信息管理英语教程_第四篇
is a zabra a white animal with black strips？斑马是一个白色有黑条纹的动物吗？
Is it a zabra a black animal with white strips或者说是一个黑色有白条纹的动物吗？
an anthropologist once questioned a philosopher at a conference about the criteria for sound classification 一位人类学家曾问一位哲学家的一次会议上语音识别的标准
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“classification is the sleeping beauty of library and information science”分类是图书馆的睡美人和信息科学
Said Hanne Albrechtsen in his personal communication,1997. 1997年Hanne Albrechtsen 在他的个人交流上说道
三
“In sone ways,at the most technical core of traditional library science,it(classification)stands as a bridge builder between the past and the futrue of our field”susan L Star and Geoffrey C.Bowker commented in their introduction to how classifications work:problems and challenges in an electronic age,1998. Susan L Star and Geoffrey C.Bowker.. susan L Star and Geoffrey C.Bowker1998年介绍他们题为《电子时代匪类是如何发挥作用的：问题与挑战》的书时说，“在某些方面，匪类是传统图书馆学最核心的技术，也是可领域的过去和将来之间的桥梁”四
“The Foundation of the library is the book; the foundation of librarianship is classification,”said Arthur Maltby in his book Sayer’s manual of classification of librarianship, fifth edition, first published in 1975 by Andre Deutsch Limited.“图书馆的基础是书；图书馆管理的基础是分类”Arthur Maltby在他的书《塞耶尔图书馆管理的分类指南》第五标准版，1975年由Andre Deutsch Limited第一次发行。
Maltby continues to state in the book on library classification. Maltby继续在关于图书馆分类的书中表明。
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From the day when a man first assembled documents and records of any kind or form,men have been interested in ways of arranging them. 当人第一次收集某种或某类型文献记录的那天起，就对牌类他们的方法颇感情趣。
It is merely a part of the divine instinct that “order is heaven’s first law” :for systematic grouping, that is to say classification ,lies at the base of every well-managed life and occupation. 这只是他们天赐本能的一部分，“有序是天国的第一法则”：系统的组合，即分类是很好的安排生活和工作的基础。
The act of classification in libraries and government information departments may be briefly defined as: the systenmatic arrangement by subject of books and other material on shelves or of catalogue and index entries in the manner which is most useful to those who read or who seek a define piese of information.图书馆和政府信息部门的分类请问可以大致的定义为：按章书架上的书和其他资料以及目录和索引条目的主题进行系统的排列，并使这种排列方式最有利于那些阅读和查询特定信息的人。
Library classification, then , is a tool for very simple but infinitely important purpose.因此图书馆分类是一种非常简单的而又非常重要的工具。
Its whole object is to secure an order which will be useful to readers and to those who seek
information with the smallest of complication of search or other effort.他的整体目标是确保一个有利于读者和信息查询人员的系统排列，使查询变得极为简单，不费力气。
It is a technique designed to expedite the full use of the knowledge stored in books and other material housed in the collection.这是一种专门技术，其目的就是要加快，并充分利用图书馆馆藏书籍和其他资料中的知识
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Classification in the widest sense of the word has many functions in everyday activities.分类在作为词的意义上在每天的活动中有许多的用处。
Every classical reader knows that the word“class”in our sense has the same meaning given it in Ancient Rome, when the effective nobility were arranged in six orders or ranks according to their real or supposed qualities of blood or wealth. 每一个古典读者知道“类”这个词，在我们的感觉中有同样的意思当他给它在古罗马时期,贵族被有效的分为6个等级根据他们的实际情况或他们的血统和财富。
So, in our studies, a class consists of a number of things which are alike in some particular or have some quality in common by which they may be usefully separated from other things and which at the same time makes their own unity. 所以，在我们的研究中，一个类型是在一些特定的或有一些共同的品质，使他们可以于其他事物有效区分，而同时使自己的统一。
It may safely be assumed that everything in the universe is a member of some class, but on first appearance the universe appears so great and complex that it is chaos—a tangle of things to which man has no clue unless he provides himself with some sort of map.可以安全的假定宇宙中的每一个事物都是分类中的一种，但是宇宙表现得如此的伟大和复杂它太混乱了从第一印象来看---一大堆乱七八糟的东西,人却不知道他,除非他自己提供某种形式的地图
This map of things is a convenient expression for a classification scheme, for we cannot reason, even in the simplest manner unless we can identify and relate---that is , classify—things.这张地图的事情是一个方便的分类方案表达,因为我们无法寻求原因,即使用最简单的方式,除非我们能识别和联系它们——也就是说,分类---东西。
So , in varying degrees ,we all exercise daily various acts of classification; we sort and arrange mentally the ideas and impressions we receive from our contact with others and we likewise sort and associate, or dissociate ,in our minds the objects that we see. 在不同的程度上说,我们都每天练习各种行为的分类,对我们通过与他人的交流而得到的精神上的想法和印象进行分类和安排,并且我们也对他们进行联系,或分离,在我们的心中我们是这样认为的。
There is a little more in this than may appear on the surface .our definition of classification means not only the grouping of things which each group of its components according to their degree of resemblance.比表面上可能呈现的可能更多的是。我们对分类定义的分组不仅是每组所各组成部分根据其不同程度的相同之处。
To take a simple example ,a group of dog will contain perhaps many kinds of dog ---greyhounds ,foxhounds ,which is implied by their common name ---dog.举一个简单的例子,一群狗将包含或许很多种类的狗——灰狗,猎狐犬,但是他们共同有的名字是——狗。
Yet all hounds are more like other hounds than they are like terriers ;all terriers more like other terriers than they are like hounds.然而所有猎犬更像是其它猎犬比他们像梗类犬,都与其他犬比他们像猎犬。
So these would form sub-classes within the class ,dogs ; but ,again, a bull terrier is more like a mastiff than it is like a hound ; and this relationship too must be shown ,if possible, in the arranging of our class.所以这些将会形成面向在一个类,狗,但之后,又一次,一头公牛狗更像獒
比这就像上了瘾一般,这种关系也必须暴露出来,如果可能的话,在安排我们分类也可以体现。Classification, then ,is not only the general grouping of things for location or identification purposes ; it is also their arrangement in the general grouping of things for location ot identification purposes; it is also their arrangement in some sort of rational order so that the chief relationships of the things in question may be ascertained.分类,不仅是一般的组合位置或标识用途的事,也是他们在排列时多少有些合理的顺序,这样事物在考虑中的主要关系才能够被确认This is a vital point in classification theory and must be constantly borne in mind这是分类理论的核心同时要时常牢记在心
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Classification is a key to knowledge :because it is clear that if we arrange things in a definite order and we know what that order is ,we have a very good map of ,or key to, these things .分类是一个关键知识:因为很明显,如果我们安排事在一定的顺序,我们知道顺序是怎样的,我们对这些事有一个很好的地图的,或关键。
What is the purpose of this and what does this mean in relation to modern libraries? 这些的目的是什么,以及他们与现代图书馆有什么意义呢?
Merely that classification and classificatory principles are the bases of all order in handing literature and other media.只不过是分类和分类原则是所有顺序的基础,在创作中的文学和其它媒体。
This is a bold statement, but one capable of conclusive demonstration.这是一个大胆的言论,但是个有力的结论性示范。
Books and other related documents represent a class of things ,when we take into our view all the objects in the universe ; and when we separate books from all other things, merely as an assembly of books we have performed an act of classification. 书籍和其他相关文件代表了一类事情时,当我们把我们的观点和事物放在宇宙中时;以及当我们把书籍从其它事物中独立出来时,我们只不过是对书籍进行了一次分类行为。
It is ,however, a very elementary one .A huge room or building full of books and pamphlets is, in fact ,having regard to the variety of subjects represented in them and the many forms and sizes they take, about the nearest representation to chaos that we can imagine.但是,着有一个很基本的问题。巨大的房间或建筑物装满了书和小册子,事实上,考虑到他们描绘的各种科目和许多他们的各种形状和尺寸,几乎是我们所能想像到的混乱。
That is to say ,if they are not classified in some way apart from their mere separation from things which are not books.也就是说,如果不把他们用某种方式进行分类以区别不是书的那些东西。Unless they are well classified ,we cannot discover without immense loss of time what books there are on chemistry, history, theology, fluid mechanics, or transport ,for example.除非他们很好的被分类,不然我们不可能不花大量的时间去发现他们是关于什么的书籍，是关于化学、历史、神学,流体力学,或者是运输的
When the purpose of the books is simply that they shall be seen and not read, this is an excellent arrangement.如果书有一个很简答的目的即是他们应该被阅读或是不被阅读,这是一个好的安排。
Otherwise it has nothing to commend it, A library in which books and pamphlets are arranged by size may look very neat, but it means that we have to search in numerous locations to collect material on Milton’s poetry, on plant ecology, on existentialism, or on any other topic on which information may be sought.否则我没有办法推荐他,一个图书馆,书和小册子依照尺寸大小来安排或许看起来很规整,但这也就意味着我们必须寻找众多的位置来收集关于资料弥尔顿的
诗,或是植物的生态存在主义,或任何其它可以寻求信息的主题。
Examples could be multiplied to demonstrate arrangements which only suffice if the books and other material are viewed as “museum specimens” and not as having any other significance . 还有举出更多可以展示只有满足安排的书如果与其他材料被看作是“博物馆标本”是不具有有任何其他的意义的例子。
In a rather similar manner ,if we arrange items by the language in which they are written ,we get a very wide separation of subjects; only if the potential user is interested in language alone could this arrangement be justified .用一种相当相似的方式,如果我们以他们被撰写的语言来安排他们,我们得到非常广泛的科目分类;但也只有潜在的对语言感兴趣的用户能够单独认为这样的安排是正当的。
Chronological order by date of accession or date of publication could also be considered.加入的日期顺序出版日期也会被考虑。
Indeed ,our older libraries frequently employ a fixed chronological order of books within very broad subject areas.确实,我们更加年久的图书馆经常采用固定的年月日顺序来安排书籍。Again , it is usually an order without real utility for reader or librarian, as we shall see.再说一次,这也是个对读者好图书管理员没有真正实用的方法,如同我们将看到的。
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Yet another possible arrangement , which appeals to some people and is certainly superior to arrangement by the names of their authors.另一个可能的安排吸引了一些人,而且肯定是优于这些书的作者的名字来安排书的方法。
This will almost certainly suffice for fiction.将几乎必定满足小说的需要。
It also has a definite value for the private collection owned or used by students and research workers who know their authors and they often prefer such arrangement.它也有一个明确的价值对于那些私人藏书的主人或是学生和那些已经知道作者是谁的找书人,而他们往往更喜欢这样的安排。
If we know ,for example ,that Charles Darwin was a great naturalist, we know that under his name we shall find works on natural science.如果我们知道,例如,查尔斯·达尔文是一个伟大的自然学家,我们知道在他的名字下我们会找到关于自然科学的书。
But the author tells us nothing about naturalists of whose names we are ignorant and it is no disparagement of the ordinary user of most libraries to say that he is usually unacquainted with authors.但是名字被忽视的作者没有告诉我们关于自然科学的事，这是普通的用户所不能轻视的，然而大多数的图书馆会说他们与作者不熟
It is true that the author approach for non-fiction tends to be a dominant one in many academic libraries where students determine their reading chiefly by the details provided on supplied lists of recommended works, but even here the consult books on a subject ,drawing attention to other useful works ,and perhaps stimulating thought, ate inestimable.实际上，对非小说类图书的做法往往是许多高校图书馆的优势之一，学生主要是根据推荐作者表详细介绍来决定他们读与不读，但即是如此，按主题排序的好处都是不可估量的，比如节约那些想查找某个主题类书籍的人的时间，引起他们对其他有用著作的注意，或许还可以刺激他们的灵感
We must therefore rely on the library catalogue to cater for the author and title approach to knowledge and adopt a subject order on the shelves . an alphabetical sequence of some kind might, of course ,e employed for the latter task .因此,我们必须依靠馆藏目录以迎合作者和书名的方法为一门学科知识和采用架上了。一个按字母顺序某种顺序可能,当然,e被后者所雇用。This does have the merit of location books and other material on a particular subject for us and
would be superior to the alphabetical author order in grouping items conveniently for use and thus saving time.这是确实对于定位书籍和其他特别主题的材料有价值，而且也更优于依字母顺序的作者顺序来分组，这样更方便实用而且节约时间。
Unfortunately, the alphabetical subject order also has its limitations.不幸的是,依字母顺序分类也有它的局限性。
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Firstly, it is extremelydifficult to decide how specific our terms should be for such an arrangement; secondly, the problem of synonyms must somehow be solved ; thirdly, and this is the most important factor of all ,the alphabetical sequence results in the scattering of related subject material .首先,决定我们的术语是多么的特殊以至于要用这样的分类是非常的困难的;其次,这样的安排必须想办法解决同义词的问题；第三,这是最重要的因素,依字母顺序排列会导致材料主题分散的结果。
(indeed, although precision in arrangement is usually needed, the more specific an A---Z subject order the more scattering we find!事实上,虽精密度分类通常是被需要的,越发具体的一个——-Z字母排序，我们会发现材料主题会越分散!) We may, for instance ,have such an arrangement as:例如,我们也许会有如下的安排:
Abbeys Battles
Accidents Bible
Adhesives Bombing
Agriculture Bowls
Angling Buildings
Animals Bulldogs
Architecture Cabbages
The order is not altogether without use, but is obviously most imperfect, as the random selection of examples suggests .这顺序也并非毫无使用,但显然是最不完美,为随机选择的例子显示。Abbeys have no apparent relation to Accidents, but they have to Architecture.修道院与事故没有明显的关系，但是他们不得不与建筑学归为一类。
Items dealing with Angling or Bowling would be more usefully placed near to other material , including general works, on sports and recreations. 当处理钓鱼或保龄球会更有效与其他素材放在一起,包括一般的工作,在体育和娱乐活动方面。
Even the“classified”sections of telephone directories succumb to this type of sequence ,for they group such diverse headings as Entertainments; Envelope manufacturers; Estate agents ; and Excavating equipment suppliers.即使“机密的”部分电话号码簿也屈服于这种类型的顺序,因为他们爱拍各种各样的标题为娱乐;信封厂家;房地产经纪人;、挖掘设备供应商。
Subjects are not systematically related to each other in such arrangements; they are not classifications in the truest sense of the word ,for each topic is separated from kindred ones unless, by sheer chance ,the alphabet juxtaposes a few related themes. 在这样的分类中事物之间没有系统的关联;他们没有在最真实的字眼的情况下来对他们进行分类、除非每一个主题被与相似的其他字眼所分开,完全出于偶然,除非字母并列着相关的主题。
If we are only concerned with locating material(as in telephone directories we are ) then this may not matter.如果我们只关心定位资料(如电话号码簿)我们那么就有可能不会有问题。
In libraries and information centers, there is often a further important purpose; it is that of relating subject materials as far as is possible, in addition to location each specific theme.在图书馆和信息中心,通常会有更进一步的重要的目标;即是尽一切可能联系相关的主题,除了定位特殊的主
题之外
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This point deserving of a little elaboration since it is basic to good classificatory practice in the library world . 这一点应该小细心,因为它是在图书馆的世界最基本的良好的分类学上的实践An American librarian at the turn of the century, E. C. Richatdson, once wisely remarked that “use is the watchword of arrangement ” and it is thus essential that the organization the shelves of a library should reflect the use made of recorded knowledge, not only enabling books on a specific theme to be located together, but also subordinating each specific subject to the appropriate general one and demonstration the most important relationships between subjects美国图书馆员在世纪之交, E. C. Richatdson,曾经明智的指出:“使用是安排的口号”,因此,最重要的是该机构的图书馆书架上的书应该反映使用记录的知识,不仅使一个特定的主题书放在一起,同时使每一个特定主题的的书适当的摆放和证明与主题之间重要的联系
At the risk of over-simplifying the situation it is fair to say that several librarians in the United States since Richardson’s day have often tended to stress solely the location librarians value of classification and to see it as a “marking and parking ”device for book order on the shelves.在过于简单的危险情况下,可以公平的这样说，美国的几所图书馆从理查德森时代已经常对图书馆管理员单独的强调分类的重要性，他们把它视作是“标记以及存放”装置图书在书架上的顺序。
In Britain and many other European countries, however ,there has been an emphasis too on the fuller meaning of classification , that is , on its role in systematically displaying relationships .在英国和欧洲其他国家,但也已经成为了一种强调的详细分类意义,就是它的角色进行系统的显示的关系。
As we shall see, the latter viewpoint can be especially helpful in subject analysis and indexing in addition to its value in enabling a search for documents or information to be broadened or narrowed down with relationships in a gradually unfolding general to specific order.我们应该看到,后者的观点特别有助于题目分析和索引，除了随着逐步的从一般到特别的延伸它对于搜索文件和信息的价值会被扩大或减弱
We begin with the broad classes ,then we have their chief divisions,then the major sections of each of those.我们从开阔的级别开始,然后我们有他们的主要分类,再然后每个分类的主要部分Such systematic progression has many advantages over the casual subject order of the alphabet in a library and easily in particular subject areas.系统的进展,比起图书馆随意的字母顺序要更有利,特别是在特定的主题中会更加轻松。
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The great need to relate systematically ,in addition to locating subject materialwithin a classification, has resulted in neatly all libraries adopting a system which depends upon relative systematically rather than fixed location对于定位系统有极大的,除了在其材料分类上,导致所有图书馆,整整齐齐地采用相对系统而不是取决于固定的位置
In a fixed location system ,such as is found in very old and primitive attempts at classification schemes, every volume is allocated to a particular and permanent position on a particular shelf of the library;在一个固定的位置系统,如被发现的尝试非常古老而原始分类方案,即是每一册都被分配到图书馆书架上一个特别的以及固定的位置
Each new book ,whatever its subject ,takes the next vacant shelf place每一本新书,无论它的主题是什么,都放在下一个空书架挨着的地方
Under relative location, as exhibited in all the classifications now employed, booked are not fixed
to any one position in the library, but are moved to and fro as required , so that new material can be inserted in the correct place, according to its specific subject, in the sequence.相对位置下,展示在所有的分类工作,书不能固定在图书馆的任何地方，取药根据需要来回的移动，这样新的资料才能根据他特有的主题有序列的插入到正确的地方
Fixed location is implied by chronological order of accession and by other artificial and superseded systems ,but it is the negation of true classification.固定的位置是暗指的增加的年月日次序和其他武断的作废的制度，而且他是对真正分类的否定
It is only by means of relative location that new additions to a growing library can take up a place in the sequence where they will lend most support to the existing stock . 只有通过相对位置的方法,越来越多的新成员图书馆可以采取一样序列的方法,那样他们将借到现有股票最大的支持Volumes must be moved as required to provide the necessary flexibility demanded by an efficient system seeking to organize the collection with maximum advantage.卷必须移走,然后按需要提供必要的灵活性要求用一种高效率的系统寻求组织收集最大的优势。
Fixed location saves some space and has a place in stack-rooms and stores, although even here it can result in some loss of time in getting together the books that are used together.固定的位置节省了一些空间用来堆积存储,即使这可能导致损失一些时间用来把一起用的书都放在一起
In the open-access library, however, relative location, as found in classification, is imperative and is tremendous time-saver for reader and librarian alike.在开放存取的图书馆,然而,相对位置的分类形式,对于读者和图书馆管理员都是必须以及极大的节省时间的方法。
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The acknowledgement that a classified subject arrangement , displaying major subject relationships and relying upon the idea of relative location, is essential in most libraries leads on to the natural question---what is the subject of a book or other item of recorded knowledge? 承认分类问题的安排,显示了专业的关系是依赖的相对定位的想法,是根本的在大多数图书馆自然会带来什么问题——什么是一本书的主题或其他项目的知识记录?
We shall find that the classifier needs to observe rules for dealing with multi-subject works and must be aware of confusing the true subject of a book with some emphasis or bias which may be evident in a particular book’s treatment of that subject . 我们将发现分类需要注意到处理多数主题工作的规则,必须提防着混淆了一本书的真题和一些重点或者偏向可明显地出现在一本书的治疗这个话题。
Yet a point that can should be grasped from the outset is that ,to classify accurately and precisely, we must place each book under its specific subject ,for it is only in this way that we can adequately arrange material, or entries in a classified catalogue, in a helpful sequence and can maintain that arrangement.然而，一个可以从一开始就应把握的一点是，为了准确、精确的说分类,我们都必须有他自己特别主题的书放好，,因为只有这样,我们能够充分安排材料,或进入分类目录,通过一个有帮助的顺序并能保持这样的安排。
Within each major subject field ,the sequence should begin with general material and proceed slowly to more and more specialized branches of the subject , the exact order of progression being determined by an accurate analysis of the subject of books and by observing the needs of the majority of specialist readers in each field of activity .在每一个主要的主题领域,顺序应从一般的事物开始慢慢的进入到越来越多的专业化主题中，发展精确的顺去是有一个主题的图书的准确分析，观察大锁熟人的需要和在各个领域的专家和读者的活动中开始的。
Thus a history of the town of Leeds, for example ,should be classified as such and not hidden away with more general material under British history or even the history of Yorkshire .比如
Leeds这个镇的历史应当被归入此类，而不是用更多的一般资料去隐藏它在英国的历史上离开Yorkshire的历史。
The helpful sequence of the history class should then enable a reader or enquirer to see first material on “the History of Britain” as a whole ,then to survey works on the encounter specific works dealing with the history of individual towns ,or even areas within towns .对于历史有用的分类能够让读者和查询者看到“英国史”作为一个整体的第一手资料，然后再进行调查工作，当遇到具体的工作与个别小镇，甚至在处理城镇地区历史时。
Each town will be subordinated to its parent county ,each county to the county as a whole .每个城镇将服从它的父县,每个县与县作为一个整体
Thus it is that the widening or restriction of a search becomes more easy in a well-classified library and general （or generic）and specific searches can be made.因此,不断增加的或者限制搜索会变得更加简单的良好分类的图书馆和一般(或普通的)和特定的搜索也能成功。
The same procedure is followed in other subject fields ,with classification being carried out precisely , or as precisely as the system in use allows ,unless it is known that the library in question has deliberately opted for a policy of broad ,that is less detailed classification其他学科也跟随着同样的程序,在分类的被精确的实行后,或如同系统一般准确的允许使用,除非众所周知,图书馆的问题故意选择了宽广的政策,即较少的分类详细
Lesson One: The Time Message Elwood N, Chapman 新的学习任务开始之际，千头万绪，最重要的是安排好时间，做时间的主人。本文作者提出了7点具体建议，或许对你有所启迪。 1 Time is tricky. It is difficult to control and easy to waste. When you look a head, you think you have more time than you need. For Example,at the beginning of a semester, you may feel that you have plenty of time on your hands, but toward the end of the term you may suddenly find that time is running out. You don't have enough time to cover all your duties (duty), so you get worried. What is the answer? Control! 译：时间真是不好对付，既难以控制好，又很容易浪费掉，当你向前看时，你觉得你的时间用不完。例如，在一个学期的开始，你或许觉得你有许多时间，但到学期快要结束时，你会突然发现时间快用光了，你甚至找不出时间把所有你必须干的事情干完，这样你就紧张了。答案是什么呢？控制。 2 Time is dangerous. If you don't control it, it will control you. I f you don't make it work fo r you, it will work against you. So you must become the master of time, not its servant. As a first-year college student, time management will be your number one Problem. 译：时间是危险的，如果你控制不了时间，时间就会控制你，如果你不能让时间为你服务，它就会起反作用。所以，你必须成为时间的主人，而不是它的奴仆，作为刚入学的大学生，妥善安排时间是你的头等大事。 3 Time is valuable. Wasting time is a bad habit. It is like a drug. The more time you waste,the easier it is to go on wasting time. If seriously wish to get the most out of college, you must put the time message into practice. 译：时间是珍贵的，浪费时间是个坏习惯，这就像毒品一样，你越浪费时间，就越容易继续浪费下去，如果你真的想充分利用上大学的机会，你就应该把利用时间的要旨付诸实践。 Message1. Control time from the beginning. 4 Time is today, not tomorrow or next week. Start your plan at the Beginning of the term. 译：抓紧时间就是抓紧当前的时间，不要把事情推到明天或是下周，在学期开始就开始计划。 Message2. Get the notebook habit. 5 Go and buy a notebook today, Use it to plan your study time each day. Once a weekly study plan is prepared, follow the same pattern every week with small changes. Sunday is a good day to make the Plan for the following week.
新职业英语·职业综合英语课文翻译 第一课谷歌 上过互联网的人都见过谷歌，许多人要在互联网上查找某方面的信息时，他们都会去“谷歌”一下。作为全世界最有名的互联网搜索引擎，谷歌是网络业界功成名就的最好范例之一。 谷歌始于1996年1月斯坦福大学博士生拉里?佩奇的一个研究项目。为了找到一种能帮助网络用户搜索到相关网页的更好方法，佩奇设想可以通过检索网页之间的关系来实现。他认为其他网页链接最多的那些网页一定是最受欢迎的，这项技术结果看起来是成功的。 佩奇和他的合作伙伴谢尔盖?布林于1998年9月7日创建了自己的公司，并在之后的一周注册了https://www.doczj.com/doc/d413407258.html,这一网址。这个搜索引擎很快声名鹊起，2000年谷歌开始在自己的网站出售广告。在投资者的热情资助下，经过几年的发展，谷歌上市了，谷歌的很多雇员一夜之间成了百万富翁。 谷歌最近收购了互联网最大的视频共享网站https://www.doczj.com/doc/d413407258.html,，而且每天都在不断增加一些新功能，如工具栏、邮件和广告。当然，成长与成功也带来了竞争。微软最近就试图收购雅虎以便能在互联网搜索引擎领域与谷歌抗衡。 随着公司的壮大与知名度的提高，谷歌在美国公司就业吸引力的排名也上升到第一。他们尝试打破传统的办公室设计，努力把办公室变成员工感觉舒适、并能充分发挥自己才华的地方。 现在，谷歌已拥有YouTube、Blogger和其他一些热门网站，并且成为网络广告收入方面的领头羊。当初两个学生的一个小点子已发展成为一家拥有十亿美元资产的大公司，谷歌也成为全球最著名的商标之一。谷歌的发展史为当今的网络企业家树立了一个完美的典范，也提供了灵感。 第二课秘书 秘书可能会有很多其他不同的头衔，例如行政助理、文员或私人助理。尽管所有这些头衔都以行政工作为主旨，但它们却反映了不同种类的秘书工作。秘书岗位十分古老，例如，古希腊和罗马的商人和政客们就曾雇用私人秘书和文员来管理他们的事务。 秘书的工作就是使办公室顺利运转。秘书的职责范围很广，依据他们所在办公室的不同而各异。就最低要求来说，秘书要处理信函，跟踪日程安排，管理文件系统，操作电话、传真机、复印机等办公设备。许多秘书还要接听电话，并将其转给适当的人员。有些秘书还要负责办公室用品的采购，他们也可能会处理预算、簿记和人事文档。秘书应当具备使用电脑和其他电子设备的经验，因为他们将处理大量的电子资料，包括往来信函。
human creations, language may be the most remarkable. Through language we share experience, values, exchange ideas, transmit knowledge, and sustain culture. Indeed, language is vital to sense of reality by giving meaning to events. 在人类所有的创造中，语言也许是影响最为深远的。我们用语言来分享经验，表达(传递？)价值观，交换想法，传播知识，传承文化。事实上，对语言本身的思考也是至关重要的。和通常所认为的不同的是，语言并不只是简单地反映现实，语言在具体描述事件的时候也在帮助我们建立对现实的感知。——语序的调整。 Good speakers have respect for language and know how it works. Words are the tools of a speaker?s craft. They have special uses, just like the tools of any other profession. As a speaker, you should be aware of the meaning of words and know how to use language accurately, clearly,vividly,and appropriately. 好的演讲者对语言很重视，也知道如何让它发挥更好的效果。词语是演讲者演讲的重要“武器”，具有特殊的用途，这和任何其他的工作技艺没什么两样。作为演讲者，必须知道词语的具体含义，也要懂得如何做到用词准确、清晰、生动、适当。 Using language accurately is as vital to a speaker as using numbers accurately to a accountant. Never use a word unless you are sure of its meaning. If you are not sure, look up the word in the dictionary. As you prepare your speeches, ask yourself constantly, “What do I really want to say? What do I really mean?” Choose words that are precise and accurate. 演讲者准确地使用语言和会计准确使用数字是一样重要的。确定词意后再措词。如果不确定，请先查词典。当你在准备演讲的时候，要不断地问自己：“我到底要说什么？我到底想表达什么意思？”用词一定要精准。 Using language clearly allows listeners to grasp your meaning immediately. You can ensure this [by using familiar words （that are known to the average person and require no specialized background）; by choosing concrete words in preference to more abstract ones, and by eliminating verbal clutter]. 用词清晰可以让听众迅速理解你的意思（抓到你的点）。要做到这一点，就要尽量使用一般人都熟悉的不需要专业知识就能懂的词语；多用具象词汇少用抽象词汇；还有要减少口误。 Using language vividly helps bring your speech to life. One way (to make your speech vivid)|is through imagery，or the creation of word pictures. You can develop imagery by using concrete language, simile, and metaphor. Simile is an explicit comparison between things （that are essentially different yet have something in common）; it always contains the words “like”or “as”. Metaphor is an impli cit comparison between things that are different yet have something in common; it does not contain the words “like” or “as”. 生动地用词能让演讲鲜活起来！比喻，这种能产生文字图像的修辞，可以使演讲达到生动的效果。比喻要用具象的语言，分为明喻和隐喻。 明喻是指在本质上有区别但仍然有相同点的事物之间做一个明确的比较，一般句中会含有“像”或“似”。隐喻则是一种隐藏的比较，不会出现like 和as 这些连接词。 Another way to make your speeches vivid is by exploiting the rhythm of language. Four devices for creating rhythm are parallelism, repetition, alliteration, and antithesis. Parallelism is the similar arrangement of a pair or series of related words, phrases, or sentences. Repetition is the use of the same word or set of words at the beginning or end of successive clauses or sentences. Alliteration comes from repeating the initial constant sounds of close or adjoining words. Antithesis is the juxtaposition of
One way of summarizing the American position is to state that we value originality and independence more than the Chinese do. The contrast between our two cultures can also be seen in terms of the fears we both harbor. Chinese teachers are fearful that if skills are not acquired early, they may never be acquired; there is, on the other hand, no comparable hurry to promote creativity. American educators fear that unless creativity has been acquired early, it may never emerge; on the other hand, skills can be picked up later. However, I do not want to overstate my case. There is enormous creativity to be found in Chinese scientific, technological and artistic innovations past and present. And there is a danger of exaggerating creative breakthroughs in the West. When any innovation is examined closely, its reliance on previous achievements is all too apparent (the "standing on the shoulders of giants" phenomenon). But assuming that the contrast I have developed is valid, and that the fostering of skills and creativity are both worthwhile goals, the important question becomes this: Can we gather, from the Chinese and American extremes, a superior way to approach education, perhaps striking a better balance between the poles of creativity and basic skills?
NUIT1 大学已经不再特别了 有这么一种说法：“要是你能记得20世纪60年代的任何事情，你就没有真正经历过那段岁月。”对于在大麻烟雾中度过大学时光的那些人，这话可能是真的。但是，20世纪60年代有一件事人人都记得，那就是：上大学是你一生中最激动人心、最刺激的经历。 20世纪60年代，加州的高校把本州变成了世界第七大经济实体。然而，加州大学的主校园伯克利分校也以学生示威、罢课以及激进的政治氛围而著名。1966年，罗纳德?里根竞选加州州长，他问加州是否允许“一所伟大的大学被喧闹的、唱反调的少数人征服。”自由派人士回答说，大学之所以伟大正是因为它们有能力容忍喧闹的、唱反调的少数人。 在欧洲的大学校园里，大学生以新的姿态和激情投入到争取自由和正义的事业中去，大规模的社会主义或共产主义运动引发了他们与当权者之间日益升级的暴力冲突。许多抗议是针对越南战争的。可是在法国，巴黎大学的学生与工会联盟，发动了一场大罢工，最终导致戴高乐总统辞职。 20世纪60年代大学生活的特点并不仅仅是激进的行动。不论在什么地方，上大学都意味着你初次品尝真正自由的滋味，初次品尝深更半夜在宿舍或学生活动室里讨论人生意义的滋味。你往往得上了大学才能阅读你的第一本禁书，看你的第一部独立影人电影，或者找到和你一样痴迷吉米?亨德里克斯或兰尼?布鲁斯的志同道合者。那是一段难以想象的自由时光，你一生中最无拘无束的时光。 可如今那份激情哪儿去了？大学怎么了？现在，政治、社会和创造意识的觉醒似乎不是凭借大学的助力，而是冲破其阻力才发生的。当然，一点不假，高等教育仍然重要。例如，在英国，布莱尔首相几乎实现了到2010年让50％的30岁以下的人上大学的目标（即使愤世嫉俗的人会说，这是要把他们排除在失业统计数据之外）。不过，大学教育已不再是全民重视的话题了。如今，大学被视为人们急于逃离的一种小城镇。有些人辍学，但大多数已经有些麻木，还是坚持混到毕业，因为离开学校实在是太费事了。 没有了20世纪60年代大学生所发现的令人头脑发热的自由气氛，如今的大学生要严肃得多。英国文化协会最近做了一项调查，研究外国留学生在决定上哪所大学时所考虑的因素。这些因素从高到低依次是：课程质量、就业前景、学费负担、人身安全问题、生活方式，以及各种便利。大学已变成实现目的的手段，是在就业市场上增加就业几率的一个机会，上大学本身不再是目的，不再是给你提供一个机会，让你暂时想象一下：你能够改变世界。 童年与大学之间的距离已缩小了，大学与现实世界之间的距离也缩小了。其中的一个原因可能和经济有关。在一个没有保障的世界里，现在的许多孩子依赖父母资助的时间比以前的孩子更长。21世纪的学生大学毕业后根本无法自立门户，因为那太昂贵了。另一个可能的原因是通讯革命。儿子或女儿每学期往家里打一两回电话的日子一去不复返了。如今，大学生通过手机与父母保持着脐带式联系。至于寻找痴迷无名文学或音乐的同道好友，没问题，我们有互联网和聊天室来帮助我们做到这一点。
Presenting a speech （做演讲） Of all human creations, language may be the most remarkable. Through 在人类所有的创造中，语言也许是影响最为深远的。我们用语言 language we share experience, formulate values, exchange ideas, transmit 来分享经验，表达(传递？)价值观，交换想法，传播知识， knowledge, and sustain culture. Indeed, language is vital to think itself. 传承文化。事实上，对语言本身的思考也是至关重要的。[Contrary to popular belief], language | does not simply mirror reality but also helps to create our sense of reality [by giving meaning to events]. 和通常所认为的不同的是，语言并不只是简单地反映现实，语言在 具体描述事件的时候也在帮助我们建立对现实的感知。 ——语序的调整。 Good speakers have respect for language and know how it works. Words are the tools of a speaker’s craft. They have special uses, just like the tools of any other profession. As a speaker, you should be aware of the meaning of words and know how to use language accurately, clearly,vividly,and appropriately. 好的演讲者对语言很重视，也知道如何让它发挥更好的效果。词语是演讲者演讲的重要“武器”，具有特殊的用途，这和任何其他的工作技艺没什么两样。作为演讲者，必须知道词语的具体含义，也要懂得如何做到用词准确、清晰、生动、适当。 Using language accurately is as vital to a speaker as using numbers accurately to a accountant. Never use a word unless you are sure of its meaning. If you are not sure, look up the word in the dictionary. As you prepare your speeches, ask yourself constantly, “What do I really want to say? What do I really mean?”Choose words that are precise and accurate. 演讲者准确地使用语言和会计准确使用数字是一样重要的。确定词意后再措词。如果不确定，请先查词典。当你在准备演讲的时候，要不断地问自己：“我到底要说什么？我到底想表达什么意思？”用词一定要精准。 Using language clearly allows listeners to grasp your meaning immediately. You can ensure this [by using familiar words （that are known to the average person and require no specialized background）; by choosing concrete words in preference to more abstract ones, and by eliminating verbal clutter]. 用词清晰可以让听众迅速理解你的意思（抓到你的点）。要做到这一点，就要尽量使用一般人都熟悉的不需要专业知识就能懂的词语；多用具象词汇少用抽象词汇；还有要减少口误。 Using language vividly helps bring your speech to life. One way (to make your speech vivid)|is through imagery，or the creation of word pictures. You can develop imagery by using concrete language, simile, and metaphor. Simile is an explicit comparison between things （that are essentially different yet have something in common）; it always contains the words “like”or “as”. Metaphor is an implicit
BOOK2课文译文 UNIT1 TextA 中国式的学习风格 1987年春，我和妻子埃伦带着我们18个月的儿子本杰明在繁忙的中国东部城市南京住了一个月，同时考察中国幼儿园和小学的艺术教育情况。然而，我和埃伦获得的有关中美教育观念差异的最难忘的体验并非来自课堂，而是来自我们在南京期间寓居的金陵饭店堂。 我们的房门钥匙系在一块标有房间号的大塑料板上。酒店鼓励客人外出时留下钥匙，可以交给服务员，也可以从一个槽口塞入钥匙箱。由于口子狭小，你得留神将钥匙放准位置才塞得进去。 本杰明爱拿着钥匙走来走去，边走边用力摇晃着。他还喜欢试着把钥匙往槽口里塞。由于他还年幼，不太明白得把钥匙放准位置才成，因此总塞不进去。本杰明一点也不在意。他从钥匙声响中得到的乐趣大概跟他偶尔把钥匙成功地塞进槽口而获得的乐趣一样多。 我和埃伦都满不在乎，任由本杰明拿着钥匙在钥匙箱槽口鼓捣。他的探索行为似乎并无任何害处。但我很快就观察到一个有趣的现象。饭店里任何一个中国工作人员若在近旁，都会走过来看着本杰明，见他初试失败，便都会试图帮忙。他们会轻轻握牢本杰明的手，直接将它引向钥匙槽口，进行必要的重新定位，并帮他把钥匙插入槽口。然后那位“老师”会有所期待地对着我和埃伦微笑，似乎等着我们说声谢谢——偶尔他会微微皱眉，似乎觉得我俩没有尽到当父母的责任。 我很快意识到，这件小事与我们在中国要做的工作直接相关：考察儿童早期教育（尤其是艺术教育）的方式，揭示中国人对创造性活动的态度。因此，不久我就在与中国教育工作者讨论时谈起了钥匙槽口一事。 两种不同的学习方式
我的中国同行，除了少数几个人外，对此事的态度与金陵饭店工作人员一样。既然大人知道怎么把钥匙塞进槽口——这是走近槽口的最终目的，既然孩子还很年幼，还没有灵巧到可以独自完成要做的动作，让他自己瞎折腾会有什么好处呢？他很有可能会灰心丧气发脾气——这当然不是所希望的结果。为什么不教他怎么做呢？他会高兴，他还能早些学会做这件事，进而去学做更复杂的事，如开门，或索要钥匙——这两件事到时候同样可以（也应该）示范给他看。 我俩颇为同情地听着这一番道理，解释道，首先，我们并不在意本杰明能不能把钥匙塞进钥匙的槽口。他玩得开心，而且在探索，这两点才是我们真正看重的。但关键在于，在这个过程中，我们试图让本杰明懂得，一个人是能够很好地自行解决问题的。这种自力更生的精神是美国中产阶级最重要的一条育儿观。如果我们向孩子演示该如何做某件事——把钥匙塞进钥匙槽口也好，画只鸡或是弥补某种错误行为也好——那他就不太可能自行想方设法去完成这件事。从更广泛的意义上说，他就不太可能——如美国人那样——将人生视为一系列 的情境，在这些情境中，一个人必须学会独立思考，学会独立解决问题，进而学会发现需要创造性地加以解决的新问题。 把着手教 回想起来，当时我就清楚地意识到，这件事正是体现了问题的关键之所在——而且不仅仅是一种意义上的关键之所在。这件事表明了我们两国在教育和艺术实践上的重要差异。 那些善意的中国旁观者前来帮助本杰明时，他们不是简单地像我可能会做的那样笨拙地或是犹犹豫豫地把他的手往下推。相反，他们极其熟练地、轻轻地把他引向所要到达的确切方向。 我逐渐认识到，这些中国人不是简单地以一种陈旧的方式塑造、引导本杰明的行为：他们是在恪守中国传统，把着手教，教得本杰明自己会愉快地要求再来一次。
Unit 1 Changes in the Way We Live 在美国，不少人对乡村生活怀有浪漫的情感。许多居住在城镇的人梦想着自己办个农场，梦想着靠土地为生。很少有人真去把梦想变为现实。或许这也没有什么不好，因为，正如吉姆·多尔蒂当初开始其写作和农场经营双重生涯时所体验到的那样，农耕生活远非轻松自在。但他写道，自己并不后悔，对自己作出的改变生活方式的决定仍热情不减。 Mr. Doherty Builds His Dream Life Jim Doherty 有两件事是我一直想做的――写作与务农。如今我同时做着这两件事。作为作家，我和E·B·怀特不属同一等级，作为农场主，我和乡邻也不是同一类人，不过我应付得还行。在城市以及郊区历经多年的怅惘失望之后，我和妻子桑迪终于在这里的乡村寻觅到心灵的满足。 这是一种自力更生的生活。我们食用的果蔬几乎都是自己种的。自家饲养的鸡提供鸡蛋，每星期还能剩余几十个出售。自家养殖的蜜蜂提供蜂蜜，我们还自己动手砍柴，足可供过冬取暖之用。 这也是一种令人满足的生活。夏日里我们在河上荡舟，在林子里野餐，骑着自行车长时间漫游。冬日里我们滑雪溜冰。我们为落日的余辉而激动。我们爱闻大地回暖的气息，爱听牛群哞叫。我们守着看鹰儿飞过上空，看玉米田间鹿群嬉跃。 但如此美妙的生活有时会变得相当艰苦。就在三个月前，气温降
到华氏零下30度，我们辛苦劳作了整整两天，用一个雪橇沿着河边拖运木柴。再过三个月，气温会升到95度，我们就要给玉米松土，在草莓地除草，还要宰杀家禽。前一阵子我和桑迪不得不翻修后屋顶。过些时候，四个孩子中的两个小的，16岁的吉米和13岁的埃米莉，会帮着我一起把拖了很久没修的室外厕所修葺一下，那是专为室外干活修建的。这个月晚些时候，我们要给果树喷洒药水，要油漆谷仓，要给菜园播种，要赶在新的小鸡运到之前清扫鸡舍。 在这些活计之间，我每周要抽空花五、六十个小时，不是打字撰文，就是为作为自由撰稿人投给报刊的文章进行采访。桑迪则有她自己繁忙的工作日程。除了日常的家务，她还照管菜园和蜂房，烘烤面包，将食品装罐、冷藏，开车送孩子学音乐，和他们一起练习，自己还要上风琴课，为我做些研究工作并打字，自己有时也写写文章，还要侍弄花圃，堆摞木柴、运送鸡蛋。正如老话说的那样，在这种情形之下，坏人不得闲――贤德之人也歇不了。 我们谁也不会忘记第一年的冬天。从12月一直到3月底，我们都被深达5英尺的积雪困着。暴风雪肆虐，一场接着一场，积雪厚厚地覆盖着屋子和谷仓，而室内，我们用自己砍伐的木柴烧火取暖，吃着自家种植的苹果，温馨快乐每一分钟。 开春后，有过两次泛滥。一次是河水外溢，我们不少田地被淹了几个星期。接着一次是生长季节到了，一波又一波的农产品潮涌而来，弄得我们应接不暇。我们的冰箱里塞满了樱桃、蓝莓、草莓、芦笋、豌豆、青豆和玉米。接着我们存放食品罐的架子上、柜橱里也开始堆
Unit1如何发表演说斯蒂芬·卢卡斯 1.在人类创造的万物中，语言可能是最卓越的一项创造。通过语言，我们可以分享经验、阐明价值观念、交流思想、传播知识、传承文化。确实，语言对于思想本身至关重要。和流行的信仰不同的是：语言并不是简单地反映事实，而是通过对事件意义的思考来帮助人们感悟现实。 2.优秀的演说者尊重语言并懂得如何驾驭语言。语言是演说者展示才能的工具，对于他们来说，如同其他职业的工具一样,语言也有特殊的功用。作为一名演说者，你应该意识到话语的意义，并懂得如何准确无误地使用语言，使其表达清楚，趣味横生，恰如其分。 3.如同数字对于会计的重要性一样，准确地使用语言对于演说者至关重要。在没有确切知道一个词语的意思之前，千万不要盲目使用。碰到没有把握的词语，一定要查词典追根究底。当你准备演讲之前，一定要不断地问自己：“我究竟想说些什么？我究竟想表达什么样的意思？”因此，对于一篇演讲稿的用词来说，必须准确无误。 4.语言表达清楚无误，听众就能很快抓住你的意思。鉴于此，演说者应该使用那些对于大多数人来说非常熟悉的词语，这些词语不需要任何专业背景就能够理解；演说者应该使用那些表达具体而不是相对抽象的词语；并且千万不要乱堆砌辞藻，哗众取宠。 5.准确生动地使用语言能够使你的演说贴近生活。有一种方法可以使你的语言更加生动形象，那就是通过展开联想或创造语言图示。通过使用表达具体的词语、明喻或者暗喻等手法可以展开想象。明喻是对事物不同之处的比较，不过有些是相同的：它们总是包含“像……一样”或者“如同……一样”这样的连词。暗喻是一种隐性的比喻，它能够把两个形式不同但是有一些相通之处的事物联系在一起，暗喻不包含“像……一样”或者“如同……一样”这样的连词。 6.另一种让你的演说生动形象的方法是注重语言的节奏感。有四种修辞格可以让你的语言富有节奏感：排比、重复、头韵和对比。排比是将一组或一系列具有相似结构的词语、短语或者句子排列在一起；重复是在一系列短句或者长句的开头或者结尾使用相同的一句话或者一组词语；头韵是指邻近或者相邻的几个句子中的首个词语的辅音字母相同；对比是将一些意思相反的词语或者句子并列在一起，通常使用排比结构。 7.恰当地使用语言是指语言的运用要符合特定的场合、特定的观众和特定的主题。同时，恰当地使用语言还意味着演说者要有自己的语言风格，而不是模仿他人的口吻。如果演说者的语言在各个方面都能够做到恰如其分，那么这篇演说成功的机率就会大大提高。 8.优秀的演说并不是空穴来风、缺乏论据的决断。演说者必须找到强有力的论据来支持其观点。实际上，熟练地使用论据经常是区别一篇优秀演说词和一篇空洞演说词的关键所在。一般来说，通常有三种论据材料：事例、统计数据和证词。 9.在演说过程中，你可以使用一些简明扼要的例子——比如过去发生的一个很具体的事件——有时候，你可以罗列好几个简明的例子，借此增强听众的印象。扩展性的例子——描述、
Globalization is sweeping aside national borders and changing relations between nations. What impact does this have on national identities and loyalties? Are they strengthened or weakened? The author investigates. 全球化正在扫除国界、改变国与国之间的关系。这对国家的认同和对国家的忠诚会带来什么影响呢？它们会得到加强还是削弱？作者对这些问题进行了探讨。 In Search of Davos ManPeter Gumbel 1. William Browder was born in Princeton, New Jersey, grew up in Chicago, and studied at Stanford University in California. But don't call him an American. For the past 16 of his 40 years he has lived outside the ., first in London and then, from 1996, in Moscow, where he runs his own investment firm. Browder now manages $ billion in assets. In 1998 he gave up his American passport to become a British citizen, since his life is now centered in Europe. "National identity makes no difference for me," he says. "I feel completely international. If you have four good friends and you like what you are doing, it doesn't matter where you are. That's globalization." 寻找达沃斯人 彼得·甘贝尔 威廉·布劳德出生于新泽西州的普林斯顿，在芝加哥长大，就读于加利福尼亚州的斯坦福大学。但别叫他美国人。他今年40岁，过去16年来一直生活在美国以外的地方，先是在伦敦，1996年后在莫斯科经营他自己的投资公司。布劳德如今掌管着价值16亿美元的资产。1998年，他放弃美国护照，成为英国公民，因为他现在的生活中心在欧洲。“国家认同对我来说不重要，”他说，“我觉得自己完全是个国际人。如果你有四个朋友，又喜欢你所做的事情，那么你在哪儿无关紧要。这就是全球化。” 2. Alex Mandl is also a fervent believer in globalization, but he views himself very differently. A former president of AT&T, Mandl, 61, was born in Austria and now runs a French technology company, which is doing more and more business in China. He reckons he spends about 90% of his time traveling on business. But despite all that globetrotting, Mandl who has been a . citizen for 45 years still identifies himself as an American. "I see myself as American without any hesitation. The fact that I spend a lot of time in other places doesn't change that," he says. 亚历克斯·曼德尔也是全球化的狂热信徒，但他对自己的看法与布劳德不同。61岁的曼德尔曾任美国电报电话公司总裁。他出生于奥地利，现在经营着一家法国技术公司，该公司在中国的业务与日俱增。他估计自己几乎90%的时间都花在出差上。然而，尽管曼德尔全球到处跑，已经做了45年美国公民的他还是认为自己是个美国人。“我毫不迟疑地把自己当作美国人。我在其他地方度过很多时间，但是这一事实不能改变我是美国人，”他说。 3. Although Browder and Mandl define their nationality differently, both see their identity as a matter of personal choice, not an accident of birth. And not incidentally, both are Davos Men, members of the international business élite who trek each year to the Swiss Alpine town for the annual meeting of the World Economic Forum, founded in 1971. This week, Browder and Mandl will join more than 2,200 executives, politicians, academics, journalists, writers and a handful of Hollywood stars for five days of networking, parties and endless earnest discussions about everything from post-election Iraq and HIV in Africa to the global supply of oil and the implications of nanotechnology. Yet this year, perhaps more than ever, a hot topic at Davos is Davos itself. Whatever their considerable differences, most Davos Men and
基础综合英语课文翻译 导语：《基础综合英语》综合听说读写四个方面。每单元前半 部分涉及听说技能，而后半部分突出读写技能。这四种技能都围绕同一主题展开，相互补充，协同提高。下面是由的关于基础综合英语课文第一单元部分课文的翻译。欢迎阅读！ 对F的赞美 今年将有好几万的十八岁青年毕业，他们都将被授予毫无意义 的文凭。这些文凭看上去跟颁发给比他们幸运的同班同学的文凭没什么两样。只有当雇主发现这些毕业生是半文盲时，文凭的效力才会被质疑。 最后，少数幸运者会进入教育维修车间——成人识字课程，我 教的一门关于基础语法和写作的课程就属于这种性质。在教育维修车间里，高中毕业生和高中辍学生将学习他们本该在学校就学好的技能，以获得同等学历毕业证书。他们还将发现他们被我们的教育体系欺骗了。 在我教课的过程中，我对我们的学校教育深有了解。在每学期 开始的时候，我会让我的学生写一下他们在学校的不快体验。这种时候学生不会有任何写作障碍！我希望有人能让我停止吸毒，让我学习。我喜欢参加派对，似乎没人在意。我是一个好孩子，不会制造任何麻烦，于是他们就让我考试通过，即使我阅读不好，也不会写作。很多诸如此类的抱怨。
我基本是一个空想社会改良家，在教这门课之前，我将孩子们 的学力能力差归咎于毒品、离婚和其它妨碍注意力集中的东西，要想学习好就必须集中注意力。但是，我每一次走进教室都会再度发现，一个老师在期望学生全神贯注之前，他必须先吸引学生的注意力，无论附近有什么分散注意力的东西。要做到这点，有很多种办法，它们与教学风格有很大的关系。然而，单靠风格无法起效，有另一个办法可以显示谁是在教室里掌握胜局的人。这个办法就是亮出失败的王牌。 我永远也忘不了一位老师亮出那张王牌以吸引我的一个孩子的 注意。我的小儿子是个世界级的万人迷，学习不怎么动脑筋却总能蒙混过关，直到施蒂夫特夫人当了他的老师，这种局面才彻底改变了。 当她教我儿子英语时，我儿子是一个高中高年级学生。他坐在 后排和他的朋友说话。她告诉我。你为什么不把他换到前排来？我恳求道，我相信令他难堪的做法会让他安心学习。史蒂夫特夫人从眼镜上方冷冷地看着我。我不会换高年级学生的座位。她说，我会给他们不及格的成绩。我大感紧张。我们儿子的学习生涯在我的眼前闪现。之前，没有老师以此威胁过他。我恢复镇定，艰难地表示我认为她是对的。到家时，我对此感觉良好。目前这是一种激进的做法，但是，嗯，为什么不这么做呢？她要给你不及格。我告诉我的儿我没有再多说什么。突然英语就在他的生活中成了头等大事。他期末得了一个A。 我知道一个例子不能说明问题，但我在夜校中看见了一群愤怒、怨恨的学生，他们愤恨的原因是学校让他们一路混，直到他们甚至都无法再假装跟得上。这些学生智力水平至少也算中等，但最终都退学