UNIT1
Part II News reports
Summary:
This news report tells us that the United Nations General Assembly has elected Columbia, Ireland, Mauritius, Norway and Singapore as its new non-permanent members of the Security Council.
Statements:
1. Columbia, Ireland, and Singapore won their seats as nonpermanent members of the Security Council on the first round of balloting while Mauritius and Norway won their seats on the fourth ballot.
2. Sudan and Mauritius are two candidates for the second seat for the African and Asian group.
3. There were three countries contending for the two seats allotted to the western industrialized group of nations.
4. The Security Council is made up of 15 members, including five permanent members -- China, France, Great Britain, Russia, and the United States--and 10 non-permanent members.
Tapescript:
The United Nations General Assembly has elected' Columbia, Ireland, Mauritius, Norway and Singapore as the new non-permanent members of the Security Council. The vote follows several weeks of haggling and maneuvering.
Columbia, Ireland, and Singapore won the required two thirds majority on the first round of balloting. But it took another three rounds of voting to decide on the remaining two regional seats.
Contention marked the voting for the second seat for the African and Asian group. The United States lobbied intensely against Sudan, the candidate of the Organization of African Unity. Mauritius, the candidate supported by Washington, won on the fourth round of voting.
Ireland easily captured one of the two seats allotted to the western industrialized group of nations on the first ballot. But Norway and Italy campaigned vigorously for the second spot. King Harald of Norway came to New York last week to press the case for his nation's representation on the Security Council for the first time since 1982. Norway also won on the fourth ballot. The new members begin their two-year terms in January. The Security Council is made up of a total of 15 members, including five permanent members -- China, France, Great Britain, Russia, and the United States -- and 10 non-permanent members. Five non-permanent members are elected to two-year terms each year.
B Summary
This news report tells us that the United Nations Human Rights Commission was going to hold an emergency meeting to deal with the crisis situation between Israelis and Palestinians.
Answers to the questions:
1. 53
2.48
3.3
4. The United States
5.Canada
6.October 18th
7.No more than three days
8. To get the Israelis and Palestinians back to the negotiating table
9. 4 / Bosnian war / genocide in Rwanda / violence in East Timor
Forty-eight of the ( United Nations Human Rights Commission's) 53 member nations voted to hold the emergency meeting. The United States cast the sole dissenting vote and Canada abstained. Three other countries did not vote.
The special meeting will begin October 18th and will last for no more than three days.
UN spokeswoman Marie Heuze says one purpose of the meeting is to try to learn how the cycle of violence between Israelis and Palestinians can be stopped.
"When you have such a high-profile for a crisis which is so dangerous, not only for the people in Palestine and in Israel, but in the region, there is a fear -- and this is probably why there was a large consensus on this meeting to discuss the issue -- because the situation in this part of the world is so volatile, so dangerous, so important to control that everybody thinks that they have something to contribute."
MsHeuze says she thinks the United Nations and the international community as a whole can play a constructive role in the present situation and in trying to get the Israelis and Palestinians back to the negotiating table. Officials from the UN Human Rights Commission will discuss the agenda toward the meeting on Wednesday.
This is only the fifth time the commission has gone into emergency meeting to deal with a crisis situation. Previous sessions dealt with the Bosnian war, the genocide in Rwanda, and the violence in East Timor.
Questions:
1. How many members are there in the UN Human Rights Commission?
2. How many of them voted to hold the emergency meeting?
3. How many of them didn't vote?
4. Which country cast the dissenting vote?
5. Which country abstained?
6. When will the meeting begin?
7. How long will it last? 8. What's the purpose of this meeting?
9. How many emergency meetings have been held before this one?
What were the three crisis situations that they dealt with?
UNIT2
Part II News Reports
A ...Washington … the information economy … deteriorating health of the planet … information economy … communication … education and entertainment … physical exam … vital signs … species … climate … temperatures … water tables … glaciers … forests … fisheries … to stabilize both climate and world population growth
B Summary
… the severe shortage of water in some developing nations. … global solutions are found soon.
Answers to the questions
1.150
2. Monday
3. Almost one billion people could
suffer from a scarcity of water.
4. Middle East, parts of Africa, western Asia, Northeastern China, western and southern India, large parts of Pakistan and Mexico, parts of the Pacific coast of the United States and South America.
5.To treat water as a precious resource.
6. 5 liters
7. 50
liters 8. 500 liters
UNIT3
Part II News reports
A Summary:
This news report is about Forbes's "Super 100 Global" list.
Answer the questions:
1. Which of the following corporations are the top five on Forbes's list? Mark their ranks.
2 Citigroup 4 HSBC Banking Company -- BP-Amoco
5 Daimler-Chrysler 1 General Electric Corporation Microsoft 3 Bank of America
2. How are the companies ranked?
The companies are ranked with a composite formula, which includes total sales, profits, assets and market capitalization, or the total value of their stock.
3. How are the 100 companies distributed?
46 in the United States, 54 in Europe and Japan.
4. Why were none of the Internet-related firms included in the list? Because most of the Internet-related firms have little or no profits so far. Tapescripts:
For the second year in a row, the General Electric Corporation is ranked number one in an annual survey of the 100 most powerful corporations in the world. The survey, compiled and published by Forbes business magazine, shows General Electric of the United States ranked number one, followed in second and third place by the U.S. banking and financial services giants Citigroup and Bank of America. In fourth and fifth place are the British-based HSBC Banking Company and Daimler-Chrysler, the German-American auto-company. The companies are ranked with a composite formula, which includes total sales, profits, assets and market capitalization, or the total value of its (their) stock. What the magazine calls its "Super 100 Global" list are 46 companies based in the United States and 54 in Europe and Japan. Mike Ozanian, the Forbes editor who compiled the list, says there is a growing trend of international mergers and acquisitions, citing companies such as Daimler-Chrysler and BP-Amoco, the Anglo-American Oil Company. Mr. Ozanian says that despite the huge capitalizations of many Internet-related firms, none were included because most have little, if any, profits -- at least not yet.
B Summary:
This news report gives us a general picture of the U.S. stock market. It also presents some analysts' views on the market.
Statements:
1. The Dow Jones Industrial Average went up less than one percent, to 10,546.
2. An analyst said that sales growth at Intel could be stronger than expected.
3. Retail stocks gained on stronger-than-expected sales because of the Thanksgiving holiday shopping season.
4. Sales of existing homes fell a steep 3.9% in October, their second monthly decline.
5. According to investment strategist Alan Skrainka, this is a very good entry point for a long-term investor to get into the market.
Tapescript:
U.S. stock prices were mixed on Monday, with the "blue-chips" in a rally mode. But volume was only moderate after a holiday-shortened week last week, showing lingering uncertainty among investors.
The Dow Jones Industrial Average went up 75 points, less than one percent, to 10,546. The S & P 500 Index gained 7 points. But the NASDAQ Composite backed off an early rally, taking a loss of almost one percent on weakness in selected technology stocks.
The Dow Industrials actually got a boost from their technology components.
Shares of Intel traded higher after an analyst said sales growth at the leading computer chip-maker could be stronger than expected. Microsoft stock also edged higher.
Retail stocks gained on stronger-than-expected sales over the Thanksgiving weekend, as the holiday shopping season got underway. However, analysts caution the retail picture is still clouded because many stores offered bargains to attract shoppers. Experts worry that higher oil prices and interest rates will make this a less than merry Christmas season for U.S. merchants.
The latest on the U.S. economy points to slower growth. Sales of existing homes fell a steep 3.9 percent in October, their second monthly decline. Many analysts think uncertainty over the economy makes it increasingly likely that the major stock averages will close lower for the year. But investment strategist Alan Skrainka says the longer-term looks better. "No one can guess what will happen to the market over the next month. But over the long-term, we think the market looks very good. If you're a long-term investor, this is a very good entry point for getting into the market because this is what you've been waiting for. All the fear and uncertainty in the marketplace is setting us up for some very good values in the market."
UNIT4
Part II News reports
ASummary :
… the smallest a nd most earth-like extra solar planet.
Answers to questions:
1.About a dozen.
2. Five times the mass of the earth.
3. A red
dwarf.
4.Two.
5. One is similar to Neptune and the other is 8 times
the mass of the earth.
BEvent : NASA’s 12-year program of Mars ? Starting time: 1996
? Finishing time: 2008 First installment:
? Names of spacecrafts: the Mars Global Surveyor Orbiter / the Pathfinder Lander
? Arrival time: 1997 ? Mission: To collect and analyze rocks
Second installment:
? Names of spacecr afts: the Polar Lander / the Mars Climate Orbiter
? Launch time:December ? Arrival time: Next December
Mission:
a.To inspect for subsurface water
b.To measure the distribution of water vapor, dust and
condensates
Grand finale: ? Launch time: 2005 ? Return time: 2008
? Mission: To return soil and rock samples to Earth.
UNIT5
Part II（答案见听力原文中的红色部分）
In North Beach in San Francisco, where some pretty super food gets served every night.
“Absolutely very super food!” “and I really like the taste of it”
But we’re not just talking about taste. Research now shows that some foods, including tomatoes, onions, garlic, and olive oil ---- are among the super foods. Super foods are packed with powerful chemicals that may
offer your body great protection against chronic disease
“Including cancer, obesity, heart disease. Vibrantly colored red, yellow, orange and green all giving you different types of phytochemicals.”
Natalie Ledsma is a registered dietician at U. C. S. F. she says compounds found in super foods --- called phytochemicals ---- can reduce the risk of cancer, boost the immune system, and protect the heart. She showed us what everyone should try to eat each week for optimal health.
One her shoppinglist? Herbs!
“Dark green ones (herbs), like rosema ry and thyme, and any intensly colored spice, like turmeric or red pepper.”
“Both of those have anti-inflammatory properties.”
Turmeric many reduce the risk of leukemia, skin, and liver cancers. Hot peppers may reduce the risk of colon, stomach, and rectal cancers. Also on the list: green veggies. But not just nay green veggy.
“Brussels sprouts are part of the cruciferous vegetable family that has significant anti-cancer properties, and that family also has a very favorable effect on hormone metabolis m.”
Other cruciferous veggies include cabbage, broccoli, and cauliflower. And don’t forget the tomato.
“it is probably the best source of lycopene, which is one of the phytochemicals that has shown significant anticancer properties, especially with pr ostate and potentially lung and breast cancer as well.”
As for fruit, citrus contains Vitamins C, limonoids, and phenols, which inactivate cancer cells and strengthen the immune system. Cantaloupes, mangos and carrots contain cancer-fighting carotenoids. And berries are bursting with flavonoids and ellagic acid ---- antioxidants that protect against cancer, ulcers, and viruses. Natalie recommends organic.
“Organic fruits and vegetables have shown not only to have lower pesticide toxicities and lower pesticide levels, but also now have been shown to have higher phytochemical content.”
Don’t forget the fatty fish or flaxseed ---- both are excellent source of Omega 3 fatty acids that inhibit the growth of cancer cells and boost the immune system, olive oil, which may reduce breast, prostate, or colon cancer, and soy.
“soy has protective effects for heart disease as well as osteoporosis, potentially.”
And finally onions, garlic, and shallots. They may protect the heart fight cancer, and help with asthma.
B
I.Harvard Medical School
II.Borderline high blood pressure
III.10 /7
IV.Cardiovascular / by a quarter
Chances of dying from cardiovascular disease falling by 5/1
V.A: no more than 3 grams
B: fast food
C: labels
D: fresh fruit and vegetables
听力原文：
Salt is crucial to our health, but too much of it can put human at risk from high blood pressure, heart disease and stroke. Many reports, researchers at Harvard Medical School say the significant reduction in salt intake can cut the chances of heart disease and strokes by a quarter. Here is
our health correspondent, Adam Brimelow.
It’s long been known that cutting salt can reduce blood pressure. But there has been much less evidence of what it means for cardiovascular disease, including heart attacks and strokes. The Harvard team followed up people with borderline high blood pressure, who had taken in part in two salt reduction studies, typically cutting intake from 10 to 7 grams a day. The risk of developing cardiovascular disease over the next decade or so was cut by a quarter compared with those who did not reduce their salt intake. And their chances of dying from cardiovascular disease fell by 5/1. In developed countries such as the United States and the UK, the average adult daily salt intake is about 10 grams. Much of this is already in the food that people buy, including processed foods and bread. Many experts say no one should have more than 3 grams. They say the best way to cut salt, is to get away from fast food, check labels and have plenty of fresh fruit and vegetable. Adam Brimelow reporting.
UNIT6
Part II
A:
1.identify, Catalog, map and analyze / 100,000
2.A: a piece of DNA, the basic Molecule of life
B: on chromosomes in every cells
C: produce chemical instructions the cell needs in order to build and run the human body.
III: Significance
A: cure or prevent B: desirable genetic traits
C: the brain, consciousness and the mind D: a scientific description IV controversy Abuse 2.warfare
听力原文：
The goal of the human genome project initiated in the early 1990s is to identify, catalog, map and analyze every one of the estimated 100,000 genes in the human body. If the multi-billion-dollar project is successful, its effects may be as fundamental to the human future as the discovery of fire and seed agriculture once were.
To understand the significance of the human genome project, it is necessary to know that each gene is a piece of DNA, the basic molecule of life. Genes are located on chromosomes that in turn reside in every cell in arrangements similar to the alternately colored rungs on a ladder. The sequence of genetic rungs produces the chemical instructions the cells need in order to build and run the human body. By identifying the location and makeup of each gene, the genome project should help scientists cure or
UNIT7
Part II New Ways to communicate
A1
1.When a friend is online
2. 1.6milion
3.3,000
4.you can only contact someone (on the same network as
you. )using the same program
https://www.doczj.com/doc/d713246784.html,ugh out loud.
A2
Online / popular / take off / signing up / by / make up
Obvious / one very important disadvantage / bright / voice converstation / swap / funny
When you meet someone for the first time，do you ask their ASL? Do you LOL if they come out with something funny, and say CU L8er when you finish the conversation? If you know what I’m talking about, then you are probably already a user of instant messaging, or IM.
The idea behind IM is simple. A program on your computer tells you when a friend is online. You can then send a message to your friend, who can type a reply instantly. To do this, you need an IM program. Worldwide, AIM, the instant messaging service provided by AOL, is by far the most popular. It has 195 million users who send about 1.6 billion messages every day. ICQ, which is owned by AOL, has about 140 million messengers, and MSN and Windows IM make up about 75 million users. The advantage over e-mail is that with instant messaging you know you’re likely to get a reply. IM is already hugely popular in the USA, where people spend five times more time online than in Europe. However, IM is starting to take off in the UK, with over 3,000 people signing up to MSN Messenger alone every day. While the plus points of IM are obvious, there is one very important disadvantage: you can only contact someone on the same network as you. If your friend is using AIM, and you are using MSN, you cannot talk to each other. This makes IM less useful than it should be. Imagine if you couldn’t send an e-mail form hotmail to yahoo. However, things look like they’ll change soon. In general, the future looks bright for IM. Lots of programs also allow you to have voice conversations, video conferencing ---- this means you can see the other person using a webcam ---- and also let you swap pictures, music and other files.
So, perhaps we’ll all soon be asking someone’s age, sex and location (ASL), and laughing out loud (LOL) when they say something funny. See you later (CU L8er).
B: How do you meet new people, make new friends, or find out about the latest bands? Here in the UK young people have traditionally done their socializing in bars, pubs and clubs.
However there is a new generation growing up that finds it easier to manage their social lives on the net, using free websites like MySpace, Bebo or MSN Spaces.
Welcome to the social networking website ---- a place where you can present yourself to the digital community and meet other like-minded people.
The most successful social networking website in the UK is MySpac https://www.doczj.com/doc/d713246784.html,. as of July 2006, MySpace is the world’s fourth most popular English-language website, attracting almost 3 million visitors per month. Myspace claims to have 95 million members with 500,000 new members joining the community each week.
So how has it become to successful? Perhaps its secret is in its simplicity. Each new member can build their own page simply --- uploading photos, videos and MP3 files. Then they describe themselves, listing their likes, dislikes, favorite bands, relatio nship status, etc. it’s an easy way to hook up with people who share your interest.
Briana Dougherty, a 25-year-old MySpace devotee, told us, “It’s a casual way to stay in contact without appearing weird. ” it seems that many people do not feel comfortable giving out their phone number or personal e-mail address to new acquaintances but are perfectly happy to trade MySpace profiles
While socializing is the key to MySpace’s success, love of music is at the heart of the community. Indeed, most aspiring musicians in the UK upload their songs to the site, and with good reason: unsigned artists, Arctic Monkeys and Lilly Allen created such a buzz on the site that they were offered recording contracts and scored number one hits.
Social network sites could be a great place to practice your English. Why not give it a try? You can tell us about your experience by filing in the new comments form at the top of the screen.
Statements:
1.Most young people in the UK make new friends at work.
2.Yahoo and Google are social networking sites.
3.MySpace is one of the top five English-language website.
4.New brands put their music on the web for people to listen to.
https://www.doczj.com/doc/d713246784.html,ers of social networks usually pay for the service.
UNIT8
Part II eco-conscious construction
A The world’s first eco-city / off the coast Agricultural land / half a million / $1.3 billion / a sustainability consultant Sustainable development
A more ecologically friendly model / minimize impact on nature /
solar and wind power / power and fertilizers / electric cars
B1.
1. a dream-house which is sustainable by the environment ----- an environmentally-sustainable dream-house
2. windows that face south -- south-facing windows
3. a kitchen that is well lit -- a well-lit kitchen
4. paint that is based on milk or uses milk as a base ---- milk-based paint
5. solutions which are beneficial to the environment -- environmentally-beneficial solutions
Tapescript.
1. Architect Jim Logan is building his environmentally-sustainable dream-house at the site of a former commune a few miles north of Boulder.
2. As you drive onto the small farm property, you're immediately struck by
a series of large south-facing windows.
3. Walk through the well-lit kitchen, and you'll see that even the north side of the building has a passive solar component.
4. In all facets of construction, Logan is emphasizing both biodegradable building products and nontoxic materials. He's using milk-based paint, for example.
5. In many cases, many environmentally-beneficial solutions pay for themselves in as little as 6 or 7 or 8 months.
Tapescript.
1. Logan has incorporated nearly every aspect of a modern eco-conscious design.
2. Every room in this house has a window that faces south, regardless of where it's located.
3. All the rooms in the house have both day-lighting, which means that there's ample light coming in high into the room so that we don't need to use electric lights during the day.
4. As a result, Logan's house will have neither a furnace nor air-conditioning.
5. The so-called super-insulation is required to store the solar heat.
6. Logan is also using thermal mass, or dirt, to keep the house both warm in the winter and cool in the summer.
7. He's using milk-based paint, for example, and relatively little of that.
8. This room and the inside of this room -- virtually all the finishes did not need to be painted.
9. Painting is a fairly un-environmental act in that it is something that involves chemistry.
10. Initially, Logan will get all his water from a well.
11. The roof has gutters and will eventually collect rainwater for general use.
B3. Main features:
south-facing windows: day-lighting, solar heat no furnace
no air-conditioning solar heater: hot water
three-foot outside walls: adobe + insulation + adobe thermal mass milk-based paint
ceiling: galvanized inside wall: plaster no carpet
not connected to a water system: well, rainwater
Tapescript:
A--Alan J--Jones L--Logan
A: Many environmentalists and energy experts say that the wave of the future won't be any one miracle cure, but rather overall conservation of available resources. The approach is being spearheaded by a quiet revolution in the eco-conscious construction business. Colorado Public Radio's Peter Jones recently visited a building site near Boulder and brings us this report.
J: Architect Jim Logan is building his environmentally sustainable dream-house at the site of a former commune a few miles north of Boulder. Logan has incorporated nearly every aspect of a modern eco-conscious design. As you drive onto the small farm property, you're immediately struck by a series of large south-facing windows. Walk through the well-lit kitchen, and you'll see that even the north side of the building has a passive solar component.
L: Every room in this house has a window that faces south, regardless of where it's located, so all the rooms in the house have both day-lighting, which means that there's ample light coming in high into the room so that we don't need to use electric lights during the day, and also have south-facing glass that provides solar heat.
J: As a result, Logan's house will have neither a furnace nor air-conditioning. For hot water, he'll tee an active solar heater. But efficient use of the sun is only one of the building's many eco-conscious features.
L: The outside walls -- if you include a foot of adobe, a foot of insulation, and another foot of adobe- are three feet thick.
J: The so-called super-insulation is required to store the solar heat, but Logan is also using thermal mass, or dirt, to keep the house both warm in the winter and cool in the summer.
J: In all facets of construction, Logan is emphasizing both biodegradable building products and nontoxic materials. He's using milk-based paint, for example, and relatively little of that.
L: This room and the inside of this room- virtually all the finishes did not need to be painted. The ceiling is made out of galvanized metal and the walls are plaster. Painting is a fairly un-environmental act in that it is something that involves chemistry, it involves doing it over and over many times in the lifetime of the building.
J: And don't look for any carpeting in Logan's house.
L: Well even if carpet is made from recycled material, it still can't be recycled the second time currently, so carpet virtually always gets thrown away. Also, most carpet gives off volatile organic compounds.
J: Initially, Logan will get all his water from a well. The house won't be connected to a city water system. But he says the roof has gutters and will eventually collect rainwater for general use. Logan is paying $75 a square foot to build his house, and estimates environmental features added 10 - 15% to the up-front costs. But he says he'll save money in the long run.
L: In many cases, many environmentally-beneficial solutions pay for themselves in as little as 6 or 7 or 8 months. A low-flow showerhead in most situations will pay for itself in a month.
UNIT9
PART II
In 1888, Boston, Massachusetts, became the first American city to replace horse-drawn trolleys with electric streetcars. Streetcars, which look similar to train passenger coaches, clanged their bells, rattled around the corners and crried almost 14 billion riders at their height in 1920.old photos show overhead vires crisscrossing almost every US city. Then streetcars ridership replaced trolleys steadily as Americans took to automobiles and communities replaced trolleys with buses. But now it seems cities can’t lay streetcars tracks fast enough.
So why is the number of US cities running streetcars and other light rail systems now up to 19? Why are 43 other cities building or drawing plans for light rail lines?
Dan Tangherlini is acting dicrestor of Wanshington D.C.’s Transportation Department.
:Many cities are beginning to re-evaluate that decision to move away from streetcars. We look at current bus ridership members, and many of the routes that have the highest bus ridership were some of our most popular streetcar routes. So there goes the notiong that the buses are providing increased flexibility, at least on those roads. And so maybe there’s something between the very expensive subway systems, which cost between 140 and 200 million dollars a mile and the bus route. And that’s what we’re beginning to ask.
Streetcar lines cost less than 10 million dollars a mile to build. Washington is the latest city to announce it is studying the feasibility of bringing back streetcars, even though it already it already enjoys a fast-moving regional subway system called “metro” that runs through several parts of the city.
Across country in Washington D.C., Bill Lind works for a conservative think tank called the Free Congress Foundation. The organization has printed several studies supporting light rail transit, including streetcars.
“The old rationale for getting rid of the streetcars is that they get in the way of the automobiles. But what we found is that the automobile, generally with one person per car, is probably the least efficient way to use the limited amount of space you have on urban streets. If you’ve got 50 people on board a streetcar, you’re doing a lot better job of making use of the street space you have.”
Even if Washington’s transit department gets the green light to bring back streetcars, it’s likely to be at least ten years before Mr. Lind and his neighbor will be riding them. The city has to secure federal funding for a
large chunk of the work. Citizens who say they pine for the trolleys may lose their nostalgia when they realize the cars will be jangling past their windows or slowing their automobile rides across town.
But across America, streetcars and light rail trains are curiosities no longer. They’re a prestige item, tangible proof that a city is environmentally friendly, on the move, an din touch with the human desire, in the midst of today’s bustle and speed, for a streetcar’s soothing touch of serenity.
A: the most popular streetcar routes
B: less than 10 million dollars (130-190 million dollars) / between 140 and 200 million dollars
A: the least efficient way to use the limited amount of space on urban streets
B: you’ve got 50 people on board a streetcar.
A: federal funding
B: jangle past citizens’ windows
C: slow the automobiles rides
A: a city is environmentally friendly
B: a streetcar’s soothing touch of serenity.
B:
I.Above and underground public transit systems
A.traffic jams / congestion
B.frustration / discomfort / unhapiness
II.Public transportation
A.light rail systems
B.a new public train
III.
B. 1. metro systems
2. Southeast Asia
3. innovative us of public transit buses.
IV.Excessive greenhouse gas emissions
B. clean
C. the amount of energy used
Transcript:
Today the world’s urban areas hold more than 4 times the population in the 1950’s. traffic is pilling up in nearly every major metropolitan area. In Bangkok, the Capital of Thailand, traffic jams last for hours while the economy loses an estimated 6% of output. Many governments are promoting above and underground transit systems to fight such congestion.
The sounds of public transit systems are spreading throughout the world. Urban trains are appearing even in the wide expanses of the western United States, in places like Dallas, a Texas city known for oil riches and big cars.
“In Texas, we are not very used to riding a train to travel around the city. But actually, Dallas and Houston have both started light rail systems. It is very popular in both cities.” This is Brewster McCracken, a city council member in the Texas capital, Austin. Its citizen recently voted ofr a new public train similar ot those in Dallas and Houston. Then Sustin plan will use existing railroad tracks already in place throughout the city.
What is happening in Texas reflects a growing trend elsewhere in the United States, says William Millar. He’s president of the non-profit American Public Transportation As sociation. “In the last several years, public transportation in America has undergone a renaissance.” Voters
across the United States are supporting public transit systems like the one in Austin. “What is shows is that the public in many places is ready to invest in public transportation.”
But a majority of Americans still commute with cars and most transportation funds are spent on building roads. Alan Pisarski is a transportation consultant and author of “Commuting in America.” He says the excitement over public transportation in America is “an expression of people’s frustration. There is a lot of discomfort and unhappiness around the country about congestion a nd about transportation services in general.”
In 1900, many US cities had extensive urban rail systems. But with the arrival of the automobile most of them disappeared by the 1950s.now many cities are returning to with they had 100 years ago.
In other countries, riding buses, trains or subways are part of everyday life. “Many, many countries support public transportation to a much greater degree than happens in the United States, particularly in Europe. In other places in the world that are developing cities, there is a tremendous growth of investment in public transit. In China, for example, city after city now is building metro systems. Throughout Southeast Asia, certainly the capital cities, over the last tow or three decades, have built major rail systems. Throughout South America we see not only rail systems being built, but we see some of the most innovative use of public transit buses as anywhere in the world.”
Rising levels of pollution from cars is leading to more investment in public transport ation. Mike Ashforth is a historian of London’s underground system. He says urban transport can help cities develop without spoiling the environment with excessive greenhouse gas emissions. “The main impact of the underground is that it can reduce the amou nt of surface transport which in many cities largely depends on the internal combustion engine. The one advantage that electrically delivered urban passenger transport has it that it is relatively clean at the point of delivery. It can also, of course, actually carry far more people in terms of the amount of energy used.”
Many analysts say the growth of public transportation does not challenge the automobile but provides another choice to commutes. As a rising number of people want to go to an infinite number of places at any time, public transportation may be the answer.
Unit1
1.德.汤说过，一切进步，一切发展均来自挑战及由此引起的反应。没有挑战就没有反应，没有发展，没有自由。所以，我们首先应该在我们孩子的能力允许的范围内为他们开设最严格最富有挑战性的课程。
2.我们可以向我们的孩子提供第二个机会是允许他们有失败的权力。德.纽伊写道：“不仅是一种特权，也是一种考验。”如果没有人可以失败，那它算什么考验，算什么自由呢？美国可以向所有在高中读者完四年课程而不管其是否取得任何明显收获的学生发放毕业文凭的日子已经一去不复返了。我们现在生活在一个外变得很狭隘的世界里，们必须同对现实保持警觉，有所认识；而现实主义要求树立一个要么成功要么失败的标准。这些话听起来很刺耳，但都是残酷的事实。如果我们剥夺了孩子的失败权力，实际上我们就剥夺了他们如实地认识世界的机会。
Key to the translation from Chinese to English:
1. Today's university students are struggling to establish themselves, but they still have ambiguous feelings about their future.
2. A man cannot find himself without finding a center beyond hi. So
the idealism of the undergraduate experience must help the student transcend himself.
3. We eagerly hope that the lessons leaned in the university will reveal themselves in our performance in the workplace and further education.
4. It cannot go unchallenged to say that the 4-year undergraduate experience is the only path to success in life.
5. We run the risk of making critical decisions, not on the basis of what we know, the findings of investigations, and the data of experiments, but on the basis of blind faith in professed experts.
6. Our task needs a large group of well-informed, caring young people who can band together, learn from each other, and actively participate in the four modernizations.
7. If it is to endure, the new school should help the students not only acquire a sold basic education and become competent in a specific field, but also be ready to commit themselves to others.
8. It is not too much to say that if undergraduates excessively devote themselves to examinations, the will push competence and commitment to the fringes.
9. I didn't even speak to him; much less discuss the reconstruction of your school with him.
10. S ome people think examinations are second to none, but some think examinations have a lot of disadvantages. Examinations leave us an open essential question --- what influence do examinations exert on education?
Unit2
Ａ.业主/企业创建者不仅进取心强，而且精力充沛。他们往往擅长于多种技能。在很多情况之下，他们即是生产专家又是营销天才或经验丰富的金融家。要接替他们的工作则需要很多的人。因此家庭企业主应当通过制定组织机构图来明确规定该企业怎样运作。参予交接过程的每个主要成员也应当制定他们自己的组织构图。然后,?对它们进行比较。各机构之间的不同点将表明管理体制上的差异、存在误会的主要方面及观念上分歧。
Ｂ.没有忠心耿耿雇员,很少企业能够发展壮大，即使是家庭企业也是如此。这些尽职的雇员多半担任了主要管理职务。因此，应当将关于产业继承的长远计划随时通报给他们，而主要的企业管理人员必须清楚知道他们在产业交接管理机构中的职责。改进企业的劳保福利制度以吸引和留住主要部门经理,激发他们的积极性,使他们能为企业和业主的最大利益而工作
Key to the translation from Chinese to English:
1. He is an experienced banker and an acknowledged trade expert, not to mention an excellent managing director.
2. Regardless of danger, volunteers from an Italian organization for peace have gone to Baghdad, the capital of Iraq, to form a "body shield" for the purpose of preventing the US from bombing the place.
3. Nobody in the family is more dedicated to operating the real estate business than Judy.
4. Because of the economic depression, real estate agents are in the dilemma of whether to lower prices or let sales fall off.
5. More often than not, Mr. Smith earns great profits by careful investment of his capital.
6. John did not make much of a mark in his studies at school, but he excelled at sports.
7.Ordrly transition of responsibilities is a condition for the long-range prosperity of a family business.
8. You had better have a clear picture of prospects before formulating a
plan for investment.
9. Although sculpture is a time-consuming art, there are still some people following it as a profession.
10. The software company is in the midst of being transformed from an individual proprietorship to a joint venture.
Unit3
Key to the translation from English to Chinese:
在历史上，吉普车以其能适应各种路况的出众性能而著称于世。这种美名可以追溯到二战期间，当时由威利斯公司提供的最初型号的吉普车载着盟军部队驰骋于太平洋沿岸及欧洲战场。
<<麦氏汽车驾驶大全>>一书认为，“吉普”这个名字起源于美国军队决定把这种车辆叫做GP（for General Purpose）即多功能车之意。而后，GP这两个字母的读音被误发成为“吉普”，并成为威利斯公司享有的商标名称。
1988年吉普为克莱斯勒公司所有，此后该公司投入了大量资金更新改造吉普车的生产设备，提高吉普车的产量并开发各种新车型应市。克莱斯勒公司称吉普车在战争年代享有的盛名以及其坚固耐用的形象无疑会有助于它在和平时期树立其作为休闲娱乐车的新形象。该公司说，吉普为休闲，越野车开发了新市场，它有强劲的4轮牵引装置（商业上称为4轮驱动），过去军用吉普车曾因此而享誉四方。
Key to the translation from Chinese to English:
1. The automobile was improved very rapidly after it was invented and soon displaced horses.
2. We may have to cut down on the number of privately owned cars and depend more on public mass transit systems because cars pollute and maim or even kill people.
3. While wheels (automobiles) have brought with them better or more convenient transportation, they are guilty of many sins, such as air pollution, traffic accidents and traffic congestion.
4. Americans are noted for their love for cars and great job mobility.
5. If only advances in fuel quality and efficiency and in technology would radically reduce the emissions from automobiles.
6. A highly developed highway network has made possible the easy movement from coast to coast in the United States.
7. The very thought of the speed at which the beautiful avenue was constructed electrified every visitor; the road had only recently been torn up to lay drain-pipes not long ago.
8. Environmentalists have denounced automobiles, believing they are a major factor in the production of dirty air.
9. Many new residential complexes have risen up in the suburbs of metropolitan cities because of the availability of convenient public transportation.
10. Despite their love for cars, many people lend credence to the extensive use of the public transport system, which can cut down on traffic congestion.
Unit4
A.一些观察家提出，我们正在看到的这种现象根本就不是什么重大变化，或许它和性革命一样，不是人们行为上的而是表达方式上的一种剧变。一位住在康涅狄格州的精神分析学家说，“也许，一直就有那么一群与众不同的人存着。只不过他们现在从隐蔽外走了出来，公开表明了他们的观点，就像同性恋者那样。我们这一时代的潮流就是干你想干的事而不是加以掩饰。这些人身上所反映的不是什么变革而是人们现在越来越坦率直言的这样一个现象。
B.在最近几十年的时间里，人们渐渐地明白了一个事实，那就是：为数不多的妇女已不再接受并愿意扮演深居简出的传统母亲角色。许多人认为家庭的重
要性正日益消失。妇女受教育程度的提高是造成这一文化的重要因素。如今，百分之八十的妇女完成了四年制的高中学习。而在1940年，完成这一阶段学习的妇女仅占百分之三十。这与现在美国妇女平均晚一年结婚有关。二十岁至二十四岁未婚者从1960年的28%上升到20世纪70年代的40%。人们推迟了生儿育女的时间，只有不到10%的妇女是在结婚后两年内生孩子。除此之外，越来越多的妇女不想要孩子。工作、晚婚、不要孩子是近年来妇女作用发生变化的主要表现。
Key to the translation from Chinese to English:
1.Some professional observers believe that young people today are no longer interested in politics and causes, but rather, have become increasingly preoccupied with issues closer to themselves.
2.The higher a woman’s educational attainment, the more likely she is to go out of the private setting of the nuclear family and to realize herself in the community.
3. As far as I am concerned, what really lies behind the decision of some married couples not to start a family is that they are so narcissistic and have no margin of love to spare others.
4.The company put on the market a registered invention even without asking the inventor’s permission, which goes against the patent law.
5. Urged by some other countries, the United Nations has pressured the country to give up developing and using nuclear weapons.
6. According to the rule that every member should remain childless, Mr. And Ms white have no alternative but to withdraw from the Non-Parent Association, for they will attain parenthood soon.
7. He expects to reveal, by presenting a soap opera, the complexity implicit in real life.
8. In virtually every country, drug abuse, alcohol abuse and child abuse loon as most challenging social problems.
9. When interviewed, these elderly people rationalized why they were ambivalent about today’s young people.
10. Many college students are far more concerned with how to get a highly-paid job on graduation and how to receive a quick promotion in the competitive society.
Unit5
在不少拉丁美洲和亚洲的国家,老年化和贫困将引起许多新问题, 而这些问题对于工业化国家来说并不陌生, 但是这些国家拥有资源少得多。在使用有限资源时所遇到伦理道德问题将更为突出,为医疗保健和养老金提供资金可能成为这些国家面临的一件棘手的事。
在许多国家,老年人的人数太少,政治上多半相当被动,以致无法成为一个能对长期政策施加有效压力来促进自身利益的团体。但随着其数量增多,这种状况正在改变，他们知道需要集结政治力量。到2030年将没有一个政治家大胆到敢于忽略三分之一这部份老年选民——特别老年选民一般参加投票的人数要比其他选民多。
Key to the Translation from Chinese into English:
1.Generally, people have become more compassionate and quite a few families have taken in an orphan from the municipal orphanage.
2.It is a demanding task for a workingwoman to look after her parents and her children while holding down a job.
3. At first we were worried about their first stay in a foreign country but things there worked out much better for them.
4. Today's middle-aged people have fewer children than their parents did and the aging population problem may weigh on them in about 40 years.
5.It is hoped that the current reform in education will better set students up to meet the challenges from society.
6. The government intends to transfer some of the health-care burden to the individual family but family members are not always available for the task because they cannot break away from their jobs to look after the sick elderly.
7.There is an increasing demand for beds in the nursing home, and we have to try every possible means to free them up.
8.With the large elderly population in this country, financing of health care and pensions could care the devil out of the government.
9.The young couple has to make some sacrifice to avoidletting their old beloved father down.
10.What they had gone through in looking after their sick old father made them more compassionate, and they made a donation to the nursing home
研究生英语系列教程·多维教程·熟谙－英语课后答案Book II Unit 1 A. 1.assess 2.alliance 3.outcome 4.ethical 5.identity 6.ambiguous 7.tolerable 8.participates 9.pursuit 10.constructive B. 1.at stake 2.were obliged 3.the climate of 4.feel well-equipped 5.beyond my grasp 6.cut back 7.other than 8.rise above 9.care about 10.is bounded C. 1.incompetent 2.indulgence 3.migrants 4.probes https://www.doczj.com/doc/d713246784.html,plex 6.suspense; engaged https://www.doczj.com/doc/d713246784.html,passionate; committed 8.tolerant 9.tempted 10.interconnected D. 1. A. Judging from 2. B. in which 3. C. and 4. D. believe 5. A. is one of/ is that of 6. B. must get 7. C. likely 8. D. unemployed 9. C. as well as/ and 10. B. simpler E. 1.what 2.graduation 3.intend 4.getting 5.eventually 6.survey 7.although 8.graduates 9.transfer 10.rise 11.attending 12.instead 13.cause 14.because 15.attending 16.below 17.failure 18.expectations 19.confidence https://www.doczj.com/doc/d713246784.html,cation Key to the translation from English to Chinese: 1.德.汤说过，一切进步，一切发展均来自挑战及由此引起的反应。|| 没有挑战就没有反应，没有发展，没有自由。|| 所以，我们首先应该在我们孩子的能力允许的围为他们 开设最严格最富有挑战性的课程。 2.我们可以向我们的孩子提供第二个机会是允许他们有失败的权力。||德.纽伊写道：“不仅是一种特权，也是一种考验。”如果没有人可以失败，那它算什么考验，算什么自由呢3 美国可以向所有在高中读者完四年课程而不管其是否取得任何明显收获的学生发放毕 业文凭的日子已经一去不复返了。|| 我们现在生活在一个外变得很狭隘的世界里，们必须同对现实保持警觉，有所认识；而现实主义要求树立一个要么成功要么失败的标准。||这
Unit 1 travel language旅行通用语 The Academie Francasie has for decades been the watchdog over the French language. A few years ago, French sensitivity to the influx of English words became so great that law for the purification of French was adopted. The law covers even technical applications. For example, in theory, it is now compuslory in France to refer to the Boeing 747 as a gros-porteur, leasing as credit-bail, etc. the list is very long and detailed and applies to all facets of life. Mr. Chirac, the French President, might well expand on this list and come up with some new French terms for words such as "internet" or "byte stream" just to name a couple. The mind boggles at what the world might face. 数十年来，法兰西语言研究院一直捍卫着法语的尊严。几年前，由于法国人对英语词汇的入侵非常敏感，该机构颁布了净化法语的法律，其内容甚至涉及专业术语。就拿波音747 (Boeing747)来说吧，现在法国人必须用法语词gros-porteur；表示出租的leasing 也变成了credit-bail。此类例子不胜枚举，触及生活的方方面面。法国总统希拉克很可能会继续加大力度，直至连英特网internet和字节流(信息组)byte stream之类的词也找到相应的法语新词。哎，真不知未来的法语会变成什么样。 Unfortunately (or perhaps not), the English language is not so protected. Quite apart from the unforgivable deviations from the king's English prevlent in America, where "honour" is commonly written as "honor" and "night" as "nite," many well-tested has also been give new meanings, making communication somewhat difficult. For example, the boot of a car has become to be called a trunk – a word reserved in England for the main part of a tree. The bonnet is a hood, good old nappies are diapers, and a baby's matinee jacket is a vest. It's obvious that the two countries are indeed separated by what once was a common language! From an American point of view, of course, it could be argued that the British speak English with a speech deficiency. 不幸的是(或许并非不幸)，英语没有受到如此的保护。在美国，随处可见严重偏离英国标准英语的美式英语。―honour‖普遍被写成―honor‖，―night‖也变成了―nite‖。许多词意广为人知的英式英语单词被赋予新的解释，交流也变得有些困难。比如说，汽车的行李箱―boot‖变成了―trunk‖(一个在英国指代树干的单词)；引擎盖―bonnet‖变成了―hood‖(英式英语中的风帽)；老式婴儿尿布―nappy‖变成了―diaper‖(英式英语中的菱格花纹织物)；婴儿小外套―matineejacket‖也变成了―vest‖(英国的内衣汗衫)。显而易见，两国英语曾同出一源，而如今却将两国彼此隔离。当然了，按美国人的观点，是英国人的语言表达出了问题。 Even worse English, however, is in use. Anyone who travels in foreign countries and observes it on menus and posters, in hotels, and indeed in everyday life can testify that what used to be the king's lingo has become in these places but a poor relation thereof. Allow me to elaborate. 实际使用中，甚至还有更糟的英语呢!只要你在外国旅游并注意一下菜单、海报、旅店、甚至当地日常生活中的英语，就可以证明过去的标准用语在这些地方已变得不伦不类，让我详例如下： The travel writer Perrot Phillips has taken pains to highlight some of his experiences, which I feel should not be withheld from a wider readership. He refers to a Dutch bulb catalogue which promised customers "a speedy execution" and to an East Berlin cloakroom sign that requested guests to "please hung yourself here." One hopes that nobody took the advice literally. 旅行作家波洛?菲利浦曾不惜笔墨地渲染自己的几番经历，我觉得该有更多的读者了解一下。他提及某份荷兰的灯泡目录，上面对用户承诺有―a speedy execution‘——快速处死(毫无疑问，想表达的应是―送货及时‖)。此外，东柏林的一个衣帽间告示要求客人―please hang yourself here‖——请在这儿吊死自己(本想说的是―将衣帽挂在这儿‖)。只希望没人会真的从字面上去理解。
Move Over, Big Brother 1.Living without privacy, even in his bedroom, was no problem for Louis XIV. In fact, it was a way for the French king to demonstrate his absolute authority over even the most powerful members of the aristocracy. Each morning, they gathered to see the Sun King get up, pray, perform his bodily functions, choose his wig and so on. 2.Will this past—life without privacy—be our future? Many futurists, science fiction writers and privacy advocates believe so. Big Brother, they have long warned, is watching. Closed-circuit television cameras often track your moves; your mobile phone reveals your location; your transit pass and credit cards leave digital trails. Now there is the possibility that citizens are being watched. 3.But in the past few years, something strange has happened. Thanks to the spread of mobile phones, digital cameras and the internet, surveillance technology has become far more widely available. Bruce Schneier, a security guru, argues that a combination of forces—the miniaturisation of surveillance technologies, the falling price of digital storage and ever more sophisticated systems able to sort through large amounts of information—means that “surveillance abilities that used to be limited to governments are now, or soon will be, in the hands of everyone.” 4.Digital technologies, such as camera phones and the internet, are very different from their analogue counterparts. A digital image, unlike a conventional photograph, can be quickly and easily copied and distributed around the world. Another important difference is that digital devices are far more widespread. Most people take their camera phones with them everywhere. 5.The speed and ubiquity of digital cameras lets them do things that film-based cameras could not. In October, for example, the victim of a robbery in Nashville, Tennessee, used his camera-phone to take pictures of the thief and his getaway vehicle. The images were shown to the police, who broadcast descriptions of the man and his truck, leading to his arrest ten minutes later. 6.The democratisation of surveillance is a mixed blessing, however. Camera phones have led to voyeurisms and new legislation to strengthen people?s rights to their own ima ge. In September, America?s Congress passed the “Video Voyeurism Prevention Act”, which prohibits the photography of various parts of people?s unclothed bodies or undergarments without their consent. The legislation was prompted both by the spread of camera-phones and the growing incidence of hidden cameras in bedrooms, public showers, toilets and locker rooms. Similarly, Germany?s parliament has passed a bill that outlaws unauthorized photos within buildings. In Saudi Arabia, the import and sale of camera-phones has been banned, and religious authorities have denounced them for “spreading obscenity”. South Korea?s government has ordered manufacturers to design new phones so that they beep when taking a picture. 7.There are also concerns about the use of digital cameras and camera-phones for industrial espionage. Sprint, an American mobile operator, is now offering one of its best-selling phones without a camera in response to demands from its corporate customers, many of which have banned cameras in their workplaces. Some firms make visitors and staff leave camera-phones at the entrance of research and manufacturing facilities—including Samsung, the South Korean company that pioneered the camera phone. 8.Cheap surveillance technology facilitates other sorts of crime. Two employees at a petrol station in British Columbia, for example, installed a hidden camera in the ceiling above a card reader, and recorded the personal identification numbers of thousands of people. They also
Unit 6 A. 正如诗人埃德蒙.斯宾塞在将近四百年前所说的那样，大自然是“最伟大的女神”。她似乎担任了上帝驻地球的总督的职务。斯宾塞把她描写成一位母亲和法官。她管辖着所有的生物之间的往来，并不分厚薄地给予他们权利，因为她是一位公正的母亲。她把他们紧密地联结在一起，就象兄弟姐妹。因而，在斯宾塞看来，生物繁殖及生物秩序的自然规律与公正原则显而易见地是联系在一起的。当我们得知斯宾塞认为大自然也具有公正原则的时候我们或许有点吃惊。然而，斯宾塞不仅以人类的手足之情而是以所有生物的手足之情为依据来坚持自然界有这么一位“公正的”法官。要是在当今，我们会说斯宾塞是以生态学作为其可靠依据的。 B. 如果我们人类和大自然的固有关系不是相互对抗的，那么，它又是什么样的一种关系呢？对我们来讲，这个变得相当复杂难解，因为正如我先前所讲过的那样，我们中没有人想在未经开发的原始森林里或在未经改造的原始大草原上生活，我们不想被大灰熊吃掉。假如我们是园艺家，我们有正当的理由去抱怨园内的杂草。在肯塔基州，如果我们准备改良牧场，我们就很可能成为那一片随风摆动的大蓟的敌人。但是，如果我们还随心所欲，想做什么就做什么，那么，我们就会对那些曾经被我们砍伐破坏了的原始森林和草原着迷，我们会一而再而三地想起它们，想起那些幸存的原始森林和原始草原。我们还会感到大灰熊深深地吸引着我们。我们知道，在整个人类时期我们会一直想起大灰熊及其他一些危险动物。 1.大多数自然保护主义者认为，在良好的生态环境中人类最易兴旺发达，而各种野生动物的生存则是这种良好生态环境的标志。 1. Most conservationists believe that humans thrive best in ecological health and that the sign of this health is the survival of a diversity of wild animals. 2.史密史先生出示了大量证据来表明:在某种程度上，如果我们破坏大自然，那就是毁灭我们。 2. Mr. Smith produced abundant evidence to indicate that we, to some extent, diminish ourselves if we diminish nature. 3.西方各国的许多城市已经转换到使用新的可减少污染含量的汽油，我们中国有些城市也已经这样做了。 3. Many cities in Western countries have switched to a new gasoline formula that reduces the pollution content. This is also true of some cities in China. 4.正如英国诗人艾蒙德.史宾塞在一首诗里描述的那样，大自然不仅是位母亲，而且是位法官，管辖并公平地对待人类和所有的生物。 4. As depicted in a poem written by the English poet Edmund Spenser, nature is not only a mother but a judge, having jurisdiction over and doing justice to all creatures 5.政府的一项调查研究得出结论是:除了过分拥挤和公共交通很差外，该市面临的最大问题是噪音和污染。 5. A government study concludes that besides overcrowding and poor public transport, the biggest problems the city is up against are noise and pollution. 与所有其他动物不一样，人类具有根据自己的判断而行事的能力 6. Unlike all other creatures, humans have the ability to act on their judgment/ understanding.
[1] For most of its history, psychology had concerned itself with all that ails the human mind: anxiety, depression, neurosis, obsessions, paranoia, delusions. Over the decades, a few psychological researchers had ventured out of the dark realm of mental illness into the sunny land of the mentally hale and hearty. Martin Seligman，a psychologist at University of Pennsylvania, wanted to look at what actively made people feel fulfilled, engaged and meaningfully happy. Mental health, he reasoned, should be more than the absence of mental illness. It should be something akin to a vibrant and muscular fitness of the human mind and spirit. What Makes Us Happy [2] So, what has science learned about what makes the human heart sing? More than one might imagine—along with some surprising things about what doesn?t ring our inner chimes. Take wealth, for instance, and all the delightful things that money can buy. Research by Deiner, among others, has shown that once your basic needs are met, additional income does little to raise your sense of satisfaction with life. Neither do education, youth, marriage and sunny days. [3] On the positive side, religious faith seems to genui nely lift the spirit, though it?s tough to tell whether it?s the God part or the community aspect that does the heavy lifting. Friends? A giant yes. A 2002 study conducted at the University of Illinois by Diener and Seligman found that the most salient characteristics shared by the 10% of students with the highest levels of happiness and the fewest signs of depression were their strong ties to friends and family and commitment to spending time with them. “Word needs to be spread,” concludes Diener. “It is i mportant to work on social skills, close interpersonal ties and social support in order to be happy.” Measuring Our Moods [4] Of course, happiness is not a static state. Even the happiest of people—the cheeriest 10%—feel blue at times. And even the bluest have their moments of joy. That has presented a challenge to social scientists trying to measure happiness. That, along with the simple fact that happiness is inherently subjective. To get around those challenges, researchers have devised several methods of assessment. Diener has created one of the most basic and widely used tools, the Satisfaction with Life Scale. Though some scholars have questioned the validity of this simple, five-question survey, Diener has found that it squares well with other measures of happiness, such as impressions from friends and family, expression of positive emotion and low incidence of depression. [5] Just last month, a team led by Nobel Prize winning psychologist Daniel Kahneman of Princeton University unveiled a new tool for sizing up happiness: the day reconstruction method. Participants fill out a long diary and questionnaire detailing everything they did on the previous day and whom they were with at the time and rating a range of feelings during each episode (happy, impatient, depressed, worried, tired, etc.) on a seven-point scale. [6] Seligman, in contrast, puts the emphasis on the remembering self. “I think we are our memories more than we are the sum total of our experiences,” he says. For him, studying moment-to-moment experiences puts too much emphasis on transient pleasures and displeasures. Happiness goes deeper than that, he argues in his 2002 book Authentic Happiness. As a result of his research, he finds three components of happiness: pleasure (“the smiley-face piece”), engagement (the depth of involvement with one?s family, work, romance and hobbies) and meaning (using personal strengths to serve some larger end). Of those three roads to a happy, satisfied life, pleasure is the least consequential, he insists: “This is newsworthy because so many Americans build their lives around pursuing pleasure. It turns out that engagement and meaning
Book II Unit 1 A. 1.assess 2.alliance 3.outcome 4.ethical 5.identity 6.ambiguous 7.tolerable 8.participates 9.pursuit 10.constructive B. 1.at stake 2.were obliged 3.the climate of 4.feel well-equipped 5.beyond my grasp 6.cut back 7.other than 8.rise above 9.care about 10.is bounded C. 1.incompetent 2.indulgence 3.migrants 4.probes https://www.doczj.com/doc/d713246784.html,plex 6.suspense; engaged https://www.doczj.com/doc/d713246784.html,passionate; committed 8.tolerant 9.tempted 10.interconnected D. 1. A. Judging from 2. B. in which 3. C. and 4. D. believe 5. A. is one of/ is that of 6. B. must get 7. C. likely 8. D. unemployed 9. C. as well as/ and 10. B. simpler E.精品文档 1.what 2.graduation 3.intend 4.getting 5.eventually 6.survey 7.although 8.graduates 9.transfer 10.rise 11.attending 12.instead 13.cause 14.because 15.attending 16.below 17.failure 18.expectations 19.confidence https://www.doczj.com/doc/d713246784.html,cation Key to the translation from English to Chinese: 1.德 . 汤说过，一切进步，一切发展均来自挑战及由此引 起的反应。没有挑战就没有反应，没有发展，没有自由。 所以，我们首先应该在我们孩子的能力允许的范围内为他 们开设最严格最富有挑战性的课程。 2.我们可以向我们的孩子提供第二个机会是允许他们有 失败的权力。德 . 纽伊写道：“不仅是一种特权，也是一种 考验。”如果没有人可以失败，那它算什么考验，算什么 自由呢？美国可以向所有在高中读者完四年课程而不管 其是否取得任何明显收获的学生发放毕业文凭的日子已 经一去不复返了。我们现在生活在一个外变得很狭隘的世 界里，们必须同对现实保持警觉，有所认识；而现实主义要 求树立一个要么成功要么失败的标准。这些话听起来很刺耳，但都是残酷的事实。如果我们剥夺了孩子的失败权力，实际 上我们就剥夺了他们如实地认识世界的机会。 Key to the translation from Chinese to English: 1.Today's university students are struggling to establish themselves, but they still have ambiguous feelings about their future. 2. A man cannot find himself without finding a
Unit 1旅行通用语 1 数十年来，法兰西语言研究院一直捍卫着法语的尊严。几年前，由于法国人对英语词汇的入侵非常敏感，该机构颁布了净化法语的法律，其内容甚至涉及专业术语。就拿波音747 (Boeing747)来说吧，现在法国人必须用法语词gros-porteur；表示出租的leasing也变成了credit-bail。此类例子不胜枚举，触及生活的方方面面。法国总统希拉克很可能会继续加大力度，直至连英特网internet和字节流(信息组)byte stream之类的词也找到相应的法语新词。哎，真不知未来的法语会变成什么样。 2 不幸的是(或许并非不幸)，英语没有受到如此的保护。在美国，随处可见严重偏离英国标准英语的美式英语。“honour”普遍被写成“honor”，“night”也变成了“nite”。许多词意广为人知的英式英语单词被赋予新的解释，交流也变得有些困难。比如说，汽车的行李箱“boot”变成了“trunk”(一个在英国指代树干的单词)；引擎盖“bonnet”变成了“hood”(英式英语中的风帽)；老式婴儿尿布“nappy”变成了“diaper”(英式英语中的菱格花纹织物)；婴儿小外套“matineejacket”也变成了“vest”(英国的内衣汗衫)。显而易见，两国英语曾同出一源，而如今却将两国彼此隔离。当然了，按美国人的观点，是英国人的语言表达出了问题。? 3 实际使用中，甚至还有更糟的英语呢!只要你在外国旅游并注意一下菜单、海报、旅店、甚至当地日常生活中的英语，就可以证明过去的标准用语在这些地方已变得不伦不类，让我详例如下： 4 旅行作家波洛?菲利浦曾不惜笔墨地渲染自己的几番经历，我觉得该有更多的读者了解一下。他提及某份荷兰的灯泡目录，上面对用户承诺有“a speedy execution?——快速处死(毫无疑问，想表达的应是“送货及时”)。此外，东柏林的一个衣帽间告示要求客人“please hang yourself here”——请在这儿吊死自己(本想说的是“将衣帽挂在这儿”)。只希望没人会真的从字面上去理解。 5 我还可以补充一些多年周游世界时的亲身经历。例如，奥斯坦德的一家精品店正在宣扬其货品立意新颖，却用了“revolting new ideas”，即“令人作呕的立意”。孟买的几家糕饼屋也鼓吹自己是“No.1 loafers”，目口头号游手好闲者，可是其本意是要宣称自己的糕饼全市第一。 6 我并不知道基督教影响如此之广，直到我在香港看到一位牙医的宣传：“我们由最新的循道宗信徒拔牙”，这儿的“Methodists”(循道宗信徒)显然应改为“methods”，即“方法”。 7 恐怕没人能确定这些误用实际上是体现了英语的普及还是仅仅反映了局限于地方的习惯用法。但可以确定的是，海法医学会绝对应该阻止其会员挂这样的铜招牌：“妇女及其它疾病的专家”。 8 看来旅店对多语种告示颇为青睐，希望它们会有利于人们更好地使用现代化设施。没有它们，旅店就会显得沉闷而缺乏效率。然而，在布鲁塞尔的一家旅店中，这条电梯告示只会令毫无防范的房客更愿意爬楼梯：“使用电梯时，请按要去楼层的按钮。若更多人进入电梯，请分别按各自要去楼层的按钮。电梯会按楼层的字母顺序，依次送客。没复位的按钮显示着接收到的要去楼层的指令”。伊斯坦布尔的一则旅店告示则没这么复杂：“想要客房服务时，请开门喊叫…客房服务?”。至少那儿的客人不用对付也许经常失灵的电子设备。 9 在土耳其，人们对于“直言不讳”的喜爱在一个已远近闻名的安卡拉导游册中得到了充分体现。导游册这样招揽顾客：“来我们餐馆吧，你会在欧洲救护车中享用中东风味美食”(显然这儿的救护车“ambulance”应为氛围“ambience”)。而另一家瑞士餐馆的菜单也同样吸引人：“我们的葡萄酒绝人他念”。(“our wines leave nothing to hope for'?一语双关，可本意显然是“我们的葡萄酒美味绝伦”)。 10在东欧，奥匈帝国时期的老牌大旅馆从未放弃过礼节。一则旅馆房间告示上写着“诚邀尊贵的客人在12点到14点之间占客房女服务员的便宜”(take advantage of the chambermaids)。然而，这可能造成意外的交通阻塞。最近的一次莫斯科画展也未必能让偶尔光顾者欣然前往，根据其告示，“画展将展出俄罗斯艺术家的300幅作品，他们中的大部分人在过去十年中已被处死了”。 11 曼谷一家洗衣房的广告词邀请来访的顾客“留下你的衣服，尽情享受吧!”就像是鼓励人们在这座远东娱乐首府干些出格之事。 12 罗马也有类似的邀请，一家洗衣房广而告之：“女士们，留下你们的衣服，尽情享受这个下午吧!” 13 若在欧洲的夜总会看到用多种语言撰写的广告，游客们也不应吃惊。在德国，人们对马略卡舞极为痴迷，以至于慕尼黑的一家夜总会直接借用了帕尔马的一则三语告示，只是内容令人骇异。告示上印着“舞会”的西班牙语"Baile! Baile! Baile!”，德语“Tanz! Tanz! Tanz!”，还有那所谓的英语“Balls! Balls! Balls!"。(只
TRAITS OF THE KEY PLAYERS 核心员工的特征 What exactly is a key play？ 核心员工究竟是什么样子的? A “Key Player” is a phrase that I've heard about from employers during just about every search I've conducted. 几乎每次进行调查时，我都会从雇主们那里听到“核心员工”这个名词。 I asked a client — a hiring manager involved in recent search — to define it for me. 我请一位客户——一位正参与研究的人事部经理，给我解释一下。 “Every company has a handful of staff in a given area of expertise that you can count on to get the job done. “每家公司都有少数几个这样的员工，在某个专业领域，你可以指望他们把活儿干好。On my team of seven process engineers and biologists, I've got two or three whom I just couldn't live without,” he said. 在我的小组中，有七名化工流程工程师和生物学家，其中有那么两三个人是我赖以生存的，”他说， “Key players are essential to my organization. “他们对我的公司而言不可或缺。 And when we hire your company to recruit for us, we expect that you'll be going into other companies and finding just: 当请你们公司替我们招募新人的时候，我们期待你们会去其他公司找这样的人： the staff that another manager will not want to see leave. 其他公司经理不想失去的员工。 We recruit only key players.” 我们只招募核心员工。” This in part of pep talk intended to send headhunters into competitor's companies to talk to the most experienced staff about making a change. 这是一段充满了鼓动性的谈话，目的是把猎头们派往竞争对手的公司去游说经验丰富的员工们做一次职业变更。 They want to hire a “key player” from another company. 他们想从另一家公司招募核心员工。 Every company also hires from ranks of newbies, 然而，每家公司也从新人中招人。 and what they're looking for is exactly the same. 他们要寻找的是完全一样的东西。 “We hold them up to the standards we see in our top people. “我们把他们和公司顶级员工表现出的特质进行对照。 If it looks like they have these same traits, we'll place a bet on them.” 假如他们看起来有同样特征的话，我们就在他们身上赌一把。” It's just a bit risker.只是这样有点儿冒险。 “It's an educated guess,”“这是一种有根据的猜测，” says my hiring manager client.我的人事经理客户说。 Your job as a future employee is to help the hiring manager mitigate that risk. 作为未来的一名员工，你的工作是帮助人事部经理降低这种风险，