you into (做违反你愿意做的事情). (doing something against your will)
6) Tom hates (早晨9点以后起床). (getting up before 9 o' clock)
7) I could' t help (迟到). (being late)
8) (等着没用) there won' t be another bus. (It's no use waiting)
9) Are you against (今天开会). (having the meeting today)
10) Instead of (挨批评), she ought to be praised. (being criticized)
2. 用动词不定式或动名词填空：
1) He wanted ____ (see) the book I had bought. →to see
2) Please stop ___ (walk) about the room and sit down. →walking
3) I called ____ (see) her yesterday but she was out. →to see
4) In 1969, the United States succeeded in ____ (send) a rocket to the moon and ___ (land) two
astronauts on its surface. →sending; landing
5) We decided ___ (put) off the meeting until Saturday. →to put
6) Let me ___ (see) what you are doing. →see
7) When the professor finishes ____ (speak), we will ask him a question. →speaking
8) He made her ___ (go) although she wanted ___ (stay). →go; to stay
9) Please remember ____ (give) her this letter. →to give
10) We heard him ___ (say) that he disliked ____ (go) abroad any more. →say; going
11) The child enjoyed ___ (play) at the seaside. →playing
12) The little boy was made ___ (take) the medicine.→to take
13) I watched the shop assistant ___ (take) the goods down for the shelf and put them on the counter.
→take
14) He remembers ___ (go) to Shanghai with his parents when he was five. →going
15) She had her husband ___ (wash) her dirty linen.→wash
16) The thief kept ____ (say) he hadn’t taken the purse.→saying
17) The policeman saw him ___ (steal) the bicycle and ride away on it.→steal
18) I’ve persuaded him ___ (help) us do the job.→to help
19) You had better ____ (go) home now. It looks like rain.→go
20) Let me___ (know) if you had decided ____ (go).→know; to go
21) He promised ___ (come) to our party.→to come
22) I forget ____ (see) you there.→seeing
23) Don’t forget ___ (see) your grandma this Sunday.→to see
24) I must apologize for not ___ (let) you know earlier.→letting
分词
分词有现在分词和过去分词两种。作为谓语，现在分词和be 一起构成进行时；过去分词和be 一起构成被动语态，和have 一起构成完成时。
例如：
I am reading a novel by Maupassant. 我正在看一本莫泊桑写的小说。（现在分词和be 一起表示主
语正在进行的动作。）
Mr. Robinson has drunk five glasses of wine already. 鲁宾逊先生已经喝了五杯酒了。（过去分词和have 一起表示主语已经完成的动作。）
The gold fish bowl was broken by Xiao Tao just now. 金鱼缸刚才被小陶打破了。（过去分词和be 一起表示主语是动作的承受者。）
作为非谓语形式，分词可用作形容词和副词，在句子中充当定语、表语、补语和状语。但它仍保持动词的一般特征，可以有自己的宾语和状语。分词和自己的宾语、状语构成分词短语。
现在分词有一般式和完成式。它的一般式表示和谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生的行为或存在的状态；它的完成式（having + 过去分词）表示在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生的动作或存在的状态。
现在分词有主动语态和被动语态(being + 过去分词)。
过去分词只有一般式，表示在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生的动作。过去分词（及物动词）本身可以表示被动的含义，因而没有别的被动形式。
例如：
Having failed three times, he didn’t want to try again. (=As he had failed three times, he didn’t want to try again.) 他失败了三次，不想再干了。（having failed 表示发生在前的动作）
Walking along the sands, Crusoe saw in the sand the mark of a man’s foot. (=While he was walking along the sands, Crusoe…) 克鲁索沿着沙滩走的时候，看见沙上有人的脚印。（walking 表示同时发生的动作）
The question being discussed seems important. (=The question is being discussed. It seems important.) 正在讨论的问题似乎很重要。
The old days are gone. 旧时代一去不复返了。（gone 表示完成的状态）
I had my hair cut yesterday. 我昨天理发了。（cut 是及物动词的过去分词，表示“被人理发”。）
分词的否定形式是在分词短语前面加上not, never等否定词构成。
例如：
Not fearing the fire, the child touched and got a finger burnt. 小孩儿不知道怕火，用手去摸，把手指烫了。
Not knowing how to find the subway, I asked a policeman for help. 我不知道怎样找到地铁，就去找警察帮忙。
（一）现在分词和过去分词的区别
（1）在语态上现在分词表示主动的意思，表示它所修饰的人或物的行为；及物动词的过去分词表示被动的意思，表示它所修饰的人或物是动作的承受者。换言之，现在分词是它修饰的成分所作出的动作，过去分词是它修饰的成分所承受的动作。
例如：
convincing facts 有说服力的事实/ convinced audience 被说服了的听众
the exploiting class 剥削阶级/ the exploited class被剥削阶级
a frightening dog一条让人害怕的狗/ a frightened dog一条被吓坏了的狗
driving gears主动齿轮/ driven gears从动齿轮
（2）在时间上，现在分词往往表示动作正在进行，过去分词表示动作已完成。
例如：
the rising sun (正在升起的太阳) / the risen sun（升起的太阳）
the falling rain（正在下的雨）/ the fallen leaves（落下的树叶）
stolen money（被盗的钱/偷来的钱）/ill-gotten wealth（不义之财）
a high-flying kite（高飞的风筝）
再看一些例子：
boiling water 沸腾的水/boiled water 开水/developing countries 发展中国家/developed countries 发达国家/an exciting story 令人激动的故事/ excited people 激动的人们
（3）在时间上，现在分词往往表示动作正在进行，过去分词表示动作已完成。
再看一些例子：
surprising news令人惊讶的消息/a surprised man受惊吓的人/an inspiring leader具有号召力的领袖/the inspired soldiers受到鼓舞的士兵/a delighted speech令人高兴的演说/the delighted audience(感到)高兴的听众/a moving film动人的电影/the moved children受到感到的孩子们/a box containing tea装茶叶的盒子/the tea contained in a box装在盒里的茶叶/ falling snow正在下的雪/fallen snow box落在地上的雪
（4）做表语时的不同。现在分词做表语表示主语所具有的特征，意思是“令人如何”。过去分词多表示主语所处的状态，意思是“感到如何”。
例如：
His lecture is disappointing。I’m disappointed。他的演讲令人失望。我感到失望。
We are surprised to hear the news。The news is surprising。我们听到那消息吃了一惊。那消息令人吃惊。
The situation is encouraging。We’re encouraged。形式使人鼓舞。我们感到鼓舞。
（5）做状语的区别，分词短语在句中可做时间、原因、方式、伴随状语。现在分词的动作和谓语动作同时或几乎同时发生、意思是主动的。而过去分词的动作在谓语动作之前发生、意思是被动的。
例如：
Seeing nobody at home，she decided to leave them a note。看到没人在家，她决定给他们留个条。
(主动意义，几乎同时)
The secretary worked late into the night，preparing a speech for the president。秘书工作到晚上很晚，给总统准备一篇演说。(主动意义，同时)
Tired of the noise，he closed the window。对噪音感到厌烦，所以他把窗户关上。(被动意义，在谓语之前)
Deeply moved，she thanked me again and again。她深深地受了感动，再三谢我。(被动意义，在谓语之前)
Persuade by my mother，she gladly went there alone。在我母亲劝说下，她才高兴地独自去那里。
(被动意义，在谓语之前)
如果现在分词的动作在谓语动作之前发生，现在分词要用完成形式，但意思仍然是主动的。
例如：
Having watered the vegetables，they began to pick up the Apples。=After they had watered the vegetables，they began to pick up the apples。他们浇完了蔬菜之后就开始摘苹果。
Having finished the work，he packed his tools and left。完工后，他收拾起工具走了。
分词做状语时，前面可用连词或介词。
例如：
After eating my dinner quickly，I went to see Jim off。我赶快吃过晚饭就去给吉姆送行。
Though built before the Second World War，the engine is still in good condition。尽管是在二战以前建的，这引擎仍然处于良好状态。
Unless paying by credit card，please pay in cash。如果不用信用卡付款，请用现金付。
Tom will never do this unless compelled。汤姆永远也不会干这种事，除非被逼无奈。
She’s been quite different since coming back from America。从美国回来后，她大变了
第7讲介词
介词是一种虚词，它在句中的作用却非常重要。它用来表明名词与句中其他词的关系，
不能单独使用。常考点包括一些固定搭配和一些近义词。固定搭配如：on one's way home, help...with, send for, be interested in..., be late for, be angry with ,be good at等。常用介词解析及用法比较：at, on和in：这三个介词在试卷中的出现频率极高。对于它们的的分辨只要记住一句话就可以了。at表示点，on表示线，in表示面。什么意思呢？也就是说它们表达的范围逐渐增大。at six o'clock, at noon, at the age of sixteen等用at表示时刻或时间的点以及年龄。on具体到一周中的各天,日期及某特定的一天早上,下午,晚上：on Saturday，on July 1st，on my birthday，on the morning of July 16th，on a spring afternoon。in表达的范围更大一些。与世纪、年代、季节、月份以及早上、上午、晚上等连用。如：in the seventh century，in 1950's ,in 2000, in the morning等。
for, since：for表示多长时间。since后接时间起点,其终点往往为现在，常与完成时连用。牢牢记住哟。
after, in ：这两个介词都可以表示时间"在以后"的意思。其区别是：after 以过去为起点，表示过去一段时间之后，常用于过去时态的句子；in 以现在为起点，表示将来一段时间以后，常用于将来时态的句子。
by，with，in：by表示"以...的方式，方法，手段" 和"乘某种交通工具"；with指"借助于具体的手段或工具"；in 表示"以......方式，用语言，文字等媒介"。
for和of：试比较：It's impossible for me to watch TV after eleven o'clock. It's kind of you to help me. 两句中介词的选择依据其前形容词而定,一般来说,of之前的形容词往往是用于描写人的品质的好坏，人自身的特点，如聪明与否，细心与粗心等；for之前的形容词用于描写事物的特点，如可能性，必然性，难易程度等。
练习：
1. Can you tell the story ______Russian?
A. with
B. in
C. on
D. by
2. Here are some birthday cards ______ our teachers, ______ our best wishes.
A. of, with
B. for, with
C. of, in
D. for, in
3. The visitors _______Japan arrived _____ Beijing station last Tuesday morning .
A. from, at
B. of , to
C. from , to
D. of, on
4. He's badly hurt, we must send _____ a doctor at once.
A. to
B. up
C. on
D. for
5. Do you usually come to school ______ foot or _____- bike?
A. by ... by
B. on... on
C. on ... by
D. by ... on
6. --when was Jim born?
--______July, 18,1978.
A. on
B. at
C. in
D. to
7. Wei Fang bought a new pen at a shop _____ her way home.
A. on
B. at
C. in
D. to
8. Don't tell anybody about it. Keep it a secret _______ you and me.
A. among
B. between
C. in
D. with
9. The teacher will be back ______ an hour.
A. in
B. after
C. of
D. at
10. -- How long have you been in Beijing ?
--I've been here _____ 1989.
A. in
B. since
C. on
D. for
第8讲：连词
连词常考到的有以下几个词组：
both ...and：表示"两者都...".注意：当both...and 连接主语时，后面动词一般要用复数。如：Both Lily and Lucy are right.
not only... but also: "不仅...而且..."。注意：后面动词采用就近原则,与but also后的词保持一致。如：Not only my parents but also my brother likes the cat.
either...or:"或者...或者..."。注意谓语动词采用就近原则。如：Either you or I am wrong.
neither...nor："既不...也不..." 是"either...or" 的否定形式。谓语动词采用就近原则，与nor后的词保持一致。如：Neither you nor he is right.
or的用法：意思为"否则"。如：I must work hard, or I'll fail in the exam.(我必须好好学习，否则我会考不及格了。)
So easy, not difficult at all! OK! Let's come to our 趁热打铁。
练习：
1. _________ John _______I are policemen.
A. Neither ... nor
B. Either ... or
C. Both ... and
D. Not only... but also
2. Mr Smith teaches ______well ______ his lessons are not easily forgotten.
A. very ... that
B. quite ... but
C. so ... as
D. so ... that
3. He didn't go to sleep ______he finished his homework.
A. till
B. before
C. after
D. until
4. I didn't buy the dictionary yesterday ________ my aunt would give me one.
A. until
B. because
C. if
D. before
5. The runner fell _______ he quickly got up and went on running.
A. or
B. and
C. but
D. down
6. Wait for me in the room _______ I come back.
A. until
B. and
C. so
D. or
7. I'll return the books to the library ______ soon as possible.
A. as
B. so
C. just
D. but
8. Go along the road, _______ you'll find the market at the end of it.
A. when
B. and
C. or
D. though
9. You'll be late ______ you don't get up early tomorrow morning.
A. if
B. when
C. before
D. until
10. It was late. She washed her face ______ went to bed.
A. or
B. and
C. so
D. but
第9讲：时态一
提起时态，当然是指动词的时态啦。过去、现在和未来等不同时间段发生的事情要用不同的时态来表示。时态是动词的一种形式，表示动作或状态发生或存在的时间和方式。闭上眼睛想一想，初中我们学过的时态有几个? 初中我们共学过八种时态。本讲将这几个时态总体介绍一下: 一般现在时：常与always,often,sometimes, every day连用，表示习惯或经常反复发生的动作或存在的状态。提醒你当第三人称单数做主语时，别忘了动词的变化。注意：象"地球大，月亮小"
等客观真理、事实一定用一般现在时。
现在进行时：要注意其构成：由be+动词+ing,表示说话时正在进行的动作。如：We're studying now. 我们现在正在学习。
一般过去时：表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态，常与yesterday,last year,in 1949,two years ago,等表示过去时间的状语连用。注意：We often went to dance last summer.有的同学一见到often就想到用一般现在时，其实因为后面有表示过去时间的last summer,所以要用过去式，千万别误用了，切记，切记。
过去进行时：显然过去进行时表示过去某一时刻正在做什么，常和特定的时间状语如at that time，at six yesterday，at that moment，when he came in等连用。如：When he knocked at the door,his mother was cooking.
一般将来时：表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态，常与表示将来时间状语如next year,tomorrow等连用。注意：在Will you ....?问句中，回答必须是Yes,I will.或No,I won't而不能用Yes,I shall. No, I shan't.来回答过去将来时：过去将来时不可以单独使用，它一般在宾语从句中作间接引语，表示从过去某一时间看来将要发生的动作或存在的状态。如：They told me that they would go to work in Guangdong.
现在完成时：顾名思义，现在完成时表示的是已经完成的动作，但动作造成的影响还在，常被just,already,yet 等副词修饰。如：He has already gone to Tianjin. 对现在造成的影响是他已经不在这儿了。现在完成时还可用来表示过去发生的动作一直延续到现在，常带有for或since等表示一段时间的状语。如：Mr Wang has lived here since 1983.表示说话前发生过一次或多次的动作，我们常用"过"来表示，常带有twice, once, ever, never等时间状语。如：I've never seen that film.
过去完成时：我们可以用"过去的过去"来概括过去完成时，表示过去某一时刻或某一动作之前已经完成了的动作，通常与by,before等构成的短语或when, before, after引导的从句连用。也可表示过去某一时间开始，一直延续到过去另一时间的动作，常和for或since构成的时间状语连用。用法和现在完成时大致相同，只不过又向前推了一个时态。
练习：
1. The zoo _______ in the north of the city.
A. lies
B. builds
C. seems
D. lying
2. --Tom ______out.
--Oh, is he? What time _______ he ______ out?
A. is, did, go
B. went, is, going
C. has gone, did, go
D. is going, does, go
3. --It must be on channel 2. Try that.
--I ______ that. But I still can't get anything.
A. have tried
B. tried
C. try
D. will do
4. They usually ________ TV in the evening.
A. watch
B. will watch
C. are watching
D. watches
5. He has _______ for about twelve years.
A. bought the house
B. left here
C. lived here
D. gone here
6. The two old man ________ each other since 1970.
A. didn't seen
B. don't see
C. haven't see
D. won't see
7. Lucy and Lily can speak good Chinese, because they ______ China for six years.
A. have been in
B. have been to
C. have come to
D. have gone to
8. --Our country ______ a lot so far.
--Yes, I hope it will be even ________.
A. has changed , well
B. changed, good
C. has changed , better
D. changed, better
9. --I saw Ann _______ a green dress at the meeting.
--I think she looks better _______ red.
A. dressed , in
B. put on, wear
C. wearing, in
D. wear, put on
10. --I didn't come to school because my mother was ill yesterday.
--I am sorry ______ that.
A. hearing
B. hear
C. hears
D. to hear
第10讲：时态(二)
时态的运用比较复杂，好多同学因为做题时不知应用哪种时态而挠头皮。其实你只要把易混的时态掌握好，对你来说时态就没有什么难点可言了。而你易混的时态无非是一般过去时和现在完成时，一般过去时和过去完成时的比较罢了。这有何难?看看下面的分析，你会发现一切"as easy as A B C"。
一般过去式和现在完成时：
一般过去式只是表示事情发生在过去，陈述一个事实，它可以和确定的表示过去的时间状语如：last night, in 1999, three days ago等连用。而现在完成时表示某一完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，强调的是现在的情况，所以它不能和确定的表示过去的时间状语连用。
如：We have seen that film. 我们已看过那部电影。对现在造成的影响是我们对影片已有所了解。We saw the film last night. 昨天晚上我们看了那部电影。只说明昨天晚上看电影这一事实。
注意：有些时间状语，如this morning,tonight, this month 等，既可用于一般过去时，又可用于现在完成时，但所表达的意义有所不同。用于现在完成时表示包括现在在内，而用于一般过去式则与现在无关。如：I have read this book this April.(说话时仍然为四月。) I read this book this April. (说话时四月份已过。)
一般过去式和过去完成时的比较：
一般过去式表示过去时间发生的动作或存在的状态，而过去完成时在过去某一时间或动作之前已完成的动作或状态，即"过去的过去"。当强调过去某一动作发生在某一动作之前时，常用此时态。
如：He had finished his homework before nine o'clock.九点之前他已经完成了作业。实际上，一般现在时和过去完成时常搭配使用。如：When he got home, his daughter had already gone to bed.
当他到家的时候，他的女儿早已去睡觉了。
在带有after和before引导的时间状语从句的复合句中，由于从句的动作和主句的动作发生的先后顺序已经非常明确，所以可以用一般过去时代替过去完成时。如：He called on me soon after he had finished his homework. 他做完作业后不久便来拜访我。也可以说：He called on me soon after he finished his homework.
练习：
1. Zhao Lan ____ already ___ in this school for two years.
A. was...studying
B. will ... study
C. has ...studied
D. are studying
2. They usually _____ TV in the evening.
A. watch
B. will watch
C. are watching
D. watches
3. Judy _____ the Great Wall twice, and now she still ______ to go there.
A. went to , wanted
B. goes to , wants
C. has gone , wants
D. has been to, wants
4. She will find him a kind man when she _______ more about him.
A. knows
B. know
C. will know
D. is going to know
5. --What are you going to give our teacher for Teacher's Day?
--I'm not sure. Maybe I _____ him some flowers.
A. have given
B. will give
C. gave
D. give
6. --Tom ______ out.
--Oh, is he? What time _____ he _____ out?
A. is, did, go
B. went, is ,going
C. has gone, did, go
D. is going, does, go
7. It's nine o'clock now, they ______ an English class.
A. have
B. are having
C. having
D. will have
8. --" Where is Li Lei?"
--" He _______ his sports shoes in the room. He ______ football with his friends."
A. is putting on , is playing
B. puts on, will play
C. is putting on , will play
D. put on, played
9. Miss Smith with her parents ______ China since _________.
A. have been in , two years ago
B. has gone to, two years
C. have been to, two years
D. has been in, two years ago
10. When I knocked at the door, my mother _______.
A. is cooking
B. cooked
C. was cooking
D. cooks
第11讲：动词语态
和时态一样，语态也是动词的一种形式，用来说明句中主语和谓语的关系。如果动作由主语执行，就可使用主动语态，如果主语不是由主语执行，主语是动作的承受者，则可使用被动语态。由此我们可以看出英语动词有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。
被动语态：表示主语是动作的承受者，什么事情被主语做。被动语态的构成和形式被动语态由"助动词be+及物动词的过去分词"构成，一定要记住是及物动词。助动词必须与主语的人称和数一致，注意要与我们前一讲学过的八个时态配合使用。
适合被动语态的情况：
不知道动作由谁发出，或由于某种原因没有必要说明谁发出动作。如：This table is made of wood. 需要突出或强调动作的承受者时，如：This park was built for children.
注意：主动句中的主语如果是people，they，somebody等含糊的表示"人或人们"，没有确指执行者是谁，为被动句时，通常省略"by+执行者"。如：The door was opened secretly. But nobody came in.
注意：在主动句里,不定式在make，see，hear等动词后面作宾语补足语时都不带to，但变成被动句时，后面的不定式都需带to。如：He was made to do that work.
主动语态不能变被动语态的情况：学了被动语态，别以为主动句和被动句可以随意转换，千万要注意呀！有些主动语态不能转换成被动语态。当宾语是反身代词时, 如：You should take care of yourself.当谓语是表状态的而不是表具体动作的及物动词时，如：Does the skirt suit you?
练习：
1. The stars _______ in the daytime.
A. can't see
B. can't be seen
C. can't been see
D. see
2. A present _______ to me by Mother next week.
A. will give
B. is given
C. will be give
D. will be given
3. The Communist Party of China _______ in Shanghai in 1921.
A. was found
B. found
C. was founded
D. founded
4. Great changes _______ in my hometown since liberation.
A. have been taken place
B. took place
C. have taken place
D. were taken place
5. I was astonished (吃惊) to hear that the colour TV set _______ 5,000 yuan.
A. has cost
B. cost
C. costed
D. was cost
6. He was seen _________ something from the shop.
A. steel
B. to steal
C. to be stolen
D. stealed
7. She has _________ by her classmates.
A. laughed
B. laughed at
C. been laughed
D. been laughed at
8. The computer ________ in the room.
A. can use
B. can be use
C. can be used
D. can used
9. That clock ______ Big Ben.
A. call
B. calling
C. is called
D. calls
10. The film _______ again sometimes next week.
A. shows
B. will shows
C. will be showed
D. shows
第12讲：句子种类（一）
句子可分为陈述句，疑问句，祈使句，感叹句。疑问句是常考的重点，也是要掌握的难点，这里我们先重点讲一下.
疑问句中我们只讲一讲难掌握的反意疑问句和特殊疑问句.
反意疑问句: 在陈述句之后附上一个简短问句，对陈述句所叙述的事实提出相反的疑问,这种疑问句叫做反意疑问句. 如前面陈述句部分是肯定式，后面问句部分一般用是否定式；如前一部分是否定式，后一部分一般用肯定式.前后两部分在人称，数及时态上通常保持一致. 如：You are a student，aren't you?(你是学生，对吗?)
在祈使句后面用反意疑问句，要注意人称的变化。如：Go to the cinema，will you?
在省略的感叹句后面，要注意主语的单复数。如：What fine weather，isn't it?
陈述句部分的主语如是I，疑问部分要用aren't I.如: I'm as tall as your sister，aren't I?
陈述部分用never，hardly，few，nothing,nobody,few,seldom,hardly,little等否定含义的词时，疑问部分用肯定含义. 如: He seldom came here,did he?
陈述句部分的谓语是used to时，疑问部分用didn't+主语或usedn't +主语.如: He used to go to school at seven, didn't he? / usedn't he?
陈述部分有had better + v. 疑问句部分用hadn't you?如: You'd better read it by yourself, hadn't you?
陈述部分有You'd like to +v.疑问部分用wouldn't+主语. 如：You'd like to go with me, wouldn't you?
主语是everyone，someone，anyone，no one等不定代词时，多用they 指代.如：Everyone is here，aren't they?(所有的人都来了吗?)
主语是everything，something，anthing，nothing时，用it 指代。省去主语的祈使句的反意疑问句，疑问部分用will you。如: Don't do that again, will you? 注意Let's 开头的祈使句，后用shall we? Let us 开头的祈使句，后用will you?
陈述部分是"there be"结构的，疑问部分用there省略主语代词。如: There is something wrong with your watch, isn't there?
特殊疑问句: 注意疑问词how many how much , how often , how old, how long, what, what time, what day , what colour, which , when , who, whose等疑问词的用法。
练习：
1. Don't forget to give the baby some food ,______?
A. will you?
B. shall we
C. won't you
D. do you
2. You have met before, _______?
A. haven't you
B. have you
C. do you
D. don't you
3. She has never read the book before, _______?
A. has she
B. hasn't she
C. is she
D. isn't she
4. Mike has to finish her work now, _______?
A. has he
B. hasn't he
C. does he
D. doesn't he
5. --"Don't smoke in the dining-hall, will you?"
-- "_________."
A. Yes, I agree
B. Yes, of course,
C. Yes, I don't think so
D. What's wrong
6. --______ did you stay in Urumqi last summer?
--For two weeks.
A. How often
B. How
C. How long
D. How many times
7. He nearly hurt himself in the accident, _______?
A. doesn't he
B. didn't he
C. did he
D. does he
8. --_______ will your aunt be back from work?
--In an hour.
A. How soon
B. How often
C. How long
D. What time
9. The old man had to do the farm work himself, ________?
A. did he
B. didn't he
C. had he
D. weren't he
10. --"________ do they have a meeting?"
--"Every two weeks."
A. How long
B. How often
C. When
D. What time
第13讲：句子的种类(二)
本讲主要讲一下感叹句,祈使句,再顺便提一下强调句.
感叹句往往由what和how引导。至于what和how的区别则是再好辨别不过了。跟我背一背下面的顺口溜,感叹句你就不再陌生了.
感叹句用法很简单, How和What放句前, How与形、副词类连, What后面名词添.主语谓语不用变,省掉它们也常见. 当然，what 感叹句和how 感叹句有时可以互相转换。当What修饰单数可数名词时，如果这一名词有形容词修饰，也可用how引导感叹句，但不定冠词a或an 需放在形容词之后。如：What a large factory = How large a factory it is!
祈使句: 祈使句所需注意的是：含有第二人称的祈使句的否定句用don't.含有第一、第三人称的祈使句的否定句用Let+not+动词原形或Don't let+第三人称代词的宾格或名词。
下面稍微提一下常考的强调句：我们学过的强调句是it引导的句子。记住：强调句的连词只有两个，that和who。当强调的部分是人，且为句子的主语时，才用"who"，其余用"that". 句式是：It is (was) 被强调部分+that(who) + 句子其他部分。此结构强调的成分仅限于主语，宾语和状语。判断一个句子是否是强调句，只需看去掉It be… that是否还是一个完整的句子。
看下面例题：
It is twenty years ___ Miss Feng returned to China. A. that B. when C. since D. as
答案C.本题易误选为A(that). 其实本句不是强调句。若是，去掉It be… that还应是一个完整的句子。而本句去掉"It is...that"，只剩下ten years Miss Feng returned to China.不成句。因此本句不是强调句。
练习：
1. It was yesterday _______ Xiao Ming finished all his homework.
A. that
B. when
C. where
D. at
2. You are not in Grade Two, ________you?
初中英语语法大全 最牛英语口语培训模式：躺在家里练口语，全程外教一对一，三个月畅谈无阻！太平洋英语，免费体验全部外教一对一课程：https://www.doczj.com/doc/ea5033490.html, 1 (see 、hear 、notice 、find 、feel 、listen to 、 look at (感官动词)+do eg:I like watching monkeys jump 2 （比较级 and 比较级）表示越来越怎么样 3 a piece of cake =easy 小菜一碟（容易） 4 agree with sb 赞成某人 5 all kinds of 各种各样 a kind of 一样 6 all over the world = the whole world 整个世界 7 along with同……一道，伴随…… eg : I will go along with you我将和你一起去 the students planted trees along with their teachers 学生同老师们一起种树 8 As soon as 一怎么样就怎么样 9 as you can see 你是知道的 10 ask for ……求助向…要…（直接接想要的东西） eg : ask you for my book 11 ask sb for sth 向某人什么 12 ask sb to do sth 询问某人某事 ask sb not to do 叫某人不要做某事 13 at the age of 在……岁时 eg：I am sixteen I am at the age of sixteen 14 at the beginning of …… ……的起初；……的开始 15 at the end of +地点/+时间最后；尽头；末尾 eg : At the end of the day 16 at this time of year 在每年的这个时候 17 be /feel confident of sth /that clause +从句感觉/对什么有信心，自信 eg : I am / feel confident of my spoken English I feel that I can pass the test 18 be + doing 表：1 现在进行时 2 将来时 19 be able to (+ v 原) = can (+ v 原）能够…… eg : She is able to sing She can sing 20 be able to do sth 能够干什么 eg :she is able to sing 21 be afraid to do (of sth 恐惧，害怕…… eg : I'm afraed to go out at nigh t I'm afraid of dog 22 be allowed to do 被允许做什么 eg: I'm allowed to watch TV 我被允许看电视 I should be allowed to watch TV 我应该被允许看电视 23 be angry with sb 生某人的气 eg : Don't be angry with me 24 be angry with(at) sb for doing sth 为什么而生某人的气 25 be as…原级…as 和什么一样 eg : She is as tall as me 她和我一样高 26 be ashamed to 27 be away from 远离 28 be away from 从……离开 29 be bad for 对什么有害 eg : Reading books in the sun is bad for your eyes 在太阳下看书对你的眼睛不好 30 be born 出生于 31 be busy doing sth 忙于做什么事 be busy with sth 忙于…… 32 be careful 当心；小心33 be different from…… 和什么不一样 34 be famous for 以……著名 35 be friendly to sb 对某人友好 36 be from = come from 来自 eg ：He is from Bejing He comes from Bejing Is he from Bejing ? Does he come from Bejing ? 37 be full of 装满……的 be filled with 充满 eg: the glass is full of water the glass is filled with water 38 be glad+to+do/从句 39 be going to + v(原）将来时 40 be good at(+doing) = do well in 在某方面善长, 善于…… 41 be good for 对什么有好处 eg : Reading aloud is good for your English 42 be happy to do 很高兴做某事 43 be helpful to sb 对某人有好处 eg : Reading aloud is helpful to you 大声朗读对你有好处 Exercising is helpful to your bady 锻炼对你的身体有好处
英语语法大全 初中英语语法 学习提纲 一、词类、句子成分和构词法： 1、词类：英语词类分十种： 名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。 1、名词(n.)：表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如：boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange. ：who, she, you, it . 主要用来代替名词。如)： 2、代词(pron.3、形容词(adj..)：表示人或事物的性质或特征。如：good, right, white, orange . 4、数词(num.)：表示数目或事物的顺序。如：one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth. 5、动词(v.)：表示动作或状态。如：am, is,are,have,see . 6、副词(adv.)：修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等。如：now, very, here, often, quietly, slowly. 7、冠词(art..)：用在名词前,帮助说明名词。如：a, an, the. 8、介词(prep.)：表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。如in, on, from, above, behind. 9、连词(conj.)：用来连接词、短语或句子。如and, but, before . 10、感叹词(interj..)表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如：oh, well, hi, hello. 2、句子成分：英语句子成分分为七种：主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。 1、主语是句子所要说的人或事物,回答是“谁”或者“什么”。通常用名词或代词担任。如：I'm Miss Green.(我是格林小姐) 2、谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态,回答“做(什么)”。主要由动词担任。如：Jack cleans the room every day. (杰克每天打扫房间) 3、表语在系动词之后,说明主语的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么样”。通常由名词、 代词或形容词担任。如：My name is Ping ping .(我的名字叫萍萍) 4、宾语表示及物动词的对象或结果,回答做的是“什么”。通常由名词或代词担任。如：He can spell the word.(他能拼这个词) 有些及物动词带有两个宾语,一个指物,一个指人。指物的叫直接宾语,指人的叫间接宾语。间接 宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。如：He wrote me a letter . (他给我写了 一封信) 有时可把介词to或for加在间接宾语前构成短语,放在直接宾语后面,来强调间接宾语。如：He wrote a letter to me . (他给我写了一封信)
初中语法大全 目录 词类介绍、句子成分和构词法 (3) 一、词类的介绍 (3) 二、句子的成分 (3) 三、构词法 (4) 第一章名词 (4) 一、名词的种类 (4) 二、名词的数 (5) 三、名词所有格 (6) 第二章冠词 (8) 一、不定冠词的用法 (8) 二、定冠词的用法 (9) 三、零冠词的用法 (9) 第三章代词 (10) 一、代词的分类及用法 (10) 1、人称代词 (11) 2、物主代词 (11) 3、反身代词 (12) 4、指示代词 (12) 5、关系代词 (12) 6、连接代词 (13) 7、不定代词 (13) 8、相互代词 (15) 9、疑问代词 (15) 第四章数词 (16) 一、分类 (16) 1、基数词 (16) 2、序数词 (16) 第五章形容词和副词 (17) 一、形容词 (17) 二、副词 (20) 三、形容词、副词的原级、比较级和最高级 (23) 第六章介词 (25) 一、介词的分类 (25) 二、介词用法辨析 (27)
一、动词的分类及词形变化 (29) 二、动词的时态 (32) 一般现在时 (33) 一般过去时 (33) 一般将来时 (34) 现在进行时 (34) 过去进行时 (34) 现在完成时 (35) 过去完成时 (35) 一般过去将来时 (36) 现在完成进行时 (36) 过去完成进行时 (36) 将来进行时 (36) 将来完成时 (37) 将来完成进行时 (37) 过去将来进行时 (37) 过去将来完成时 (37) 过去将来完成进行时 (37) 三、动词的语态 (38) 四、动词的非谓语形式 (40) 五、情态动词 (45) 六、动词用法辨析 (47) 七、连接词 (51) 第八章简单句 (53) 一、简单句的分类 (53) 1、陈述句 (53) 2、疑问句 (54) 3、祈使句 (55) 4、反意疑问句 (56) 5、感叹句 (58) 二、简单句五种基本句型 (58) 第九章句子 (58) 一、句子的成分 (59) 1、主语 (59) 2、谓语 (59) 3、宾语 (60) 4、表语 (61) 5、定语 (61) 6、状语 (62) 7、宾语补足语 (62) 二、并列复合句 (62)
小学英语语法大全 第1讲字母 1、英语中共有26个字母。Aa，Ee，Ii，Oo，Uu是元音字母，Yy是半元音字母，其余是辅音字母。英语单词就是由这26个字母组合而成的。Aa和Ii可以独立成词，分别表示“一个（张……）”和“我”的意思，Ii翻译成“我”时要大写。 2、英语字母可以分为印刷体和书写体。在书、报、杂志上见到的一般都是印刷体。在四线三格上书写时应注意书写位置，可以记住以下口诀：大写字母不顶格，小写字母占满格。书写时还要注意字母的笔顺。 3、英语句子的第一个单词的首字母要大写。单词与单词之间在书写时必须保持适当的距离，一般以空出一个小写字母的宽度为宜。句子的末尾要有标点符号。 4、英语中的句号是一个实心圆点(.)，省略号是三个居下的实心圆点（…），英语中没有顿号和书名号，顿号用逗号替代，书名用斜体字表示。 5、英语缩写词 PRC中华人民共和国UN 联合国 WHO 世界卫生组织NBA美国职业篮球联赛KFC 肯德基 IT 信息技术 EQ 情商 CCTV 中国中央电视台kg 千克 a.m. 上午USA 美国 HK 香港 WTO 世界贸易组织 CBA 中国男子篮球联赛 ATM 自动柜员机 ID 身份证 CPU 中央处理器 BBC 英国广播公司 cm 厘米 p.m. 下午 UK 英国 SOS 国际求救信号 UFO 不明飞行物 VIP 贵宾 EMS邮政特快专递 IQ 智商 RMB 人民币 VOA 美国之音 No. 号码 6
第2讲语音 1、音素：语音的最小单位。 2、元音：发音时气流不受阻碍。元音分为单元音和双元音两类。 单元音发音时唇形和舌位不变；双元音发音时由一个元音向另一个 元音滑动，唇形和舌位有一个变化过程，且前重后轻，前长后短。 3、辅音：发音时气流受到阻碍。辅音分为清辅音和浊辅音两类。 清辅音发音时声带不振动；浊辅音发音时声带振动。 4、音标：用来记录音素的符号。为了避免与字母混淆，音标被放在斜括号/ /内。 5、英语中的一个字母或字母组合在不同的单词中发音可能是不一样的，而相同的发音对应的字母或字母组合也可能不完全相同。 6、开音节：以元音字母结尾或以一个元音字母加一个辅音字母再加不发音的e结尾 （r除外）的音节。元音字母在开音节中读长音，即该字母的名称音。 闭音节：以一个或几个辅音字母（r除外）结尾。元音字母在闭音节中读短音。
初中英语语法大全(必备)
英语语法大全： 1 (see 、hear 、notice 、find 、feel 、listen to 、look at (感官动词)+do （例如:I like watching monkeys jump） 2 （比较级and 比较级）表示越来越怎么样 3 a piece of cake =easy 小菜一碟（容易） 4 agree with sb 赞成某人 5 all kinds of 各种各样a kind of 一样 6 all over the world = the whole world 整个世界 7 along with同····一道，伴随······（例如: I will go along with you我将和你一起去 the students planted trees along with their teachers 学生同老师们一起种树） 8 As soon as 一怎么样就怎么样 9 as you can see 你是知道的 10 ask for ……求助向…要…（直接接想要的东西）（例如: ask you for my book ） 11 ask sb for sth 向某人什么 12 ask sb to do sth 询问某人某事ask sb not to do 叫某人不要做某事 13 at the age of 在……岁时（例如：I am sixteen I am at the age of sixteen 14 at the beginning of …………的起初；……的开始 15 at the end of +地点/+时间最后；尽头；末尾（例如: At the end of the day 16 at this time of year 在每年的这个时候 17 be /feel confident of sth /that clause +从句感觉/对什么有信心，自信 （例如: I am / feel confident of my spoken English I feel that I can pass the test 18 be + doing 表：1 现在进行时2 将来时 19 be able to (+ v.原) = can (+ v.原）能够……（例如: She is able to sing She can sing 20 be able to do sth 能够干什么（例如:she is able to sing 21 be afraid to do (of sth 恐惧，害怕……（例如: I'm afraid to go out at night I'm afraid of dog 22 be allowed to do 被允许做什么（例如: I'm allowed to watch TV 我被允许看电视、I should be allowed to watch TV 我应该被允许看电视 23 be angry with sb 生某人的气（例如: Don't be angry with me 24 be angry with(at) sb for doing sth 为什么而生某人的气 25 be as…原级…as 和什么一样（例如: She is as tall as me 她和我一样高 26 be ashamed to感到羞愧 27 be away from 远离 28 be away from 从……离开 29 be bad for 对什么有害（例如: Reading books in the sun is bad for your eyes 在太阳下看书对你的眼睛不好 30 be born 出生于
小学英语语法大全经典全面 第2讲语音 1、音素：语音的最小单位。 英语中共有48个音素，其中元音音素20个，辅音音素28个。 /i:/,/?/,/?:/,/?/,/ɑ:/,//,/?:/,/?/ ,/u:/,/?/,/e/,/?/ /p/,/t/,/k/,/t/,/tr/,/ts/,/f/,/θ/,/s/,/ ∫/,/h/ 2、元音：发音时气流不受阻碍。元音分为单元音和双元音两类。 单元音发音时唇形和舌位不变；双元音发音时由一个元音向另 一个 元音滑动，唇形和舌位有一个变化过程，且前重后轻，前长后 短。
3、辅音：发音时气流受到阻碍。辅音分为清辅音和浊辅音两类。 清辅音发音时声带不振动；浊辅音发音时声带振动。 4、音标：用来记录音素的符号。为了避免与字母混淆，音标被放在斜括号/ /内。 5、英语中的一个字母或字母组合在不同的单词中发音可能是不一样的， 而相同的 发音对应的字母或字母组合也可能不完全相同。 6、开音节：以元音字母结尾或以一个元音字母加一个辅音字母再加不发 音的e结尾（r除外）的音节。元音字母在开音节中读长音， 即该字母的名称音。 闭音节：以一个或几个辅音字母（r除外）结尾。元音字母在闭音节中读短音。 // cup 第3讲名词 名词是指表示人和事物名称的词，可以分为专有名词和普通名词两大类。
1、专有名词：特定的人、地方、机构等专有的名称。第一个字母通常要大写。 . Jim Green， New York， Bank of China，Peking University 星期、月份、节日、学科、报刊名也是专有名词。 . Monday，May，Christmas，Spring Festival，Maths，China Daily 2、普通名词：表示一类人或物或抽象概念的名称。普通名词又可以分为四类: 个体名词——表示某类人或东西中的个体，如：student , desk 集体名词——表示若干个体组成的集合体，如：class , family 物质名词——表示无法分为个体的物质名称，如：water , rice , sand，hair 抽象名词——表示情感，状态，品质等抽象名称，如：love ，carelessness 个体名词和集体名词多数可以用数目来计算，称为可数名词，有单、复数形式； 物质名词和抽象名词通常无法用数目计算，称为不可数名词，一般只有一种形式。
初中英语语法大全：英语五个基本句型1简单句、并列句、复合句 根据语法形式，即句子的结构，英语的句子可分为简单句、并列句和复合句。 1简单句 句型：主语+谓语 只包含一个主谓结构，而句子的各个结构都只由单词或短语表示。简单句有五种基本句型，详见第十七章。 They are playing baseball in the garden. 他们正在公园里打棒球。 Her brother and sister both are teachers. 她的哥哥和姐姐都是老师。 2并列句 句型：简单句+并列连词+简单句 （常见的并列连词有and，but，or） 并列句是由两个或两个以上的简单句连接而成。并列句中的各简单句意义同等重要，相互之间没有从属关系，是平行并列的关系。它们之间用连词连结。 My friend was at home，and we talked for along time. 我的朋友在家，我们谈了好长时间。 Her father is a doctor and her mother is a teacher.
她父亲是个医生，她母亲是个老师。I liked the story very much but Li Ming wasn't interested in it.我非常喜欢这个故事，可是李明却对它不感兴趣。 Hurry up，or you'll be late. 快点，否则你就会迟到的。 3复合句 句型：主句+连词+从句；或连词+从句+主句（包含一个主句、一个或一个以上的从句，或只包含一个从句，但有两个或两个以上的主句的句子叫复合句。） 句子的成分 组成句子的各个部分叫做句子的成分。句子成分包括：主语、谓语、表语、宾语（直接宾语、间接宾语）、宾语补足语、定语和状语。主语和谓语是句子主体部分（在英文中一般的句子必须有主语和谓语）。表语、宾语和宾语补足语是谓语里的组成部分。其他成分如定语和状语是句子的次要部分。下面我们分别讲述一下句子的各个成分： 1主语 主语是谓语讲述的对象，表示所说的“是什么”或“是谁”。一般由名词、代词、不定式或相当于名词的词或短语来充当。它在句首。 We study in No.1 Middle School.（讲述“谁”～） 我们在一中学习。 The classroom is very clean. （讲述“什么”很干净） 这间教室很干净。 Three were absent.（数词作主语）
一、选择题 1．Here__________.You can see me in it. A．are two photos of my family B．is my family C．is a photo of my family D．are my family photos 2．I’m hungry. I want some _________. A．water B．bread C．toys D．homework 3．There are two________ near our school. A．shoe shops B．shoes shops C．shoe's shops D．shoes' shops 4．---- _________ is it from Nanjing to Beijing? --- It’s less than three ___________ flight. A．How long, hour’s B．How far, hour’s C．How long, hours’D．How far, hours’ 5．Look at the________on the ground, and it’s telling us autumn has come. A．leaves B．leaf C．leafs D．leafes 6．Some ________went to Japan to help when they knew that many ________ lost their homes in the earthquake. A．Germen; Japanese B．Frenchmen; Japaneses C．Germans; Japanese 7．—There are beautiful flowers everywhere to celebrate the National Day, and we have —________ holiday. That means we have seven days ________ for this public holiday. A．a seven-day; off B．a seven-days; away C．seven-day; over D．a seven-days’; off 8．—Tom likes soccer.What club can he join? —He can join the ______ club. A．sport B．music C．sports D．swimming 9．_______mother usually cooks for_______ at the weekend. A．Lily and Nick; their B．Lily's and Nick's; them C．Lily and Nick's; their D．Lily and Nick's; them 10．_____________ mother usually cooks for ___________ at the weekend. A．Lily’s and Nick’s; them B．Lily and Nick’s; them C．Lily and Nick’s; their D．Lily and Nick; their 11．It's about ten __________ walk from here. A．minutes' B．minute's C．minutes D．minute of 12．— Do you know all the names in your class, Mr King? —No, only part of them. A．student B．students C．student’s D．students’13．—Kate, what do you have ____________ dinner? —I have some____________, And I like them very much.
小学英语语法大全经典全面 第1讲字母 第2讲语音 第3讲名词 第4讲冠词 第5讲代词 第6讲形容词 第7讲副词 第8讲介词 第9讲数词 第10讲连词 第11讲动词 第12讲一般现在时第13讲现在进行时第14讲一般过去时第15讲一般将来时第16讲句法 第17讲听力 第18讲话题 第19讲构词法 第20讲英美文化常识p.2 p.3 p.4~5 p.6 p.7~8 p.9 p.9 p.10~11 p.12 p.13 p.14 p.15 p.16 p.17 p.18 p.19~20 p.21 p.22~24 p.25 p.26
第1讲字母 1、英语中共有26个字母。Aa，Ee，Ii，Oo，Uu是元音字母，Yy是半元音字母，其余是辅音字母。英语单词就是由这26个字母组合而成的。Aa和Ii可以独立成词，分别表示“一个（张……）”和“我”的意思，Ii翻译成“我”时要大写。 2、英语字母可以分为印刷体和书写体。在书、报、杂志上见到的一般都是印刷体。在四线三格上书写时应注意书写位置，可以记住以下口诀：大写字母不顶格，小写字母占满格。书写时还要注意字母的笔顺。 3、英语句子的第一个单词的首字母要大写。单词与单词之间在书写时必须保持适当的距离，一般以空出一个小写字母的宽度为宜。句子的末尾要有标点符号。 4、英语中的句号是一个实心圆点(.)，省略号是三个居下的实心圆点（…），英语中没有顿号和书名号，顿号用逗号替代，书名用斜体字表示。 5、英语缩写词 PRC中华人民共和国UN 联合国 WHO 世界卫生组织NBA美国职业篮球联赛KFC 肯德基 IT 信息技术 EQ 情商 CCTV 中国中央电视台kg 千克 a.m. 上午USA 美国 HK 香港 WTO 世界贸易组织 CBA 中国男子篮球联赛 ATM 自动柜员机 ID 身份证 CPU 中央处理器 BBC 英国广播公司 cm 厘米 p.m. 下午 UK 英国 SOS 国际求救信号 UFO 不明飞行物 VIP 贵宾 EMS邮政特快专递 IQ 智商 RMB 人民币 VOA 美国之音 No. 号码 6
初中英语语法大全 语法网络图 一．名词 I. 名词的种类： II. 1. 规则名词的复数形式：名词的复数形式，一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es。现将构成方法与读音规则列表如下： leaf-leaves, thief-thieves, knife-knives, 2.
III. 名词的所有格： 名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。所有格分两种：一是名词词尾加’s构成，二是由介词of 加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西，后者多表示无生命的东西。 1. ’s 2. ’s
3. of所有格的用法： 用于无生命的东西：the legs of the chair, the cover of the book 用于有生命的东西，尤其是有较长定语时：the classrooms of the first-year students 用于名词化的词：the struggle of the oppressed 二．冠词 冠词分为不定冠词（a, an），定冠词（the），和零冠词。 I. That boy is rather a Lei Feng. II.
III. 三．代词： I. 代词可以分为以下七大类： II. 不定代词用法注意点： 1. one, some与any: 1) one可以泛指任何人，也可特指，复数为ones。some多用于肯定句，any多用于疑问句和否定句。One should learn to think of others. Have you any bookmarks? No, I don’t have any bookmarks. I have some questions to ask.
中考英语语法总结 一、祈使句结构 1 祈使句结构 祈使句用以表达命令，要求，请求，劝告等。 1）祈使句有两种类型，一种是以动词原形开头，在动词原形之前加do (但只限于省略第二人称主语的句子)。 Take this seat. Do be careful. 否定结构： Don't move. Don't be late. 2）第二种祈使句以let开头。 Let 的反意疑问句 a. Let's 包括说话者 Let's have another try，shall we / shan't we = Shall we have another try b. Let us 不包括说话者 Let us have another try，will you / won't you = Will you please let us have another try
否定结构： Let's not talk of that matter. Let us not talk of that matter. 二、感叹句结构 感叹句结构 感叹句通常有what, how引导，表示赞美、惊叹、喜悦、等感情。 what修饰名词，how 修饰形容词，副词或动词，感叹句结构主要有以下几种： 掌握它的搭配，即掌握了感叹句的重点。 How +形容词+ a +名词+ 陈述语序 How+形容词或副词+ 陈述语序 What +名词+ 陈述语序 What+a+形容词+名词+ 陈述语序 What+ 形容词+复数名词+ 陈述语序 What+ 形容词+不可数名词+ 陈述语序 How clever a boy he is! How lovely the baby is! What noise they are making! What a clever boy he is!
资料收集于网络，如有侵权请联系网站删除 1 (see 、hear 、notice 、find 、feel 、listen to 、look at (感官动词)+do eg:I like watching monkeys jump 2 （比较级and 比较级）表示越来越怎么样 3 a piece of cake =easy 小菜一碟（容易） 4 agree with sb 赞成某人 5 all kinds of 各种各样a kind of 一样 6 all over the world = the whole world 整个世界 7 along with同……一道，伴随…… eg : I will go along with you我将和你一起去 the students planted trees along with their teachers 学生同老师们一起种树 8 As soon as 一怎么样就怎么样 9 as you can see 你是知道的 10 ask for ……求助向…要…（直接接想要的东西）eg : ask you for my book 11 ask sb for sth 向某人什么 12 ask sb to do sth 询问某人某事ask sb not to do 叫某人不要做某事 13 at the age of 在……岁时eg：I am sixteen I am at the age of sixteen 14 at the beginning of …… ……的起初；……的开始 15 at the end of +地点/+时间最后；尽头；末尾eg : At the end of the day 16 at this time of year 在每年的这个时候 17 be /feel confident of sth /that clause +从句感觉/对什么有信心，自信 eg : I am / feel confident of my spoken English I feel that I can pass the test 18 be + doing 表：1 现在进行时2 将来时 19 be able to (+ v 原) = can (+ v 原）能够…… eg : She is able to sing She can sing 20 be able to do sth 能够干什么eg :she is able to sing 21 be afraid to do (of sth 恐惧，害怕…… eg : I'm afraed to go out at night I'm afraid of dog 22 be allowed to do 被允许做什么 eg: I'm allowed to watch TV 我被允许看电视I should be allowed to watch TV 我应该被允许看电视 23 be angry with sb 生某人的气eg : Don't be angry with me 24 be angry with(at) sb for doing sth 为什么而生某人的气 25 be as…原级…as 和什么一样eg : She is as tall as me 她和我一样高 26 be ashamed to 27 be away from 远离 28 be away from 从……离开 29 be bad for 对什么有害eg : Reading books in the sun is bad for your eyes 在太阳下看书对你的眼睛不好 30 be born 出生于 31 be busy doing sth 忙于做什么事be busy with sth 忙于…… 32 be careful 当心；小心 33 be different from…… 和什么不一样 34 be famous for 以……著名
一、选择题 1．I guess __________bikes are yellow. They have many things in the same color. A．Lucy's and Lily's B．Lucy and Lily's C．Lucy and Lily D．Lucy's and Lily 2．Alan usually goes to Harbin in .He likes playing with snow. A．May B．July C．September D．November 3．There are two________ near our school. A．shoe shops B．shoes shops C．shoe's shops D．shoes' shops 4．---- _________ is it from Nanjing to Beijing? --- It’s less than three ___________ flight. A．How long, hour’s B．How far, hour’s C．How long, hour s’D．How far, hours’ 5．With the ________ of society, our environment is becoming worse and worse. So we should do what we can ________ our environment. A．development; to protect B．developing; to protect C．development; protect D．develop; protect 6．—What does your mother have for dinner？ — A．Chickens and tomato B．Chicken and tomatoes．C．Chicken and tomato．7．—There are beautiful flowers everywhere to celebrate the National Day, and we have —________ holiday. That means we have seven days ________ for this public holiday. A．a seven-day; off B．a seven-days; away C．seven-day; over D．a seven-days’; off 8．There________some water in the bottle. A．is B．am C．are D．be 9．My mother often________when she was a young girl. A．keep diaries B．keep diary C．kept diaries D．kept diary 10．—Kate, I will go to the Guangzhou Zoo next week, because I will have a ________ holiday —You mean you can have ________ off? Oh, that’s great! A．three-day; three days B．three- day; three days’ C．three days’; three-day D．three days; three days 11．Here_______some of the results. Most students think_______are cheaper than cars. A．is; the bike B．are; bikes C．are; the bike D．is; bikes 12．________wild animals are disappearing because of the ________of their living areas. A．The number of; lost B．The number of; losing C．A number of; lose D．A number of; loss 13．In fact (事实上), she ________ ________ many ________. A．doesn’t has; toies B．don’t has; toies C．doesn’t have; toys D．don’t have; toys
英语语法大全 一、词类、句子成分和构词法： 1、词类：英语词类分十种： 名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。 1、名词(n.)：表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如：boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange. 2、代词(pron.)：主要用来代替名词。如：who, she, you, it . 3、形容词(adj..)：表示人或事物的性质或特征。如：good, right, white, orange . 4、数词(num.)：表示数目或事物的顺序。如：one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth. 5、动词(v.)：表示动作或状态。如：am, is,are,have,see . 6、副词(adv.)：修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等。如：now, very, here, often, quietly, slowly. 7、冠词(art..)：用在名词前,帮助说明名词。如：a, an, the. 8、介词(prep.)：表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。如in, on, from, above, behind. 9、连词(conj.)：用来连接词、短语或句子。如and, but, before . 10、感叹词(interj..)表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如：oh, well, hi, hello. 2、句子成分：英语句子成分分为七种：主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。 1、主语是句子所要说的人或事物,回答是“谁”或者“什么”。通常用名词或代词担任。如：I’m Miss Green.(我是格 林小姐) 2、谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态,回答“做(什么)”。主要由动词担任。如：Jack cleans the room every day. (杰克每 天打扫房间) 3、表语在系动词之后,说明主语的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么样”。通常由名词、代词或形容词担任。如： My name is Ping ping .(我的名字叫萍萍) 4、宾语表示及物动词的对象或结果,回答做的是“什么”。通常由名词或代词担任。如：He can spell the word.(他能拼 这个词) 有些及物动词带有两个宾语,一个指物,一个指人。指物的叫直接宾语,指人的叫间接宾语。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。如：He wrote me a letter . (他给我写了一封信) 有时可把介词to或for加在间接宾语前构成短语,放在直接宾语后面,来强调间接宾语。如：He wrote a letter to me . (他给我写了一封信) 5、定语修饰名词或代词,通常由形容词、代词、数词等担任。如： Shanghai is a big city .(上海是个大城市)