A Concise History of American Literature
What is literature?
Literature is language artistically used to achieve identifiable literary qualities an d to convey meaningful messages.
Chapter 1 Colonial Period
I. Background: Puritanism
1. features of Puritanism
(1) Predestination: God decided everything before things occurred.
(2) Original sin: Human beings were born to be evil, and this original sin can be passed down from generation to generation.
(3) Total depravity
(4) Limited atonement: Only the “elect” c an be saved.
2. Influence
(1) A group of good qualities –hard work, thrift, piety, sobriety (serious and thoughtful) influenced American literature.
(2) It led to the everlasting myth. All literature is based on a myth –gar den of Eden.
(3) Symbolism: the American puritan’s metaphorical mode of perception w as chiefly instrumental in calling into being a literary symbolism which is distinctly American.
(4) With regard to their writing, the style is fresh, simple and direct; the rhetoric is plain and honest, not without a touch of nobility often traceabl e to the direct influence of the Bible.
II. Overview of the literature
1. types of writing
diaries, histories, journals, letters, travel books, autobiographies/biographies, sermons
2. writers of colonial period
(1) Anne Bradstreet
(2) Edward Taylor
(3) Roger Williams
(4) John Woolman
(5) Thomas Paine
(6) Philip Freneau
III. Jonathan Edwards
1. life
2. works
(1) The Freedom of the Will
(2) The Great Doctrine of Original Sin Defended
(3) The Nature of True Virtue
3. ideas –pioneer of transcendentalism
(1) The spirit of revivalism
(2) Regeneration of man
(3) God’s presence
(4) Puritan idealism
IV. Benjamin Franklin
1. life
2. works
(1) Poor Richard’s Almanac
(2) Autobiography
3. contribution
(1) He helped found the Pennsylvania Hospital and the American Philosop hical Society.
(2) He was called “the new Prometheus who had stolen fire (electricity in this case) from heaven”.
(3) Everything seems to meet in this one man –“Jack of all trades”. Her man Melville thus des cribed him “master of each and mastered by none”. Chapter 2 American Romanticism
Section 1 Early Romantic Period
What is Romanticism?
An approach from ancient Greek: Plato
A literary trend: 18c in Britain (1798~1832)
Schlegel Bros.
I. Preview: Characteristics of romanticism
1. subjectivity
(1) feeling and emotions, finding truth
(2) emphasis on imagination
(3) emphasis on individualism –personal freedom, no hero worship, natural goo dness of human beings
2. back to medieval, esp medieval folk literature
(1) unrestrained by classical rules
(2) full of imagination
(3) colloquial language
(4) freedom of imagination
(5) genuine in feeligogo
3. back to nature
nature is “breathing living thing” (Rousseau)
II. American Romanticism
1. Background
(1) Political background and economic development
(2) Romantic movement in European countries
Derivative –foreign influence
2. features
(1) American romanticism was in essence the expression of “a real new ex perience and contained “an alien quality” for the simple reason that “the spirit of the place” was radically new and alien.
(2) There is American Puritanism as a cultural heritage to consider. Ameri can romantic authors tended more to moralize. Many American romantic writings intended to edify more than they entertained.
(3) The “newness” of Americans as a nation is in connection with America n Romanticism.
(4) As a logical result of the foreign and native factors at work, American romanticism was both imitative and independent.
III. Washington Irving
1. several names attached to Irving
(1) first American writer
(2) the messenger sent from the new world to the old world
(3) father of American literature
2. life
3. works
(1) A History of New York from the Beginning of the World to the End of the Dutch Dynasty
(2) The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent. (He won a measure of int ernational recognition with the publication of this.)
(3) The History of the Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus
(4) A Chronicle of the Conquest of Granada
(5) The Alhambra
4. Literary career: two parts
(1)1809~1832
a. Subjects are either English or European
b. Conservative love for the antique
(2) 1832~1859: back to US
5. style –beautiful
(1) gentility, urbanity, pleasantness
(2) avoiding moralizing –amusing and entertaining
(3) enveloping stories in an atmosphere
(4) vivid and true characters
(5) humour –smiling while reading
(6) musical language
IV. James Fenimore Cooper
1. life
2. works
(1) Precaution (1820, his first novel, imitating Austen’s Pride and Prejudic
e)
(2) The Spy (his second novel and great success)
(3) Leatherstocking Tales (his masterpiece, a series of five novels)
The Deerslayer, The Last of the Mohicans, The Pathfinder, The Pioneer, T he Prairie
3. point of view
the theme of wilderness vs. civilization, freedom vs. law, order vs. change, aristocrat vs. democrat, natural rights vs. legal rights
4. style
(1) highly imaginative
(2) good at inventing tales
(3) good at landscape description
(4) conservative
(5) characterization wooden and lacking in probability
(6) language and use of dialect not authentic
5. literary achievements
He created a myth about the formative period of the American nation. If the history of the United States is, in a sense, the process of the American settlers exploring and pushing the American frontier forever westward, th en Cooper’s Leatherstocking Tales effectively approximates the American n ational experience of adventure into the West. He turned the west and fro ntier as a useable past and he helped to introduce western tradition to A merican literature.
Section 2 Summit of Romanticism –American Transcendentalism
I. Background: four sources
1. Unitarianism
(1) Fatherhood of God
(2) Brotherhood of men
(3) Leadership of Jesus
(4) Salvation by character (perfection of one’s character)
(5) Continued progress of mankind
(6) Divinity of mankind
(7) Depravity of mankind
2. Romantic Idealism
Center of the world is spirit, absolute spirit (Kant)
3. Oriental mysticism
Center of the world is “oversoul”
4. Puritanism
Eloquent expression in transcendentalism
II. Appearance
1836, “Nature” by Emerson
III. Features
1. spirit/oversoul
2. importance of individualism
3. nature –symbol of spirit/God
garment of the oversoul
4. focus in intuition (irrationalism and subconsciousness)
IV. Influence
1. It served as an ethical guide to life for a young nation and brought ab out the idea that human can be perfected by nature. It stressed religious t olerance, called to throw off shackles of customs and traditions and go for ward to the development of a new and distinctly American culture.
2. It advocated idealism that was great needed in a rapidly expanded econ omy where opportunity often became opportunism, and the desire to “get on” obscured the moral necessity for rising to spiritual height.
3. It helped to create the first American renaissance –one of the most pr olific period in American literature.
V. Ralph Waldo Emerson
1. life
2. works
(1) Nature
(2) Two essays: The American Scholar, The Poet
3. point of view
(1) One major element of his philosophy is his firm belief in the transcen
d enc
e o
f the “oversoul”.
(2) He regards nature as the purest, and the most sanctifying moral influe nce on man, and advocated a direct intuition of a spiritual and immanent God in nature.
(3) If man depends upon himself, cultivates himself and brings out the div ine in himself, he can hope to become better and even perfect. This is wh at Emerson means by “the infinitude of man”.
(4) Everyone should understand that he makes himself by making his worl d, and that he makes the world by making himself.
4. aesthetic ideas
(1) He is a complete man, an eternal man.
(2) True poetry and true art should ennoble.
(3) The poet should express his thought in symbols.
(4) As to theme, Emerson called upon American authors to celebrate Ame rica which was to him a lone poem in itself.
5. his influence
VI. Henry David Thoreau
1. life
2. works
(1) A Week on the Concord and Merrimack River
(2) Walden