枕木sleeper
轨枕crossing
平交道口multiple unti
动车组high-speed railways
高速铁路maglev
磁力悬浮火车centrifugal force 离心力emergency brake handle 紧急制动手柄metro
地铁light rail
轻轨铁路commuter train
通勤车tanker
罐车operation 运转操作infrastructure
下部构造platform
站台EMU
电力牵引动车组DMU
内燃牵引动车组cushioning
减震缓冲electricity-air control 电空控制antiskid
防滑装置bolster
枕rotational resistance
回转阻hunting
蛇行narrow-gauge
窄轨bolster springs
摇枕弹簧damper
减震器阻尼器longitudinal
anti-yawing dampers
纵向抗蛇行减震器disc brakes 盘形制动traction transfer device 牵引装置wheel tread brakes
踏面制动tread gradient
踏面斜self-steering
自导向Vehicle Suspension
车辆悬挂cushion system
缓冲装置vertical movement
垂向振动primary suspension
一系悬挂装secondary suspension 二系悬挂装置车钩coupler
摇枕bolster
乘务员crew
轴箱axlebox
棚车boxcar
封闭车housing car
保温refrigerator car
牲畜车stock car
漏斗车hopper
罐车tank car
集装箱container
车体carboy
复合车combine car
邮政车railway post office
圆顶车dome
转向架bogie
瞭望车observation car
缓冲器draft gear
行李车baggage car
卧铺车sleeping car
旁承side bearer
制动缸brake cylinder
侧梁side beams
横梁cross beamscrosstie
敞车gondola 英译汉
1.The basic design of a
passenger car hasn”t changed much
since the middle of the 19th
century,but there are several
different passenger car types in
service around the world.
2.自19世纪中期以来，客车的
基本设计没有发生多大改变，但仍
有不同形式的客车在全世界范围
内使用。
3.The cars on a freight train are
seldom all alike. They are usually of
many sizes and perhaps many
colors ,and there are different kinds
of cars for different kinds of freight.
4.组成一列货物列车的车辆很
少全部是一种类型。通常有很多类
型和不同颜色，各种不同类型的车
辆是针对不同的货物而设计。
5.Gondolas are used to ship
heavy and or bulk commodities such
as scrap metal, aggregates,wood
chips ,finished steel,and structural or
dimensional products such as steel
beams and poles.
6.敞车用来运送质量较重或是
散装货物，如废金属，蔬菜，木头，
钢材制品以及钢梁和钢棒等型材。
7.Now that passenger cars were
lighter,they were able to carry
heavier loads,but the size of the
average passenger that rode in them
didn’t increase to match the cars’
new capacities.
8.现在的客车比以前更轻而且
承载能力更强。但是普通客车承载
容量的增大不能满足客车新的承
载需求。
9.Cars can be coupled together
into a train,either hauled by a
locomotive or self-pow-ered.
10.多节车辆连挂构成列车，由
机车牵引或自带动力。
11.Many facilities are now
applied to passenger carrying cars
which contribute to the comfort and
some to the entertainment of
passengers, such as air conditioning
and public address system.
12.现在为了提高客车舒适性
和满足公众娱乐，在客车上采用了
许多设施，如空调，公共服务场所。
13.Ensure good ride comfort by
absorbing vibration generated by
track irregularities and minimizing
impact of centrifugal forces when
train runs on curves at high speed.
14.通过吸收线路不平顺引起
的震动和减小高速通过曲线时离
心力的冲击确保乘坐舒适。
15.Swing hanger bogie and
small lateral stiffness bolster spring
bogie.
16.摇动台悬挂转向架和小横
向刚度摇枕弹簧悬挂转向架。
17.Although the swing hanger
type achieves good ride comfort by
minimizing horizontal stiffness of
the suspension gear,its maintenance
is relatively difficult due to the
complex structure and large number
of wearing parts.
18.虽然通过减小悬挂装置的
水平刚度，摇动台悬挂转向架获得
了较好的乘坐舒适性，但由于结构
复杂，磨耗部件多，其维护较困难。
19.In the 1980s,a bolsterless
bogie was commercialized to
improve performance by reducing
the number of parts and the bogie
weight.
20.20世纪80年代，无摇枕转
向架实现了商业化，该转向架通过
减少零部件的数量和转向架的重
量来改善转向架的性能。
21.Corrugated wheels with a
corrugates outer face have been
commercialized to boost
rigidity ,while reducing plate
thickness and weight.
22.波形（S形）辅板车轮减小
了辅板厚度和降低自重的同时提
高了车轮刚度，所以批量生产。
23.The big advantage of such
drives is that all the weight of the
motor is carried in the bogie
frame(so it is a frame mounted
motor)instead of it being directly
supported by the axle and therefore
partially unsprung.
24.这种驱动（空心轴）装置最
大的优点是电机的重量不在作为
部分簧下重量直接由车轴承担，而
是全部由转向架构架承担（架悬式
电机）。
25.It was recognized very early
in the development of railways that
the interface between vehicle body
and wheel needed some sort of
cushion system to reduce the
vibration felt as the train moved
along the line.
26.在铁路发展早期，大家普遍
认为：在车轮和轮对连接处需要安
装一些缓冲系统来较低列车运行
时的震动，
27.This system was based on a
steel plate framed bogie with
laminate spring axlebox
suspension ,much as seen on the first
vehicles,and with a secondary
suspension added between the car
body and the bogie.
28.该系统（悬挂系统）由装在
构架上的叠板弹簧轴箱悬挂构成。
这种系统在早期车辆中比较多见，并且在车体和转向架之间装有二
系悬挂装置。
29.Apart from the provision of
a better ride,air suspension has one additional feature rare on conventional steel or rubber suspension systems~the ability to provide an accurate load/weight signal which an be used to modify the acceleration and braking of a multiple unit train.
30.除了具有较好的运行性能，空气弹簧悬挂还有另外一个特点，它可以为动车组列车提供准确的
载重信号从而来操控加速或制动，这一特点在普通的钢弹簧悬挂和
橡胶弹簧悬挂系统中是没有的。
31.The bolster bogie was developed first. A fundamental characteristic of the bogie is that it must rotate relative to the body on curves,while retaining high rotational resistance during
high-speed running on straight sections in order to prevent wheelset hunting that reduces ride comfort.To achieve these characteristics,the bolster bogie has a center pivot that serves as the center of rotation,and side bearers that resist rotation
32.,摇枕转向架首先被改进。转向架的基本特点是在通过曲线
时能够相对车体转动，而在直线上高速运行时保持较高的回转阻尼
以限制降低运行舒适性的轮对蛇形。为了获得这些性能，有摇枕转向架由中心销实现回转，由旁承来阻尼回转。
33.17Freight car is a general term used to designate all kinds of cars which carry
goods ,merchandize,
produce,minerals,etc.,to distinguish them from those which carry passengers or are used in passenger train service.
34.货车是用来指定各种汽车运送货物,采购、生产、矿物质等。,以区别于那些载客或用于客运列
车服务。
35.18.Passenger cars for carrying and serving the travelling public ,whether heavyweight of lightweight,can be split into several car types(listed in alphabetical order):baggage,coach,combine,diner, dome,lounge,observation,Pullman,m erchandise,railway post
office(RPO)and sleeper.
36.客车载客和旅游公共服务,无论重载或者轻载可以分成几种
客车类型(按字母顺序列出):行李车,坐席车,复合车,餐馆车,圆顶车,
休息室,瞭望车、卧车、商务车、铁
路邮局(RPO)车和卧铺。
37.19.For the transportation of
compressed gases under high
pressures,multiple cylinders or
container of comparatively small
diameter are mounted on or form
part of the car.
38.对于高压下的压缩气体的
运输，复架的圆筒或者直径较小的
集装箱被安装在车体上形成车体
的一部分。
39.With the advent of
containerized freight, special types
of flatcar were built to carry
standard shipping containers and
semi-trailers
40..随着集装箱运输的出现，
特殊类型的平车被设计用来运输
标准型的集装箱和半挂车
41.22. Schnabel car--- speclized
type flat car for carrying heavy and
oversized loads in such a way that
the load itself makes up part of the
car even larger and heavier loads
42.钳夹式长大货车--一种特
殊类型的平车，运送超重超大负载
以一种负载本身作为车的一部分
的方式，即使是更大更重的负载亦
可。
43.23.Gondolas can be covered
or open ,with fixed sides and end or
drop-ends and solid or drop
bottoms ,depending on the
customer’s loading requirements
44..敞车可以覆盖或敞篷，有
侧墙和可以向下翻的端墙和固定
的向下倾斜的底部，这取决于客户
的装载要求。
45.24.Refrigerator cars are used
to carry fruits and vegetables in the
winter,as well as in the
summer,though one could hardly say
they were being used as
“refrigerator”cars in the winter
time.冷藏车在冬季被用来运送水
果和蔬菜，以及在夏季，虽然人们
可以很难说他们被用来作为“冰
箱”车在冬天的时候。
46.25.The container car reduces
the work of loading and unloading
cars at freight stations and lessens
the danger of loss and breakage of
the goods which they carry.
47.集装箱降低了装卸车在货
运站的工作，减轻损失和他们携带
的物品破损的危险。
48.26.Some liquids form gas if
they become too warm, and tank
cars have safety valves,similar to the
safety valve on a steam
locomotive,which open and permit
the gas to escape when the pressure
reaches a certain point.
49.如果温度太高，一些液体会
变成气体，罐车都有安全阀，就像
蒸汽机车的安全阀一样，当压力达
到一定值时，就呈开放状态，放出
气体
50.27.Railway or
railroad,form of transportation most
commonly consisting of steel
rails,called tracks,on which freight
cars,passenger cars,and other rolling
stock are drawn by one locomotive
or more.
51.铁路是交通中最常见的由
钢轨组成，称为轨道，在它上面有
货车，客车或者其他机车车辆被一
个或多个火车头牵引。
52.28.There are two common
types of open top cars,the gondola
car and the hopper car. The chief
difference between theses two is that
the gondola car has a flat floor or
bottom,while the hopper car has
floor which slopes downward from
each end and in some car from the
sides also.
53.开顶车有两种常见的类型，
敞车和漏斗车。两者之间的主要区
别是，敞车有一个平坦的地板或底
部，而漏斗车前后两端都有向下倾
斜的陡坡，在某些车上侧面也有。
54.29.Box cars are made in
many different sizes. Very large ones
are used for automobiles and
furniture. Automobile cars have
double doors or extra large single
doors in the sides,and some of
them have large doors at the
ends,through which the automobiles
can be loaded and unloaded.
55.棚车有许多不同的尺寸。非
常大的被用来运送汽车和家具。运
送汽车的棚车有两个门，或者侧面
有一个额外的大门，其中一些尾部
有大门，便于装卸汽车。
56.30.Sometimes you may see
a train hauling steel bridge beams or
wooden poles so long that need
several flat cars together to carry
them. Along the sides and at the
ends of the floor of the flat car there
are usually a number of metal
pockets,in which wooden stakes
may be placed,if necessary ,to hold
freight on the car. If you have ever
seen a flat car loaded with lumber
perhaps you have notices how the
lumber is held in places by these
stakes.
57.有时你会看到一列车用好
几辆平车来运送钢桥横梁或者很
长的木杆。沿着侧墙或者在地板的
尾部通常有大量的金属空格，其中可以安置木桩，如果需要的话，可以拴住车上的货物。如果你曾经见过运送木材的平车，你可能会注意到木材是怎样被这样木桩固定的。
https://www.doczj.com/doc/de11767330.html,ing tilting
train,railroads are able to run passenger trains over the same tracks at higher speeds than would otherwise be possible
59.比起采用其他措施，使用摆式列车可以使列车以更高的速度
运行在相同的线路上
60.32A heaveyweight car is one that is physically heavier than a lightweight car due to its construction.
61. 重载列车由于它的结构，在物理上比轻载列车更重。
62.3By building passenger cars out of steel instead of wood,the manufacturers were able to build lighter weight cars with smooth or fluted sides and smooth roof lines.
63.通过用钢材代替木材来修造旅客列车，制造商可以修造有着光滑，带凹槽的侧墙，以及光滑车顶曲线的轻载列车
64.34. The beds were designed in such a way that they either rolled or folded out of the way or converted into seats for daytime use.
65.床的设计以这样一种方式，它们要么卷起或折叠，或转换成席位白天使用。
66.35.Railroad passenger train car as now designed for use on our railways are practically of all steel construction.
67.铁路旅客列车车厢像现在专为我们的铁路使用的实际都是
钢结构的。
68.36.As passenger car construction improved to the point where dome cars were introduced,some passenger car manufacturers began building double decker passenger cars for use in areas that are more heavily populated or to carry more passenger over a long distance while using fewer cars.Cars used on
long-distance passenger trains could combine features of any of the basic car types, while cars used in local commuter service are often strictly coach types on both levels
69.由于客车建设提高到圆顶车的生产，一些客车厂家开始在更人口稠密或使用较少客车携带更
多的乘客在长途领域上建立双层
客车，使用长途旅客列车可以结合任何基本类型车辆的功能，而在当地通勤服务中使用的客车两层都
有严格的客车类型
70.37.The car’s interior is
filled with row upon row of seats,
generally all arranged facing toward
one end of the car. The seats are
often so close together that there is
not much room for anything more
than a passenger or two in them .
Carry-on baggage is stowed on a
shelf above the passenger seating
area. Coaches are sometimes
referred to as chair cars.
71.车的内部充满了一排排的
座位，通常被安置着面向着车得同
一侧。座位往往靠的非常近，因而
除了一两个旅客之外，再没有多余
的空间。随身携带的行李被放在旅
客座位上部的架子上。坐席就是通
常所提到的椅子。
72.38.A baggage car is a type
of rail transport passenger car. Its
purpose is to carry the checked
baggage of the passengers in a
passenger train . The baggage car is
normally placed between the train’s
motive power and the remainder of
the passenger train and is typically
coupled at the front of the train close
to the locomotives. Because this
type of car is usually hauled at the
front of a passenger train, it is
sometimes classified as “head-end
equipment”
73.行李车是一种旅客列车。它
的目的是在客车上运输旅客的行
李。行李车通常被设置在动力部分
和旅客车厢中间，通常连接在靠近
机车的部分。因为这种车通常在客
车之前被牵引，所以一般被分类为
“前端设备”。
74.39.A dome car is a type of
railroad passenger car that can
include features of lounge car,
dining car and an observation. Its
primary feature is a glass dome on
the top of the car where passenger
can ride and see in all directions
around the car.
75.圆顶车是一种包含了休闲
室，餐车和瞭望车特点的旅客列
车。它主要的特点就是顶部有一玻
璃圆顶，旅客可以在各个方位进行
观察。
76.Bogies can be classified into
non-articulated and articulated types
according to the suspension
77.按照悬挂装置，转向架可以
分为铰接和非铰接转向架。
78.41.To ensure good ride
comfort on passenger cars, the bogie
must absorb the rolling motion that
passengers are most sensitive to.
79.为了确保客车良好的运行
舒适性，转向架必须吸收乘客最敏
感的侧滚运动
80.42.Conventional swing
hanger bogie designs support the
body by using lower swing bolster
beams suspended from the bogie
frame by means of a link consisting
of two vertical members that widen
toward the bottom, together with
bolster springs and upper swing
bolster beams (to support vertical
movement).
81.摇动台悬挂转向架常采用
悬挂在转向架构架上的摇枕托梁
和摇枕弹簧和摇枕（支持垂向运
动）一起来支持车体，其中摇枕托
梁通过一个由两个末端加宽的垂
直组件组成的链接件（摇枕托吊）
与构架连接。
82.43.The bogie frame
accommodates various bogie
equipment and is generally
fabricated by welding together two
side beams and two cross beams into
an H-shaped frame.
83.转向架构架用于安装各种
转向架设备，通常由两根侧梁和两
根横梁组焊成H型.
84.44.It is a critical component
determining the running
performance of the bogie, ride
comfort and bogie frame
construction, due to the suspension
method and support rigidity
85.其悬挂方式和支撑刚度决
定转向架性能，运行舒适性和转向
架构架的结构
86.Wheels are susceptible to
mass imbalance, which causes
vibration of the axle and wheel and
is transmitted to the body, producing
uncomfortable resonance（['rez?n?
ns] ）at certain speeds.
87.车轮易产生不均重，这会使
车轮和车轴产生振动，并传给车
体，在特定速度下会引起令人不舒
服的共振。
88.46.The nose suspension
device was large and heavy to
withstand vibration generated by the
axle and also due to the slow speed
of the motor, resulting in large bogie
mass and unsprung mass.
89.抱轴式悬挂装置体积重量
大，增大了转向架的质量和簧下质
量使得牵引速度下降，使得它能够
抵挡轴所产生的振动。
90. 47.Bogies are classified
into single-axle, two-axle, three-axle,
etc., based on the number of axles.
91.The two-axle bogie is most
common. In addition to its relatively
simple structure, it has the advantage of decreasing the impact of track irregularities on the railcar at the car suspension point, in comparison to the single-axle bogie which transmits the impact to the car directly .
92.由于转向架在两条钢轨上运行，所以其最基本的结构要素是一根车轴和两个轮子，车轮通常压装在车轴上按轴数分类，转向架可以分为单轴，两轴，三轴等。最常见的是两轴转向架。除了结构相对简单外，它还有减小轨道不平顺在轨道车辆悬挂点冲击的优点。而单轴转向架则将冲击直接传给车体。
93.48.Although the articulated bogie has some disadvantages, such as a complex structure, increased axle load due to the support of one body by one bogie, and difficult maintenance, it offers various advantages including a lower centre of gravity, better ride comfort because car ends do not overhang bogies, and less effect of running noise on passengers because seats are not over bogies.
94.虽然铰接式转向架存在结构复杂，因为车体由一个转向架支撑使得轴重增加，维修困难的缺点，但也有重心低，运行舒适性好（因为车端没有悬挂在转向架上）和噪音影响小（因为座位不在转向架上）等诸多优点。
95.49.The suspension gear (bolster spring, traction transfer device, anti-yawing damper, and lateral damper) plays an important role in supporting the body, allowing the bogie to rotate relative to the car body on curves, isolating the body from vibration (including high harmonics) generated by the bogie, and transmitting traction force from the bogie to the body. For these purposes, the bolsterless bogie has air springs that permit large horizontal displacement, as well as a traction transfer device (classified into permanent-link type, the Z-link type and laminated- rubber type) at
the virtual rotational centre of the
bogie for transmitting the tractive
force to the car.
96.悬挂装置（中央弹簧，牵引
装置，抗蛇形运动减震器和横向减
震器）在车体支撑中起着重要的作
用，它使得通过曲线时转向架能够
相对车体转动，隔离转向架产生的
振动和噪音，传递牵引力。为了实
现这些功能，无摇枕转向架装有允
许大水平变形的空气弹簧，还有设
在转向架虚拟回转中心的牵引装
置（包括半永久连接，Z型连接和
层状橡胶三种），传递牵引力。
97.50.The axlebox was only
allowed vertical movement,since it
was restrained by two “horns”
extending down from the
underframe.
98.自从被底架下伸出的两导
框所约束，轴箱只允许垂向振动。
99.51. This system was based
on a steel plate framed bogie with
laminated spring axlebox suspension,
much as seen on the frist vehicles,
and with a secondary suspension
added between the car body and the
bogie .
100.这种系统由装在构架上的
叠板弹簧轴箱悬挂装置构成，这种
系统在早期的车辆中比较多见，并
在车体和转向架间有二系悬挂装
置。
101.52 .The spring plank rests
on bearer rods suspended between
the swing links. This arrangement
allows the spring plank to rock from
said to said and it will act in
opposition to sideways movement of
the bogie frame.
102.弹簧托板座在吊轴上，悬
挂在摇枕吊环之间。这种组成装置
的形式允许弹簧托板从一侧向另
一侧摆动，可以限制转向架构架的
侧向运动。
103.53 .It was recognized very
early in the development of railways
that the interface between vehicle
body and wheel need some sort of
cushion system to reduce the
vibration felt as the train moved
along the line.
104.在铁路发展早期，大家普
遍认为：在车体和轮对的结合处需
要安装一些缓冲装置来降低列车
运行时的振动。
105.54.The spring consisted of
a set of different length steel plates
arranged with the longest at the top
and the shortest at the base of the set.
They were held together with a steel
strap in the centre.This strap formed
the point of contact with the
axlebox.The laminations or”leave”
of steel gave rise to the”leaf spring”
name more commonly used today .
They were also referred to as
“elliptical ”springs ,on account
of the curved shape they often
formed.
106.这个弹簧有着不同长度的
钢板所组成，最长的在上面，最短
的在下面。他们被钢带连接在一
起。这个带子形成的点和轴箱相连
接。一层层钢板叠起来放置形成的
“叠板弹簧”这个名字在今天使用
的更为普遍。由于形成的曲线形
状，也别称为“椭圆弹簧”。
107.55.The secondary
suspension of the bogie is mounted
crosswise in the centre, the bogie has
a pair of transverse members
called “transoms”. They are riveted
or welded (depending on the
design)to the bogie side frames,a
steel”swing link ”is hung from
each end of each transom and a
spring plank is laid across the bogie
between them,a said view of the
bogie below shows the way the
spring plank is supported by the
swing links.
108.转向架的二系悬挂横向安
装在中心。转向架有一对横向构件
被称为“横梁”。他们被铆接或者
焊接在转向架的侧架上，钢制摇枕
吊环被悬挂在横梁的尾部，并且弹
簧托板横穿在转向架和摇枕吊杆
之间。从侧面看转向架下面，展示
出来弹簧托板是如何被摇枕吊杆
所支撑的。
109.
第一章汽车总论 1)Today’s average car contains more than 15,000 separate, individual parts that must work together. These parts can be grouped into four major categories: body, engine, chassis and electrical equipment 。P1 现在的车辆一般都由15000多个分散、独立且相互配合的零部件组成。这些零部件主要分为四类：车身、发动机、底盘和电气设备。 2)The engine acts as the power unit. The internal combustion engine is most common: this obtains its power by burning a liquid fuel inside the engine cylinder. There are two types of engine: gasoline (also called a spark-ignition engine) and diesel (also called a compression-ignition engine). Both engines are called heat engines; the burning fuel generates heat which causes the gas inside the cylinder to increase its pressure and supply power to rotate a shaft connected to the power train. P3 发动机作为动力设备，常见的类型是内燃机，其原理是通过发动机缸内的液体燃料燃烧而产生能量。发动机可分为两类：汽油机（点燃式）和柴油机（压燃式），都属于热力发动机。燃料燃烧产生热量使缸内气压上升，产生的能量驱动轴旋转，并传递给动力传动系。 第二章内燃机 1)Power train system: conveys the drive to the wheels 2)Steering system: controls the direction of movement 3)Suspension system: absorbs the road shocks 4)Braking system: slows down the vehicle P4 传动系把发动机输出的扭矩传递给驱动轮。传动系包括离合器（对应机械变速器）或液力变矩器（对应液力自动变速器）、变速器、驱动轴、主减速器、差速器和驱动桥。 5)Drum brakes have a drum attached to the wheel hub, and braking occurs by means of brake shoes expanding against the inside of the drum. With disc brakes, a disc attached to the wheel hub is clenched between two brake pads. P6 鼓式制动器的制动鼓和轮毂连接，制动蹄张开压紧制动鼓内侧从而产生制动。在盘式制动器上，连着轮毂的制动盘被紧紧夹在两个制动块之间。 1)Linking the piston by a connecting rod to a crankshaft causes the gas to rotate the shaft through half a turn.The power stroke"uses up"the gas,so means must be provided to expel the burnt gas and recharge the cylinder with a fresh petrol-air mixture:this control of gas movement is the duty of the valves;An inlet valve allows the mixture to enter at the right time and an exhaust valve lets out the burnt gas after the gas has done its job . P10 活塞通过连杆和曲轴连接，使得气体带动曲轴旋转半圈。作功冲程耗尽了所有的气体，这样就必须采取相应的措施排出废气并且向气缸内充入新的可燃混合气：气体的运动由气门来控制。进气门使可燃混合气在恰当的时刻进入气缸，排气门使燃烧后的废气排出气缸。 2)The spark-ignition engine is an internal-combustion engine with externally supplied in ignition,which converts the energy cntained in the fuel to kinetic energy.The cycle of operations is spread over four piston strokes. To complete the full cycle it takes two revolutions of the crankshaft. P11 火花点火式发动机是由外部提供点火的内燃机，从而将含在燃料内的能量转化成动能。发动机的一个工作循环分布在活塞的四个行程中，一个完整的工作循环曲轴需要转动两圈。 3)The oil pump in the lubricating system draws oil from the oil pan and sends it to all working parts in the engine. The oil drains off and runs down into the pan. Thus,there is constant circulation of oil between the pan and the working parts of the engine. P15
01 THE ELEMENTS AND THE PERIODIC TABLE 01 元素和元素周期表 The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom is referred to as the atomic number, or proton number, Z. The number of electrons in an electrically neutral atom is also equal to the atomic number, Z. The total mass of an atom is determined very nearly by the total number of protons and neutrons in its nucleus. This total is called the mass number, A. The number of neutrons in an atom, the neutron number, is given by the quantity A-Z. 质子的数量在一个原子的核被称为原子序数,或质子数、周淑金、电子的数量在一个电中性原子也等于原子序数松山机场的总质量的原子做出很近的总数的质子和中子在它的核心。这个总数被称为大量胡逸舟、中子的数量在一个原子,中子数,给出了a - z的数量。 The term element refers to, a pure substance with atoms all of a single kind. T o the chemist the "kind" of atom is specified by its atomic number, since this is the property that determines its chemical behavior. At present all the atoms from Z = 1 to Z = 107 are known; there are 107 chemical elements. Each chemical element has been given a name and a distinctive symbol. For most elements the symbol is simply the abbreviated form of the English name consisting of one or two letters, for example: 这个术语是指元素,一个纯物质与原子组成一个单一的善良。在药房“客气”原子的原子数来确定它,因为它的性质是决定其化学行为。目前所有原子和Z = 1 a到Z = 107是知道的;有107种化学元素。每一种化学元素起了一个名字和独特的象征。对于大多数元素都仅仅是一个象征的英文名称缩写形式,一个或两个字母组成,例如: oxygen==O nitrogen == N neon==Ne magnesium == Mg
About car engine Of all automobile components,an automobile engie is the most complicated assembly with dominant effects on the function of an autombile.So, the engine is generally called the"heat"of an automobile. 在汽车的所有部件中，汽车发动机是最复杂的组件，其对整车性能有着决定性的作用。因而发动机往往被称作发动机的“心脏”。 There are actually various types of engines such as electric motors,stream engines,andinternal combustion engines.The internal combustion engines seem to have almost complete dominance of the automotive field.The internal combustion engine,as its name indicates,burns fuel within the cylinders and converts the expanding force of the combustion into rotary force used to propel the vehicle. 事实上，按动力来源分发动机有很多种，如电动机、蒸汽机、外燃机等。然而内燃机似乎在发动机领域有着绝对的统治地位。就像其字面意思一样，内燃机的染料在气缸内燃烧，通过将燃烧产生气体的膨胀力转换成转动力来驱动发动机前进。 Engine is the power source of the automobile.Power is produced by the linear motion of a piston in a cylinder.However,this linear motion must be changed into rotary motion to turn the wheels of cars or trucks.The puston attached to the top of a connecting rod by a pin,called a piston pin or wrist pin.The bottom of the connecting rod is attached to the crankshaft.The connecting rod transmits the up-and-down motion of the piston to the crankshaft,which changes it into rotary motion.The connecting rod is mounted on the crankshaft with large bearings called rod bearing.Similar bearings, called main bearings,are used to mount the crankshaft in the block. 发动机是整部车的动力来源。能量来自于活塞在气缸内的（往复）直线运动。然而这种（往复）直线运动必须要转换成旋转运动才能驱动车轮。活塞与连杆通过一个销来连接，这个销称为活塞销。连杆的下部连接于曲拐。连杆把活塞的上下往复运动传递给曲拐，从而将往复直线运动转变成旋转运动。连杆和曲拐的连接使用大的轴承，称之为连杆轴承，类似的轴承也用于将曲轴连接到机体，称之为主轴承。 They are generally two different types of cooling system:water-cooling system and air-cooling system.Water-cooling system is more common.The cooling medium, or coolant, in them is either water or some low-freezing liquid, called antifreeze.A water-cooling system consists of the engine water jacket, thermostat, water pump, radiator, radiator cap, fan, fan drive belt and neccessary hoses. 主要有两种类型的冷却系统：水冷和风冷。水冷系统更为普遍。系统所用冷却介质或是冷却液常委水或其他低凝固点液体，称为抗凝剂。一个完整的水冷系统包括机体水套，节温器，水泵，散热器，散热器罩，风扇，风扇驱动皮带和必需的水管。 A water-cooling system means that water is used as a cooling agent to circulate through the engine to absorb the heat and carry it to the radiator for disposal.The ebgine is cooled mainly through heat transfer and heat dissipation.The heat generated by the mixture burned in the engine must be transferred from the iron or aluminum cylinder to the waterin the water jacket.The outside of the water jacket dissipates some of the heat to the air surrounding it, but most of the heat is carried by the cooling water to the radiator for dissipation.When the coolant temperature in the system reaches 90°,the termostat valve open fully, its slanted edge shutting off
Unit 1 Chemical Industry 化学工业 1.Origins of the Chemical Industry Although the use of chemicals dates back to the ancient civilizations, the evolution of what we know as the modern chemical industry started much more recently. It may be considered to have begun during the Industrial Revolution, about 1800, and developed to provide chemicals roe use by other industries. Examples are alkali for soapmaking, bleaching powder for cotton, and silica and sodium carbonate for glassmaking. It will be noted that these are all inorganic chemicals. The organic chemicals industry started in the 1860s with the exploitation of William Henry Perkin‘s discovery if the first synthetic dyestuff—mauve. At the start of the twentieth century the emphasis on research on the applied aspects of chemistry in Germany had paid off handsomely, and by 1914 had resulted in the German chemical industry having 75% of the world market in chemicals. This was based on the discovery of new dyestuffs plus the development of both the contact process for sulphuric acid and the Haber process for ammonia. The later required a major technological breakthrough that of being able to carry out chemical reactions under conditions of very high pressure for the first time. The experience gained with this was to stand Germany in good stead, particularly with the rapidly increased demand for nitrogen-based compounds (ammonium salts for fertilizers and nitric acid for explosives manufacture) with the outbreak of world warⅠin 1914. This initiated profound changes which continued during the inter-war years (1918-1939). 1．化学工业的起源 尽管化学品的使用可以追溯到古代文明时代，我们所谓的现代化学工业的发展却是非常近代（才开始的）。可以认为它起源于工业革命其间，大约在1800年，并发展成为为其它工业部门提供化学原料的产业。比如制肥皂所用的碱，棉布生产所用的漂白粉，玻璃制造业所用的硅及Na2CO3. 我们会注意到所有这些都是无机物。有机化学工业的开始是在十九世纪六十年代以William Henry Perkin 发现第一种合成染料—苯胺紫并加以开发利用为标志的。20世纪初，德国花费大量资金用于实用化学方面的重点研究，到1914年，德国的化学工业在世界化学产品市场上占有75%的份额。这要归因于新染料的发现以及硫酸的接触法生产和氨的哈伯生产工艺的发展。而后者需要较大的技术突破使得化学反应第一次可以在非常高的压力条件下进行。这方面所取得的成绩对德国很有帮助。特别是由于1914年第一次世界大仗的爆发，对以氮为基础的化合物的需求飞速增长。这种深刻的改变一直持续到战后（1918-1939）。 date bake to/from: 回溯到 dated: 过时的，陈旧的 stand sb. in good stead: 对。。。很有帮助
Fuel Supply System of Gasoline Engine(UNIT SEVEN) All the gasoline engines have substantially identical fuel systems and run on a mixture consisting of fuel vapor and air. The fuel system comprises the units designed to store, clear and deliver fuel, the units intended to clean air and a unit for preparing a mixture from fuel vapor and air. In a fuel system different components are used to supply fuel from the fuel tank into the engine cylinder. Some of the important components are fuel tank, fuel pump, fuel filter, carburetor, intake manifold and fuellines or tubes connecting the tank, pump and the carburetor. The fuel tank is a fuel container used for storing fuel. It is made of sheet metal. It is attached to the vehicle frame with metal traps and is located at the rear of the vehicle. They are mounted in a boot or boot-floor pan in case of front-engined cars and small commercial vehicles. In order to strengthen the tank as well as to prevent surging of fuel when the vehicle rounds a curve of suddenly stops, baffle plates are attached to the inside of the tank. A cap is used to close the filler opening of the tank. The fuel line is attached at or near the bottom of the tank with a filtering element placed at the connection. The other components of the fuel tank are the fuel gauge sending unit, a vent pipe, receiving unit. To prevent the dirt and water from entering the luggage compartment, a sealing strip is fitted between the fuel tank and boot floor pan. Moreover to limit the transmission of frame distortion to the tank giving rise to squeaking as the metal parts get rubbed together, rubber or felt pads are often fitted between the mountings and the tank. Provision is also made against drumming of the tank by these mountings. The tank may be placed at the side of the chassis frame for convenience in case of large commercial vehicles. The length of the connecting lines or tubes from the tank to the carburetor is also restricted by this at the same time. A porous filter is attached to the outlet lines. By drawing fuel from the tank through the filter, any water in the bottom of the tank as well as any dirt into the fuel gathers on the surface of the filter. To keep the fuel always under atmospheric pressure, the filter pipe or tank is vented. In order to prevent dirt in the fuel from entering the fuel pump or carburetor, fuel filters and screens are used in the fuel system. If the dirt is not removed from the fuel, the normal operation of these units will be prevented. The engine performance will also be reduced.
unit1 body 车身chassis 底盘enclosure外壳、套hood车棚、车顶sway 摇摆frame车架steering转向、操作brake 制动weld焊接rivet铆钉bolt螺钉washer垫圈vibration 振动stabilizer稳定器ride乘坐舒适性handling操作稳定性linkages转向传动机构plier钳子distributor分电器alternator交流发电机regulator调节器carburetor化油器radiator散热器、水箱defroster除冰装置sludge金属碎屑transmission变速器differential 差速器power train 传动系unitized body 承载式车身suspension system 悬架系统steering system 转向系braking system 制动系shock absorbers减震器control arms控制臂steering wheel 转向盘steering column转向管柱steering gears 转向器tie rod 横拉杆idler arm随动臂brake shoe制动蹄disc brake 盘式制动器drum brakes 鼓式制动器ignition system 点火系统exhaust system 排气系统lubrication system 润滑系oil filters 机油滤清器drive（or propeller）shaft传动轴universal joints 万向节dynamo发电机horn喇叭swived 旋转steering box转向器timing gear 正时齿轮bevel gear 锥齿轮mesh with与啮合leaf spring 钢板弹簧stub axle 转向节 unit2 longitudinal纵向的transverse横向的reciprocate往复spin旋转piston活塞ignite点火rub摩擦quart夸脱reservoir油箱mechanical机械的enclosed被附上的gallon加仑stroke冲程camshaft凸轮轴combustion燃烧disengaged脱离啮合的flywheel飞轮internal-combustion engine内燃机diesel-fuel柴油LPG=Liquefied Petroleum Gas液化石油气体CNG=Compressed natural gas压缩天然气spark ignition火花点火compression ignition压缩点火spark plug火花塞gas-turbine engine蒸汽机Stirling engine斯特灵发动机lubricating system润滑系统oil pan油底壳oil pump机油泵exhaust system排气系统emission-control system排放控制系统energy conversion能量转换air/fuel ratio空燃比connecting rod连杆TDC=Top Dead Center上止点BDC=Bottom Dead Center 下止点intake stroke进气冲程compression stroke压缩冲程power stroke作功冲程exhaust stroke排气冲程compression ratio压缩比lifter挺柱rocker摇臂retainer弹簧座seal密封件tappet 推杆lobe凸起gasket垫圈valve train配气机构cam follower气门挺柱rocker arm摇臂combustion chamber燃烧室intake valve进气阀exhaust valve排气阀valve stem气门杆valve cover气门室盖valve port阀口valve guide气门导管 unit3
INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE 引擎燃烧室 1. principle of operation 原理 Engine and power : Engine is used to produce power. The chemical energy in fuel is converted to heat by the burning of the fuel at a controlled rate. This process is called combustion. If engine combustion occurs with the power chamber. ,the engine is called internal combustion engine. If combustion takes place outside the cylinder, the engine is called an external combustion engine. Engine used in automobiles are internal combustion heat engines. Heat energy released in the combustion chamber raises the temperature of the combustion gases with the chamber. The increase in gas temperature causes the pressure of the gases to increase. The pressure developed within the combustion chamber is applied to the head of a piston to produce a usable mechanical force, which is then converted into useful mechanical power. 译: 引擎和能量: 引擎为汽车提供能量，燃料的化学能通过燃烧，转化为热能，这个过程叫燃烧。假如燃烧在燃烧室，这样的发动机叫内燃机。假如燃烧在气缸外，这样的发动机叫外燃机。 用在汽车上的一般是内燃机，热能在燃烧室释放，燃烧室气体温度升高。气体温度的升高使气体的压力曾加，燃烧室内的高压气体作用在活塞头部产生可以利用的化学能，化学能转化为机械能。 Engine T erms : Linking the piston by a connecting rod to a crankshaft causes the gas to rotate the shaft through half a turn. The power stroke “uses up” the gas , so means must be provided to expel the burnt gas and recharge the cylinder with a fresh petrol-air mixture :this control of gas movement is the duty of the valves ;an inlet valve allows the new mixture to enter at the right time and an exhaust valve lets out the burnt gas after the gas has done its job. Engine terms are : TDC(Top Dead Center):the position of the crank and piston when the piston is farther away from the crankshaft. BDC(Bottom Dead Center):the position of the crank and piston when the piston is nearest to the crankshaft. Stroke : the distance between BDC and TDC; stroke is controlled by the crankshaft. Bore : the internal diameter of the cylinder. Swept volume : the volume between TDC and BDC Engine capacity : this is the swept volume of all the cylinder e.g. a four-stroke having a capacity of two liters(2000cm) has a cylinder swept volume of 50cm. Clearance volume: the volume of the space above the piston when it is at TDC. Compression ratio = (swept vol + clearance vol)\(clearance vol) Two-stroke : a power stroke every revolution of the crank.
1 Unit5元素周期表 As our picture of the atom becomes more detailed 随着我们对原子的描述越来越详尽，我们发现我们陷入了进退两难之境。有超过100多中元素要处理，我们怎么能记的住所有的信息？有一种方法就是使用元素周期表。这个周期表包含元素的所有信息。它记录了元素中所含的质子数和电子数，它能让我们算出大多数元素的同位素的中子数。它甚至有各个元素原子的电子怎么排列。最神奇的是，周期表是在人们不知道原子中存在质子、中子和电子的情况下发明的。Not long after Dalton presented his model for atom( )在道尔顿提出他的原子模型（原子是是一个不可分割的粒子，其质量决定了它的身份）不久，化学家门开始根据原子的质量将原子列表。在制定像这些元素表时候，他们观察到在元素中的格局分布。例如，人们可以清楚的看到在具体间隔的元素有着相似的性质。在当时知道的大约60种元素中，第二个和第九个表现出相似的性质，第三个和第十个，第四个和第十一个等都具有相似的性质。 In 1869,Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev,a Russian chemist, 在1869年，Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev ,一个俄罗斯的化学家，发表了他的元素周期表。Mendeleev通过考虑原子重量和元素的某些特性的周期性准备了他的周期表。这些元素的排列顺序先是按原子质量的增加,,一些情况中, Mendeleev把稍微重写的元素放在轻的那个前面.他这样做只是为了同一列中的元素能具有相似的性质.例如,他把碲(原子质量为128)防在碘(原子质量为127)前面因为碲性质上和硫磺和硒相似, 而碘和氯和溴相似. Mendeleev left a number of gaps in his table.Instead of Mendeleev在他的周期表中留下了一些空白。他非但没有将那些空白看成是缺憾，反而大胆的预测还存在着仍未被发现的元素。更进一步，他甚至预测出那些一些缺失元素的性质出来。在接下来的几年里，随着新元素的发现，里面的许多空格都被填满。这些性质也和Mendeleev所预测的极为接近。这巨大创新的预计值导致了Mendeleev的周期表为人们所接受。 It is known that properties of an element depend mainly on the number of electrons in the outermost energy level of the atoms of the element. 我们现在所知道的元素的性质主要取决于元素原子最外层能量能级的电子数。钠原子最外层能量能级（第三层）有一个电子，锂原子最外层能量能级（第二层）有一个电子。钠和锂的化学性质相似。氦原子和氖原子外层能级上是满的，这两种都是惰性气体，也就是他们不容易进行化学反应。很明显，有着相同电子结构（电子分布）的元素的不仅有着相似的化学性质，而且某些结构也表现比其他元素稳定（不那么活泼） In Mendeleev’s table,the elements were arranged by atomic weights for 在Mendeleev的表中，元素大部分是按照原子数来排列的，这个排列揭示了化学性质的周期性。因为电子数决定元素的化学性质，电子数也应该（现在也确实）决定周期表的顺序。在现代的周期表中，元素是根据原子质量来排列的。记住，这个数字表示了在元素的中性原子中的质子数和电子数。现在的周期表是按照原子数的递增排列，Mendeleev的周期表是按照原子质量的递增排列，彼此平行是由于原子量的增加。只有在一些情况下（Mendeleev注释的那样）重量和顺序不符合。因为原子质量是质子和中子质量的加和，故原子量并不完全随原子序数的增加而增加。原子序数低的原子的中子数有可能比原子序数高的原
Types of Automobiles(UNITTWO) 汽车的类型 The automobile industry is a fast developing industry. Form the later 18th century when the first automobile was put on road, this industry has developed tremendously. Now there are thousands of factories all over the world manufacturing numerous types of automobiles. This industry employs crores of men and women directly and indirectly in allied industries. The automobile engines are also being used in engine powered machines for agriculture, construction and manufacturing processes. Various types of small engines are also being used in lawn movers, power saws, snow removers and similar equipment. The automobile industry is a developing and demanding industry which does not find its end or saturation point. There is a great demand for varied types of automotive products, vehicles and engines. There is also a great demand for trained and experienced persons in this industry for diagnosing motor vehicle troubles, repairing and replacing engines components, transmissions, propeller shafts, differentials, axles, steering system components, brake system components, suspension components, air conditioners, heaters, body and glass work. 汽车产业是一个迅速发展的行业。形成后18世纪当第一汽车被放在路,这个行业的发展极大。现在有成千上万的工厂世界各地制造许多类型的汽车。这个行业雇佣了卢比的男性和女性直接和间接地在盟军的产业。汽车引擎也被用于发动机动力机器为农业、建筑业和制造业的过程。各种类型的小引擎也被用于草坪搬家公司,电锯,雪消毒剂和类似的设备。汽车行业是一个发展中国家和要求行业没有找到它的结尾或饱和点。有大量需要不同类型的汽车产品,汽车和发动机。还有一个巨大的需求训练和经验丰富的人在这个行业对诊断机动车麻烦、维修和更换引擎组件、变速箱、螺旋桨轴、差异、轴、转向系统组件,制动系统组件,悬挂组件、空调、热水器、身体和玻璃的工作。 There are numerous types of automobiles used in the world. There are in general three main classifications of the various types of vehicles. 有许多类型的汽车在世界上使用。一般有三种主要分类的各种类型的车辆。 The single-unit vehicles or load carriers. 车辆的单件或负载运营商。 Articulated vehicles. 铰接车辆。 The heavy tractor vehicles. 沉重的拖拉机车辆。 Single-unit vehicles are of conventional four-wheel type. The great majority of vehicles are of two axle design, In these vehicles the front axle is a steering non-driving axle and the rear axle is the driving axle. With the passage of time, a great many changes have taken place in the number of axles and the driving arrangements. 单一制车辆四轮类型的传统。绝大多数的车辆被两个轴的设计,在这些车辆前轴是转向非驱动轴和后轴驱动轴。随着时间的流逝,许多变化已经发生轴的数量和驾驶的安排。 In this classification, digital terms like 4×2, 4×4, 6×4etc,are commonly used. The first figure denotes the total number of wheels and the second figure the number of driving wheels. 在这个分类、数字术语像4×2、4×4、6×4等,被普遍使用。第一个图表示轮子的总数和第二