Characteristic of the Sentences in the English Contract
英语合同中句子的特点
对外经济合同文件及其他法律文件中的英文句子具有结构严谨，句式较长的特点。为了做到准确、严
密、清楚、易解，这类英文句子的结构有自己的一定规则。较典型的特点是状语的位置，主句的状语和从句的状语都有自己的一定的位置，只有掌握了这些规则，我们写出的句子才能符合上述要求，否则，写出的句子很可能是不准确、不严密、不清楚、不易解，容易使合同双方发生争议。
1. Declaration Sentence (陈述句)
合同和法律文件是阐明缔约的当事人各方应做什么，应负什么责任和应享受的利益，而不是提出问题
来进行商榷。因此，在合同和法律文件中通常使用陈述句，而不是使用疑问句。
例 1
Upon receipt of the Sales Confirmation, the Buyer is requested to sign and return one copy of the
Confirmation immediately, objection, if any, should be raised by the Buyer within five days after the receipt of
this Sales Confirmation, otherwise, it is assumed that the Buyer has accepted all the terms and conditions of this sales Confirmation.
买方于收到本销售确认书后请立即签回一份。如买方对本确认书有异议，应于收到后五天内提出，否
则认为买方已同意接受本确认书所规定的各项条款。
2. Positioning of Adverbial Modifiers (句子中状语的位置)
句子中的状语位置与基础英语中的频度副词（如：often, sometimes, always, never, seldom）的位置相同，一般应放在shall 之后，行为动词之前。
例 1
The arbitration fee shall, in accordance with the Rules of Arbitration, be borne by the losing party.
根据仲裁规则，仲裁费用应由败诉方承担。
例 2
The payments to be made by the Buyer to the Seller shall, under this Contract, be made by telegraphic
transfer.
根据本合同规定，由买方支付给卖方的支付款应以电汇进行。
3. Positioning of Adverbial Modifier in Subordinate Clauses (从句中的状语的位置)
从句中的状语通常应放在连词if或when等词的后面，但放在从句句子的前面。
例 1
If, at any time during the execution of the Contract, either of the Parties to the Contract is prevented from executing the Contract in cases of Force Majeure such as war, serious fires, flood, typhoon and earthquake, etc., the time for execution of the Contract shall be extended for a period equal to the affect of those causes.
在合同期的任何时候，合同双方的任何一方，由于受到如战争、严重火灾、洪水、台风、地震等不可
抗力事件的影响而不能执行合同时，履行合同的期限应予以延长，延长的期限应相当于事件所影响的时间。
例 2
If, in accordance with the delivery schedule as stipulated in Chapter 4 of the Contract, the goods fail to be delivered at specified dates due to the responsibility of the Seller, the Seller shall be obliged to pay to the Buyer penalty for such delay in delivery at the following rates.
如果由于卖方责任未能按本合同第 4 章规定的交货期交货时，卖方应按下列比例向买方交纳因上述延
误的罚款。
4. Positioning of Ecliptic Clauses (从句简略形式在句中的位置)
如主从句中的从句是简略形式，从句应插入主句之中，应放在shall 之后，行为动词之前。
例 1
The Contractor shall, if required by the Engineer to do so, submit to the Engineer all accounts under this
Sub-Clause, with a copy thereof to the Employer.
如果工程师要求这样做的话，承包人应根据本款规定向工程师递交所有详细报告，并复印一份给业主。例 2
One copy of each list and statement shall, if correct, or when agreed, be signed by the Engineer and returned
to the Contractor.
如内容正确或经同意时，工程师将在每种清单或报表的一份上签字并退还给承包人。
5. Shall (关于Shall 的用法)
在合同等法律文件中，表示强制性承担法律或合同义务，如表示“应该”或“必须”做某事时，应用“shall”，而决不能用“must”或“should”。有时也可以用“will”，但力度要比“shall”弱。
例 1
This Contract and the appendices hereto shall come into force from the date of approval by the examination
and approval authorities.
本合同及其附件须经审批机构批准，自批准之日生效。
例 2
Payments shall be made in the manner and at the time agreed by the parties hereto.
支付款应按本合同双方同意的时间和方式进行。
6. Attributive Clauses Such……as (关于such……as 的用法)
由于法律文件的语言要求严密，准确，避免似是而非，造成误解，通常用such……as 作关系代词，引
导从句，把所修饰的词或词组放在such 和as 之间，这样使意思明确，从而避免了日后因理解不一致引起
的纠纷。如果所修饰的词组较多较长，有时可用such……such……as 的结构。
例 1
Every notice, request, or other communication shall be sent, in the case of a letter, telegram, to the other
Party as its address hereinbefore stated, or such other address as that Party may have previously notified the other. 凡有关通知、请求或其他通信往来，可用书信、电传、电报方式按对方所列地址寄至对方，或是按该
方预先告知的其他地址。
例 2
The Contractor shall, under the instructions of the Engineer, suspend the progress of the Works or any part thereof for such time and in such manner as the Engineer may consider necessary, and shall, during the suspension in question, properly protect and secure the Works or such part thereof so far as is necessary in the opinion of the Engineer.
根据工程师的指示，承包人应按工程师认为必要的时间和方式暂停工程或其任何部分的进展；在暂时
停工期间，承包人应对工程或其一部分进行工程师认为有必要的保护和安全保障。
7. Conditional Clauses (条件从句)
国际商务合同是合同各方就相互间的权利和义务关系达成一致而订立的书面文件。其中主要是针对各
方所享有的权利和应履行的义务，但这种履行往往是附有一定的条件的。而这些条件句通常是由以下几个词引导：if, should, unless, provided that, in the event of/that, in case of/that。
1）If引导的句式
英文合同在表达“如果”、“在做什么事时”，用“If”引导的从句或短语居多。
例
16 If the implementation of the Contract is influenced by typhoons, earthquake or other events considered by both Sides as FORCE MAJEURE, the postponement of implementation should be equal to the effective period of the said causes.
签字双方的任何一方由于台风、地震和双方同意的不可抗力事故而影响合同执行时，则延迟履行合同
的期限应相当于出事故所影响的时间。
而有些美国合同文件中，经常出现由“If and whenever”替代“If”做从句或短语的用法，其用法与“If”相同，从意义上讲，if之后加上whenever 后又多了一层“无论何时”的意思，表达更严密，涵盖面更广。例
If and whenever the attorney at law designated by Party B comes to work with Party A, Party A shall offer
all sufficient and necessary facilities, arrange the said legal advisor with an office, appoint a company officer to assist legal advisor with his functions, provide relevant information and write and print legal draft for such legal advisor.
乙方律师到甲方工作时，甲方应充分给予方便，安排法律顾问处所，选派干部协助律师工作，提供有
关情况资料，缮写打印稿件等。
2）Should 引导的句式
只有假设的是违背当事人意志的不利情况时才用到，而且一般将should从句置于句首。
例
Should no settlement be reached through negotiation, the case shall then be submitted for arbitration to the
China International Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission (Beijing) and the rules of this Commission shall be applied.
如协商不能解决争议，则应将争议提交中国国际经济贸易仲裁委员会（北京），依据其仲裁规则进行
仲裁。
3）Unless 引导的句式
翻译为“除非”。
例
It should be returned to the buyers within the guarantee period, unless with the written agreement for the buyers.
如协商不能解决争议，则应将争议提交中国国际经济贸易仲裁委员会（北京），依据其仲裁规则进行
仲裁。
unless 常和otherwise 连用，且后面接过去分词。一般有“Unless otherwise stipulated”和“except as otherwise provided”两种基本句型。otherwise后面的动词除上述stipulate和provide外，还可用require 和
state等。
例 1
Notwithstanding any reference to arbitration, both Parties shall continue to perform their respective
obligations under the Contract unless otherwise stipulated.
除非另有规定，仲裁不得影响合同双方继续履行合同所规定的义务。
例 2
Except as otherwise required by law or this Agreement, the V enturers shall not be required to make any
17 further capital contributions to the V enture.
除非法律或本协议另有规定，不得要求合资方向企业另行交纳出资。
Structure of Contract合同的结构
一般来说，合同由前言（Preamble）、正文（Main Body）和结尾（Final Clauses）三个主要部分组成。
1. 前言（Preamble）
前言即合同总则，其主要内容有：具有法人资格的当事人的名称（字号）或姓名、国籍、业务范围、法定住址、合
同签订日期和地点，就感兴趣问题的约因，愿意达成协议的原则及授权范围。
注意——
1）合同当事人：可以超过两人，人数没有法律限定；当事人的名称应使用全称，以表示法律身份。
2）法定地址：应是固定的，而不是临时的，亦不是下属分公司的。
3）签订日期：应为合同生效时间。
4）签订地点：如果合同的当事人不在同一地点签约，亦可不必注明签字地点。
例 1 （最标准详细的前言）
GENERAL AGENCY AGREEMENT
General Principles
《THE AGREEMENT dated the ______________ of ______________ is made BETWEEN:—
________________, a company incorporated under the laws of _____________, and having its registered address at
_____________ (hereinafter called the “Principal”) and____________, a company incorporated under the laws of ____________, and having its registered office at __________ (hereinafter called the“General Agent”). WHEREAS:—
The Principal is desirous of acquiring from_____________ Co., Ltd., (h ereinafter called the “Seller”) the SGI Technology
(hereinafter called the“SGI Technology”).
The Principal and the General Agent have agreed that the General Agent shall be appointed as the Principal’s sole exclusive
Agent to negotiate, on behalf of the Principal, with the seller the price and other terms and conditions for, and all other
matters connected with, the acquisition of the Technology by the Principal, subject to the terms and upon the conditions
hereinafter set forth.》（Recitals: Recitals are one tool used for drafting contracts. They are the paragraphs at the beginning of the contract before words such as “the parties agree as follows,” and often start with a fancy “Whereas.”
Y ou can use recitals to summarize the agreement or to provide background information related to the deal. Recitals are
not a mandatory part of any contract, and some contracts skip them entirely. But they can be useful as a touchy-feely
description to do in the contract and can assist outsiders who are trying to und erstand the contract, after “the parties
agree as follows.” So don’t put any important contract terms in the recitals unless you clearly repeat them in the body of
the contract.）<陈述事实部分，叫Recitals。有的合同把这部分简化了，甚至可以说是删除了。如下面的例2、3>
NOW IT IS HEREBY AGREED as follows:
总代理协议书
总则
本协议书于20_____年______月______日由下列双方共同签订：
根据_____________法律登记注册的_______________公司，其地址________________（以下称“委托人”），与根据
_______________法律登记注册的______________有限公司，其地址__________________________（以下称“总代
理人”）。
鉴于：
委托人欲从____________________有限公司（以下称“卖方”）引进SGI技术（以下称“SGI”技术）。广东金融学院https://www.doczj.com/doc/de18912169.html,
本资料由外语系黄洁萍老师提供金院030904班出版https://www.doczj.com/doc/de18912169.html,
18 委托人和总代理人双方同意，由委托人指定的总代理人系独家全权代表，委托人授权其代表可根据本协议所列的条
款和条件，与卖方洽谈引进技术的价格及其他有关事项。
兹同意下列条款：
例 2
COMMERCIAL CONTRACT
No.: ______________
Date: _____________
The Buyer: _________________________________________________________________
Cable Address: _______________________________ Telex: _______________________
The Seller: _________________________________________________________________
Cable Address: _______________________________ Telex: _______________________
This Contract is made by and between the Buyer and the Seller, whereby the Buyer agrees to buy and the Seller agrees to
sell the undermentioned commodity according to the terms and conditions stated below:
商业合同
合同号: ______________
日期: ________________
买方: ______________________________________________________________________
电报: _______________________________ 电传: ________________________
卖方: ______________________________________________________________________
电报: _______________________________ 电传: _______________________
按本合同条款，买方同意购入、卖方同意出售下述货品，谨此签约。
例 3
Contract No. :
Date:
Place: Beijing, China
Seller: China National Cereals, Oils & Foodstuffs Import & Export Corporation
Address: No. _____________, ____________ St., Beijing, China
Country of Corporation: the People’s Republic of China
Telex:
Fax:
Postcode:
E-mail:
Buyer: US Native Products, Inc.
Address: Los Angeles, CA, USA
Country of Corporation: the United States of America
Telex:
Fax:
Zip Code:
E-mail:
合同号码:
签约日期:
签约地点: 中国北京
卖方: 中国粮食进出口总公司
地址: 中国北京_________________________ 街____________________ 号
广东金融学院https://www.doczj.com/doc/de18912169.html,
本资料由外语系黄洁萍老师提供金院030904班出版https://www.doczj.com/doc/de18912169.html,
19 公司属国: 中华人民共和国
电传:
传真:
邮编:
电子信箱:
买方: 美国土产品公司
地址: 美国加州洛杉矶
公司属国: 美利坚合众国
电传:
传真:
邮编:
电子信箱:
2. 正文（Main Body）
正文是合同或协议的主体，由法律条款所组成，明确规定当事人各方的权利、义务、责任和风险等。由各类实质性
的条款组成。以下为精选后列举的常用条款的实例：
（1）合同货物或称合同内容
这是合同的核心。起草者应该对货物名称、质量、标准、规格、数量、交货日期和地点在合同内写得确切无误。其
中，质量和数量是合同的最重要条款。
例 1
Unit Price (per carton of 48 cans each)
Quantity FOB shanghai net CFR London net
Items (M/T) in US dollars in US Dollars
___________________________________________________________________________
Tips & Cuts 10 13.00 15.00
Center Cuts 15 12.00 14.00
End Cuts 20 10.00 12.50
Remarks:
Packing: Standard export cardboard cartons
Shipment: Total quantity to be shipped during May, 20…
Payment: By irrevocable letter of credit opened in our favor two weeks before shipment and drawn at sight.
单价(每箱内装48 罐)
数量FOB 上海净价CFR 伦敦净价
品名（公吨）美元美元
___________________________________________________________________________
带尖段装10 13.00 15.00
无尖段装15 12.00 14.00
段装20 10.00 12.50
备注：
包装：标准出口纸板箱装
交货期：20X X年 5 月全部交运
付款方式：交货前两周开出以我方为抬头的即期的不可撤销的信用证
例 2
Pursuant to the Buyer’s Purchase Order, the Seller agrees to supply the Buyer with the goods, and the names, types, serial
numbers, quantity and unit price of the goods as stipulated in the annex to this contract.The annex shall form an integral
part of the contract.
20 根据买方购货单，卖方同意按合同附件所列货物的名称、型号、数量、单价的规定，向买方予以提供。该附件是本
合同不可分割的组成部分。
（2）合同价格
在国际贸易中，当事人应注意价格术语的选用。现今使用最广泛的是FOB，CIF 和CFR 三种术语。此外，当事人应
确定商品计量单位的价格、货币、运费（海/空运费、内陆运费）、装卸费、仓储费、关税、手续费及培训费等由谁
承担和风险划分。技术转让补偿贸易中，当事人还应订明设计费、试验费、专门技能费等等。
例 1
Total V alue Carrier air condition equipment (names, specifications, quantities, unit prices & origins as per attachment No. 1
to the Contract) totaling US $2,500,000.00 (Say US Two Million Five Hundred Thousand Dollars only) CIF Shanghai or
place designated by the Buyer.
总值250 万美元整的“开利”空调设备（名称、规格、数量、单价、产地详见本合同附件一）CIF 上海或买方指定
地点。
（3）支付方式
国际贸易中的支付，为了安全起见，往往必须有银行介入。支付金额即合同规定的总金额。但在履行合同过程中，
按照合同支付条款规定，可采用汇付、托收、信用证、银行保证书、分期付款、延期付款、国际保理方式等等。
例 1
Terms of Payment
L/C shall be opened within 30 days by the buyer before shipment, the seller will remit the real value differences of buying
and selling to the buyer after shipment.
If the buyer makes out the bill and settles accounts of foreign currency, the buyer shall remit the total value to the seller
according to the invoice/receipt value opened.
付款条件
由买方或买方客户于装运期前30 天内将有关信用证开给卖方，装运后由卖方将购销实际差价汇给买方。若由买方办理制单结汇，由买方凭卖方开具的发票/收据将货款汇给卖方。
例 2
Payment by collection
Any delivery, the seller shall send through the Seller’s Bank a draft on the Buyer together with the shipping documents to
the Buyer through the Buyer’s Bank for collection.
托收付款
货物装运后，卖方应将以买方为付款人的汇票连同本合同的各种装运单据，通过卖方银行寄给买方银行转
交买方，
并托收货款。
（4）包装和运输标志
国际贸易中，绝大多数的商品需要包装，以利于保护、储存、保管和运输。特别是电子仪器设备、零配件等等。在
合同中应规定包装条款和包装标志。
例 1
Shipping Mark:
On the surface of each package, the package number, measurements, gross weight, net weight, warnings such as, “DO NOT
STACK UP SIDE DOWN”,“HANDLE WITH CARE”,“KEEP AWAY FROM MOISTURE” and the following shipping
marks shall be stenciled legible in fadeless paint:
唛头：
卖方应在每件包装上，用不褪色的墨清楚地标刷件号、尺码、毛重、净重、“此端面向上”、“小心轻放”、“切勿受
潮”等字样，并刷有下列唛头：
（5）检验、试航、验收
在国际货物买卖中，买方收到货物不等于买方接受货物。“收到”和“接受”是两个不同的概念。商检应包括对商
21 品的质量、数量等的检验。但在大型成套设备、船舶等谈判和签约中往往把商检、试航、验收、保证质量和保证期
联系在一起，明确所有权转移的条件、时间、地点及风险等。
例 1
Inspection: It is mutually agreed that the Inspection Certificate of Quality/Quantity/Weight issued by the China Commodity
Inspection Bureau shall be taken as final basis of delivery and binding upon both parties.
商品检验：双方同意以中国商品检验局所签发的品质/数量/重量检验证作为交货的最后依据并对双方具有约束力。
（6）质量保证
《国际货物销售合同公约》规定“卖方交付的货物必须与合同规定的数量、质量和规格相符。”《产品责任法》规定
卖方不仅要对违约所造成的直接性经济损失负责，而且要对可能由此而引起的人身伤害和财产损失负责。In case defects in the ship body or equipment are found byParty A within twelve months after delivery, and the defects are
caused by bad materials, bad technology, or bad machinery used by Party B, and when the inspection report by the Ship
Inspection Bureau of the P.R.C. is obtained, Party B shall send engineers to inspect the defects after receiving the Party A’s
notice. Party B shall be obliged to make all repairs without charge in case of Party B’s negligence.
本船从移交之日起12个月内如果甲方发现由于乙方使用材料、工艺不良、机械不良原因而产生船体或设备上的缺
陷，并取得中华人民共和国船舶检验局的证明，应通知乙方。乙方可派人检验，如果属乙方责任，乙方负责免费修
复所有缺陷。
（7）交货与装运
交货日期应明确。装运条款应注明船名、装运口岸、目的港及预计到达时间，是否允许转船和分装等。例 1
Port of Shipment & Destination
Port of Shipment: Shanghai, China
Destination: New Y ork, USA
装运港与目的地
装运港：中国，上海
目的地：美国，纽约
（8）保险
例 1
Under the term of CIF, the insurance shall be effected by the Sellers for 110% of the invoice value. Under the term of FOB,
the insurance shall be covered by the buyers after shipment.
在CIF 条件下，保险应由卖方办理，投保比率为发票金额的110%。在FOB 条件下，保险应在装船后由买方办理。
（9）保密
凡具有保密的技术转让和高科技的产品，合同中应订明保密条款。
例 1
Both Sides shall have the responsibility to keep this Contract confidential and no one shall beallowedto release any part of
this Contract to a third country without the consent of the other Side.The _______________ Side shall guarantee that no
product and/or information under this Contract shall be transferred to a third country.
当事人双方应有义务对本合同保密，未经允许不得将本合同的内容泄露给第三国家。_______________方保证不向
别国转让本合同规定的产品和资料。
（10）不可抗力
不可抗力条款，也称意外条款，是国际经济合同中普遍采用的一项除外条款，或称免责条款。
不可抗力条款通常包括：1）确定不可抗力事故的范围，对此合同双方应取得共识，在条款写作时，应明确具体，
防止含糊其词，以免日后发生分歧。2）不可抗力所造成的后果，通常有两种情况：合同无法继续执行，终止合同；
合同仍可继续执行，但需要延长履行合同期限。
例 1
22 Any event or circumstance beyond the control of the Parties to the Contract shall be deemed an event of Force Majeure and
shall include, but not restricted to, fire, storm, flood, earthquake, explosion, war, rebellion, insurrection, epidemic and
quarantine restriction. If, due to an event of Force Majeure, either Party is prevented from performing any of its obligations
under this Contract, the time for performance under this Contract shall be extended by a period equal to the period of delay
caused by such Force Majeure.
双方如遭遇无法控制的事件或情况应是视为不可抗力事件，但不限于火灾、风灾、水灾、地震、爆炸、战争、叛乱、
暴乱、传染病及瘟疫。如遭遇不可抗力事件的一方导致另一方不能履行合同规定的义务时，应将履行合同
长，所延长时间应与不可抗力事件所延误的时间相等。
（11）索赔和仲裁
在国际贸易中，一旦发现货物受损，当事人应根据受损的实际情况及在合同规定的范围，按照国际惯例提出索赔。
当事人通过友好协商不能解决的索赔，应提交仲裁机构解决。
例 1
Should any dispute arise between the contraction parties, it shall be settled through friendly negotiations. But if there is no
agreement to be reached, the disputes arising out of the execution or performance of this contract shall be submitted by the
parties for arbitration.Arbitration shall be conducted by China International Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission in
Beijing in accordance with its procedure rule. The award given by the Arbitration Commission shall be final and binding
upon both parties. The fees for arbitration shall be borne by the losing party.
合同各方发生争议的，应通过友好协商解决。达不成协议的，应由合同方将执行合同当中发生的争议提交仲裁解决。
仲裁应由中国国际经济贸易仲裁委员会在北京依照其仲裁规则进行。仲裁委员会的裁决为终局性的，对双方生效。
仲裁费用应由败诉方承担。
3. 结尾（Final Clauses）
合同的结尾亦称合同的最后条款，其主要内容包括合同生效、合同使用文字、补充条文及额外协议等。
例 1
This Contract is made out in two original, each copy written in Chinese and English languages, both text being valid. In case
of any divergence of interpretation, the Chinese text shall prevail.
本合同正文一式两份，分别以中文和英文书写，两种文本具有同等效力。若对其解释产生异议，则以中文文本为准。
例 2
Any additional agreements and/or amendments to this Contract shall be valid only after the authorized representatives of
both parties have signed written document (s), forming integral part (s) of this Contract.
本合同的任何额外协议和/或修改，只有在双方授权代表在书面文件上签字后才能生效，并成为本合同不可分割的组
成部分。
4. 总结——合同的内容（Contents of Contract）
●名称（Title）:合同应有名称，表明合同的性质和贸易方式，如国际贸易中的销售合同、补偿贸易合同等。
●总则(General Principle)：合同签订日期、地点、当事人和约因。
●商品品名(Name of Commodity)：商品的品名应采用国际上的通称，以便于计算关税和运价。
●质量(Quality)：合同中应列明商品的规格及其质量。
●数量(Quantity)：合同中应注明数量的计算单位(cartons, case, set, piece, etc.)和交货总量。
●价格(Price)：价格是至关重要的，应注明单价，计价的硬通货和总值。
●包装(Packing)：包装应注明内包装和外包装的容量、尺码、重量和唛头。
●交货(Shipment&Delivery)：要按《国际贸易术语解释通则》注明交货和提货的港口或地点，如FOB
CIF New Y ork, CFR V ancouver 等。
●付款(Terms of Payment)：合同中应明确规定付款方式，如T/T，L/C，D/P，D/A等，及付款的货币和日
期。
23 ●保险(Insurance)：保险条款中应订明投保人(insurer)、险别(coverage)、保险金额等。
●检验(Inspection)：合同中应规定检验标准、方法及费用。
●索赔(Claim)：合同中应订明索赔的原则、期限和双方认可的索赔报告或证明文件。
●违约(Breach)：合同中应规定违法，毁约(rescission)的因由、赔偿及债务债权的责任。
●仲裁(Arbitration)：合同中明确规定仲裁范围、地点、仲裁委员会、仲裁人的选定、仲裁费等。
●不可抗力(Force Majeure)：指人类无法控制的以外事件，包括天灾和人祸，如闪电、风暴、水灾、战争、
罢工等。
●专利(Patent)：若产品已有专利，要明确规定专利范围及责任。
●保密(Confidential)：若合同属于保密，应规定保密项目、范围和措施。
●培训(Training)：若有培训计划，应订明培训项目、期限、人次、费用等。
●适用法律(Applicable Laws)：若应遵循有关法规和条令，应在合同中订明，以便解决纠纷和争议。
●其他(Miscellaneous)：凡合同中尚未订明的条款或事项，如合同的修改和展延，拒绝行贿受贿、产品的特
殊关税等等条款都应列明。
●结尾(Witness)：合法应经法人签字，根据需要加盖公章，方能生效。
5. 合同的分类（Classification of Contract）
按贸易方式的性质和内容的不同可将合同分类：
1) 销售或购货合同（Sales or Purchase Contract）
这类合同俗称买卖合同。由生产国直接出口，消费国直接进口，单进单出逐笔成交的贸易方式称逐笔售定。在进行
这种贸易时，原则上应订立书面合同，明确规定各项条款。
2）技术转让合同(Contract for Technology Transfer)
以引进专利或转让专利申请权、专有技术和秘密、商标和许可证等为对象的贸易，其使用的合同有技术转让、技术
咨询服务和许可证贸易合同。这类合同内容烦琐，专业性强，涉及面广，有效期限较长。
3）合资或合营合同(Contract for Joint V enture or Joint Production)
投资当事人按一定的法律和法规建立的合资经营企业、合作经营企业、合作开采自然资源，其特点是共同投资、共
同经营、共同管理、合作开采、共负盈亏、共担风险。这类贸易方式的合同内容复杂，涉及诸方面的法律，如合资
经营企业法律、法规，并涉及土地、资源、工业、设施、税收、外汇、技术引进、专利转让、许可证、劳动等的法
令和政策。
4）补偿贸易合同（Contract for Compensation Trade）
国际贸易中一方从另一方引进设备、技术或原料，不支付现汇，而是在约定期限内以引进设备制造的产品或企业所
获利益予以补偿，称补偿贸易方式。这种贸易方式所适用的合同有易货(Barter：两国间不使用货币的商品交换，其
特点是进口和出口相结合，换货的总金额相等，不需用外汇支付，现代国际贸易中已很少使用)和补偿贸易合同。
5）国际工程承包合同(Contract for International Engineering Projects)
一般来说，按事先规定的章程和交易条件采用公开竞争的方式——招标——进行交易，称公开竞争贸易方式(Open
Competitive Trade Form)。这种贸易方式所使用的合同有招标(Tender) 合同和商品交易所(Commodity Exchange) 成
交合同。中标后，签订国际承包合同。由于这类合同的国际性，其内容十分复杂，技术性强，风险又大，承包商和
业主（发包人）要遵循不同国家的法律、法规和政策，在操作过程中务必十分谨慎。
6）代理协议(Agency Agreement)
国际贸易中利用中间商(broker) 搜集信息、刊登广告、寻求客户、招揽订单、推销产品、开拓市场，或开展售后服
务，中间商收取佣金的方式称为居间贸易方式(Trade Form of Brokerage)。这种贸易方式所适用的契约有经销、寄售、
代理等。代理在法律上指一人授权另一人代理行动的关系。前者叫委托人(Principal)，后者叫代理人(Agent)。两者
签订的代理协议应从法律上明确各自的权利和义务。
7）来料加工合同(Processing Trade Contract)
承揽贸易方式是指来料加工、来件装配、来样加工装配，亦称加工贸易。这种承揽贸易方式所适用的契约有来料装
配合同和来料加工合同。
24 8）多种贸易方式相结合的合同(Contract with Different Trade Forms)
经济全球化是信息技术和知识经济发展的必然结果。伴随着经济全球化的澎湃浪潮，跨国公司迅速发展，国际资本
流动规模空前，金融全球化的进程明显加快，在这种新的形势下，国际合作项目越来越多，传统的贸易方式已远不
能满足多方合作的需要，故在国际间普遍采用多种贸易方式相结合的方式进行合作。因而，如何综合应用多种贸易
方式是当前非常迫切需要研究的课题。例如，利用国际投资、信贷、租赁，来引进技术，进口设备，或进件装配、
产品返销、偿还贷款这类多种经济合作方式。这些贸易方式相结合的合同应包括：
涉外信贷合同(Contract for Credits and Loans)
国际BOT投资合同(Contract for International Build-Operate-Transfer)
国际租赁合同(Contract for International Leasing Affairs).
此外，涉外合同还有国际运输合同、聘请雇员合同、保险合同等。
Sales Contract销售合同
Text A
Contract No:
Date:
The Buyer:
The Seller:
The Contract, made out, in Chinese and English, both version being equally authentic, by and between the Seller and the
Buyer whereby the Seller agrees to sell and the Buyer agrees to buy the undermentioned goods subject to terms and
conditions set forth hereinafter as follows:
本合同由买卖双方缔结，用中、英文字写成，两种文体具有同等效力，按照下述条款，卖方同意售出买方
同意购进
以下商品：
1. Name of Commodity and Specification:
商品名称及规格：
2. Country of Origin & Manufacturer:
生产国别及制造厂商：
3. Unit Price (packing charges included):
单价（包装费用包括在内）：
4. Quantity:
数量：
5. Total V alue:
总值：
6. Packing (seaworthy):
包装（适合海洋运输）：
7. Insurance (to be covered by the Buyer unless otherwise):
保险（除非另有协议，保险均由买方负责）：
8. Time of Shipment:
装船时间：
9. Port of Loading:
装运口岸：
10. Port of Destination:
目的口岸：
11. Shipping Mark:
装运唛头：
Mark shown as below in addition to the port of destination, package number, gross and net weights, measurements and other
25 marks as the Buyer may requirestenciled or markedconspicuously with fast and unfailing pigments on each package. In
the case of dangerous and/or poisonous cargo(es), the Seller is obliged to take care to ensure that the nature and the
generally adopted symbol shall be markedconspicuously on each package.
卖方负责在每件货物上用牢固的不褪色的颜料明显地刷印或标明下述唛头，以及目的口岸、件号、毛重和净重、尺
码和其他买方要求的标记。如系危险及/或有毒货物，卖方负责保证在每件货物上明显地标明货物的性质说明及习惯
上被接受的标记。
12. Terms of Payment:
付款条件：
One month prior to the time of shipment the Buyer shall open with the Bank of
________ an Irrevocable Letter of Credit in favor of the Seller payable at the issuing bank against presentation of documents as stipulated under Clause 18. A of the Contract, the Terms of Delivery of the Contract after departure of the
carrying vessel. The said Letter of Credit shall remain in force till the 15 th day after shipment.
买方于货物装船时间前一个月通过_______银行开出以卖方为抬头的不可撤销信用证，卖方在货物装船启运后凭本
合同交货条款第18条A款所列单据在开证银行议付货款。上述信用证有效期将在装船后15天截止。
13. Other Terms:
其他条款：
Unless otherwise agreed and accepted by the Buyer, all other matters related to
this Contract shall be governed by Section II, the Terms of Delivery which shall form an Integral part of this Contract. Any
supplementary terms and conditions that may be attached to this Contract shall automatically prevail over the terms and
conditions of this Contract if such supplementary terms and conditions come in conflict with terms and conditions herein
and shall be binding upon both parties.
除非买方同意和接受，本合同其他一切有关事项均按第二部分交货条款之规
定办理，该交货条款为本合同不可分割的部分。如任何附加条款与本合同条款有抵触，则自动地以附加条款为准，
并对双方有约束力。
14. Terms of Shipment:
装运条款：
14.1 The Seller shall ship the goods within the time as stipulated in Clause 8 of this Contract by a direct vessel sailing from the port of loading to China port. Transshipment on route is not allowed without the Buyer’s prior
consent. The goods shall not be carried by vessels flying flags of countries not acceptable to the Port Authorities of China.
卖方在本合同第8 条规定时间之内应将货物装上由装运港到中国口岸的直达船。未经买方事先许可，不得转船。货
物不得由悬挂中国港口当局所不能接受的国家旗帜的船装载。
14.2 The carrying vessel chartered by the Seller shall be seaworthy and cargo worthy. The Seller shall be obliged to act prudently and conscientiously when selecting the vessel and the carrier when chartering such vessel. The Buyer is
justified in not accepting vessels chartered by the Seller that are not members of thePICLUB.
卖方所租船只应适航和适货。卖方租船时应慎重和认真地选择承运人及船只。买方不接受非保赔协会成员的船只。
14.3 The carrying vessel charted by the Seller shall sail and arrive at the port of destination withinthe normal
and reasonable period of time. Any unreasonable aviation or delay is not allowed.
卖方所租载货船只应在正常合理时间内驶达目的港。不得无故绕行或迟延。
14.4 The age of the carrying vessel chartered by the Seller shall not exceed 15 years. In case her age exceeds 15 years, the extra average insurance premium thus incurred shall be borne by the Seller. V essel over 20 years of age shall in no
event be acceptable to the Buyer.
卖方所租载货船只船龄不得超过15 年。对超过15 年船龄的船只其超船龄额外保险费应由卖方负担。买方不接受船
龄超过20 年的船只。
14.5 For cargo lots over 1,000 M/T each, or any other lots less than 1,000 metric tons but identified by the Buyer, the Seller shall, at least 10 days prior to the date of shipment, inform the Buyer by telex or cable of the following 26 information: the contract number, the name of commodity, quantity, the name of the carrying vessel, the age, nationality, and
particulars of the carrying vessel, the expected date of loading, the expected time of arrival at the port of destination, the
name and telex of the carrier.
一次装运数量超过1000 吨的货载或其他少于1000 吨但买方指明的货载，卖方应在装船日前至少10天用电传或电
报通知买方合同号、商品名称、数量、船名、船龄、船籍、船只主要规范、预计装货日、预计到达目的港时间、船
只公司名称和电传。
14.6 For break bulk cargoes, if goods are shipped in containers by the Seller without prior consent of the Buyer,
a compensation of a certain amount to be agreed upon by both parties shall be payable to the Buyer by the Seller. 对于散件货，如果卖方未经买方事先同意而装入集装箱，卖方应负责向买方支付赔偿金，由双方在适当时间商定具
体金额。
14.7 The Seller shall maintain close contact with the carrying vessel and shall notify the Buyer by fastest means
of communication about any and all accidents that may occur while the carrying vessel is on route. The Seller shall assume
full responsibility and shall compensate the Buyer for all losses incurred for its failure to give timely advice or notification
to the Buyer.
卖方应和载运货物的船只保持密切联系，并以最快的手段通知买方船只在途中发生的一切事故，如因卖方未及时通
知买方而造成买方的一切损失卖方应负责赔偿。
15. Advice of shipment:
装船通知：
Within 48 hours immediately after completion of loading of goods on board the vessel the Seller shall advise the Buyer by
telex of the contract number, the name of goods, weight (net/gross) or quantity loaded, invoice value, name of vessel, port of
loading, sailing date and expected time of arrival (ETA) at the port of destination. Should the Buyer be unable to arrange
insurance in time owing to the Seller’s failure to give the abovementioned advice of shipment by telex, the Seller shall be
held responsible for any and all damages and/or losses attributable to such failure.
货物装船完毕后48 小时内，卖方应即以电传通知买方合同号、商品名称、所装重量（毛/净）或数量、发票价值、
船名、装运口岸、开船日期及预计到达目的港时间。如因卖方未及时用电传告知买方上述装船通知而使买方不能及
时保险，卖方负责赔偿买方由此而引起的一切损害及/或损失。
16. Shipping Documents:
装船单据：
16. A The Seller shall present the following documents to the paying bank for negotiation of payment:
卖方凭下列单据向付款银行议付货款：
16. A.1 Full set of clean on board, “freight prepaid”, Ocean Bills of Lading, made out to order and blank endorsed, notifying _______ at the port of destination.
填写通知目的口岸的________运输公司的空白抬头、空白背书的全套已装运洋轮的清洁提单（注明“运费已
付”）。
16. A.2 Five copies of signed invoice, indicating contract number, L/C number, name of commodity, full
specifications, and shipping mark, signed and issued by theBeneficiary of Letter of Credit.
由信用证受益人签名出具的发票 5 份，注明合同号、信用证号、商品名称、详细规格及装船唛头标记。
16. A.3 Two copies of packing list and/or weight memo with indication of gross and net weight of each package and/or measurements issued by Beneficiary of Letter of Credit.
两份由信用证受益人出具的装箱单及/或重量单，注明每件货物的毛重和净重及/或尺码。
16. A.4 Two copies each of thecertificates of quality and quantity or weight issued by the manufacturer and/or qualified independent surveyor at the loading port and must indicate full specifications of goods conforming to stipulations
in Letter of Credit.
由制造商及/或装运口岸的合格、独立的公证行签发的品质检验证书及数量或重量证书各两份，必须注明货物
的全部规格与信用证规定相符。
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27 16. A.5 One duplicate copy of the telex advice of shipment as stipulated in Clause 15 of the Terms of Delivery. 本交货条件第15 条条款规定的装船通知电传副本一份。
16. A.6 A letter attesting that extra copies of abovementioneddocuments have been dispatched according to the Contract.
证明上述单据的副本已按合同要求寄出的书信一封。
16. A.7 A letter attesting that the nationality of the carrying vessel has been approved by the Buyer.
运货船只的国籍已经被买主批准的书信一封。
16. A.8 The relevant insurance policy covering, but not limited to at least 110% of the invoice value against all and
war risks if the insurance is covered by the Buyer.
如系买方保险需提供投保不少于发票价值110%的一切险和战争险的保险单。
16. B Any original document(s) made byrephotographic system automatedor computerized system or carbon copies shall
not be acceptable unless they are clearly marked as “ORIGINAL”, and certified with signatures in handwriting by authorized officers of the issuing company or corporation.
不接受影印、自动或电脑处理，或复印的任何正本单据，除非这些单据印有清晰的“正本”字样，并经发证单
位授权的领导人手签证明。
16. C Through Bill of Lading, Stale Bill of Lading, Short Form Bill of Lading, shall not be acceptable.
联运提单、迟期提单、简式提单不能接受。
A TTN：
联运提单：
迟期提单：
简式提单：
16. D Documents issued earlier than the opening date of Letter of Credit shall not be acceptable.
信用证开立日期之前出具的单据不能接受。
16. E Charter Party Bill of Lading shall not be acceptable unless Benefic iary provides one copy each of the Charter Party,
Master’s or Mate’s receipt, shipping order and cargo or stowage plan and/or other documents called for in the Letter of
Credit by the Buyer.
货载不接受包租船提单（即租整条船的提单），除非受益人提供租船合同、船长或大副收据、装船命令、
货物
配载图及或买方在信用证内所要求提供的其他单据副本一份。
16. F The seller shall dispatch, in care of the carrying vessel, two copies each of the duplicates of Bill of Lading, Invoice
and Packing List to the Buyer’s receiving agent, _______ at the port of destination.
卖方须将提单、发票及装箱单各两份副本随船带交目的口岸的买方收货代理人________。
16. G Immediately after the departure of the carrying vessel, the Seller shall airmail one set of the duplicate documents to
the Buyer and three sets of the same to ______ Transportation Corporation at the port of destination.
载运货物启碇后，卖方须立即航空邮寄全套单据副本一份给买方，三份给目的口岸的对外贸易运输公司
_______分公司。
16. H The Seller shall assume full responsibility and be liable to the Buyer and shall compensate the Buyer for all losses
arising from going astray of and/or the delay in the dispatch of the above-mentioned documents.
卖方应负责赔偿买方因卖方失寄或迟寄上述单据而使买方遭受的一切损失。
16. I Banking charges outside the People’s Republic of China shall be for the Seller’s account.
中华人民共和国境外的银行费用由卖方负担。
17. Instruction leaflets on dangerous cargo:
危险品说明书：
For dangerous and/or poisonous cargo, the Seller must provide instruction leaflets stating the hazardous or poisonous
properties, transportation, storage and handling remarks, as well as precautionary and first-air measures and measures
against fire. The Seller shall airmail, together with other shipping documents, three copies each of the same to the Buyer and
28 _______ Transportation Corporation at the port of destination.
凡属危险品及/或有毒品，卖方必须提供其危险或有毒性能、运输、仓储和装卸注意事项以及防治、急救、消防
方法的说明书，卖方应将此说明书各三份随同其他装船单据航空邮寄给买方及目的口岸的________运输公司
18. Inspection & claims:
检验和索赔：
In case the quality, quantity or weight of the goods and any other aspects be found not in conformity with those as stipulated in this Contract upon re-inspection by the China Commodity Import and Export Inspection Bureau within 60 days
after completion of the discharge of the goods at the port of destination or, if goods are shipped in containers, 60 days after
the opening of such containers, the Buyer shall have the right to request the Seller to take back the goods or lodge claims
against the Seller for compensation for losses upon the strength of the Inspection Certificate issued by the said Bureau, with
the exception of those claims for which the insurers or owners of the carrying vessel are liable, all expenses including but
not limited to inspection fees, interest, losses arising from the return of the goods or claims shall be borne by the Seller. In
such case, the Buyer may, if so requested, send a sample of the goods in question to the Seller, provided that
sampling and
sending of such sample is feasible.
货物在目的口岸卸毕60 天内（如果用集装箱装运则在开箱后60天）经中国进出口商品检验局复验，如发现品质、
数量或重量以及其他任何方面与本合同规定不符，除属于保险公司或船行负责者外，买方有权凭上述检验局出具的
检验证书向卖方提出退货或索赔。因退货或索赔引起的一切费用包括检验费、利息及损失均由卖方负担。在此情况
下，凡货物适于抽样及寄送时，买方可应卖方要求将样品寄交卖方。
19. Damages:
赔偿费：
With the exception of late delivery or nondel ivery due to “Force Majeure” causes, if the Seller fails to make delivery of
the goods in accordance with the terms and conditions, jointly or severally, of this Contract, the Seller shall be liable to the
Buyer and indemnify the Buyer for all losses, damages, including but not limited to, purchase price and/or purchase price
differentials, dead-freight, demurrage, and all consequential direct or indirect losses. The Buyer shall nevertheless have the
right to cancel in part or in whole of the Contract w ithout prejudice to the Buyer’s right to claim compensations. 因“人力不可抗拒”而推迟或不能交货者除外，如果卖方不能交货或不能按合同规定的条件交货，卖方应负责向买
方赔偿由此而引起的一切损失和遭受的损害，包括买价及/或买价的差价、空舱费、滞期费，以及由此而引起的直接
或间接损失。买方有权撤销全部或部分合同，但并不妨碍买方向卖方提出索赔的权利。
20. Force Majeure:
不可抗力：
If shipment of the contracted goods is prevented or delayed in whole or in part due to Force Majeure, the Sellers shall
not be liable for nonshipment or late shipment of the goods under this Contract. However, the Sellers shall notify the Buyers
by fax or telex and furnish the latter within 15 days by registered airmail with a certificate issued by the competent authorities at the place of occurrence attesting such event or events.
如由于不可抗力的原因，致使卖方不能全部或部分装运或延迟装运合同货物时，卖方对于这种不能装运或延迟
装运不负有责任。但卖方须用传真或电传通知买方，并须在15 天以内以航空挂号信件向买方提交事故发生地权威
机构出具的证明以证明此类事故。
21. Arbitration:
仲裁：
All disputes arising out of the performance of, or relating to this Contract, shall be settled amicably through negotiation.
In case no settlement can be reached through negotiation, the case shall then be submitted to the China International
Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission for arbitration in accordance with its arbitration rules. The arbitral award is
final and binding upon both parties.
凡因执行本合同所发生的或与本合同有关的一切争议，双方应通过友好协商解决。如果协商不能解决时，应提
交中国国际经济仲裁委员会根据该会仲裁规则进行仲裁。仲裁的裁决是终局性的，对双方都有约束力。29 22. Governing Law: _______________
The Buyer: The Seller:
Text B
Order Sheet
订单
No:
编号:
Date:
日期:
Dear Sirs,
敬启者：
We have the pleasure to place with you our order for the undermentioned goods on the terms and conditions stated as
follows:
兹向你公司订购下列货物，条件如下：
1. Commodity and Specifications:
商品名称与规格:
2. Quantity:
数量:
3. Price and Total Amount:
Price:
Total Amount:
价格与总金额:
单价:
总金额:
4. Packing: To be packed in wooden cases, suitable for export.
包装: 用适合出口的木箱包装。
5. Shipment: To be effected before _________, 20_______.
交货: 20XX年X 月X日前交货。
6. Destination:
目的地:
7. Insurance: To beeffected by the seller, covering marine All Risks and War Risk for 110% CIF value.
保险: 按CIF 值加10%投保海洋运输全险和战争险。
8. Payment: By irrevocable letter of credit available by draft payable at sight.
付款: 以即期不可撤销信用证付款。
9. Shipping Mark:
唛头:
10. Reference:
Y our letter of..., 20 _____
Our Cable of..., 20 ______
参照函电:
你公司20XX年X 月X日函。
我公司20XX年X 月X日电。
We are going to instruct our bank to open a letter of credit for the amount of this order. Y ou will soon hear from your
bank.
我公司正在请银行按照本订单金额开具信用证，你公司将很快从你方银行获悉。
广东金融学院https://www.doczj.com/doc/de18912169.html,
本资料由外语系黄洁萍老师提供金院030904班出版https://www.doczj.com/doc/de18912169.html,
30 Y ours faithfully,
Accepted by: …Company
(Seller) (Buyer)
(Signature) (Signature)
卖方买方
(签字) (签字)
Text C
Sales Confirmation
China National Textiles Import & Export Corporation Shanghai Silk Branch 17 Zhong Shan Road (E.1) Shanghai China
SALES CONFIRMA TION
Date………………
No…………………
Signed at……………..
The undersigned Sellers and Buyers have agreed to close the following transactions according to the terms and conditions
stipulated below:
Quality No., Name of Commodity and Specifications Quantity Unit Price Amount Time of Shipment
Total Amount
Both Amount and Quantity % More or Less Allowed
（1）Loading Port and Destination：
（2）Terms of Payment：
By 100% value confirmed irrevocable letter of credit available by draft at sight with transshipment and partial shipments allowed, to reach the Sellers ________ days before the month of shipment, with shipment validity arranged
till the 15 th day after the month of shipment, and to remain valid for negotiation in the loading port until the 10 th day
after the shipment validity. A____% more or less should be allowed in the quantity and amount of the credit, and the
word “ABOUT” should be mentioned before the quantity and amount. The terms and conditions in the L/C should be
strictly in accordance with those in this contract.
（3）Insurance：
（4）Special Clause (s)：
The Buyers The Sellers
China National Textiles Import & Export
Corporation Shanghai Silk Branch
……………………………………………………………………………..
Please sign and return one copy of this Confirmation.