中国社会科学院2006年3月博士研究生入学考试英语试题
Part I Vocabulary (20 points)
Section A (10 points)
Directions：Choose the word that is the closest in meaning with the underlined word.
1．With computers doubling in speed and power every couple of years，and with genetic engineering's dazzling feats growing more and more routine，the battered American faith in technological progress has been growing stronger and giddier of late.
A．intriguing B．ornate C．brilliant D．obsessing
2．One suggested method of containing the fires was presented by Cary Colaizzi of the engineering firm Goodson，which has developed ah eat-resistant grout (a thin mortar used to fill cracks and crevices），which is designed to be pumped into the coal fire to cut off the oxygen supply.
A．restraining B．comprising C．embracing D．releasing
3．The two fanatic Puerto Rican nationalists who tried to assassinate Harry Trumanin 1950 attacked him when he was living across the street in Blair House while the White House was being renovated.
A．refurbished B．refurnished C．reiterated D．repainted
4．But by the time we are adult，the childhood hiding which dwindled to adolescent shyness，is expected to disappear altogether，as we bravely stride out to meet our guests，hosts，companions，relatives，colleagues，customers，clients，or friends.
A．succumbed B．resorted C．adapted D．diminished
5．The Taganka production Poslushaite (“Listen”)，culled from statements and works
of Vladimir Mayakovsky，proved to be a singular exception.
A．rejected B．descended C．confirmed D．selected
6．Many feel Kennedy's commitment was a desperate political maneuver to lift himself
out of the calamity of the Bay of Pigs.
A．limelight B．ploy C．bid D．threshold
7．Some industrial workers were trying，quietly and peacefully，to create a network of free trade unions，modeled presumably on Poland's famous Solidarity，which was an anathema to the
regime.
A．a curse B．a coup C．a spume D．a sinew
8．In many simple organisms，including bacteria and various protists，the life cycle is completed within a single generation：an organism begins with the fission of an existing individual；the new organism grows to maturity；and it then splits into two new individuals，thus completing the cycle.
A．split B．fusion C．explosion D．modification
9．Some pundits are worried that these candidate Q-and-A sessions have supplanted regular newscasts with something less rigorous journalistically，but the carping seems misguided.
A．succeeded B．superseded C．distorted D．completed
10．On any corner，sane men，fanatics and demagogues could secure audiences to listen to their oratory，in which they adjured their hearers to rise in their might and drive the invader from their sacred soil.
A．abjured B．appealed C．repudiated D．refuted
Section B (10 points)
Directions：Choose the word that best completes the sentence.
11．At the outset，Nixon warned，too，that a great effort would be needed to meet the Communist challenge. But his audiences seemed ______ in such warnings，preferring to be reassured.
A．interested B．disinterested C．uninterested D．interesting 12．Meanwhile，the US and Israel regard Iran as a rogue state that seeds to export terror，build nuclear weapons and ______，the Middle East peace process.
A．conspire B．deviate C．distort D．sabotage
13．The slogan “scientific truth is a matter of social authority” has become dogma to many academic interest groups who have been ______ themselves to substitute their authority for that of the practicing scientists
A．grudging B．exerting C．swarming D．detesting
14．None of these ______ is an end in itself. They are tentative，experimental. They are movements not towards something definite but away from something definite.
A．assurance B．expedients C．awareness D．doubts
15．Nxele denounced sorcery，adultery，______，incest，extortion，and murder；he would not eat prepared food，which he said was unclean，and stopped drinking milk.
A．monogamy B．monologue C．polygamy D．polygene
16．“The foreign teachers wondered what we Chinese teachers do in political meetings and I told them that we had to go through the ______ of lengthy formalities.”
A．rigmarole B．significance C．commiseration D．implication 17．According to the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development in 1995，the wealthiest 10 percent of China's population received 30.9 percent of the income，while the poorest 10 percent received only 2.2 percent. Such ______ in income and wealth are found in both cities and rural areas.
A．identicalness B．disparities C．egalitarianism D．curmudgeons 18．In addition to the Mandarin dialects，there are six other Chinese dialect groups，spoken mainly in southern and southeastern China. This linguistic ______，particularly in southeastern China，has provided the basis for strong regional identity and some ethnic variation within the larger Han community.
A．fragmentation B．unanimity C．lethargy D．apotheosis 19．Her taste runs also to arrangements of Chopin and Joplin，as well as to Japanese and Brazilian music，part of ______ approach that is winning her fans around the world.
A．a heterogeneous B．an eclectic
C．a homogeneous D．a monotonous
20．______ is practiced to some extent by the adherents of every religion. It often requires abstinence from food，drink，or sexual activity，as in fasting or celibacy and it may also require physical pain or discomfort，such as endurance of extreme heat or cold or self-punishment.
A．Extravagance B．Opulence C．Deterioration D．Asceticism
Part ⅡGrammar (20 points)
Section A (10 points)
Directions：Choose the answer that best fills in the blank.
21．The buffalo which the lion fells provokes his aggression as little as/the appetizing turkey which I have just seen hanging in the larder provokes ______.
A．me B．them C．it D．mine
22．Here，so profligate has its use become the air conditioner is almost ______ the automobile of the national tendency to overindulge in every technical possibility，to sue every convenience to such excess that country looks downright coddled.
A．as glaring symptom as B．as glaring a symptom as
C．as symptom glaring as D．as glaring as a symptom
23．The touch excites no defensive response unless the approach is from above where the spider can see the motion，______ on its hind legs，lifts its front legs，opens its fangs and holds this threatening posture as long as the object continues to move.
A．in which case it rises B．in that case it rises
C．in which case does it rise D．such being the case it rises
24．As mainstream chip production technology shifts from one generation to the next every three to five years，plants with new technology can make more powerful chips at lower costs ______ plants with outdated equipment，which often cost billions of dollars to build will be marginalized by the maker.
A．because B．even though C．while D．since
25．______ from her contract，De Havilland sued the studio and，after a two-year battle，won her case in a landmark decision that benefited all contract actors.
A．Determined being released B．Determining to be released
C．Determined to be released D．Determining to be releasing
26．The game of golf became so popular in Scotland in order to keep people from playing golf when they ______ archery，a military necessity the Scottish parliament passed a special law in 1457．The Scottish people，however，largely ignored this similar laws.
A．should have been practicing B．should be practicing
C．had been practicing D．were practicing
27．If at some point they do import Christianity，it is ______ that it will be absorbed and adapted ______ strengthen the continuing core of Chinese culture.
A．more than likely…in such a manner as to
B．more likely than…in such a manner so as to
C．likely more than…in a manner so as to
D．more likely… to such a manner as
28．A rogue loose called a hacker could take control of the entire system by implanting his own instructions in the software and then he could program the computer to erase any sign ______.
A．of his being ever there B．he ever has been there
C．of his having ever been there D．of him having ever been there
29．______ at the outset，______ instead of shifting thing about may be pheromones released when they reach committee size.
A．The stimuli set them off…b uild collectively
B．The stimuli that set them off… building collectively
C．The stimuli setting them off…they build collectively
D．Being set off by stimuli... their building collectively
30．When we stereotype people，we use a less mature from of thinking (not unlike the immature thinking of a very young child) that makes simplistic and categorical impressions of others. ______ about the depth and breadth of people—their history，interest，values，strengths and true character—we categorize them as jocks，geeks or freaks.
A．Rather than learn B．To make sure to learn
C．As soon as learning D．As a replacement for learning
Section B (10 points)
Directions：Choose the letter that indicates the error in the sentence.
31．Such an extravagance merely to provide comfort is peculiarly America and striking at odds with all the recent rhetoric about national sacrifice in a period of menacing energy shortages.
A B C D
32．Other modern industrial nations such as Japan，Germany and France have managed all along to thrive with mere fractions of man-made coolness used in the US，and precious little of that in private dwellings.
A B C D
33．Thousands of tired，underfed，poorly clothed Confederate soldiers，long since past the simple enthusiasm of the early days of the struggle somehow considered Lee the symbol of everything that they had been willing to die.
A B C D
34．It is only when you watch the dense mass of thousands of ants，crowded together around the Hill，that you begin to see the whole beast，and now you observe it to think，plan，calculate.
A B C D
35．Although postmodernism incorporates large helpings of Freudianism and the more credulous kind of cultural anthropology，it remains a fundamentally “left” phenomena，in the sense of maintaining an implacable hostility to market economics and traditional social structures.
A B C D
36．Restrained from the slave-trade—the favorite traffic of the chiefs—opposed in their marauding propensity，and threatened by the desertion of their slaves and women，who begin to understand that by flight into the towns of the Republic they can free themselves from the domestic institutions of slavery and polygamy，it is not probable that heathen princes and chiefs would be favorable to the government which they imagine is operating detrimentally in these respects to its interest.
A B C D
37．After 1945 both America scholarship and a resurgence of Marxist thought increasingly penetrated European sociology，which expanded considerably. To a growing extent in both the United States and Western Europe，the three dominating figures of Marx，Durkheim，and Weber were recognized as the preeminent classical thinkers of the sociological tradition. Their work continued to influence contemporary sociologists.
A B C D
38．Freeman and slave，patrician and plebeian，lord and serf，guild-master and journeyman，in a word，oppressor and oppressing，stood in constant opposition to one another，carried on an uninterrupted，now hidden，now open fight，a fight that each time ended，either in a revolutionary re-constitution of society at large，or in the common ruin of the contending classes.
A B C D
39．If marriage exists only as an intimate relationship that can be terminated at will，and family exists only by virtue of bonds of affection，both marriage and family are relegated to the market place of trading places，with individuals maximizing his psychological
capital by moving through a series of more or less satisfying intimate relationships.
A B C D
40．Certainly the humanist thinkers of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries，who are our ideological ancestors，thought that the goal of life was the unfolding of a person's potentialities；what mattered to them was the person who is much，not the one who has much or use much.
A B C D
Part ⅢReading Comprehension(30 points)
Directions：Answer all the questions based on the information in the passages below.
Passage One
Instinct is usually defined as the faculty of acting in such a way as to produce certain ends，without foresight of the ends，and without previous education in the performance. That instincts，as thus defined，exist on an enormous scale in the animal kingdom needs no proof. They are the functional correlatives of structure. With the presence of a certain organ goes，one may say，almost a native aptitude for its use.
“Has the bird a gland for the secretion of oil? She knows instinctively how to press the oil from the gland，and apply it to the feather. Has the rattlesnake the grooved tooth and gland of poison? He knows without instruction how to make both structure and function most effective against his enemies. Has the silk worm the functions of secreting the fluid silk? At the proper time she winds the cocoon such as she has never seen，as thousands before have done；and thus without instruction，pattern，or experience，forms a safe abode for herself in the period of transformation. Has the hawk talons? She knows by instinct how to wield them effectively against the helpless quarry.” (Chadbourne，1872)
A very common way of talking about these admirable definite tendencies to act is by naming abstractly the purpose they subserve，such as self-preservation，or defence，or care for eggs and young—and saying the animal has an instinctive fear of death or love life，or that she has an instinct of self-preservation，or an instinct of maternity and the like. But this represents the animal as obeying abstractions which not once in a million cases is it possible it can have framed. The strict physiological way of interpreting the facts leads to far clearer results. The actions we call instinctive all conform to the general reflex type；they are called forth by determinate sensory stimuli in contact with the animal's body，or at a distance in his environment. The cat runs after
the mouse，runs or shows fight before the dog，avoids falling from walls and trees，shuns fire and water，etc. ，not because he has any notion either of life or of death，or of self，or of preservation. He has probably attained to no one of those conceptions in such a way as to react definitely upon it. He acts in each case separately，and simply because he cannot help it；being so framed that when that particular running thing called a mouse appears in his field of vision he must pursue；that when that particular baking and obstreperous thing called a dog appears there he must retire，if at a distance，and scratch if close by；that he must withdraw his feet from water and his face from flame，etc. His nervous system is to a great extent a preorganized bundle of such reactions—they are as fatal as sneezing and as exactly correlated to their special excitants as it is to its own. Although the naturalist may，for his own convenience，class these reactions under general heads，he must not forget that in the animal it is a particular sensation or perception or image which calls them forth.
At first this view astounds us by the enormous number of special adjustments it supposes animals to possess readymade in anticipation of the outer things among which they are to dwell. Can mutual dependence be so intricate and go so far? Is each thing born fitted to particular other things，and to them exclusively，as locks are fitted to their keys? Undoubtedly this must be believed bo be so. Each nook and cranny of creation，down to our very skin and entrails，has its living inhabitants，with organs suited to the place，to devour and digest the food it harbors and to meet the dangers it conceals；and the minuteness of adaptation thus shown in the way of structure knows no bounds. Even so are there no bounds to the minuteness of adaptation in the way of conduct which the several inhabitants display.
41．Why does the author give a definition of instinct at the beginning of the article?
A．To ensure the reader knows the meaning.
B．To give the meaning he has chosen to believe.
C．To challenge a commonly held belief.
D．To introduce the topic.
42．The phrase “so framed” in paragraph 3 means ______.
A．wired to do so
B．limited field of vision
C．greatly tempted
D．aware of the outcome
43．Why does the author say the view presented is ______ surprising?
A．Because it goes against common belief.
B．Because animals haven't learned this behavior.
C．Because it's not in response to outside stimuli.
D．Because it suggests that every part works together perfectly.
44．Why does the author suggest that the actions of animals be looked at physiologically?
A．Because it is difficult to understand psychologically.
B．Because it is easy to understand physically.
C．Because it is easy to understand psychologically.
D．Because it is difficult to understand physically.
45．When the author says “they are as fatal as sneezing” he means ______.
A．that like sneezing these reactions can be detrimental
B．that like sneezing these reactions can not be stopped
C．that like sneezing these reactions can caused by instinct
D．that like sneezing these reactions are unique and unrelated to other stimuli
Passage Two
Systems of divination in Rome and Athens differed no less than religions，and the differences lay in the same direction. Roman divina tion was confined to “a simple question，always the same，and relating strictly to the present or to the immediate future. The question might be formulated thus.. …Do the gods favor，or not favor the thing that the consultant is about to do，or which is abo ut to be done under his auspices? ? The question admits only of the alternatives …yes? or …no ? and recognizes only positive or negative things...As for the methods of divination prescribed by the augural ritual，they were as simple and few in number as possible. Observation of birds was the basis of it；and it would have remained the only source of auspices had not the prestige of the fulgural art of the Etruscans influenced the Romans to …observe the sky ? and even to attribute a higher significance to th e mysterious phenomena of lightning. Official divination knew neither oracles, nor lots, nor the inspection of entrails. If it refused to become involved in the discussion and appraisal of fortuitous signs, taking account of them only as they occurred in the taking of auspices. With all the more reason it refrained from interpreting
prodigies.”
What the Romans could not find at home, they sought abroad in Greece and Etruria,where a freer imagination was creating new forms of divination. In the importance attached to the plain association of acts and ideas we must seek the explanation of one of the most extraordinary rules of Roman divination, the rule giving a counterfeit augury the same efficacy as a sign that had actually been observed. “He (the augur) cou ld.., rest content with the first sign, if it was favorable, or let unfavorable signs pass and wait for better ones. Then again, he could have the assistant augur …renounce?, that is, …announce?,that the expected birds were flying or singing in the manner desired a practice, in fact,more trustworthy and which later became the regular procedure. This announcement, the renunciation, made according to a sacramental formula, created an …original auspice ?equivalent, for the purposes of the individual hearing it, to a real auspice.”
The Romans dealt with substance according to their convenience, at the same time paying strict regard to forms, or better, to certain associations of ideas and acts. The Athenians modified both substance and forms, The Spartans were loathed to change either. Before the Battle of Marathon the Athenians appealed to Sparta for assistance. “The Spartan authorities readily promised their aid, but unfortunately it was now the ninth day of the moon; an ancient law or custom forbade them to march, in this month at least, during the last quarter before the full moon；but after the full they engaged to march without delay. Five days' delay at this critical moment might prove the utter ruin of the endangered city; yet the reason assigned seems to have been no pretence on the part of the Spartans. It was mere blind tenacity of ancient habit, which we shall find to abate, thought never to disappear, as we advance in their history.”
The Athenians would have changed both substance and form. The Romans changed substance, respecting form. In order to make a declaration of war a member of the college of Heralds (Feciales) had to hurl a spear into the territory of the enemy. But how to perform the rite and declare war on Pyrrhus when that king's states were so far away from Rome? Nothing simpler! The Romans had captured a soldier of Pyrrhus. They had him buy a plot of ground in the Flaminian Circus; the herald hurled his spear upon that property. So the feeling in the Roman people that there was a close connection between a hurled spear and a just war was duly respected.
Ancient Roman law presents the same traits that are observable in religion and divination；and that tends to strengthen our impression that it must be a question of an intrinsic characteristic
of the Roman mind asserting itself in the various branches of human activity. Furthermore, in Roman law, as in Roman religion and divination, there are qualitative difference that come out in any comparison with Athens. Says Von Jhering, “The written word of the word pronounced under circumstances of solemnity—the formula—strikes primitive peoples as something mysterious, and faith itself ascribes supernatural powers to it. Nowhere has faith in the word been stronger than in ancient Rome. Respect for the word permeates all relationships in public and private life and in religion, custom,and law. For the ancient Roman the word is a power-it bends and it loosens. If it cannot move mountains, it can at least transfer a crop of grain from one man's field to a neighbor's. It can call forth divinities (devocare) and induce then to abandon a besieged city (evocatio deorum) ”.
46．For the author, the peculiarity of the way Roman divination was conducted relies mainly on ______.
A．its ominous nature B．the inanity of the procedure
C．its plainness D．its elaborate form
47．Which of the following adjectives best describes the rules concerning Roman divination?
A．Amazing B．Dubious C．Inaugural. D．Reliable.
48．Which of the following best describes the main reason why the Spartans refused assistance to the Athonians?
A．Mendacity. B．Audacity. C．Pusillanimity. D．Superstitiousness.
49．What does the author intend to illustrate by using the example involving the war on Pyrrbus?
A．The Romans wanted to follow practices prescribed by social expectations.
B．The Romans preferred efficacity to social conventions.
C．The Romans intended to capture the true essence of Roman identity.
D．BothB＆C．
50．For the author which of the following does not apply to the main societal beliefs and characteristics of Ancient Rome?
A．Correlation between the power of words and religion.
B．Juxtaposition of power of words and religion.
C．Connection between the power of words and religion.
D．Appropriation of the power of words by religion.
Passage Three
The most surprising aspect of the modern man's good conscience is that he asserts and justifies it in terms of the most varied and even contradictory metaphysical theories and social philosophies. The idealist Hegel and the materialist Marx agree in their fundamental confidence in human virtue, disagreeing only in their conception of the period and the social circumstances in which and the method by which his essential goodness is, or is to be, realized. The romantic naturalist Rousseau agrees with the rationalistic naturalists of the French Enlightenment, though in the one case the seat of virtue is found in natural impulse unspoiled by rational disciplines and in the other case it is reason which guarantees virtue. Among the rationalistic naturalists again there is agreement upon this point whether they are hedonistic or Stoic in their conceptions and whether they believe that reason discovers and leads to a natural harmony of egoistic impulses or that it discovers and affirms a natural harmony of social impulses.
The whole Christian drama of salvation is rejected ostensibly because of the incredible character of the myths of Creation, Fall, Atonement, etc. , in which it is expressed. But the typical modern is actually more certain of the complete irrelevance of these doctrines than of their incredibility. He is naturally not inclined to take dubious religious myths seriously, since he finds no relation between the ethos which informs them and his own sense of security and complacency. The sense of guilt expressed in them is to him a mere vestigial remnant of primitive fears of higher powers, of which he is happily emancipated. The sense of sin is, in the phrase of a particularly vapid modern social scientist, “a psychopathic aspect of adolescent mentality”.
The universality of this easy conscience among moderns is the more surprising since it continues to express itself almost as unqualifiedly in a period of social decay as in the eighteenth- and nineteenth-century heyday of a bourgeois culture. The modern man is involved in social chaos and political anarchy. The Marxist escape from this chaos has developed in Russia into a regime of unparalleled proportions. Contemporary history is filled with manifestations of man's hysteria and furies; with evidences of his demonic capacity and inclination to break the harmonies of nature and defy the prudent canons of rational restraint. Yet no cumulation of contradictory evidence seems to disturb modern man's good opinion of himself. He considers himself the victim of
corrupting institutions which he is about to destroy or reconstruct, or of the confusions of ignorance which an adequate education is about to overcome. Yet he continues to regard himself as essentially harmless and virtuous. The question therefore arises how modern man arrived at, and by what means he maintains, an estimate of his virtue in such pathetic contradiction with the obvious facts of his history.
51．According to the author, what is explicit in Hegelian assumptions concerning virtue?
A．Virtue is contradictory to metaphysical theories.
B．Virtue tends toward a favorable interpretation.
C．Virtue is seen as hedonistic and Stoic by modern man.
D．Virtue is realized by opposing social constructs.
52．Why was the idea of Christian salvation rejected in the Age of Reason?
A．Because of the decline in the power of Church.
B．Because of the power struggle found in doctrines.
C．Because Enlightenment thought is based on ethos.
D．Because it is expressed in metaphysical terms.
53．What is a modern opinion on guilt in relation to myth?
A．A drama seeming from man's good virtue.
B．An Atonement for which one seeks higher powers.
C．The apprehension stemming from ancient mentality.
D．The emancipation of the psychopath.
54．How does modern man rationalize his social existence?
A．By detachment from responsibility for the chaos around him.
B．With honest objectivity and broad vision.
C．With exacting measures to accept the challenges.
D．By complex scientific methods.
55．What is the thesis concerning the dilemma of social conscience?
A．Corruption parallels modern development.
B．Modem history will move to a fair state and virtue will follow.
C．How to qualify virtue within the context of social decline and bourgeois culture.
D．Contradictions of virtue and ethos will fade in time.
Passage Four
The range and variety of government action that is, at least in principle, reconcilable with a free system is considerable. The old formulae of laissez faire or non-intervention do not provide us with an adequate criterion for distinguishing between what is and what is not admissible in a free system. There is ample scope for experimentation and improvement within that permanent legal framework which makes it possible for a free society to operate most efficiently. We can probably at no point be certain that we have already found the best arrangements or institutions that will make the market economy work as beneficially as it could. It is true that after the essential conditions of a free system have been established,all further institutional improvements are bound to be slow and gradual. But the continuous growth of wealth and technological knowledge which such a system makes possible will constantly suggest new ways in which government might render services to its citizens and bring such possibilities within the range of the practicable.
Why, then, has there been such persistent pressure to do away with those limitations upon government that were erected for the protection of individual liberty? And if there is not much scope for improvement within the rule of law, why have the reformers striven so constantly to weaken and undermine it? The answer is that during the last few generations certain new aims of policy have emerged which cannot be achieved within the limits of the rule of law. A government which cannot use coercion except in the enforcement of general rules has no power to achieve particular aims that require means other than those explicitly entrusted to its care and, in particular, cannot determine the material position in order to achieve such aims；it would have to pursue a policy which is best described—since the word “planning” is so ambiguous—by the French word dirigisme, that is a policy which determines for what specific purposes particular means are to be used.
This, however, is precisely what a government bound by the rule of law cannot do. If the government is to determine how particular people ought to be situated, it must be in a position to determine also the direction of individual efforts. We need not repeat here the reasons why, if government treats different people equally, the results will be unequal,or why, if it allows people to make what use they like of the capacities and means at their disposal, the consequences for the individuals will be unpredictable. The restrictions which the rule of law imposes upon government thus preclude all those measures which would be necessary to insure that individuals will be
rewarded according to another's conception of merit or desert than according to be value that their services have for their fellows —or, what amounts to the same thing, it precludes the pursuit of distributive, as opposed to communicative, justice. Distributive justice requires an allocation of all resources by a central authority；it requires that people he told what to do and what ends to serve. Where distributive justice is the goal, the decisions as to what the different individuals must be made to do cannot be derived from general rules but must be made in the light of the particular aims and knowledge of the planning authority. As we have seen before, when the opinion of the community decides what different people shall receive, the same authority must also decide what they shall do.
This conflict between the ideal o f freedom and the desire to “correct” the distribution of incomes so as to make it more “just” is usually not clearly recognized. But those who pursue distributive justice will in practice find themselves obstructed at every move by the rule of law. They must, by the very mature of their aim, favor discriminatory and discretionary action. But, as they are usually not aware that their aim and the rule of law are in principle incompatible, they begin by circumventing or disregarding in individual cases a principle which they often would wish to see preserved in general. But the ultimate result of their efforts will necessarily be, not a modification of the existing order, but its complete abandonment and its replacement by an altogether different system—the command economy.
56．Which of the following idioms best summarizes the intended meaning of the French word “dirigisme” as opposed to “planning” in order to describe a policy?
A．Knowing is believing.
B．The end justifies the means.
C．Don's count your chickens before they hatch.
D．Believe in the hereafter.
57．We may infer from the first paragraph that ______.
A．the amount of freedom to be enjoyed by the citizens of a given country is inversely proportional to the degree of sustained economic prosperity
B．the amount of freedom to be enjoyed by the citizens of a given country is dependent upon the degree of sustained economic prosperity
C．the impact of institutional effectiveness on economic development is being underrated
D．a free society in which governmental agencies and organizations have achieved the highest level of development and efficiency is yet to be invented
58．According to the author, which of the following contradictions is true?
A．Although the government provides equal treatment for all, it cannot guarantee social justice.
B．Although people live under the rule of law, they do not benefit from equal treatment.
C．Although the government's action is governed by general rules, it can still exert autocratic coercion on its unruly population.
D．Although the government offers favorable socio-economic conditions, most people's basic needs still remain unsatisfied.
59．Which of the adjectives below best completes the following sentence? The words “correct” and “just” are used between brackets to underline the fact that any attempt to promote distributive justice would be ______ and doomed to failure.
A．naive B．blameworthy C．unblemished D．conducive
60．For the author, any attempt to promote a higher level of social harmony and equity through coercive governmental action would inevitably result in ______.
A．unfair planned economy
B．economic instability and social chaos
C．inefficiency and social imbalance
D．B ＆C only
Part ⅣTranslation (30 points)
Directions: Write your translations in your ANSWER SHEET.
Section A (15 points)
Translate the underlined sentences into good Chinese.
(1) Simplicity is an uprightness of soul that has no reference to self; it is different from sincerity, and it is a still higher virtue. We see many people who are sincere, without being simple; the only wish to pass for what they are, and they are unwilling to appear what they are not; they are always thinking of themselves, measuring their words and recalling their thoughts, and reviewing their actions from the fear that they have done too much or too little. These persons are sincere, but they are not simple；they are not at ease with others, and others are not at ease with
them; they are not free, ingenuous, natural; we prefer people who are less correct, less perfect, and who are less artificial. This is the decision of man, and it is the judgment of God, who would not have us so occupied with ourselves and this, as it were, always arranging our features in a mirror.
(2) To be wholly occupied with others, never to look within, is the state of blindness of those who are entirely engrossed by what is present and addressed to their senses; this is the very reverse of simplicity. To be absorbed in self in whatever engages us, whether we are laboring for our fellow beings or for God—to be wise in our own eyes reserved, and full of ourselves, troubled at the least things that disturbs our self-complacency, is the opposite extreme. This is false wisdom, which, with all its glory, is but little less absurd than that folly, which pursues only pleasure. The one is intoxicated with all it sees around it; the other with all that it imagines it has within; but it is delirium in both. (3) To be absorbed in the contemplation of our own minds is really worse than to be engrossed by outward things, because it appears like wisdom and yet is not, we do not think of cuing it, we pride ourselves upon it, we approve of it, it gives us an unnatural strength, it is a sort of frenzy, we are not conscious of it we are dying, and we think ourselves in health.
(4) Simplicity consists in a just medium, in which we are neither too much excited,nor too composed. The soul is not carried away by outward things, so that it cannot make all necessary reflections; neither does it make those continual references to self that a jealous freedom sense of its own excellence multiplies to infinity. (5) That of the soul, which looks straight onward in its path, losing no time to reason upon its steps, to study them,or to contemplate those that it has already taken, is true simplicity.
Section B (15 points)
Translate the following sentences into good English.
(1)书籍引导我们进入优秀的社会群体，将我们带到伟大的思想家面前。读书中我们耳闻目睹他们的言行举止，仿佛见到了他们活生生的身影，我们同情他们的遭遇，与他们有乐共享、有难同当。他们的遭遇似乎也成为了我们的经历，使我们感到我们自己有点像在他们所描绘的情景中扮演角色。
(2)名声、财产和权力等都是身外之物，人人都可求而得之，但没有人能够代替你感受人生。如果你真正意识到这一点，你就会明白，人生在世最重要的事就是活出你自己的特色和滋味来。你的人生是否有意义，衡量的标准不是外在的成功，而是对人生意义的独特领悟和追求。
(3)中国坚持以人为本的科学发展观，着力构建和谐社会，改革开放和现代化建设取得了新的进展。经济持续发展，政治更加民主，社会全面进步，人民生活进一步提高，并呈现出不断改善和全面发展的良好局面。