第一篇高频语法与难句归纳
第一章非谓语动词结构
一、非谓语动词的概念
不能作谓语的动词形式就是非谓语动词袁主要有以下三大类院分词尧不定式和动名词遥非谓语动词可以充当多种成分袁如院主语尧宾语尧表语尧定语尧状语尧宾语补足语等遥下面我们将从句法功能入手来分析这三大类非谓语动词遥
二、非谓语动词的三大类型
1.分词
分词有两类袁即现在分词和过去分词遥从意义上来说袁现在分词主要表示主动或进行状态曰过去分词则体现被动或完成状态遥分词在句中可作多种成分院
淤分词作定语遥例如院
Trucks and buses were driven on gas carried in large bags on the roof.渊在该句中袁gas 后紧跟一个过去分词结构作其后置定语袁表示一种被动状态袁说明 gas 是被如何运输的遥冤
The girl standing there was crying.渊在该句中袁standing there 作 The girl 的后置定语袁且使用现在分词形式表主动遥冤
于分词作状语遥例如院
He glanced over at her, noting that though she was tiny, she seemed very well put together.渊在该句中袁逗号后紧跟一个 noting 引导的分词结构袁作 glanced over at her 的伴随状语袁表示同时进行的动作遥冤He fired, killing one of the passers鄄by.渊在该句中袁killing...引导一个现在分词结构袁作 fired 的结果状语遥冤
Being tired with the work, he sat down to rest.渊在该句中袁分词结构 Being tired with the work 作原因状语袁
提前说明后续动作的原因遥冤
2.不定式
不定式由野to + 动词原形冶构成袁具有动词的特征袁同时也有名词尧形容词和副词的特征袁具体属于哪个特征应视所处语境而定遥
淤不定式作目的状语遥例如院
He sent his daughter to America to learn English.渊在该句中袁不定式 to learn English 作状语袁说明去美国的目的遥冤
于不定式作宾语补足语遥例如院
We believe him to be guilty.渊在该句中袁不定式 to be guilty 作 him 的宾语补足语遥冤盂
不定式作后置定语遥例如院
The topic to be discussed at the meeting is still unknown.渊在该句中袁不定式 to be discussed 作 topic 的后置定语遥冤
榆不定式作主语遥例如院
To know oneself is difficult.渊在该句中袁不定式 To know oneself 作句子的主语遥冤虞
不定式作表语遥例如院
My work is to clean the room every day.渊该句为野主语 + 系动词 + 表语冶结构袁不定式 to clean the room 作表语遥冤
3.动名词
动名词在形式上与现在分词相同袁都是在动词原形的词末加鄄ing袁但其表达的动作意义不如现在分词强袁因为动名词已经将动作名词化了袁从某种意义上说袁动名词就相当于名词尧代词了遥
淤动名词作主语遥例如院
It蒺s necessary to be prepared for a job interview; having the answers ready will be of great help.渊在该句中袁动名词结构 having the answers ready 充当后一分句的主语遥冤
于动名词作表语遥例如院
Her job was washing clothes.渊该句为主系表句型袁washing clothes 是动名词结构袁用作表语遥冤盂
动名词作宾语遥例如院
1
I avoid telling Jane the truth because I knew she would be angry.渊动名词结构 telling Jane the truth 在句中充当avoid 的宾语袁说明 avoid 的内容遥冤
榆动名词作定语遥例如院
A sleeping car渊表示野卧铺车冶袁sleeping 表示 car 的功能曰sleeping 是动名词作定语遥冤试区
分院
A sleeping dog渊表示野睡觉的狗冶袁sleeping 是 dog 的动作曰sleeping 是现在分词作定语遥冤
分词
1. Primary care physicians who refuse to compromise quality are either driven out of business or to cash鄄only practices, further contributing to the decline of primary care. (09.12 Passage 2)
结构分析主干院... physicians... are either driven out of business or to (cash鄄only) practices...
淤either... or...并列连接两个介词词组 out of business 和 to cash鄄only practices袁接在 driven 之后遥于句子主语physicians 有前置定语 primary care 和 who 引导的定语从句修饰遥句末的现在分词短语 contributing...作状语袁表示伴随 are driven...而来的结果遥
译文不愿降低服务质量的初级护理医生要么被迫停业袁要么提供只收现金的服务袁这进一步加剧了初级护理服务的下滑遥
2. Ultimately we must get a handle on those issues as well, or a creature that outlived the dinosaurs will meet its end at the hands of humans, leaving our descendants to wonder how a creature so ugly could have won so much affection.
(09.6 Passage 1)
结构分析主干院... we must get a handle (on...) or a creature... will meet its end...
淤本句是由 or 连接的并列句袁or 表示野否则袁要不然冶遥于前一分句中袁get a handle on 表示野开始理解或了解冶曰后一分句中袁主语 a creature 后有一个 that 引导的定语从句修饰袁outlive野比噎噎更长寿冶袁现在分词短语 leaving 作状语袁表示谓语野meet its end渊玩完冤冶所造成的后果遥 leave... to...中的不定式 to wonder 作 our descendants 的补语袁wonder 后接了一个 how 引导的宾语从句遥
译文最终我们也一定要解决这个问题袁否则这些比恐龙幸存时间还长的生物就将在人类的手上灭绝袁到时我们的后代可能会好奇袁为什么如此丑陋的生物居然能够获得那么多的关爱遥
3. With the dollar slumping to a 26鄄year low against the pound, already鄄expensive London has become quite unaffordable. (08.6 Passage 1)
结构分析主干院... London has become (quite) unaffordable.
这是个简单句袁句首的野with+宾语渊the dollar冤+宾补渊slumping to...冤冶作状语袁表示原因遥野美元兑英镑跌到了
26 年来的最低点遥冶
译文随着美元兑换英镑跌至 26 年来的最低袁原本已经很昂贵的伦敦变得让人去不起了遥一杯星巴克咖啡渊跟在美国一样袁到了英国也免不了要喝的冤袁价钱已达 8 美元遥
4. We see our kids蒺 college background as a prize demonstrating how well we蒺ve raised them. (08.6 Passage 2) 结构分析主干院We see... background as a prize...
谓语部分用了 see... as...的句型袁表示野把噎噎看做噎噎冶袁as 引导的介词短语作宾语补足语遥现在分词短语demonstrating 作后置定语修饰 a prize袁how 引导的从句作 demonstrating 的宾语遥
译文我们把子女的大学教育背景当成是证明我们如何成功养育子女的奖品遥
5. As someone paid to serve food to people, I had customers say and do things to me I suspect they蒺d never say or do to their most casual acquaintances. (07.12 Passage 1)
结构分析主干院... I had customers say and do...
淤句首的 as 是介词袁其宾语 someone 后有一个过去分词短语 paid to...修饰袁一起表示野作为一个别人付款请我给他们上菜的人冶袁其实就是野作为一个服务员冶袁在句中作状语遥于谓语部分用了 have... do...的句型袁表示野请/让某人做某事冶袁省略 to 的不定式 say and do 在句中作宾语 customers 的补语曰I suspect they蒺d...是省略关系词的定语从句袁修饰 things遥该定语从句本身是个野I suspect+宾语从句冶的结构遥
的熟人袁他们也都不会说出这样的话尧做出这样的事的遥
6. One night a man talking on his cell phone waved me away, then beckoned me back with his finger a minute later, complaining he was ready to order and asking where I蒺d been. (0
7.12 Passage 1)
2
结构分析主干院... a man... waved me away, then beckoned me back...
淤句中袁由 and 并列连接两个谓语动词渊waved 和 beckoned冤构成符复合谓语遥主语 a man 后有一个现在分词
短语 talking...作定语遥于第二个谓语动词 beckoned 带有三个状语袁一个是表示工具的 with 引导的介词短语袁另两个是个是表示伴随状况的现在分词短语complaining...和asking...袁而且这两个现在分词都有自己的宾语从句遥
译文一天晚上袁一个顾客用手机通话时袁挥手让我走开袁一分钟后又用手指示意我回来袁并抱怨说他已经准备好点菜了袁问我刚才上哪儿去了遥
7. One might well imagine little girls using exceedingly polite forms when playing house or imitating older women鄄in a fashion analogous to little girls蒺 use of a high鄄pitched voice to do 野teacher talk冶 or 野mother talk冶 in role play. (07.6 Passage 2)
结构分析主干院One might (well) imagine little girls (using...)
淤本句是个简单句袁用了野imagine +补语渊人冤+doing冶的句型袁句中的 using... forms 作宾语 little girls 的补语遥于现在分词 playing 和 imitating 由 and 并列连接袁前面带了连词 when袁相当于省略形式的时间状语从句袁两个分词作 using 的状语曰破折号后的介词短语是 using 的方式状语袁analogous to... 是形容词短语作后置定语袁修饰 fashion遥
译文
尖气扮演老师或者妈妈说话的腔调遥
8. As a visiting professor at the Harvard Business School in 1989, he ended his work there disgusted with his students蒺 overwhelming lust for money. (06.12 Passage 2)
结构分析主干院he ended his work...
句首的介词短语 as...作状语袁表示身份袁visiting professor 即野客座教授冶遥句末的 disgusted with渊对噎噎深恶痛绝冤是过去分词短语袁作状语袁可表示伴随情形遥 overwhelming lust for money野对金钱的强烈欲望冶遥
译文他于 1989 年在哈佛商学院担任客座教授袁后来由于厌恶自己的学生对金钱的狂热贪欲而终止了那里的工作遥
9. Meanwhile, most children are vulnerable to the enormous influence exerted by grandchildless parents aiming to persuade their kids to produce children. (06.1 Passage 1)
结构分析主干院... most children are vulnerable (to...)
本句是个简单句袁谓语部分用了 be vulnerable to...短语袁to 是介词袁后接名词 influence 作宾语遥 exerted 是过去分词袁作 influence 的后置定语曰aiming 是现在分词袁作 parents 的后置定语遥 exert influence野施加影响冶遥
译文同时袁在他们父母的巨大影响下袁绝大部分的子女很容易被说服生育孩子遥
10. This isn蒺t the stuff of gloomy philosophical contemplations, but a fact of Europe蒺s new economic landscape, embraced by sociologists, real鄄estate developers and ad executives alike. (05.6 Passage 1)
结构分析主干院This isn蒺t the stuff..., but a fact...
not... but...连接两个并列的名词词组袁在句中作表语遥两个词组都有相应的修饰成分袁修饰 stuff 的是 of 介词短语曰修饰 fact 的既有 of 介词短语袁还有过去分词短语 embraced...遥
译文这并不是悲观的哲学沉思的东西袁而是社会学家尧房地产开发商和广告主管都欣然接受的欧洲新的经济现象中的一个事实遥
不定式
11. Remove the pressure for primary care physicians to squeeze in more patients per hour, and reward them for optimally managing their diseases and practicing evidence鄄based medicine. (09.12 Passage 2)
结构分析主干院Remove the pressure... and reward them for...
淤本句由 and 并列连接的两个祈使句构成遥于前一个祈使句中袁不定式短语 to squeeze...渊往每个小时的时间里塞更多的病人冤作定语袁修饰 the pressure袁该不定式的逻辑主语由 for 引导遥后一个祈使句中袁介词 for...表示原因袁后面接了两个动名词短语 managing...和 practicing...遥
译文要解除初级护理医生在单位时间内多看病人的压力袁并对那些能很好控制疾病和实践循证医疗的医生给予嘉奖遥
12. But economists say families about to go into debt to fund four years of partying, as well as studying, can console themselves with the knowledge that college is an investment that, unlike many bank stocks, should yield huge dividends. (09.6 Passage 2)
结构分析主干院... economists say (families... can console themselves with...)
3
淤say 后面的内容都是 say 的宾语遥该宾语从句的主语是 families袁其后有一个不定式短语 to go...修饰曰不定式to fund... 作前一个不定式 to go into debt 的目的状语曰as well as 相当于一个并列连词袁连接 partying 和studying遥于knowledge 后的 that 从句作其同位语袁说明野该知识冶的具体内容曰an investment 后的 that 引导的是定语从句袁从句的主语和谓语被插入成分 unlike...分隔开了遥
译文不过经济学家说大学是一项投资袁而且和许多银行股票不同的是袁这项投资可以带来巨大的红利袁打算举债来提供 4 年狂欢和学习资金的家庭在知道这一点之后可以有所安慰了遥
13. Sustainable development is applied to just about everything from energy to clean water and economic growth, and as a result it has become difficult to question either the basic assumptions behind it or the way the concept is put to use. (08.12 Passage 1)
结构分析主干院Sustainable development is applied to just about everything... and... it has become difficult to ques鄄tion...
淤and 连接两个并列的分句遥于前一个分句用了 apply... to...句型的被动结构袁表示野渊人们冤把可持续发展渊的概念冤应用于几乎所有事情上冶袁to 的宾语是 everything袁后面有一个 from... to...的介词短语作 everything 的定语遥盂后一个分句用野it +系动词+adj.+to do冶句型袁不定式作主语袁it 是形式主语曰动词 to question 有两个由either... or...引导的宾语 assumptions 和 way袁way 后面还有一个省略关系词的定语从句修饰遥
译文可持续发展几乎被应用在所有的事物上袁从能源尧洁净水到经济发展袁因此很难对其背后的基本假定和该理念的应用方式加以质疑遥
14. We蒺re pushing our kids to get good grades, take SAT preparatory courses and build r佴sum佴s so they can get
into the college of our first choice. (08.6 Passage 2)
结构分析主干院We蒺re pushing our kids to... (so they can get into...)
主句部分的三个并列的动词不定式渊to get..., take... and build...冤作宾语 our kids 的补语遥 so 引导目的状语从句袁说明野我们逼迫孩子冶做种种事情的目的遥
译文我们逼孩子考高分尧参加 SAT 考前辅导班尧写简历袁从而能让他们进入我们首选的学校遥
15. Unfortunately, few of us have much experience dealing with the threat of terrorism, so it蒺s been difficult to get facts about how we should respond. (06.12 Passage 1)
结构分析主干院... few... have much experience..., so it蒺s been difficult to get...
淤so 是个并列连词袁连接两个分句袁表示因果关系遥于前一个分句的谓语用了 have experience doing...句型袁
表
示野有做噎噎的经验冶遥盂后一个分句用了野it is+形容词+不定式冶句型袁it 是形式主语袁真正的主语是不定
式
to get facts...曰句末的 about...是介词短语作定语修饰 facts袁about 的宾语是个 how 引导的名词性从句遥
译文不幸的是袁我们中很少人有对付恐怖主义威胁的经历袁因此很难得到我们应该如何应对恐怖威胁的事实遥
16. By and large, I clearly had not found a way to help classes full of MBAs see that there is more to life than money, power, fame and self鄄interest. (06.12 Passage 2)
结构分析主干院... I... had not found a way...
不定式 to help 作定语袁修饰 a way曰该不定式用了野help+宾语渊classes冤+补语渊省 to 的不定式冤冶的结构袁see 作补语遥 see 后接了一个 that 引导的宾语从句袁该从句是 there be 句型袁并用了比较结构遥
译文总的来说袁我显然并没有找到一种方法能够帮助满是MBA 学生的班级意识到生活不仅仅是金钱尧权力尧名声和自我利益遥
17. To defend their profits, the drug companies have warned Canadian wholesalers and pharmacies not to sell to Americans by mail, and are cutting back supplies to those who dare. (06.6 Passage 2)
结构分析主干院... the drug companies have warned (Canadian) wholesalers and pharmacies not to... and are cutting back supplies...
句首的不定式 to defend...作目的状语遥句子含 and 连接两个并列的谓语动词构成的复合谓语遥前一个谓语是warn... not to...,不定式 to sell 作宾语补足语遥
译文为了保护他们的利润袁医药公司已经警告加拿大的批发商和药房不要通过邮寄卖给美国人药品袁并切断那些敢卖药给美国人的批发商和药房的供货遥
18. But an e鄄mail to the network from Janet Anderson, director of the EPA蒺s bio鄄pesticides division, says 野there is no record of a review and/or clearance to field test冶 the organism. (05.6 Passage 2)
结构分析主干院... an email... says (there is no record...)
淤主语 email 后有两个介词短语 to... from...说明该邮件的收件人和发送人袁在人名 Janet Anderson 之后还有一个说明其身份的插入语袁作同位语遥于宾语从句用了 there be 句型袁主语是 no record袁后面的 of 介词短语
4
为定语修饰语袁of 的宾语是 a review and/or clearance袁and/or 并列连接 review 和 clearance曰句末的 to field test the organism 是不定式短语袁作 review and/or clearance 的定语遥 review and clearance野审批冶遥
译文但是来自美国环境保护局生物杀虫剂部门主管珍妮特窑安德森发给生命科学网的一封电子邮件里说袁没有对这种有机物进行现场试验的审批记录遥
动名词
19. Make primary care more attractive to medical students by forgiving student loans for those who choose primary care as a career and reconciling the marked difference between specialist and primary care physician salaries. (09.12 Passage 2)
结构分析主干院Make primary care more attractive...
淤本句主干是个祈使句袁用了野make+宾语渊primary care冤+补语渊more attractive冤冶的句型遥于介词短语by...表示方式袁后面带了两个动名词短语 forgiving...和 reconciling...遥 forgive 的常用意思是野原谅冶袁句中则表示野豁免袁免除冶曰reconcile 表示野调和冶遥 who 引导的定语从句修饰 those袁从句中用了 choose... as...的结构袁表示野选择噎噎做渊职业冤冶遥 difference 后面有一个 between 引导的介词短语作定语袁between 的宾语是 (specialist and primary care physician) salaries袁也就是说袁salaries 有两个定语袁specialist 和 physician遥
译文免除选择做初级护理医生的学生的助学贷款袁调和专科医生和初级保健医生的工资差距袁以此吸引更多的医科学生选择初级护理工作遥
20. Does going to Columbia University (tuition, room and board $49,260 in 2007鄄08) yield a 40% greater return
than attending the University of Colorado at Boulder as an out鄄of鄄state student ($35,542)? (09.6 Passage 2) 结构分
析主干院Does going to... yield a... greater return than attending...?
淤本句是简单疑问句袁比较句型袁两个动名词短语going to...和attending...进行比较袁这两个动名词都接了某个大学的名字作宾语袁所以主干的含义是院难道上 A 大学能比上 B 大学多出 40%的收益吗钥 yield a return野产生利益回报袁产生收益冶遥于括号里的内容分别说明上两所大学的费用遥句末 as 引导的介词短语作状语袁表示身份遥
译文难道去哥伦比亚大学渊2007鄄2008 年度的学费和食宿共计 49260 美元冤真的会比跨州在博尔德上科罗拉多大学渊2007鄄2008 年度学费和食宿共计 35542 美元冤多带来 40%的回报吗钥
21. From offering classes that teach students how to legally manipulate contracts, to reinforcing the notion of profit over community interests, Etzioni has seen a lot that蒺s left him shaking his head. (06.12 Passage 2)
结构分析主干院(From... to...) Etzioni has seen a lot (that蒺s...)
淤句首介词 from 后接动名词 offering 作宾语袁that 引导的从句作 classes 的定语曰逗号后的 to 也是介词袁接动名词 reinforcing 作宾语遥这样袁from... to...的结构就很对称遥于主句中的宾语是 a lot袁其后有一个 that蒺s...定语从句加以修饰曰leave him shaking...中袁shaking 作补语遥
译文从教授学生如何合法地篡改合同到强化把利润放到社团利益之上的观念袁Etzioni 看到很多令他摇头的地方遥
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第二章定语从句
一、如何辨别定语从句
1.定语从句的概念
定语从句就是修饰主句里的名词或代词的从句袁本质上相当于野形容词冶遥
2.构成成分
淤先行词
定语从句通常置于所修饰的名词或代词等成分之后袁这种名词或代词就叫先行词遥
于关系词
引导定语从句的关系词有关系代词袁如 that, which, who, whom, whose, as 等袁代替具体的指代对象袁即先行词袁其中袁that 既能指人袁又能指物曰还有关系副词袁如 when, where, why, how 等袁代替的则不单单是先行词袁而是先行词和适当的介词遥
3.定语从句的类型
定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句遥大多数定语从句都对所修饰的名词或代词加以限制袁去掉该从句后先行词将意义不全或失去意义遥而非限制性定语从句的作用在于补充袁翻译时常常另起一个句子袁与主句构成并列句遥例如院
That蒺s the same man that asked for help the day before yesterday.渊关系代词 that 指代先行词 the same man袁引导一个限制性定语从句袁对 the same man 进行具体说明遥冤
The day when she arrived was cloudy and chilly.渊关系副词 when 相当于 on which袁引导一个限制性定语从句袁对 The day 加以限制和修饰遥冤
Immigrants are quickly fitting into this common culture, which may not be altogether elevating but is hardly poisonous.渊which 引导的非限制性定语从句袁修饰前面的 culture袁补充说明这种共同文化的特点遥冤
译文移民很快就融入了这种共同的文化袁总体而言这种文化称不上高尚袁但也算不上有毒遥
二、捕捉先行词
先行词的位置可以紧靠着关系词袁也可能与关系词之间隔着其他的成分袁这时就需要慎重甄别先行词了遥例如院As a linguist, he acknowledges that all varieties of human language, including non鄄standard ones like Black English, can be powerfully expressive要there exists no language or dialect in the world that cannot convey complex ideas.渊句中的定语从句 that cannot convey complex ideas 修饰的是 language or dialect袁而并非紧靠着它
的 the world遥冤
三、关系词在定语从句中所充当的成分
关系代词在定语从句中可用作主语尧宾语尧定语等袁关系副词在定语从句中只用作状语遥例如
院A child whose parents are dead is called an orphan.
He came last night when I was out.
在上述第一个句子中袁关系代词whose 在从句中用作定语曰而在第二个句子中袁关系副词when 在定语从句中用作状语遥
四、定语从句与同位语从句的区别
1.同位语从句的形式与定语从句相似袁它们之前都有先行词袁但与先行词的关系有所不同院同位语从句与先行词同
位或等同袁定语从句与先行词则是修饰关系遥
2.在定语从句中袁关系词要代替先行词在从句中作适当的句子成分曰而同位语从句的引导词则只起引导作用袁没有
代替前面名词在从句中作句子成分的作用遥
试比较以下两个句子院
The fact that he had not said anything surprised everybody. The
fact that you are talking about is important.
上述第一个句子包含一个由 that 引导的同位语从句袁对 fact 的具体内容做出说明袁这个 that 只是起引导作用袁并不能代替 fact 在从句中作句子成分曰而在第二个句子中袁that you are talking about 则作为定语从句对 The fact
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做出限制和修饰袁这个 that 在从句中作 talking about 的宾语遥
22. Since December, when the report came out, the mayor, neighborhood activists and various parent鄄teacher associations have engaged in a fierce battle over its validity: over the guilt of the steel鄄casting factory on the western edge of town, over union jobs versus children蒺s health and over what, if anything, ought to be done. (09.12 Passage 1)
结构分析主干院... the mayor, ... associations have engaged in a... battle (over...)
淤谓语用了现在完成时袁与句首 since 引导的时间状语搭配遥 when 引导非限制性定语从句袁修饰 December渊注意袁不是时间状语从句冤遥于句子的主语是一个名词词组袁含三个中心名词渊mayor, activists, associations冤遥validity 是野有效性袁正确性冶袁冒号后的内容渊三个并列的over...短语冤进一步做了详细的说明袁可以把冒号后的内容看做是 over its validity 的同位成分遥
译文自从 12 月份报告发布以来袁市长尧社区活跃分子和各家长教师协会就这份报告的正确性进行了激烈的争论院争论城市西郊铸钢工厂是否有责任袁争论工会保护职工工作与儿童的健康之间的矛盾袁争论应该采取什么样的措施渊如果要采取措施的话冤遥
23. But Nature is indifferent to human notions of fairness, and a report by the Fish and Wildlife Service showed a worrisome drop in the populations of several species of North Atlantic sea turtles, notably loggerheads, which can grow to as much as 400 pounds. (09.6 Passage 1)
结构分析主干院... Nature is indifferent to human notions... and a report... showed a (worrisome) drop (in...) 淤and 并列连接两个分句遥后一个分句中袁介词短语 by...作 a report 的后置定语袁表示该报告的来源曰介词短语in... 作宾语 a drop 的后置定语遥于这里有好几个介词短语袁分别修饰其前面的名词遥两个逗号间的 notably loggerheads 作 turtles 的同位语袁后面有一个非限制性定语从句对这种海龟做进一步解释和说明遥
译文不过大自然一点都不会在乎人类所谓公平的想法遥渔业和野生动物署的一个报道表明袁几种北大西洋海龟的数量急剧下降袁令人担忧袁尤其是能够生长到 400 磅重的灵龟遥
24. As with automobiles, consumers in today蒺s college marketplace have vast choices, and people search for the
one that gives them the most comfort and satisfaction in line with their budgets. (09.6 Passage 2)
结构分析主干院... consumers... have (vast) choices, and people search for the one...
淤本句是并列句袁包括 and 并列连接的两个分句遥于句首复杂介词短语 as with...表示野正如和噎噎一样冶袁作
状
语遥后一个分句中袁that 引导定语从句修饰 the one曰in line with...表示野与噎噎一致渊相符冤冶遥
译文正如汽车一样袁现在大学市场里的消费者有很多的选择曰而人们会努力找到预算内让他们最为舒服满意的产品遥
25. This is especially true in agriculture, where sustainable development is often taken as the sole measure of progress without a proper appreciation of historical and cultural perspectives. (08.12 Passage 1)
结构分析主干院This is (especially) true...
淤本句理解的难点在 where 引导的非限制性定语从句遥该从句的结构是 (sustainable) development is often taken as the (sole) measure... without...袁用了 take... as...句型袁表示野把噎噎当做噎噎冶遥于介词短语 without... 作状语袁修饰谓语袁野在未曾适当地考虑历史文化因素的情况下冶遥
译文在农业领域尤其如此袁因为在该领域当中袁人们常常在未曾从历史尧文化的角度予以适当考虑的情况下便认为袁可持续发展是衡量农业进步的唯一方法遥
26. The key will be to abandon the rather simple and static measures of sustainability, which centre on the need to maintain production without increasing damage. (08.12 Passage 1)
结构分析主干院The key will be to abandon...
不定式 to abandon...作表语袁该动词的宾语是个带复杂修饰语的名词词组袁中心词是 measures袁前后都有修饰语袁其中一个后置修饰语是 which 引导的非限定性定语从句遥该定语从句中的不定式 to maintain...作定语袁修饰 need遥
译文这些方法的中心点是院一方面必须保证农业生产袁而另一方面又不要增加对环境造成的损害遥
27. That is a much larger question than what should happen with undocumented workers, or how best to secure
the border, and it is one that affects not only newcomers but groups that have been here for generations. (08.12 Passage 2)
结构分析主干院That is a much larger question than what... or how..., and it is one (that...)
淤本句由 and 并列连接的两个分句构成遥于前一个分句是比较句袁把主语 that 和两个带疑问词的名词性成分渊一个是what 引导的从句袁一个是野how+不定式冶冤作比较遥盂后一个分句的表语是one袁后面带一个that 引导的定语从句曰定语从句的宾语是 not only... but...连接的并列成分袁其中的 groups 又带有一个 that 引导的定语从句遥
译文这个问题袁比野对没有合法身份的工人应该怎么办冶尧野怎样才能最好地保证边境安全冶之类的问题要大得多袁这
个问题不但影响到新移民袁也影响到那些在美国生活了好几代的族群遥
28. And yet there are substantial sectors of the vast U.S. economy要from giant companies like Coca鄄Cola to mom鄄and鄄pop restaurant operators in Miami要for which the weak dollar is most excellent news. (08.6 Passage 1) 结构分析主干院there are ... sectors...
理解本句时袁如果能够先撇开两个破折号中的插入成分袁就容易看出for which 引导的定语从句修饰sectors遥破折号中的内容是 sectors 的同位语袁详细说明这些经济部门所包含的具体经济实体渊大大小小的企业冤遥
美元疲软是个非常棒的消息遥
29. I蒺m now applying to graduate school, which means someday I蒺ll return to a profession where people need to be nice to me in order to get what they want. (07.12 Passage 1)
结构分析主干院I蒺m (now) applying to graduate school...
主句之后 which 引导的是定语从句袁先行词是整个主句曰means 后的内容是一个省略了 that 的宾语从句遥在means 的宾语从句中袁又有一个 where 引导的定语从句修饰 a profession曰这个定语从句中的 in order to get...
作目的状语袁修饰 to be nice to me袁get 之后是 what 引导的宾语从句遥
译文目前我在申请读研究生袁这意味着有朝一日我会重返某个专业职位遥在这个职位上袁有人为了得到想要的东西而不得不对我以礼相待遥
30. For people who buy and sell companies, or who allocate capital to markets all around the world, that蒺s the real nightmare. (07.12 Passage 2)
结构分析主干院... that蒺s the real nightmare.
主干之前的内容就一个 for 引导的介词短语袁for 的宾语是 people袁但该名词后面有两个由 or 并列连接的 who 引导的定语从句遥
译文对那些买卖公司或在全球市场分配资本的人来说袁这才是真正让他们夜不能寐的噩梦遥
31. It is a question that dates at least to the appearance in 1958 of The Affluent Society by John Kenneth Galbraith, who died recently at 97. (07.6 Passage 1)
结构分析主干院It is a question...
句中含两个定语从句遥 that 引导的定语从句修饰 a question袁该从句的谓语逗号 date to袁表示野追溯到渊某个过去的时间冤冶遥 to 的宾语 the appearance 后面有 in 和 of 引导的两个介词词组修饰袁句末 who 引导的非限制性定语从句补充说明叶富裕社会曳的作者的情况遥
译文这个问题至少可以追溯到 1958 年出现的叶富裕社会曳一书袁其作者 John Kenneth Galbraith 最近去世了袁享年
97 岁遥
32. Meanwhile, government spending that would make everyone better off was being cut down because people instinctively要and wrongly要labeled government only as 野a necessary evil.冶 (07.6 Passage 1)
结构分析主干院... (government) spending... was being cut down...
淤修饰主语 spending 的定语从句 that would...的谓语部分用了野make +宾语+补语冶的结构袁形容词的比较级better off 作补语遥本句的谓语是个短语动词渊cut down冤袁而且是过去进行时的被动语态遥于在 because 引导的原因状语从句中袁破折号间的内容是插入语袁是对状语成分渊instinctively冤的补充遥 label... as...野把噎噎标记为噎噎冶遥
译文同时袁因为人们本能地或错误地把政府认定为野一个必要之恶冶袁所以那些本来能让人们更加富裕的政府花费却被削减了遥
33. But the promise is so extravagant that it predestines many disappointments and sometimes inspires choices
that have anti鄄social consequences, including family breakdown and obesity. (07.6 Passage 1) 结构
分析主干院... the promise is so extravagant that...
本句使用了 so... that... 结构袁that 引导结果状语从句遥从句谓语是两个 and 连接的谓语动词短语 predestines (... disappointments) 和 inspires (choices)袁choices 后带有一个 that 引导的定语从句遥逗号后的介词短语对
consequences 加以补充说明遥
译文不过这个允诺过高了袁结果它注定了有很多失望袁有时还造成了带来包括家庭破裂和肥胖症等反社会结果的选择遥幸福指数并没有随着收入的增长而提高遥
34. There is considerable sentiment about the 野corruption冶 of women蒺s language要which of course is viewed as part of the loss of feminine ideals and morality要and this sentiment is crystallized by nationwide opinion polls that are regularly carried out by the media. (07.6 Passage 2)
结构分析主干院There is... sentiment... and this sentiment is crystallized by...
淤本句是个由 and 连接两个分句构成的并列句遥于前一个分句是 there be 句型袁主语 sentiment 由 about 引导的介词短语修饰曰corruption 是 about 的宾语袁后有两个修饰成分袁一个是 of 介词短语袁一个是破折号中间的which 引导的非限制性定语从句遥盂后一个分句用了被动语态袁动词 crystallize 的意思是野使成为结晶体冶袁句中引申为野使明确化冶遥 polls 之后有一个 that 引导的定语从句修饰遥
通常由媒体定期主持的全国性民意调查则明确了这种情绪遥
35. This group will still include middle鄄income seniors on Medicare, who蒺ll have to dig deeply into their pockets before getting much from the new drug benefit that starts in 2006. (06.6 Passage 2)
结构分析主干院This group will include (middle鄄income) seniors...
逗号后的 who 引导一个非限制性的定语从句袁修饰 seniors遥从句中袁带连词 before 的分词短语 getting...作时间状语袁可以把 before 理解为野然后才噎噎冶院野这些老人得先大掏自己的腰包袁然后才能从噎噎得益冶遥句末 that 引导定语从句修饰 the... benefit遥
译文这群人将仍然包括那些依赖医疗保险的收入中等的老年人袁这些人在从2006 年开始的新的医药津贴开始之前还必须要花费很多钱遥
36. Too many vulnerable child鄄free adults are being ruthlessly manipulated into parent鄄hood by their parents, who think that happiness among older people depends on having a grandchild to spoil. (06.1 Passage 1)
结构分析主干院Too many... adults are being... manipulated... by..., who...
淤主句部分用了现在进行时的被动语态袁manipulate 意思是野操纵袁控制冶遥句子用极其严肃的语言来讲述生活中的平常事袁有风趣幽默的效果遥于who 引导定语从句修饰 parents袁从句中的 that 引导的从句作 think 的宾语遥句末的不定式 to spoil 作定语修饰 a grandchild遥
译文有太多的没有子女的成年人在他们的父母的无情操纵下可怜兮兮地成为父母袁因为他们的父母认为老年人的快乐就在于含饴弄孙遥
37. His glowing descriptions of a classless society where anyone could attain success through honesty and hard work fired the imaginations of many European readers. (06.1 Passage 2)
结构分析主干院His... descriptions... fired the imagination...
主语 descriptions 有 glowing 和介词短语 of a classless society 修饰袁where 引导的定语从句修饰 society遥宾语imaginations 也有 of 短语修饰遥谓语动词 fired 表示野激发冶袁fire one蒺s imagination 即野激发某人的想象力冶遥
译文他非常生动地描述了一个没有阶级的社会遥在那里袁人人都能通过诚实和辛勤工作获得成功遥这个描述激发了许多欧洲读者的想象遥
38. The promise of a land where 野the rewards of a man蒺s industry follow with equal steps the progress of his labor冶 drew poor immigrants from Europe and fueled national expansion into the western territories. (06.1
Passage 2)
结构分析主干院The promise... drew (poor) immigrants (from...) and fueled (national) expansion (into...) 淤主干部分含由两个谓语动词渊drew 和 fueled冤构成的合成谓语遥于where 引导的定语从句修饰 a land袁该从句是个直接引语袁语言非常正式袁有点古色古香院industry 表示野勤奋冶曰with equal steps 插在动词 follow 和宾语the progress 之间曰分句的主干是 the rewards follow the progress遥第二个谓语动词 fueled 表示野添加燃料袁刺激冶袁句中的意思是野推动了整个国家向西边领域的扩展冶遥
译文这片土地上袁野人人都有同等的机会袁付出了劳动袁就得到与努力相应的报酬冶袁这种前景吸引了许多贫穷的欧洲移民袁并推动了整个国家向西边领域的扩展遥
39. While pensioners, particularly elderly women, make up a large proportion of those living alone, the newest crop of singles are high earners in their 30s and 40s who increasingly view living alone as a lifestyle choice. (05.6 Passage 1)
结构分析主干院... the... crop... are high earners...
句首 while 引导的状语从句表示对比关系袁particularly elderly women 对 pensioners 作进一步解释袁是插入语遥
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主句主语 crop 表示野一群渊人冤冶袁表语 earners 带有多个修饰语袁其中一个是 who 引导的定语从句遥
译文可现在袁尽管退休人员袁特别是老年妇女袁构成了那些独身者中的很大一个比例袁但最新涌现出来的独身者却都是年龄在三十几岁或四十几岁的高薪阶层袁他们越来越多地选择单独生活作为他们的生活方式遥
40. The controversy began on 1 February, when Ingham testified before New Zealand蒺s Royal Commission on Genetic Modification, which will determine how to regulate GM organisms. (05.6 Passage 2) 结构
分析主干院The controversy began...
when 引导的定语从句修饰1 February袁从句中的专有名词野新英格兰皇家转基因委员会冶较长袁可能稍难理解袁其后有一个 which 引导的定语从句补充说明该机构的职责遥
译文这场争论开始于2 月1 日袁那时英汉姆向新西兰转基因皇家委员会论证她的观点袁而这个委员会将会决定如何规范转基因有机物遥
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第三章名词性从句
一、名词性从句的概念及分类
1.顾名思义袁名词性从句就是指在句子中起名词作用的句子袁功能相当于名词词组遥
2.根据其在句中不同的语法功能袁名词性从句可以分为主语从句尧宾语从句尧表语从句和同位语从句遥同位语从句
起对前面的名词进一步解释说明的作用袁陈述该名词的内容遥
二、名词性从句的三类引导词
1.连接词袁包括 that, whether 和 if遥 that 用来引导陈述句袁whether 和 if 引导一般疑问句渊从句中的一般疑问句要用
陈述句语序袁而 if 引导的从句不能作主语冤遥
2. wh鄄关系代词袁如 who, whom, whose, whatever, which 等袁这类词由于在句中作相应的句子成分袁因此一般不能
省略遥
3. wh鄄关系副词袁如 when, why, how, where 等袁该类词一般也作相应的句子成分遥
三、名词性从句的四种类型
1.宾语从句
淤在许多情况下袁作为真正宾语的 that 从句后置袁而用 it 作形式宾语袁此时袁that 不可省略遥例如院
You may rely on it that I shall help you.渊it 作为形式宾语接在 rely on 后袁真正的宾语是 that 引导的宾语从句遥另外袁大多数介词不能直接接 that 从句作宾语袁所以此处需要 it 作形式宾语遥冤
于宾语从句分为三类院动词宾语从句尧介词宾语从句和形容词宾语从句遥动词宾语从句指的是跟在动词之后且充当其宾语的从句曰介词宾语从句指的是跟在一个介词之后充当其宾语的从句曰同样袁形容词宾语从句指的是跟在某些形容词后面袁可理解为该形容词宾语的从句遥例如院
I doubt whether he will come.渊动词宾语从句冤
I蒺m curious as to what he will do.渊介词宾语从句冤
I蒺m convinced that she is an honest girl.渊形容词宾语从句冤
2.同位语从句
淤同位语从句就是跟在名词后面袁表达具体内容尧起解释说明作用的从句遥 that 是其最常见的引导词袁不能省略遥
于注意下列名词后面可接同位语从句院hope渊希望冤, fact渊事实冤, news渊消息冤, problem渊问题冤, conclusion渊结论冤, rumor渊流言冤, agreement渊同意袁协议冤, belief渊信仰冤, concept渊观念袁概念冤, idea渊想法冤, question渊问题冤, suggestion渊提议冤, thought渊想法冤, conviction渊确信袁定罪冤, doubt渊怀疑冤, decision渊决定袁决心冤, assumption渊假定袁设想冤, evidence渊迹象袁证据冤袁等遥例如院
The news that I have passed the exam is true.
盂在少数情况下袁可用连接代词或连接副词引导同位语从句遥例如院
I have no idea why she cries.
注院同位语可以分为同位语结构和同位语从句遥上文提到的是后者曰而同位语结构跟在名词后袁对其解释说明袁与同位语从句不同的是袁它只是词或词组遥例如院
The only way that they can preserve their history is to recount it as sagas要legends handed down from one generation of story鄄tellers to another.渊legends 作 sagas 的同位语袁后接过去分词短语作定语遥冤
3.主语从句
许多情况下袁为了平衡句子结构袁常用 it 代替主语从句袁将主语从句后置袁it 只是形式主语遥例如院
4.表语从句
表语从句一般接在系动词之后袁在句中充当表语袁常见的结构是野主语 + 系动词 + 表语从句冶遥例如院
The problem is that smokers can蒺t go without smoking.渊在该句中袁系动词 is 后接一个 that 引导的表语从句遥冤
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宾语从句
41. Rather than just another weird episode in the town that brought you protesting environmentalists, this latest drama is a trial for how today蒺s parents perceive risk, how we try to keep our kids safe要whether it蒺s possible to keep them safe要in what feels like an increasingly threatening world. (09.12 Passage 1)
结构分析主干院... this (latest) drama is a trial (for...)
淤rather than...野而不是冶袁后接名词或动名词遥 episode 有多个修饰语院another, weird, in the town袁以及定语从句that...遥 protesting 是现在分词袁作定语袁修饰 brought 的直接宾语 environmentalists遥于a trial for...之后有两个并列的 how 引导的名词性从句作介词 for 的宾语遥破折号之间的插入语袁是让步状语袁破折号之后的 in+ what 引导的名词从句袁作地点状语袁都修饰 try to keep our kids safe遥
译文最近的这场戏与其说只是城市里上演的又一段带来环境保护主义抗议者的怪异的插曲袁还不如说是一场测
不过袁我们不知道是否还能保护孩子们的安全遥
42. But as arguments about immigration heat up the campaign trail, we also ought to ask some broader questions about assimilation, about how to ensure that people, once outsiders, don蒺t forever remain marginalized within these shores. (08.12 Passage 2)
结构分析主干院... we also ought to ask some... questions (about...)
淤as 引导时间状语从句曰heat up野加剧袁激化冶袁the campaign trail野竞选活动冶院关于移民问题的争论使竞选活动更加白热化遥于主句中的两个 about 短语是同位成分袁都作 questions 的后置定语曰后一个 about 的宾语是带疑问词 how 的不定式曰不定式 to ensure 的宾语是 that 引导的从句遥
译文在总统竞选活动中袁移民问题又再次升温袁我们应该问些更广泛的有关野同化冶的问题袁即如何保证这些过去的局外人不会在这个国度永远处于边缘地位遥
43. One study found that, other things being equal, graduates of highly selective schools experienced more job dissatisfaction. (08.6 Passage 2)
结构分析主干院One study found that (graduates... experienced more job dissatisfaction).
found 的宾语是 that 引导的从句遥从句中袁other things being equal 是独立主格结构曰现在分词短语 being equal 作伴随状语袁但该分词的逻辑主语渊other things冤与所在从句的主语渊graduates冤不一致袁必须列出来放在该分词之前遥
译文一项研究发现袁在其他因素相同的情况下袁精英学校的毕业生在工作中更容易感到失望遥他们已经习惯于高高在上袁因此稍不如意就怨天尤人遥
44. Like most people, I蒺ve long understood that I will be judged by my occupation, that my profession is a gauge people use to see how smart or talented I am. (07.12 Passage 1)
结构分析主干院... I蒺ve understood (that I will be judged...) (that my profession is a gauge...)
understood 带了两个宾语袁都是 that 引导的从句遥前一个从句用了被动语态曰后一个从句的表语是 a gauge袁其后有个省略了关系词的定语从句修饰曰在该定语从句中袁too see 作谓语动词 use 的目的状语曰see 本身又带一个 how 引导的宾语从句遥
译文像大多数人一样袁我很久以前就明白袁人们会根据我的职业来评价我袁我的职业会成为人们衡量我有多聪明或多有才华的标准遥
45. This fear mechanism is critical to the survival of all animals, but no one can say for sure whether beasts other than humans know they蒺re afraid. (06.12 Passage 1)
结构分析主干院This fear is critical (to...) but no one can say... whether (beasts... know...)
淤这是个由 but 连接的表示转折的并列句遥于前一个分句的谓语部分用了 be critical to... 这个短语袁to 是介词袁后接名词短语 the survival...作宾语遥盂后一个分句的谓语动词是 say袁接了一个 whether 引导的宾语从句曰该从句的谓语动词 know 又接了一个省略引导词的从句作宾语遥
译文这种恐惧机制对所有动物的生存都是至关重要的袁不过没人能够肯定除了人类之外的动物是否野知道冶它们在害怕遥
46. He hoped his work at the university would give him insight into how questions of morality could be applied
to places where self鄄interest flourished. (06.12 Passage 2)
结构分析主干院He hoped (his work... would give him insight...)
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淤hope 的宾语是一个省略关联词的从句袁该宾语从句的谓语动词是 give袁接了双宾语 him 和 insight遥于介词短语 into...作 insight 的后置定语袁into 带了一个 how 引导的宾语从句遥句末 where 引导定语从句修饰 places遥句中 be applied to...表示野被应用于噎噎冶遥
译文他期望他在大学的工作能让他了解到道德问题如何能够运用到自我利益泛滥的地方遥
47. Movies, television and video games are full of gunplay and bloodshed, and one might reasonably ask what蒺s wrong with a society that presents videos of domestic violence as entertainment. (06.6 Passage 1)
结构分析主干院Movies, television and video games are full (of...) and one might ask (what蒺s wrong with...) 淤这是 and 连接两个分句构成的并列句遥于前一个分句中袁主语是并列的三个名词词组袁谓语用了 be full of...
短语遥盂后一个分句的谓语动词 ask 带一个 what 引导的宾语从句袁该从句用了 be wrong with 短语袁with 的宾语 a society 后面有一个 that 引导的定语从句袁从句谓语部分是 present... as...的句型袁表示野把噎噎作为噎噎来
展现冶遥
译文电影尧电视和计算机游戏充斥着枪战和流血袁人们很自然地会问把家庭暴力电视当成娱乐的社会究竟是怎么了遥
48. And when experimenters record the time it takes game players to read 野aggressive冶 or 野non鄄aggressive冶 words from a list, can we be sure what they are actually measuring? (06.6 Passage 1)
结构分析主干院... can we be sure what...?
淤句首when 引导时间状语从句袁表示野当实验者记录这些时间时冶袁宾语the time 后有一个定语从句修饰遥于该定语从句用的是 it takes (time) to do 句型遥主句用的是野be sure + what 从句冶的结构袁一般把 what 从句看作是形容词 sure 的宾语遥
译文当实验者记录下打游戏的人读一个列表上的野攻击性冶或野非攻击性冶词语所耗时间时袁我们能很肯定他们在测量什么东西吗钥
49. Officials from the Food and Drug Administration will argue that Canadian drugs might be fake, mishandled, or even a potential threat to life. (06.6 Passage 2)
结构分析主干院Officials... will argue that...
主语 officials 之后的介词短语 from...作 officials 的后置定语遥谓语动词 argue 的宾语是 that 引导的从句袁从句中袁两个形容词渊fake, mishandled冤和一个名词词组渊threat冤并列袁共同作表语遥
译文食品和药物管理机构的官员将证明加拿大的药品有可能是假药尧是没有严格按程序生产的尧甚至可能危及生命的药遥
50. Potential grandparents would be reminded that, without grandchildren around, it蒺s possible to have a conversation with your kids, who要incidentally要would have more time for their own parents. (06.1 Passage 1) 结构分析主干院grandparents would be reminded that...
淤remind 可以用于 remind somebody of something 结构袁也可用于 remind somebody that... 结构遥于本句是后一种结构的被动语态遥 that 引导的宾语从句用了野it is possible +不定式冶结构袁不定式是真正的主语袁it 是形
式主语遥句末 who 引导定语从句修饰 kids袁从句中两个破折号之间的 incidentally 作插入语遥
译文当然要提醒那些可能要成为祖父母的人院没有孙子孙女的话袁他们就可能有机会和子女聊天袁因为这样的话袁子女会有更多的时间给自己的父母遥
51. A monthly newsletter would contain stories about overwhelmed parents and offer guidance on how childless adults can respond to the different lobbying tactics that would鄄be grandparents employ. (06.1 Passage 1)
结构分析主干院A... newsletter would contain stories... and offer guidance...
淤主干的谓语是 and 连接两个谓语动词渊would contain 和 offer冤形成的合成谓语袁后一个谓语动词前省略了would遥于介词短语 about...和 on...分别修饰两个作宾语的名词 stories 和 guidance袁on 的宾语是 how 引导的名词性从句遥句末 that 引导的从句作定语袁修饰 tactics渊策略袁计策冤曰lobby 作动词表示野游说冶遥
译文每月出版一期的时事通讯专门报道那些不堪重负的父母的故事袁并向无子女的成年人出谋划策袁以应对想要成为祖父母的人所使用的种种游说技巧遥
52. Kaufmann, author of a recent book called 野The Single Woman and Prince Charming,冶 thinks this fierce new individualism means that people expect more and more of mates, so relationships don蒺t last long要if they start at all.
(05.6 Passage 1)
结构分析主干院Kaufmann... thinks [this... individualism means that (people expect more... so relations don蒺t last...)] 淤主句部分两个逗号间的内容是插入语袁也是主语的同位成分袁对主语加以解释说明遥于thinks 的宾语是个从句袁该从句的谓语动词 means 也带了个 that 引导的宾语从句遥在后一个宾语从句中袁并列连词 so 连接两个分
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句袁前后具有因果关系曰前一个分句用了 expect something of somebody 的句型袁表示野对某人有何期望冶袁后一个分句则又带了一个条件状语从句袁该从句放在破折号后袁表示一种附加的含义遥
译文Kaufmann 是最近出版的叶单身女人和白马王子曳一书的作者袁他认为这种来势凶猛的新个人主义意味着人们对伴侣的期望值越来越高袁因此他们的关系即使真正开始袁也不会持续很久遥
主语从句
53. It蒺s no secret that there蒺s a lot to put up with when waiting tables, and fortunately, much of it can be easily forgotten when you pocket the tips. (07.12 Passage 1)
结构分析主干院It蒺s no secret that... and... much... can be (easily) forgotten...
淤本句由两个 and 并列连接的分句构成遥于前一个分句的 it 是形式主语袁真正的主语是 that 引导的从句曰该主语从句是 there be 句型袁用了 a lot 作主语袁不定式 to put up with 渊忍受袁忍耐冤作定语袁修饰 a lot袁带疑问词when 的现在分词短语 waiting tables 作 put up 的状语遥盂后一个分句用了被动语态袁带有一个 when 引导的时间状语从句遥 pocket 在句中作动词袁表示野把噎噎放入袋中冶遥
译文做餐馆招待得忍耐许多事情袁这不是什么秘密遥好在有小费入账的时候袁你会很容易忘掉许多不愉快的事情遥
表语从句
54. That蒺s why I蒺ve rid my cupboard of microwave food packed in bags coated with a potential cancer鄄causing substance, but although I蒺ve lived blocks from a major fault line for more than 12 years, I still haven蒺t bolted
our bookcases to the living room wall. (09.12 Passage 1)
结构分析主干院That蒺s why...
淤why 引导的表语从句中袁含两个表示转折的由 but 连接的分句遥于前一个分句的主干是 I蒺ve rid my cupboard of...袁用了 rid... of...的结构袁of 的宾语是个带复杂修饰语的名词词组袁中心词是 food, packed in...修饰 food, coated with...修饰 bags遥盂后一个分句是个主从复合句袁although 引导让步状语从句遥
译文正是这个原因袁我才把橱柜里那些微波食品清除掉了袁这些食品的包装袋上涂有一种可能致癌的物质曰但是尽管我在一个大型地质断层带上生活了 12 年多袁我却仍然没有把书架固定到客厅的墙上遥
55. No, what they fear was that the political challenges of sustaining support for global economic integration will be more difficult in the United States because of what has happened to the distribution of income and economic insecurity. (07.12 Passage 2)
结构分析主干院... what they fear... was that (the... challenges... will be more difficult...)
淤句中有 3 个名词性从句院句首 what 引导主语从句曰was 后的 that 引导表语从句渊直至句末冤袁句末处 what 引导的从句作 because of 的宾语遥于that 从句的主语是个以 challenges 为中心词的名词词组袁含有复杂的修饰成分院野of+动名词 sustaining冶作 challenges 的后置定语曰for... integration 则修饰 support遥
译文他们担心的是袁由于收入分配不均尧经济不稳定袁继续支持全球经济一体化的政治挑战将会在美国变得更加处境艰难遥
56. That蒺s why Hallowell believes it was okay for people to indulge some extreme worries last fall by asking doctors for Cipro and buying gas masks. (06.12 Passage 1)
结构分析主干院That蒺s why...
why 引导的名词性从句在句中作表语遥该表语从句的谓语动词是 believes袁后接省略了关联词的宾语从句曰该宾语从句用了野it was +形容词+for... +to do冶句型袁it 作形式主语袁真正的主语是不定式 to indulge...袁该不定式短语的逻辑主语由介词 for 加以引导遥句末的野by+动名词短语冶表示方式袁作 indulge 的状语遥
译文因此袁Hallowell 相信去年秋天人们陷于一些极端的担心是可以理解的袁他们让医生开抗炭疽菌的药物并购买防毒面罩遥
同位语从句
57. Many Europeans now apparently view the U.S. the way many Americans view Mexico要as a cheap place to vacation, shop and party, all while ignoring the fact that the poorer locals can蒺t afford to join the merrymaking. (08.6 Passage 1)
结构分析主干院Many Europeans... view the U.S... (the way...)
淤本句带两个状语遥于一个是 the way...后面带定语从句袁表示 view 的方式曰破折号后的内容 as... and party 是介词短语袁作 view 的宾语的补足语袁一起表示野把噎噎看做噎噎冶遥盂另一个状语是 all while ignoring...袁表
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示欧洲人在看待(view)美国时所伴随的动作曰ignoring 的宾语是 fact袁后面带有一个 that 引导的同位语从句遥
地方遥不过所有这些人都没有注意到袁比较贫穷的当地人参与不起这些狂欢遥
58. In some instances, it may be a sign that girls are making the same claim to authority as boys and men, but that is very different from saying that they are trying to be 野masculine.冶 (07.6 Passage 2)
结构分析主干院... it may be a sign (that...) but that is very different (from...)
sign 后的 that 从句是 sign 的同位语袁说明 sign 具体内容遥 but 后面的分句和前一个分句有转折关系曰后面分句中的 that 从句是 saying 的宾语遥
译文有时候袁它或许意味着女性想获得和男孩尧男人一样的权威袁不过这和说她们想野男性化冶还是有很大差别的遥
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第四章状语从句
一、状语从句的概念
如果一个从句的功能相当于副词袁修饰动词尧形容词或整个句子袁用作状语袁那么该从句就是状语从句遥状语从句由连词引导袁多表示某动作发生的背景尧时间尧地点尧原因等遥
二、状语从句的 5 种常见类型
常见的状语从句有 5 种袁每种状语从句各有其引导词袁具体可分为院时间尧原因尧让步尧条件尧比较状语从句遥
1.时间状语从句
淤引导时间状语从句的连词有 when, whenever, while, as, till, until, since, after 等遥
于注意 as, when, while 的用法区别遥 as 强调时间上的野一先一后冶袁野同一时间冶袁或野随着冶之义曰when 则强调某个特定的时间曰while 表示的时间不是一点袁而是一段遥试比较以下三个句子中的时间状语从句院As the time went on, the weather got worse.
When he was eating his breakfast, he heard the door bell ring.
Strike while the iron is hot.
2.原因状语从句
引导原因状语从句的连词或复合连词有 because, since, as, for the reason that, in that 等袁其中 because 表示原因的语气最重袁as 和 since 所表示的原因则常常是人们知道的遥试比较以下两个句子院
Because they lived on the edge of the Persian Empire, they were ruled by the king of Persia.
Since/As the weather is so bad, we have to delay our journey.
在上述两个句子中袁Because 引导的原因状语从句表示一种直接的原因袁而 Since/As 则表示一种人们所知的显而易见的事实遥
3.让步状语从句
淤让步状语从句的引导词有院although, though, even if, in spite of the fact, whereas, while, for all (that)等遥
于注意 even if 与 even though 的区别院even if 意为野即使冶袁表述的内容不一定为即成事实曰even though 则表示野尽管冶袁即尽管有什么样的事实存在遥试比较以下两个句子院
Even though he knows it, he蒺ll not let out the secret.渊他知道这个秘密遥冤
Even if he knows it, he蒺ll not let out the secret.渊不确定他是否知道这个秘密遥冤
4.条件状语从句
渊1冤条件状语的引导词有院if渊如果冤, unless渊除非袁如果不冤, suppose渊假设袁假定冤, in case (that)渊如果袁假使曰以防万一冤, in the event (that)渊万一袁倘若冤等遥
渊2冤两种条件句院
淤真实条件句袁表示现实的或可能会变为现实的条件袁用直陈语气遥例如院
If the weather is fine tomorrow, we shall go to the country.
于非真实条件句袁表示非现实的或不大可能会变为现实的条件袁常用虚拟语气遥例如院
If I were you, I would leave now.渊该句包含了 if 引导的条件状语从句袁且因为是非真实条件句袁因此用 were 表示虚拟语气遥冤
5. 目的状语从句
淤目的状语从句可由下列引导词引导院so that, so, in order that, in case, lest 等遥
于lest 和 in case 表示的目的是一种带有否定意义的目的袁意为野以防冶遥例如院
He cut the remark out of the final programme lest it should offend the listeners.
6. 结果状语从句
结果状语从句的引导词有院that, so (that), such that, with the result that, such that 等遥例如院 She
sat behind me so that I could not see the expression on her face.
7. 比较状语从句
比较状语从句的引导词有院as... as, the same as, such... as袁than 等遥例如院 Jack
runs as fast as Mike does.
8. 方式状语从句
方式状语从句可由下列引导词引导院as, as if, as though, the way, how 等遥例如院
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She closed her eyes as though she were tired.
9. 地点状语从句
地点状语从句可由下列引导词引导院where, wherever, everywhere, anywhere 等遥例如院Put
in articles where it is necessary in the following passages.
时间状语从句
59. For hundreds of millions of years, turtles have struggled out of the sea to lay their eggs on sandy beaches, long before there were nature documentaries to celebrate them, or GPS satellites and marine biologists to track them, or volunteers to hand鄄carry the hatchlings down to the water蒺s edge lest they become disoriented by headlights and crawl towards a motel parking lot instead. (09.6 Passage 1)
结构分析主干院... turtles have struggled...
淤句首的 for 引导的时间状语与谓语的完成时态相符遥to lay eggs...作目的状语遥before 引导时间状语从句袁该从句是个 there be 句型遥从时态的角度来说袁从句的一般过去时与主句的现在完成时似乎有些冲突曰这是典型的根据语义选择时态的例子遥于before 引导的 there be 句型中袁主语是 documentaries, GPS satellites and marine biologists, volunteers 等三个并列的名词短语袁这三个名词都有不定式作后置定语遥句末 lest 引导的状语从句表示目的渊以免噎噎冤袁该从句的谓语是 become disoriented 和 crawl towards...袁由 and 并列连接遥
译文亿万年来袁海龟挣扎着从大海爬到沙滩上产卵遥很久之前袁没有什么自然纪录片为它们庆祝袁没有 GPS 卫星导航系统和海洋生物学家追踪它们袁也没有什么志愿者因为担心幼龟受到桅灯的干扰迷失了方向而爬到汽车旅馆的停车场尧就用手把它们送回水边遥
60. Those would鄄be executives had, says Etzioni, little interest in concepts of ethics and morality in the boardroom要and their professor was met with blank stares when he urged his students to see business in new and different ways. (06.12 Passage 2)
结构分析主干院Those... executives had little interest in... and their professor was met (with... stares when...) 淤本句是 and 连接两个分句构成的并列句遥 says Etzioni 在句中作插入语袁前后都用逗号间隔开遥于前一个分句用了 had interest in...短语袁in concepts...是介词短语修饰 interest遥后一个分句中袁when 引导时间状语从句袁该从句中的不定式 to see...作宾语补足语遥
译文Etzioni 说袁这些未来的管理者对在董事会上培育伦理和道德的概念几乎没有什么兴趣袁而当他督促他们用新的不同方法来看待商务时袁他们却用困惑不解的眼光盯着他遥
61. Supporters of the biotech industry have accused an American scientist of misconduct after she testified to the New Zealand government that a genetically modified (GM) bacterium could cause serious damage if released.
(05.6 Passage 2)
结构分析主干院Supporters... have accused an American scientist of misconduct...
淤主句部分用了 accuse... of... 句型遥 After 引导时间状语从句袁从句中的 that... 作 testified 的宾语遥于句末released 是过去分词袁其逻辑主语与所在分句的主语渊bacterium冤一致袁表示野被释放冶袁在句中作状语袁前面带有连词 if袁表示条件遥
译文一位美国科学家向新西兰政府证实袁有一种转基因细菌如果被释放的话可能会造成严重破坏遥为此袁生物工程的支持者们指责她行为不当遥
条件状语从句
62. So if you want to avoid the pain inflicted by the increasingly pathetic dollar, cancel that summer vacation to England and look to New England. (08.6 Passage 1)
结构分析主干院... cancel that summer vacation... and look to New England.
这是野条件句+祈使句冶结构遥条件句中袁to avoid 用作 want 的宾语曰inflicted渊遭受冤 by...是过去分词袁作定语袁修饰 the pain曰pathetic野没用的袁可怜的冶遥理解本句还需要了解 New England 是美国国土遥
译文因此如果想避免这越来越令人悲伤的美元所带来的痛楚的话袁请取消去英国的暑期度假计划而改去新英格兰吧遥至少在那里人们对美元还有一点点敬意遥
63. In other words, if middle鄄class Americans continue to struggle financially as the ultrawealthy grow ever wealthier, it will be increasingly difficult to maintain political support for the free flow of goods, services, and
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capital across borders. (07.12 Passage 2)
结构分析主干院... it will be... difficult to maintain...
淤if 引导条件状语从句袁且该从句本身又含一个 as 引导的时间状语从句遥于本句理解的难度是名词词组所表达的概念袁不定式短语 to maintain...渊it 是形式主语冤作主语袁political support 后有 for 引导的介词短语修饰遥
译文换言之袁如果美国中产阶级继续在经济困境中挣扎尧而富豪们更加富裕的话袁要想让中产阶级在政治上支持允许商品尧服务及资本自由跨国流通的政策袁将会是越来越困难的事遥
64. Nevertheless, if Canada鄄level pricing came to the United States, the industry蒺s profit margins would drop and the pace of new鄄drug development would slow. (06.6 Passage 2)
结构分析主干院... margins would drop and the pace... would slow.
if 引导条件状语从句遥主句部分是 and 并列连接两个分句构成的并列句遥
译文但是袁如果加拿大的定价标准搬到美国的话袁产业的利润率就会下降袁而新药研发的进程就势必会减慢遥
原因状语从句
65. It蒺s also a potential economic problem, since a declining dollar makes imported food more expensive and exerts upward pressure on interest rates. (08.6 Passage 1)
结构分析主干院It蒺s (also) a (potential economic) problem...
淤since 引导原因状语从句袁从句的复合谓语是 and 并列连接的两个动词 makes...和 exerts遥于第一个谓语动词用了野make+宾语+补语冶句型曰第二个谓语动词用的是 exert pressure on渊对噎噎施加压力冤结构遥
译文因为日益贬值的美元使得进口食品更加昂贵并给利率施加了上涨压力袁它还是个潜在的经济问题遥
66. It蒺s an outrage that any American蒺s life expectancy should be shortened simply because the company they worked for went bankrupt and ended health鄄care coverage. (07.12 Passage 2)
结构分析主干院It蒺s an outrage that...
淤本句是个复杂的复合句院首先袁句首的 it 是引语部分的形式主语袁真正的主语是 that 引导的从句曰其次袁主语从句本身也是复合句袁含有一个 because 引导的原因状语从句遥于在这个状语从句中袁the worked for 是个定语从句袁修饰主语 the company曰从句含两个并列的谓语院went (bankrupt) 和 ended...袁两者用 and 并列连接遥
译文如果仅仅因为自己所在公司破产尧不能继续支付医疗保健费用袁就使得美国人寿命缩短袁这简直令人发指遥
67. People feel 野squeezed冶 because their rising incomes often don蒺t satisfy their rising wants要for bigger homes, more health care, more education, faster Internet connections. (07.6 Passage 1)
结构分析主干院People feel 野squeezed冶 (because...)
because 引导的原因状语从句中袁基本结构是院incomes don蒺t satisfy... wants袁宾语 wants 带有复杂的修饰成分院限定词渊their冤袁分词渊rising冤袁介词短语渊for...冤遥破折号后的介词短语中袁for 带有四个并列的名词成分遥
好的教育尧更快的网络连接遥
68. Because so much previous suffering and social conflict stemmed from poverty, the arrival of widespread affluence suggested utopian possibilities. (07.6 Passage 1)
结构分析主干院... the arrival... suggested... possibilities.
淤本句是带状语从句的复合句遥从句的主语是 and 连接的 suffering 和 conflict遥于这句话有一个特色袁就是几乎所有名词都是抽象名词袁具有学术文章的文体风格遥
译文因为以前那么多的苦难和社会冲突都根源于贫穷袁所以现在进入普遍富裕的时代产生了乌托邦式的可能性遥69. Every American who hopes to 野make it冶 also knows the fear of failure, because the myth of success inevitably implies comparison between the haves and the have鄄nots, the stars and the anonymous crowd. (06.1 Passage 2)
结构分析主干院Every American... knows the fear... (because the myth... implies comparison...)
淤who 引导的定语从句修饰 every American袁从句中的惯用语 make it 意思是野成功冶遥于because 引导原因状
语从句袁从句的宾语 comparison 后有一个 between 引导的介词短语修饰曰between 的宾语是两个并列的名词词组遥
译文每个希望成功的美国人也害怕失败袁因为成功的神话不可避免地意味着对富人和穷人尧名人和普通人进行比较遥
结果状语从句
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70. What蒺s more, demand for animal products in developing countries is growing so fast that meeting it will require an extra 300 million tons of grain a year by 2050. (08.12 Passage 1)
结构分析主干院... demand... is growing (so fast that...)
主句的主语 demand 后接了 for 和 in 两个介词短语作定语遥 so... that...句型引导结果状语从句遥从句的主语是meeting it (the demand)袁是个动名词曰谓语动词是 require袁宾语是个复杂的名词词组野额外的 3 亿吨粮食冶遥
译文此外袁发展中国家对动物产品的需求上升极快袁要满足这些需求袁需要在 2050 年之前每年增加 3 亿吨谷物粮食遥
方式状语从句
71. And just as two auto purchasers might spend an equal amount of money on very different cars, college students (or, more accurately, their parents) often show a willingness to pay essentially the same price for vastly different products. (09.6 Passage 2)
结构分析主干院... college students (or, ... their parents) (often) show a willingness to...
淤本句是主从复合句遥句首 as 引导方式状语从句袁野渊正如冤和噎噎一样冶袁从句谓语用了 spend... on 句型袁表示野在噎噎上花噎噎渊钱冤冶遥于主句的主语是 college students袁括号里的内容是插入成分袁可以看做是对主语的进一步纠正尧说明曰willingness 后的不定式 to pay...为后置定语遥
译文正如两个汽车购买者可能会花同样的钱买差别很大的车子一样袁大学生渊或更准确地说是他们的父母冤经常愿意付几乎同样的价钱买完全不同的产品遥
让步状语从句
72. It turns out, according to Griffin, that while we have done a good job of protecting the turtles for the weeks they spend on land (as egg鄄laying females, as eggs and as hatchlings), we have neglected the years they
spend in the ocean. (09.6 Passage 1)
结构分析主干院It turns out that...
淤本句主干是 it turns out that...句型袁表示野结果是噎噎冶袁that 引导的是主语从句渊it 是形式主语冤遥于从句中袁while 引导的是让步状语从句袁野尽管噎噎冶曰they spend on land 是定语从句袁修饰 the weeks曰主句部分袁they spend in the ocean 也是定语从句袁修饰 the years遥盂这两个定语从句素修饰的名词词组袁具有强烈对照的含义遥
译文 Griffin 认为袁尽管人类对海龟在陆地上几周渊如产卵的母龟尧龟卵和幼龟冤的保护工作做得不错袁但我们忽略了它们在海洋里度过的年月遥
73. The narrow strips of beach on which the turtles lay their eggs are being squeezed on one side by development and on the other by the threat of rising sea levels as the oceans warm. (09.6 Passage 1)
结构分析主干院The (narrow) strips (of beach)... are being squeezed... by... and by...
淤本句用了现在进行时的被动语态遥于主语 The narrow strips of beach 后面有一个 which 引导的定语从句修饰曰动作 squeeze 的发出者由介词 by 引导袁句中有两个动作发出者袁分别用 on one side 和 on the other 修饰这两个介词词组袁并用连词 and 连接遥盂句末 as 引导时间状语从句袁相当于副词袁修饰 rising sea levels院随着海洋变暖而来的海平面上升遥
译文沿海发展和因海洋变暖而造成的海平面上升正在使海龟产卵的海岸越变越窄遥
74. Although children of Mexican immigrants do better, in terms of educational and professional attainment, than their parents, UCLA sociologist Edward Telles has found that the gains don蒺t continue. (08.12 Passage 2)
结构分析主干院Edward Telles has found (that the gains don蒺t continue)
淤句首although 引导让步状语从句袁该从句是个比较结构袁是孩子与父母比较曰逗号间的内容是插入成分袁作状语袁修饰 do better袁说明比较的范围院野从教育和职业成就来看冶遥于UCLA sociologist 和 Edward Telles 是同位语袁作主句主语曰that 引导 found 的宾语从句遥
译文虽然墨西哥移民的下一代在教育和专业成就上优于他们的父母袁但是加州大学洛杉矶分校的社会学家爱德华窑特勒斯发现袁这样的优势并没有持续下去遥
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第二篇常考语法与难句归纳
第一章并列平行结构
一、何谓并列平行结构
并列平行结构是四六级考试中常考语法点之一袁考查由关联词连接的各个句子成分之间的关系袁如并列尧转折尧因果尧选择关系等袁形式可以是词和短语的并列袁也可以是句子的并列遥关联词的使用可以使句子在形式上更为清晰袁在意思上更加紧密相连遥本章将从常用关联词的含义出发来分析并列平行结构遥
二、常用关联词表达的关系
1.添加尧补充关系
表达添加或补充关系的常用关联词有院and, also, both... and, besides, in addition, not only... but also, as well as 等遥例如院
He not only washed the car, but polished it as well.渊在该句中袁not only... but... as well 结构连接两个并列谓语 washed 和 polished遥冤
Both the wheat and the barley will be shipped tomorrow.渊在该句中袁并列连词 Both... and 连接两个并列的主语遥冤
2.转折关系
表达转折关系的常用并列关联词渊连词和副词冤有院but, while, whereas, yet, however, nevertheless, on the contrary, by comparison, otherwise, instead 等遥例如院
It is a simple game and yet interesting enough to be played with skill.渊在该句中袁yet 体现了 simple 和interesting 之间的转折关系遥冤
This won蒺t do any good; on the contrary, it will make things even worse.渊在该句中袁on the contrary 连接两个意义相反的分句遥冤
3.选择关系
表达选择关系的常用并列关联词有院or, or else, otherwise, rather(...) than, either... or 等遥例如院
The students can go swimming or they can go mountain climbing.渊在该句中袁并列连词 or 引导与句子前半部分成分对等的另一选择遥冤
We would rather receive money than the usual gifts.渊在该句中袁rather... than 引导两个供选择的对象 money 和 the usual gifts遥冤
4.因果关系
表达因果关系的常用并列关联词有院so, for, therefore, hence, thus, consequently, accordingly, as a consequence, as a result 等遥例如院
It rained very hard; therefore, the football match was postponed.渊在该句中袁therefore 置于句中袁说明了前一分句所述情况所造成的结果遥冤
The town was built among the hills, hence the name Hilltown.渊在该句中袁hence 引出的是根据前面的原因得出的结果遥冤
5.强调或举例关系
用于强调或举例的常用关联词有院above all, for instance, indeed, for example, in other words, in fact, in particular 等遥例如院
Never waste anything, and above all never waste time.渊在该句中袁above all 用以强调后一分句遥冤
We made many improvements to our house; for instance, we painted the walls and bought new carpet.渊在该句中袁for instance 列举出其中一项 improvement遥冤
6.总结关系
用于总结的常用并列关联词有 altogether, all in all, in conclusion, to conclude, overall, to summarize 等遥He has his faults, but all in all, he is a good guy.渊在该句中袁all in all 引导出对 he 的总评价遥冤
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