考研英语必备：时态、语法全突破
一、时态、语态
时态、语态需要掌握的要点：
1.以下几类动词一般不能用于进行时，同样不用于完成进行时：
(1)表示感知的动词：hear, feel, notice, recognize, see, taste, smell；
(2)表示意愿、情感的动词：desire, dislike, forgive, hate, like, love, prefer, refuse, want, wish, fear, love, hate；
(3)表示思考、看法的动词：believe, doubt, expect, forget, hope, feel, mean, know, agree, realize, mind, recall, recollect, remember, trust, suppose；
(4)表示所有、占有的动词：belong to, owe, own, possess, hold(容纳)；
(5)其他动词：cost, appear, concern, contain, consist, deserve, matter, seem。
如：I’d s ay whenever you are going after something that is belonging to you, anyone who is depriving you of the right to have it is criminal.
(1997年考研题，belong表示归属，不用于进行式)
He was seeing somebody creeping into the house through the open window last night.
(1990年考研题，see表示结果，不用于进行式)
2. 不用will/shall表达将来时的形式：
(1)be going to表示现在的打算和意图；
(2)arrive, come, drive, go, leave, retire, return, set off, start, take off等表示移位的动词的进行体表示按计划肯定要发生的将来动作；
(3)be to (do)表示安排、计划、决定、命令或注定要发生的事，如：
Greater efforts to increase agricultural production must be made if food shortage is to be avoided.
(4)be about to (do)表示将要(做)，如：
Marlin is a young man of independent thinking who is not about to pay compliments to his political leaders.
(5)be on the point /verge of (doing)表示“马上就要”，一般不与表示将来的时间状语连用；
(6)be, begin, come, depart, get off, go, leave, return, start的一般现在时表示按日历或时刻表要发生的将来动作或事件，如：
If you want your film to be properly processed, you’ll have to wait and pick it up on Friday, which is the day after tomorrow.
(画线部分一般不用will be)
(7)在时间、条件、让步从句中，一般现在时代替将来时，但要注意区别从句的类型，如：
I don’t know where he will go tomorrow. 我不知道他明天去哪儿。(宾语从句)
I’ll tell him when you will ring again. 我告诉他你什么时候再来电话。(宾语从句)
比较：I’ll tell him when you ring again.你再打电话时我告诉他。(状语从句)
(8)在make sure, make certain, see (to it) 后的that从句中，谓语动词用一般现在时代替将来时，如：
See to it that you include in the paper whatever questions they didn’t know the answer to last time.
(include 不能用will include或其他形式)
3.完成时是时态测试的重点，注意与完成时连用的句型和时间状语：
(1)by/between/up to/till +过去时间、since、by the time/when +表示过去发生情况的从句，主句用过去完成时。如：We had just had our breakfast when an old man came to the door.
Between 1897 and 1919 at least 29 motion pictures in which artificial beings were portrayed had been produced. (表示1919年时已发生的情况)
(2)by +将来时间、by the time/ when +谓语动词是一般现在时的从句，主句用将来完成时。如：
By the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed in Europe for two weeks.
I hope her health will have improved greatly by the time we come back next year.
(3)by now、since +过去时间、in/during/for/over/the past/last few(或具体数字)years/days/months，主句用现在完成时, 但在it is +具体时间since/before这一句型中，主句更多的时候不用完成时。如：The changes that howe taken place
place in air travel during the last sixty years would have seemed completely impossible to even the most brilliant scientists at the turn of the 19th century.
It is four years since John left school.
(4)在It is the +序数词/形容词最高级+that的定语从句中，谓语动词常用现在完成时。如：
It isn’t the first time that I have found myself in an embarrassing situation.
(5)在no sooner…than…, hardly/scarcely…when/before…句型中，主句常用过去完成时。
(6)其他与完成时连用的时间状语：all this while, all this year, for some time, so far, already, before, just, long, yet等。
4.完成进行时指动作在完成时的基础上还要继续下去。如：
The company has been promising a rise in salary for ages, but nothing has happened.
The school board listened quietly as John read the demand that his followers had been demonstrating for.
时态、语态答题思路：
(1)先根据选项的区别点确定考题要点为时态，然后回到题句中寻找给出的或暗示的时间状语，缩小选择范围，进而选出正确答案；
(2)根据谓语动词与句子主语或非谓语动词与其逻辑主语的关系，确定句子是主动语态还是被动语态。
二、不定式
1.不定式做主语
(1)做形式主语的代词：不定式做主语, 通常用it充当形式主语, 把做主语的不定式短语后置。如：It took me only five minutes to finish the job.
To be frank, it is a great relief to have the task fulfilled in so short a time.
(2)引导逻辑主语的介词：
不定式的逻辑主语一般由介词for引导,但下列表示人的性格行为特征的形容词做表语时, 不定式的逻辑主语则由of引导：
absurd, bold, brave, courageous, careful, careless, clever, wise, foolish, silly, stupid, good, nice, kind, thoughtful, considerate, greedy, generous, honest, modest, polite, rude, cruel, selfish, lazy, wicked, wrong。如：Experts say walking is one of the best ways for a person to stay healthy.
It’s clever of you to have invented such a device.
(3)不定式做主语补足语：
掌握常用不定式做主语补足语的句型。注意不定式表示的动作发生的时间，并采用相应形式。如：said reported thought be to do sth. believed known supposed
Byron is said to have lived on vinegar and potatoes.
The bank is reported in the local newspaper to have been robbed in broad daylight yesterday.
2.不定式做宾语
(1)必须接不定式做宾语的动词：
掌握要求接不定式做宾语的动词：
agree, afford, aim, arrange, appear, ask, attempt, choose, claim, decide, desire, determine, expect, fail, guarantee, hope, endeavor, intend, long, mean, manage, offer, ought, plan, pledge, pretend, prepare, promise, proceed, prove, resolve, refuse, request, swear, tend, try, venture, wait, wish。如：
Even though the children pretended to be asleep, the nurses were not deceived when they came into the room.
注意:
1)有的动词要求特殊疑问词+不定式做宾语, 这类动词有：
consider, discover, explain, forget, guess, know, learn, observe, remember, see, tell, understand, wonder，如：While still a young boy, Bizet knew how to play the piano well and as he grew older, he wrote operas, the most famous of which is Carmen.
2)如果该特殊疑问词在不定式中做介词宾语, 介词往往置于该特殊疑问词的前面。如:
The professor can hardly find sufficient grounds on which to base his argument in favor of the new theory.
Without facts, we cannot form worthwhile opinion for we need to have factual knowledge upon which to base our thinking.
(2)可以用不定式做宾语补足语(复合宾语)的动词：
下列动词可以用不定式做宾语补足语(复合宾语)：
advise, allow, ask, beg, cause, command, compel, enable, determine, encourage, expect, feel, find, force, hate, have, hear, help, inform, invite, let, like, make, mean, need, notice, notify, oblige, order, permit, persuade, remind, request, require, see, send, teach, tell, tempt, trouble, urge, want, warn, watch, wish。
注意：画线动词后面的不定式不带to。
如：Because of the recent accidents, our parents forbid my brother and me to swim in the river unless someone agrees to watch over us.
3.不定式做定语
(1)被修饰的名词前有序数词、形容词最高级或next, last, only, not a, the, very等限定词时，该名词用不定式做定语。如：
the first woman to set foot on the moon 第一个登上月球的女性
(2)如果其动词要求不定式做宾语，相应的名词一般用不定式做定语。如：
tendency to do→tend to do, decision to do→decide to do This book is an attempt to help you use English and recognize how it is used.
(3)如果其形容词形式要求接不定式做补语，相应的名词一般用不定式做定语。如：
ambition to do “干……的雄心”→be ambitious to do“有雄心干……”
curiosity to do “对……的好奇心”→be curious to do“对……好奇”
ability to do“做……的能力”→able to do“有能力做……”
According to Darwin, random changes that enhance a species’ ability to survive are naturally selected and passed on to succeeding generation.
(4)表示方式、原因、时间、机会、权利等名词用不定式做定语，这些名词包括：
way, method, reason, time, place, chance, occasion, opportunity, evidence, power, right, movement, drive (运动)，effort 等。如：
I worked so late in the office last night that I hardly had time to catch the last bus.
We appreciate your efforts to bring about a comprehensive solution to the existing problem.
(5)不定代词something, nothing, little, much, a lot习惯上用不定式做定语。如：
Though we have made great progress, there is still much to be improved.
4.不定式做状语
不定式做状语主要表示目的、程度、结果、方式。
(1)in order to(do), so as to(do)结构引导目的状语，so as to不能置于句首。如：
To succeed in a scientific research project, one needs to be persistent .
I advise them to withdraw so as not to get involved.
(2)so…as to, such…as to, enough…to, too…to结构做程度状语。如：
The solution works only for couples who are self-employed, don’t have small children and get along we ll enough to spend most of their time together.
The vocabulary and grammatical differences between British and American English are so trivial and few as hardly to be noticed.
(3)不定式做结果状语只能出现在句子的末尾，表示不愉快的结果，有时用only加强语气。
常见的不定式动词有find, hear, see, be told, form, give, make, produce等。如：
Greatly agitated, I rushed to the apartment and tried the door, only to find it locked.
(4)not/never too…to, too…not to, but/only too…to, too ready/eager/apt/inclined to 表示肯定意义。如：
I am only too pleased to hear from you further. 能再听到你的消息，我太高兴了。
三、动名词
1.必须接动名词做宾语的动词
牢记下列要求接动名词做宾语的动词：
acknowledge, advocate, anticipate, appreciate, advise, avoid, admit, confess, consider, defend, delay, deny, dislike, enjoy,
escape, excuse, fancy, favor, finish, forgive, imagine, include, involve, justify, keep mind, miss, mention, pardon, practice, postpone, permit, report, resent, resume, recall，recollect，risk, resist, suggest, tolerate。如：
Although a teenager, Fred could resist being told what to do and what not to do.
I appreciate having been given the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.
2.动名词做介词短语
考生尤其要识别下列短语中的to是介词，不是不定式符号：
object to, resort to, react to, contribute to, look forward to, be accustomed to, be committed to, be exposed to, be subjected to, be devoted to, be dedicated to, be opposed to, be reconciled to, be contrary to, be (get) used to, come close to, get down to, give oneself up to, prefer…to, see to, set to, take to, in addition to, with regard to, with a view to, on the way to。如：
There was no sign that Mr. Jospin , who keeps a firm control on the party despite having resigned from leadership of it, would intervene personally.
Our modern civilization must not be thought of as having been created in a short period of time.
Nowhere in nature is aluminum found free, owing to its always being combined with other elements, most commonly with oxygen.
As the children become financially independent of the family, the emphasis on family financial security will shift from protection to saving for the retirement years.
Everyone with half an eye on the unemployment figures knew that the assertion about economic recovery being just around the corner was untrue.
四、分词
分词起形容词和副词的作用，在句中做定语或状语。在概念上考生应清楚：
●现在分词表示主动，表示动作在进行。
●过去分词表示被动，表示动作结束了的状态或结果。
1.分词做定语，弄清现在分词与过去分词的区别
分词短语做定语相当于省略了的定语从句，考生应掌握：
(1)现在分词与被修饰词之间具有主动意义。如：
It’s easy to blame the decline of conversation on the pace of modern life and on the vague changes taking place in our ever-increasing world.(相当于the changes which take place...)
There was a very interesting remark in a book by an Englishman that I read recently giving what he thought was a reason for this American characteristic.(相当于which gave...)
How many of us attending, say, a meeting that is irrelevant to us would be interested in the discussion?(相当于How many of us who will attend...)
(2)过去分词与被修饰词之间具有被动意义。如：
Good news was sometimes released prematurely, with the British recapture of the port announced half a day before the defenders actually surrendered.
(相当于…recapture of the port which had been announced…)
Just as the value of a telephone network increases with each new phone added to the system, so does the value of a computer system increase with each program that turns out.
(相当于…each new phone which is added to…)
The author gave a detailed description based on his personal observation of nature.
(相当于…description which was based on…)
(3)下列不及物动词也以过去分词形式做定语或表语，但不具有被动意义：
deceased, departed, elapsed, faded, fallen, gone, grown-up, retired, returned, risen, set, vanished, much-travelled, newly arrived, recently come。如：an escaped prisoner一个逃犯
a retired worker一位退休工人
a faded curtain一个褪了色的窗帘
a newly arrived student一个新来的学生
2.分词做状语，注意区分分词的一般式与完成式
(1)表示时间，多置于句首，注意如果分词表示的动作的时间先于谓语动词，要用完成式。如：Having completed one task, we started on another one.
(complete先于start之前发生)
(2)表示原因，置于句首句尾均可，根据情况有时要用完成式，有时用一般式。如：
He wasn’t asked to take on the chairmanship of the society, being considered insufficiently popular with all members. There seemed little hope that the explorer, having been deserted in the tropical forest, would find his way through it. (3)表示伴随、方式，置于句尾，用分词的一般式。如：
Helen borrowed my dictionary the other day saying that she would return it soon.
Anna was reading a piece of science fiction, completely lost to the outside world.
(4)表示结果，置于句尾，用分词的一般式。如：
The city found itself in a crisis situation last summer when the air conditioning on dozens of the new buses broke down, them unusable.
(5)表示补充说明(同位)，置于句尾，用分词的一般式。如：
The article opens and closes with descriptions of two news reports, each making one major point in contrast with the other.
Ford tried dividing the labor, each worker assigned a separate task.
历年考研试卷中常见的实用词组
1 a host of 大量
2 a test for检测目的
3 a test on对……进行测试
4 a test with检测手段
5 above all 最重要的;
6 according to根据
7 achieve equilibrium取得平衡
8 achieve one’s purpose达到目的
9 achieve success 获得成功10 achieve victory获得胜利11 act on 遵照┄行动，作用于；12 act on对…有影响13 add up to 总计，合计14 add…to 把…加到…. 15 adhere to 坚持，奉行；16 after all 毕竟，均不合题意；17 agree on对……取得一致意见18 agree to同意19 agree with sb.同意某人的话20 along with 和┄一道,和┄一起; 21 alternate (with)交替；22 amount to 合计,共计; 23 an equal to与……相当的人/物，(地位)相同的人24 and yet然而25 anything but 一点也不；26 anything like像……那样的东西27 anywhere near接近于28 apart form除……之外尚有29 apply to 向……申请，适用于30 appreciation of对……的欣赏/赞赏31 argue against 反对32 as a result of作为……的结果，由于33 as a result（作为结果，因此）表结果，用不用逗号隔开看情况而定；34 as a whole 作为一个整体，整个看来35 as far as …/are concerned就……而言36 as for至于，就…方面说37 as if好像，仿佛38 as soon as一~就~ 39 as though好像，仿佛40 as to 至于，关于；41 as well也，一样42 as yet迄今，到目前为止43 aside from 除┄之外;44 associate …with…由……联想到……，把……联系起来45 association with与……的交往46 at a disadvantage处于不利地位47 at a loss不知所措48 at a time每次，一次49 at all 丝毫,根本; 50 at any moment即使，随时。51 at first 首先,开始的时候; 52 at large未被捕获的,大多数; 53 at last 终于，最终；54 at least至少55 at length 最终,详细地; 56 at most 最多57 at no time从不，决不58 at one time曾经，从前曾59 at the cost of以……为代价60 at the least 至少；61 at times有时,间或; 62 at…speed以……的速度63 attend on 照顾，侍候；64 attribute …to 把……归于65 back up 后退，支持；66 base on 基于67 be able to能够，胜任68 be about to正打算69 be accustomed to习惯于70 be associated with 与……有关，与……有关系71 be aware of 意识到；72 be capable of 有能力干；73 be caught 遇到，陷入74 be committed to被交给┄,答应承担┄义务;75 be confined to 限制在,局限于; 76 be confined/be restricted 受……限制77 be dedicated to 奉献,献给; 78 be devoted to 被用于，贡献给79 be directed to指向，针对80 be drawn to 被┄所吸引; 81 be due to由于，因此82 be exposed to 暴露在┄下,处在┄的作用之下; 83 be fond of 喜爱84 be full of 充满他85 be habitual to(him) 对(他来说)习以为常86 be in order合适，恰当。87 be involved in 参与，参加；88 be involved with 与……有关连，89 be left to 由┄来决定,由┄来想办法;90 be limited to限制在┄,限定在┄; 91 be linked to/with something 与……连接92 be proud of 为~而骄傲。93 be referred to被提及，被提交94 be related to与……有关95 be sick of 厌恶┄,讨厌┄; 96 be subject to 经受,遭受; 97 be suitable for适合于98 be sure of 对┄的肯定; 99 be thrown in 额外赠送100 be tied by/with被……捆绑101 be tied to 束缚于，捆绑于102 be tired of 厌倦┄,厌烦┄; 103 behind time 晚点104 belief in对……的真实性或正确性具有的信心105 believe(…to be) 相信……是106 better than好于……107 beyond question毋庸置疑108 break away脱离，逃跑109 break down 损坏，
分解，瓦解110 break into闯入111 break in强行进行，打断112 break off断绝，结束113 break out突发，爆发114 break through突破115 break up终止，结束，打碎116 bring about 产生；117 bring forward 提出。118 bring out 使出现；公布；出版；119 bring up 培养，养大；120 by accident偶然，含有不幸的因素121 by all means无论如何，必定122 by chance偶然，意外地123 by choice处于选择124 by contrast 对比之下; 125 by means of 用，依靠；借助于126 by means of借助于127 by mistake错误地128 by the way顺便提一下129 by virtue of 凭借，借助；因为，130 by way of经由，通过…方式131 call forth唤起，引起132 call for邀请，要求，需要133 call off放弃，取消134 call on/upon访问，拜访135 care for 照顾，关心136 carry out贯彻，执行，实现137 cast light on阐明某事；138 catch up with赶上；139 catch sight of 看见；140 center on 把┄集中在，以┄为中心；141 characterized by 以┄为特征；142 coincide with 与……相符143 come from 来自，来源于; 144 come off 成功；145 come on涉及，谈及，到达，结束，总共，共计，突然想起146 come out出版，出现，结局是147 come to 等于,结果是; 总计，达到148 come under attack受到打击149 come under归人，受到150 come up 发生，形成；151 comment on 评论，发表意见；152 commit to交付，把……投入153 comply with 遵守，服从；154 conform to 遵守，符合，顺应155 consist of组成156 consistent in 在(某方面)一致157 consistent with与……一致158 contribute to 有助于，促进，加剧; 159 copy out 抄写；160 correlate with找出一一对应的关系161 count on指望；162 cut away 砍掉；163 cut down 削减；164 cut off 打断，中断；165 cut out 删掉166 dedicate …to 奉献；167 depend on依靠，依赖168 die back 枯死；169 die down 逐渐消失；止息；170 die off 相继死去；171 die out消失；死绝; 172 difference in在……方面的差别173 do something for/to 改进，增强174 doubt about怀疑175 due to 由于，因为176 dwell on 利用177 enter for 报名参加；178 enter into 开始（谈话，讨论）179 entertain a proposal愿意考虑这一建设180 entertain an idea抱着一种想法181 even if甚至，即使182 even though （虽然，尽管）表让步；183 ever since（自从┄之后，从此以后）表时间；184 faithful to忠心于185 fall from 从…落下；186 far from毫不，远非187 favor of喜欢188 figure out计算出189 find out查明190 focus on集中于，集中研究191 followed by 接着是; 192 for all 尽管; 193 for example举例来说194 for instance 和such as 都表示举例，前者常接句子，后者常接名词或名词短语；195 for instance 例196 for the purpose of 为了┄目的；197 for the sake of为了……起见198 frankly speaking坦白来说199 freedom from免于……(的自由)200 from all appearances从所能见到和所能知道的情况判断201 from all sides 从四面八方，全面地202 from now on从现在开始203 from/by all accounts根据方面所说204 gather up拾起，集拢；205 generally speaking一般来说206 get along with进展，相处融洽207 get away逃脱，离开208 get away逃脱，离开209 get down to开始，着手210 get in进入，收获，收集211 give in妥协，让步，投降，屈服212 give off放出，释放213 give out分发，放出214 give something away泄露215 give up停止，放弃216 give way让路，让步217 go beyond 超越，超过；218 go by从……旁走过，顺访219 go for追求220 go in 进入，参加221 go through经历222 hand on传下来，依次传递223 hand out分发，散发224 hand over交出，移交225 have a bearing on与……有关系226 have difficulty with与---有分歧，相处不好227 hold back踌躇，退缩，阻止228 hold down 控制229 hold on to紧紧抓住，坚持230 hold on继续，握住不放，坚持231 hold out维持，伸出，提出，坚持232 hold up 保持良好，停止；阻滞233 hold up举起，承载，阻挡234 if only(要是，只要)表条件；235 in use 在使用；236 in …degree在……速度上237 in a sense (从某种意义上说)它可以放在句首、句中或者句尾，一般不用逗号隔开；238 in a state of 处于……的状态239 in a way从某一点上看240 in accord with与……一致241 in addition to 除……之外，并且242 in all 总共; 243 in any case 无论如何，不管怎样；244 in case of 万一发生…245 in case 假使，以防；246 in circles=in a circle在原地兜圈子，毫无进展247 in consequence 因此；248 in doubt 有怀疑249 in effect （实质上，实际上）它在句中一般不需要用逗号隔开；250 in essence实质上，本质上，根本上251 in fact实际上252 in firm voice 用清晰，坚定的声音。253 in general 总的来说,大体上; 254 in general一般来说：255 in line with 与┄一致，符合┄；256 in mind心里想着某人或某事；257 in need of 需要258 in no way决不259 in one’s opinion在某人看来260 in one’s terms用……的话来说in one’s view根据……观点261 in one’s way/in the way妨碍，阻碍262 in order to为了263 in order 整齐，恰当264 in particular 尤其，特别；265 in perspective 关系恰当地，观察合理地；266 in point of 说到，关于267 in question 对…表示怀疑，有疑问268 in reference to 关于，就┄而论；269 in regard to关于270 in relation to 关于，至于; 271 in reply to 作为回答272 in response to 作为对┄的回答，作为对┄的反应；273 in return for 作为对┄的汇报/交换；274 in short 总之,简言之; 275 in spite of尽管；276 in terms of 用┄的话；从┄方面来说；277 in the analysis of 在对……进行分析时278 in the bargain 此外，还279 in the case of 至于┄，就┄来说；就…而论280 in the company of 陪伴，
伴随；281 in the course of 在......过程中，在......期间282 in the end最后283 in the event of 万一发生; 284 in the form of以┄形状，以┄形式；285 in the light of鉴于，由于；286 in the process of 在┄的过程中；287 in time 后来渐渐,终于; 288 in turn 依次地,反过来; 289 in vain徒劳290 in whole 整个地291 infuse ...into注入292 insist on坚持，一定要293 instead of 代替294 interest in对......的兴趣295 irrespective of不顾的,不考虑的; 296 isolate ...from 使~与~隔离；使孤立；297 it used to be 过去的情况是......298 join in 参加（某种活动）；299 lay emphasis on 强调；300 lay/put blame on责怪，归咎于301 lead off 开始；302 lead on 继续引领；303 lead out 开始；304 lead to 导致; 305 less than 不如，少于306 link together联系在一起307 long before早在┄之前，很久以前308 look on旁观，观看309 loyal to忠诚于310 make a step 走一步311 make for 有助于，有利于；312 make one’s way 前进，行进313 make out 弄懂；辨认，开出（支票，药方等）314 make sure 查明，弄确实；315 make towards 朝...走去316 make way开路，让路317 mean by ......的意思，......意味着318 more ...than比......更......，与其说......不如说......，不是......而是319 more than不仅，不止;多于...320 much as（虽然，尽管）表让步；321 no less ...than和...一样...，既...又...322 no more ...than既不会...也不会323 not ...but ...不是...而是 (324)
now that(既然，由于)表原因；325 object to 反对；326 of course当然327 on a large scale大规模的(地)328 on a national scale在全国范围内329 on account of 由于; 330 on average 按平均值,通常; 331 on behalf of 代表,为了;332 on campus在校园333 on occasion偶尔；334 on radio 用无线电,通过广播; 335 on the average 按平均值，通常；336 on the basis of 根据，在……的基础上337 on the contrary相反338 on the grounds of 以……为理由339 on the occasion of 在…场合，值…之际；340 on the other hand另一方面341 on the radio 通过广播,无线电广播中; 342 on the side 额外地，作为兼职；343 on the side of在…一边344 on the whole 总的来看；345 on time 准时; 346 one another 相互347 one or other 不管哪一个348 only if (只要，只有)表条件；349 other than 除了，不同于；350 out of step不一致，不协调351 out of the question 不可能的352 out of use 不使用353 owe …to…把…归功于354 pass out 分发，分配；昏倒，死去；355 pass off 中止,停止; 356 pass on把…传递给另外一个人; 357 pass out 失去知觉，晕倒；358 pay attention to 注意；359 pay by check用支票支付360 pay in cash 或pay cash 付现金。361 pay off 赢利，取得好结果，362 persist in坚持363 pick up 捡起，提高；364 plan for 为┄订计划；365 point to 指向; 366 properly speaking正确（公正）地讲367 provided that(假若，倘如)表条件；368 put together 加在一起; 369 put up with 忍受；370 quite other完全不同的371 rather than ( 宁愿……)与其；是…而不是372 refer to (…as) 提到，把……称为;参考373 reflect discredit on使丧失名誉374 reflect on思考，反省，怀疑375 rely on 依靠，指望；376 remove…from…把…从…去掉；撤职：377 responsible for 对~负责。378 result from由…产生，因…而造成：379 result in导致380 ripe for 为什么做好准备。381 root out 发现382 run a risk 意为“冒风险”383 sacrifice something to为……牺牲某事384 secure sth. from attack使……受攻击385 set about开始，着手386 set aside掩饰出，留出387 set back推迟，延缓；阻碍388 set down卸下，放下；记下389 set forth阐明，陈述390 set off 出发，使爆炸391 set out陈列，显示，启程392 share with 与┄分享；393 shoot a film拍摄一个镜头394 side with站在┄一边，支持；395 similar to 与┄类似；396 since then从那时起397 something like大约，有几分像……398 sooner than 早于┄；399 speed up加速；400 stand for代表，意味着401 step up增加，加速在…方面不同。402 stick to 坚持，坚持干，遵循；403 stimulated by 受┄的刺激（或激励）; 404 stir up 激起，引起，挑起；405 such as 比方说,例如; 406 support for 对……的支持407 sure enough 果然，果然不出所料; 408 take away 拿走，夺走409 take a step采取措施; 410 take advantage of 利用。411 take away消耗，清除412 take care of照管；413 take for 把┄看作，把┄误以为；414 take in接受，吸收，欺骗415 take on呈现，从事416 take over接管417 take to开始喜欢，开始从事，开始沉湎于418 take up with 开始于~来往；419 take up 专用420 thanks to由于，幸亏421 the bulk of……的主要部分，大多数422 the former…the latter…（前者…，后者…）423 to …extent在……范围，到……程度424 to caution against对……予以警告425 to center around以……为中心426 to some extent某种程度上，有一点427 to such an extent that到了这样的程度，以至……428 to the extent 到……的程度429 to the extent到……的程度430 to the extent到……的程度431 to turn something into 把……转换为432 together with一起433 transition to 向……过渡，向……转变434 turn away 转来脸去435 turn over 把…翻过436 turn round 转过身来437 turn to 求助于438 turn up意外地发生；439 what is more而且，再者440 with regard to 关于，至于，就┄而论，441 with that 说罢。442 with the exception of 除┄外443 with…speed以……的速度444 work away一直在工作445 work out解决，算出，制定出446 work up逐步建立，逐步发展；447 worse than坏于……448 write away不停地写449 write in 提出书面要求450 write off 报废；勾销
英语高分技巧—遵循规律分步骤进行
规划写作进程
在考场上时间是非常宝贵、十分有限的，所以就需要我们在平时练习的时候一定要养成合理规划写作进程的好习惯。每一个人都有不同的写作习惯，有的人习惯于先写出提纲，有的人习惯于完整地写下草稿后再抄写在卷面上，也有人习惯于直接在卷子上写。但不管怎样，我们一定要首先计划安排好时间。
通常情况下你可以在动笔之前花10分钟左右的时间构思并写出提纲；然后用大约50分钟的时间把短文写好，其中小作文15分钟，大作文35分钟；如果你习惯于打草稿的话，可以用30分钟的时间写草稿，然后再用15分钟左右的时间把草稿抄写在试卷上，可以边抄边修改，以保证卷面的整洁；最后我们还有大约10分钟的时间来检查。在平时写作的时候就要严格按照考试的要求操练。
审清题型题意
在考场上有些考生往往担心没有足够的时间，看完题目就动笔写了起来，结果是写了一半却发现跑题了。为了避免这种情况，首先要认真审题，在审题期间我们要解决两个问题，即：分清题型和揣摩题意。
一、分清题型
拿到题后，分析该题目是议论文、说明文、记叙文或书信通知类的文体(历年来的考研英语作文题都属于论说文)，以及题目中所给的信息是段首句、提纲、还是图表或关键词。不同的题型要求使用不同的语言风格和写作方法。分清题型，脑子里就对采用什么风格和方法写作有了一个初步的概念。比如：如果题目是议论文，就要想到必须在文章中使用充分的例证来说理：如果是书信体，就必须注意使用书信的格式，用诚恳生动的语言来打动读者。
二、揣摩题意
根据题目中的一些词汇信息，来确定文章主题，限定写作范围。比如，1996年的题目是：“good health”。从“health”这个词可以确定，这篇作文的主题应该是健康，而不是娱乐或其他的事物；而从题目里出现的“good”这个词可以将作文的主题缩小到良好的健康。再结合所给出的outline，确定具体的写作思路和范围。再比如，近几年常考漫画作文，2004年考研英语作文就是一篇漫画式作文，题目是《终点又是新起点》。许多考生在看到这个题目之后感觉不难，也很熟悉，但又不知该如何下笔，具体该写些什么。首先我们要缩小话题范围或者说是将短文的内容具体化╪arrowing down the topic）。我们可以结合大到社会问题、小到个人情况来展开话题。比如说：为了申办奥运会，我们中国人努力了十余年，企盼了十余年，在2001年我们终于实现了这一夙愿。至此，我们可以为申奥画上一个圆满的句号了。但同时这也是一个新的起点，我们又必须立即着手准备2008年的奥运会。再比如2003年的春天，我们正常的工作和生活被一场可怕的瘟疫打乱了，这就是人们闻之而色变的SARS。通过几个月全社会齐心协力的奋战，我们终于战胜了这个恶魔。这是一个终点，同时它也是一个新起点，一个需要人们改变不健康的生活方式的新起点，一个人类维护生态平衡的新起点。我们也可以从小处着手，比如：考研是一个终点，是我们进入大学后四年辛苦努力的结果，同时这也是人生中的一个岔路口，一个新的起点，是莘莘学子们或继续深造或步入社会的新起点。这样，我们缩小了话题范围之后就比较容易下笔了。
精心选材构思
在分清题型、确定了文章的主题和写作范围之后，要开始构思写作的内容和步骤了。也就是说，在作文答题纸上动笔之前，要对文章将要涉及到的内容以及组合这些内容的步骤进行思考。当你看到一个题目时，是不是常常遇到大脑一片空白的情况？如果是这样的话，不要着急，因为你并不孤单，有许多人和你一样也正为此发愁呢！下面我们就要介绍两种有效的方法来克服这个问题。
一、风暴联想法
构思写作方法和步骤先要围绕题目，广泛搜索材料，然后是筛选材料，列出稍微详细的提纲。搜索材料可以采用联想法，即针对题目所给的信息，快速地联想尽可能多的与信息有关的材料，将所有这些想到的材料写在草稿纸上，这些材料可以是一个单词、一个短语或一个句子，然后再进一步筛选。下面就是一个用风暴联想法来搜集素材的例子：要求“Demonstrate that the invention of computer has significantly changed our lives”，此时我们可以给自己限定十分钟的时间，在这十分钟里让我们的思想随意走，联想到什么便写什么，无须讲求逻辑、语法，务求尽快在指定时间内列出所想到的字、词、句。接着看看哪些与题目相关，然后将它们组合成有用数据。我们可以想到：
Computer games, convenience brought by Internet (e–mail, ICQ).
thinks computers are for kids.
Mother says it’s too bad that kids don’t read in their spare time anymore.
Hackers,purchase on–line, surf,Program, become a programmer? big future?
Guided missiles,
Computers in railway stations—print tickets
Banks—shove your credit cards
A man lucked out—deposited $100猚omputer credited him with $10,000
Are we just numbers now?
如果要写一篇关于电脑的正面影响的短文的话，划线的单词、短语或句子就是有用的。并不是我们所能想到的都是有用的，我们还需要根据短文的主题来取舍。
练一练
请从下面所给的话题中选出一个你感兴趣的，然后用风暴联想法搜集相关素材。（5 mins.）
Travel dieting education dreams animals
Automobiles family sports advertisement
二、自我提问法
除了通过风暴联想法来搜集素材以外，我们还可以通过自我提问法来打开思路。当记者要写一篇新闻稿时，都会在报道中回答以下的问题：
│who│what│where│when│why│how│
同样地，我们也可以围绕这些问题来搜集作文的材料，从而让自己由不同角度去看同一主题，帮助自己定位。我们无须安排一定次序，也不用担心数据是否有用，只要尽量提出多一些的W－H问题，然后逐一解答便可。当我们完成后，再决定取舍哪些材料。下面我们还是以电脑给人们的生活带来的影响为例，用自我提问法来搜集材料。可以想到的问题有：
1When was computer invented?2What can a computer do?3What are the positive influences brought to human beings by computer?4What are the negative influences brought to human beings by computer?5What cases in point do we often see in our life as far as the influence of computer is concerned?6What will the future computer do for us?7Can computer take the place of human beings?
这些问题中有些是有用的，有些可能派不上用场。现在我们就可以来筛选出有用的问题，按照一定的逻辑顺序排列，逐一解答便可得到作文的大概了。
练一练
请选择下列一个你感兴趣的话题使用自我提问法搜集素材。
An Accomplishment on Campus
A Proposal for Change
Patriotism
Changing Criteria For GoodCollege Students
An Occurrence in Your City
My View on Rave Party
快速拟写大纲
通过风暴联想法和自我提问法的学习，我们打开了思路、搜集到了许多相关的素材。下面我们就需要理出文章的基本思路，也就是要构架作文的轮廓或大纲（outline）。四、六级英语考试的作文大多给出了轮廓，考生只需按照所给的框架扩写就可以了。而近年来的考研英语作文多以漫画的形式出现，因此需要考生在动笔拟稿之前自己写出大纲以保证作文思路清晰，紧扣主题。
所谓大纲就是一个有逻辑、有组织地对作文的概述。一个好的大纲是我们写作过程中的好助手，它可以帮我们确定作文的主题和结构、有序地组织自己的观点、合理地安排材料。写大纲的时候，我们可以使用完整的句子，也可以使用单词或短语。使用完整的句子写大纲比较详细，而且有些主题句在最后写成文的时候直接可以使用。而如果使用单词或短语来写大纲的话则会更快、更简洁。下面我们继续以上面的话题为例，写一个大纲。
作文实例：
The Effect of Computer on Our Life
Ⅰ.Thesis: The invention of computer has greatly changed our life.
Ⅱ.The effect of computer on our life
1. Positive effect
2. Negative effect
Ⅲ.Conclusion: We must use computer in a correct way.
大纲拟好后，下笔成文就是a piece of cake了，下一步就交给你来完成了。如果对这一话题没兴趣，请进入练一练。
练一练
请从下面的话题中选择一个你感兴趣的，先用风暴联想法或自我提问法搜集素材，
然后再写出大纲。
1. Fast Food
2. Air Pollution
3. Car Craze in China
4. Generation Gap
5. Education Problem
6. People Should Be Rewarded According to Ability, or to Age and Experience?
开心一点，再坚持一点
把学英语当成一个开心而愉快的美差，而不是硬着头皮、头悬梁、锥刺骨的苦力，你就会感到两脚生风，呼呼前进。英语不过是表达思想的一种工具、一种说话习惯而已，我们要坚信，只要有投入、有付出，就会有收获。绝不会“付出的爱收不回。”词汇掌握有限的考生，可以经常看一看朗文词典中词条的英文注解，这对于提高写作的表达能力会有巨大的帮助，整部词典成千上万的词义全部用2000左右常用词汇解释，随意翻开词典的任何一页，找出其中不认识的单词，然后看后面的英文注释。要找不认识的单词，因为在急于想知道意思的情况下看注解，印象才深刻。要先学人家怎么表达，再学会自己表达。对于一个一时找不着词的概念，应该用一种迂回曲折的方式把意思表达清楚。或用一个短语，或用一个从句，或三言两语，如果没出什么语言错误的话，这也算是一种智慧！
学英语是一个漫长的过程，走走停停便难有成就。比如烧开水，在烧到80摄氏度时停下来，等水冷了又烧，没烧开又停，如此周而复始，又费精力又费电，很难喝到水。学英语要一鼓作气，天天坚持，在完全忘记之前及时复习，加深印象，如此反复，直至形成永久性记忆。如果等到完全忘记了再来复习，就像又学新知识一样，那么，我们就永远是初学者，虽然在辛辛苦苦地烧开水，却很难品味到其甘润。
范文赏析
Internet
Internet has become an essential and powerful influence on our everyday lives. With the rapid development of high technologies and economy, people will get more and more benefits from the use of Internet. There is no denying that Internet is a wonderful source from which we can retrieve valuable information. Also, it can be an important building block to people’s learning because vast amount of information is only clicks away. What’s more, people can purchase their favorite goods through the Internet instead of going shopping in chaotic streets.
However, if used improperly, Internet can put us at risks. We have sufficient evidence indicating that the Internet can be a harmful influence on people. Internet use appears to cause a decline in psychological well being. Its addictive power has increased children and youngsters’time spent in front of the computer screens at the expense of other healthier physical activities, thus increasing their chance of getting overweight and short sighted. And exposure to the wider world via the Net makes users less satisfied with their lives.
Like anything else, Internet is like a coin that has two sides. We must realize its harmful potentials while making use of it to achieve a better and more meaningful life. It’s important to remember this is not about the technology itself; it’s about how it is used.
名师点评
文章结构紧凑、层次分明、说理充分，还有个别“闪光词”十分耀目，如“addictive”，怎能不拿高分呢？值得背诵一下。应该说，“网络”是新兴热门话题，有关“网络”的利弊，众说纷纭，争议颇多。另外，向大家透露个消息：近年的考研作文还未涉及此话题！