STAGE 4
222 LESSON 40
MEET
WHAT ARE MY FINGERS DOING ? Your fingers are meeting
WHEN YOU GO TO MEET SOMEBODY, DO YOU ALWAYS ARRIVE
EARLY ? No, when I go to meet somebody, I don't always arrive early, but
sometimes I arrive early and sometimes I arrive late DO YOU LIKE MEETING PEOPLE YOU DON'T KNOW ?/ Yes, I like meeting people I don't know ... or... No, I don't like meeting people I don't know WHEN YOU MEET SOMEBODY FOR THE FIRST TIME, WHAT DO YOU DO?
When I meet somebody for the first time, I shake hands with him BRING ? TAKE
carry to somebody carry from somebody
carry here carry there
come with something go with something/
come here with something = bring go there with something = take
223 For example:-
When you come here, you bring your book with you When
you go there, you take your book with you/
When you come to school, you bring your book with you
When you go home, you take your book with you
BRING ME YOUR BOOK, PLEASE !
WHAT ARE YOU DOING ? I'm bringing my book to you
TAKE YOUR BOOK TO HER, PLEASE !
WHAT ARE YOU DOING ?/ I'm taking my book to her
Generally speaking, the difference between "bring" and "take" is that we use "bring"
when we carry something to somebody who is speaking, and "take" when we carry something from somebody who is speaking. For example, you bring your book with you to the school, whilst after the lesson you take your book home with you.
224 WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN "BRING" AND "TAKE"?
The difference between "bring" and "take" is that we generally
use "bring" when we carry something to somebody who is
speaking, and "take" when we carry something
from somebody who is speaking GIVE ME A SENTENCE WITH "BRING" IN IT, PLEASE !/
The pupils bring their books with them to school GIVE ME A SENTENCE WITH "TAKE" IN IT. The pupils take their books
home with them after the lesson DO YOU BRING A PEN WITH YOU TO SCHOOL?
DO YOU TAKE THIS BOOK HOME WITH YOU AFTER THE LESSON ?/
No, I don't take that book home with me after the lesson WHY NOT? Because it isn't mine
DO YOU BRING ANY FOOD WITH YOU TO SCHOOL ? Yes, I bring some food with me to school... or ... No, I don't bring any food with me to school DO YOU TAKE THAT PICTURE HOME WITH YOU AFTER THE LESSON ?
No, I don't take that picture home with me after the lesson WHY NOT ?/ Because it isn't mine
WHAT DO YOU BRING WITH YOU TO SCHOOL ? I bring my... with me to school
225 QUITE IMPOSSIBLE ?
The word "quite" has two meanings - "completely" or "nearly completely", dep-ending on the accent. If the accent is heavy, it means "completely". If the accent is light, it means "nearly completely1. For example, "The cinema was quite full"
means that the cinema was completely full, whilst "The cinema was quite full"
means that the cinema was not completely full, but nearly completely full.
WHAT DOES THE WORD "QUITE" MEAN ?/ The word "quite" has two meanings -
"completely" or "nearly completely"
HOW DO WE KNOW THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE TWO MEANINGS ?
We know the difference between the two meanings by the accent.
A heavy accent means "completely", whilst a light
accent means "nearly completely"
WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THESE TWO SENTENCES/: "THE
CINEMA WAS QUITE FULL", AND "THE CINEMA WAS QUITE FULL" ?
The first sentence means that the cinema was
completely full, whilst the second sentence means
that the cinema was nearly completely full AFTER A VERY LARGE MEAL, IS YOUR STOMACH QUITE FULL OR
226 QUITE FULL ?/ After a very large meal my stomach is quite full DO YOU SPEAK ENGLISH QUITE WELL ? Yes, I speak English quite well DO YOU GO TO THE CINEMA QUITE OFTEN? Yes, I go to the cinema quite
often ... or ... No, I don't go to the cinema very often DO YOU THINK THAT LEARNING CHINESE (FOR A NON-CHTNESE PERSON) IS QUITE EASY, QUITE DIFFICULT, OR QUITE IMPOSSIBLE ?/ I think
that learning Chinese (for a non-Chinese) is...
PURE IMPURE
IS PURE WATER BAD FOR THE BODY ? No, pure water isn't bad for
the body, but it's good for the body IS THE WINE (OR FOOD) WE BUY IN THE SHOPS ALWAYS PURE?
No, the wine (or food) we buy in the shops isn't always pure,
but sometimes it's pure and sometimes it's impure
PROMISE THEN
DO YOU EVER PROMISE TO GIVE SOMETHING TO SOMEBODY/ AND
THEN NOT GIVE IT ?/ Yes, I sometimes promise to give something to somebody
and then not give it... or... No, I never promise to give
something to somebody and then not give it 227 DO YOU ALWAYS DO WHAT YOU PROMISE TO DO ? Yes, I always do what
I promise to do ... or ... No, I don't always do what I promise to do
POLITE IMPOLITE ADULT
ARE PEOPLE ALWAYS POLITE IN THE SHOPS AND STREETS ? No, people
aren't always polite in the shops and streets, but sometimes
they're polite and sometimes they're impolite ARE CHILDREN GENERALLY MORE POLITE THAN ADULTS ?/
No, children aren't generally more polite than adults, but
they're generally less polite than adults
HELP
IF YOU CAN'T ANSWER A QUESTION DURING THE LESSON, WHO HELPS YOU TO ANSWER IT ? If I can't answer a question during
the lesson, the teacher helps me to answer it DO HUSBANDS IN THIS COUNTRY GENERALLY HELP THEIR WIVES IN THE HOUSE ?/ Yes, husbands in this country generally help their wives in
the house ... or ... No, husbands in this country don't
generally help their wives in the house 228 IF YOU HELP ME, DO YOU THINK WE CAN LIFT THIS TABLE TOGETHER?
Yes, if I help you, I think we can lift this table together ... or ... No, if I
help you, I don't think we can lift this table together
COMMON
WHICH IS THE MOST COMMON DRINK IN THIS COUNTRY, BESIDES
WATER ?/ ... is the most common drink in this country besides water
FIRE
DO YOU HAVE A FIRE AT HOME IN WINTER ? Yes, I have a fire at home
in winter ... or ... No, I don't have a fire at home in winter BROAD
WHICH IS THE BROADEST STREET FN YOUR TOWN?
... is the broadest street in my town RICH
WHO IS THE RICHEST PERSON YOU KNOW ?/ ... is the richest person I know
POOR
NAME ME ONE OF THE POOREST COUNTRIES IN THE WORLD ?
. is one of the poorest countries in the world STORY
229 DO YOU LIKE READING WAR STORIES? Yes, I like reading war stories ... or ...
No, I don't like reading war stories DICTATION 21
The government makes the laws/ and the people break them./ Sometimes a lot of people/ are here at midday./ He can play football,/ but not the piano./ He plays/ morning, afternoon and night./ If you go to the ship's office,/ they will pay you/ the necessary money./ It can sometimes be pleasant/ to live in a field/ in the heart of the country./ We drink from cups and glasses.
EXERCISE 21
LESSON 41
EXPRESS THOUGHT (noun)
CAN YOU EXPRESS A VERY SIMPLE IDEA QUITE WELL IN ENGLISH?
Yes, 1 can express a very simple idea quite well in English DO YOU THINK IT'S EASIER TO EXPRESS YOUR THOUGHTS IN WRITING OR IN SPEAKING ?/ I think it's easier to express my thoughts in ...
230 IRREGULAR VERBS ? SO
The Past Tense of some verbs is irregular, and so we do not add "ed"./ For
example, the Past of "speak" is "spoke"; the Past of "come" is "came" etc.
WHAT'S THE PAST OF "SPEAK" ? Spoke
SPEAK - SPOKE DRIVE - DROVE
COME ~ CAME FORGET - FORGOT
BREAK - BROKE SEE - SAW
WEAR - WORE SIT - SAT
WRITE - WROTE EAT - ATE
GET UP - GOT UP GIVE - GAVE
STAND - STOOD BEGIN - BEGAN
SHINE - SHONE DRINK DRANK
TAKE - TOOK SLEEP - SLEPT/
TELL - TOLD
231 WHICH LANGUAGE DID WE SPEAK DURING THE LAST LESSON?
We spoke English during the last lesson PAST OF "COME" ? Came
WHAT TIME DID YOU COME HERE LAST LESSON?
1 came here at... last lesson
PAST OF "BREAK" ? Broke
DID YOU EVER BREAK AN ARM OR A LEG WHEN YOU WERE A
LITTLE CHILD ?/ Yes, I broke an ... when I was a little child... or ... No, I
never broke an arm or a leg when I was a little child WHAT DID YOU WEAR YESTERDAY ? I wore ... yesterday
DID I WRITE ANYTHING ON THIS PIECE OF PAPER (OR CARD) LAST LESSON ? Yes, you wrote something on this piece of... last lesson ... or ...
No, you didn't write anything on this piece of... last lesson WHAT TIME DID YOU GET UP THIS MORNING?/ I got up at......this morning DID WE STAND UP AFTER THE LAST LESSON ? Yes, we stood up after
the last lesson DID THE SUN SHINE LAST WEEK? Yes, the sun shone last week ... or ...
No, the sun didn't shine last week WHAT DID YOU TAKE HOME WITH YOU AFTER THE LAST LESSON ?/
I took my books etc. home with me after the last lesson 232 DID YOU TELL ME YOUR NAME ? Yes, I told you my name
SMILE TAX DESTROY DOG GUILTY DID I (YOU, OR ANY OF THE PUPILS) DRIVE HERE THIS EVENING
(MORNING, AFTERNOON ETC.) ?/ Yes,... drove here this evening DID YOU REMEMBER ALL THE NEW WORDS LAST LESSON FROM THE LESSON BEFORE THAT ? No, I didn't remember all the new words last lesson from the lesson before that, but some I remembered and some I forgot
WHAT DID YOU SEE IN THIS CLASSROOM LAST LESSON ?/ I saw some
books, some chairs, a teacher etc. in this classroom last lesson WHERE DID YOU SIT DURING THE LAST LESSON ? I sat... during the last lesson WHAT DID YOU EAT FOR YOUR LUNCH YESTERDAY ? I ate some ...
for my lunch yesterday DID I GIVE YOU A DICTATION LAST MONTH?/ Yes, you gave us a
dictation last month 233 WHEN DID LAST SEASON BEGIN? Last season began on the ...
WHAT DID YOU DRINK WITH YOUR BREAKFAST THIS MORNING ?
I drank some ... with my breakfast this morning
HOW LONG DID YOU SLEEP LAST NIGHT ? I slept... last night
HILL AROUND
ARE THERE ANY HILLS AROUND THIS TOWN?/ Yes, there are some hills
around this town ... or ... No, there aren't any hills around this town
HORSE
DO YOU LIKE HORSES ? Yes, I like horses ... or... No, I don't like horses
LAUGH TO MAKE LAUGH
WHAT KIND OF FILMS MAKE YOU LAUGH? The kind of films that make
me laugh are...
ENEMY AMERICA
WERE ENGLAND AND AMERICA ENEMIES DURING THE LAST WORLD WAR ?/ No, England and America weren't enemies during
the last World War, but they were friends CASTLE
234 ARE THERE ANY OLD CASTLES IN THIS TOWN ? Yes, there are some
old castles in this town ... or ... No, there aren't any
old castles in this town STOP
DO YOU THINK IT'S EASY TO STOP SMOKING? No, I don't think it's easy
DICTATION 22
Mount Everest/ is the highest mountain / in the world. / The Nile is the longest river / in the world./ This piece is larger./ War between two nations/ is unpleasant./1 can't measure the increase/ in the quantity of gas/ we're using,/ but it's less than it was./ Start at the bottom of the tree/ and go almost to the top./ The table's heavy.
LESSON 42
HUNGRY
ARE YOU HUNGRY AT THE MOMENT ?
ARE THERE A LOT OF HUNGRY PEOPLE IN SOME PARTS OF THE
WORLD TODAY?
FACT GEOGRAPHY HISTORY
235 HISTORICAL MATHEMATICAL/
TELL ME A GEOGRAPHICAL FACT. Mt. Everest is the highest mountain
in the world TELL ME A HISTORICAL FACT. The Second World War began in 1939 TELL ME A MATHEMATICAL FACT. 2 + 2=4
GET
The verb "get" has 11 different meanings,/ and we use it a lot, because it's very short and easy./ Five of the meanings are as follows:-
1) BECOME 2) EARN 3) REACH 4) ARRIVE 5) BUY
DOCTOR
WHAT ARE FIVE OF THE MEANINGS OF THE VERB "GET" ?/ Five of
the meanings of the verb "get" are - "become",... 236 WHEN YOU GET HUNGRY, WHAT DO YOU DO ? When I become hungry, I eat ABOUT HOW MUCH DOES A DOCTOR GET A MONTH ? A doctor earns
about... a month
CAN YOU GET THAT BOOK WITHOUT STANDING UP ?/ No, I can't reach
that book without standing up WHAT TIME DO YOU GENERALLY GET HOME AFTER EACH LESSON ?
I generally arrive home at about... after each lesson
CAN I GET CLOTHES FROM A CIGARETTE SHOP? No, you can't buy
clothes from a cigarette shop
DREAM GARDEN REFUSE SEPARATE CRIME
THERE WAS ? THERE WERE ?
WAS THERE A PICTURE ON THAT WALL THREE LESSONS AGO ?/
Yes, there was a picture on that wall three lessons ago WERE THERE ANY BOOKS ON THE TABLE LAST LESSON ? Yes, there
were some books on the table last lesson 237 WAS THERE A CHAIR IN THAT CORNER DURING THE LAST LESSON ?
No, there wasn't a chair in that corner during the last lesson WERE THERE ANY CHAIRS ON THE TABLE LAST LESSON ?/ No, there
weren't any chairs on the table last lesson
DIE PRESIDENT
WHAT'S THE OPPOSITE OF THE VERB 'TO LIVE" ? The opposite of
the verb "to live" is "to die"
DO MOST PEOPLE PREFER TO DIE YOUNG ? No, most people don't prefer
to die young, but they prefer to die old WHEN DID PRESIDENT KENNEDY DIE? President Kennedy died in 1963
STRONG WEAK PHYSICAL /
IS WHISKY A WEAK DRINK ? No, whisky isn't a weak drink, but it's a strong drink ARE YOUNG BOYS GENERALLY PHYSICALLY STRONGER THAN MEN ?
No, young boys aren't generally physically stronger than men, but
they're generally physically weaker than men DO YOU SPEAK ENGLISH WITH A STRONG.............ACCENT ? No, I don't
speak English with a strong ... accent, but I speak it with a
strong ... accent, or with my teacher's accent
238 SOLDIER MAKE MONEY
DOES A SOLDIER MAKE A LOT OF MONEY THESE DAYS ?/
BUILD
IS IT CHEAP TO BUILD A LARGE HOUSE IN THE COUNTRY ? No, it isn't
cheap to build a large house in the country, but it's expensive FILL
DO YOU FILL YOUR STOMACH COMPLETELY WHEN YOU EAT ?/ Yes, I
fill my stomach completely when I eat... or... No, I
don't fill my stomach completely when I eat CONTAIN
ABOUT HOW MANY PAGES DOES THIS BOOK CONTAIN ? This book
contains about... pages ART
ARE YOU VERY GOOD AT ART ? Yes, I'm very good at art, or ... No, I'm not
very good at art
239ARMY
WHICH COUNTRY DO YOU THINK HAS THE LARGEST ARMY IN THE
WORLD TODAY ? I think ... has the largest army in the world today
DICTATION 23
The date today/ is the twenty-first of October/ 1986./ They go to bed at ten/ and get up at seven./ They sleep nine hours./1 love tennis,/ but don't play well./ He hates going to the shops,/ Count up to ten, please./ He has the least money./ The word "mine"/ is a possessive pronoun./ "On" is a preposition./ "Break" is an irregular verb./ Siberia is an exceptional country./ What does the word "stomach" mean ?/ "Go!" is imperative./ The names of some vegetables are/ "potatoes, tomatoes" and "peas"./1 arrive at eight o'clock,/ study one hour,/ and leave at nine./ During the day,/ we can see the sun in the sky,/ whilst during the night/ we can see the moon and the stars.
EXERCISE 22
LESSON 43
FEEL TOO MUCH
DO YOU ALWAYS FEEL IN GOOD HEALTH ? Yes, I always feel in good
health ... or... No, I don't always feel in good health DO YOU FEEL BAD IF YOU EAT TOO MUCH? Yes, I feel bad if I eat too much 240 DO YOU FEEL HOT IN WINTER ? No, I don't feel hot in winter, but 1 feel
cold in winter SEE CHART 6
MIDDLE
WHAT PART OF THE SQUARE'S THIS ? It's the top. It's the bottom. It's the side WHERE'S THE LETTER E ?/ The letter E's in the top right-hand comer
of the square WHERE'S THE LETTER I ? The letter Fs in the bottom left-hand corner
of the square WHERE'S THE LETTER U ? The letter U's in the middle of the square DO PEOPLE DRIVE THEIR CARS IN THE MIDDLE OF THE ROAD ?
No, people don't drive their cars in the middle of the road,
but they drive them on the right-hand side of the road WHAT'S HANGING FROM THE MIDDLE OF THE CEILING ?/ The light's
hanging from the middle of the ceiling SURE
WHAT'S YOUR NAME ? My name's ...
ARE YOU SURE? Yes, I'm sure
ARE YOU QUITE SURE? Yes, I'm quite sure
241 HOW MANY EARS HAVE YOU ? I've two ears
ARE YOU SURE ? Yes, I'm sure
ARE YOU QUITE SURE ?/ Yes, I'm quite sure
REQUEST
DO WE SAY "PLEASE" IN ENGLISH AT THE BEGINNING OF A REQUEST ?
No, we don't say "please" in English at the beginning of a
request, but we say it at the end of a request
IS IT POLITE NOT TO SAY "PLEASE"/ WHEN WE MAKE A REQUEST ?/
No, it isn't polite not to say "please" when we
make a request, but it's impolite WILLING
ARE YOU ALWAYS WILLING TO HELP OTHER PEOPLE ? Yes, I'm always
willing to help other people ... or ... No, I'm not
always willing to help other people ARE YOU WILLING TO GIVE ME ALL THE MONEY YOU HAVE IN YOUR POCKET (OR BAG) AT THE MOMENT ? No, I'm not willing to give you
all the money I have in my pocket (or bag) at the moment 242 DICTATION 24
Paris is not by the sea,/ but inland./ He cut his finger;/ not once, not twice, but three times./ They cannot lift the table/ on their backs./ The four seasons are/ spring, summer, autumn and winter./ He does not follow the teacher/ into the room,/ but he precedes him./ "New" we use for things,/ whereas "young" we use for people./ That shop is older than ours./ Christmas and Easter/ are the two most important holidays/ of the year./ When our stomachs are empty,/ we must eat,/ but not when they are full./ He doesn't like the subject of mathematics/ very much./ On a cold morning,/ he sometimes dresses before washing./ Broad, common, fire,/ horse, peace.
EXERCISE 23
LESSON 44
IRREGULAR VERBS (CONTINUED)
LEFT
SMELT
LEARNT
SENT
KNEW
HUNG
BOUGHT
SHOOK
THOUGHT
FILM
film
READ
MEET
FEEL
HEAR
HOLD
BRING
GO
SAY
TEACH
PRONUNCIATION
wymowa
READ
MET
FELT
HEARD
HELD
BROUGHT
WENT
SAID
TAUGHT
LEAVE SMELL LEARN SEND KNOW HANG BUY SHAKE THINK
243 WHAT'S THE PAST OF "LEAVE" ?/ Left
WHAT TIME DID YOU LEAVE HOME TO COME HERE TODAY?
I left home at... to come here today
PAST OF "SMELL" ? Smelt
DID YOUR LUNCH SMELL BAD YESTERDAY?/ No, my lunch didn't smell
bad yesterday, but it smelt good DID YOU LEARN ANY NEW WORDS LAST WEEK ? Yes, I learnt some new
words last week DID YOU SEND ANY LETTERS TO YOUR FRIENDS LAST YEAR ? Yes, I
sent some letters to my friends last year DID YOU KNOW ME TWO WEEKS AGO ?/ Yes, I knew you two weeks ago DID THAT PICTURE HANG ON THE WALL LAST LESSON ? Yes, that
picture hung on the wall last lesson DID WE READ THESE BOOKS LAST WEEK ? Yes, we read these books
last week WHO WAS THE LAST PERSON YOU MET BEFORE COMING TO THE
244 SCHOOL?/ Mr.....was the last person I met before coming to the school DID YOU FEEL COLD LAST SUMMER ? No, I didn't feel cold last summer,
but I felt hot DID YOU HEAR ME SAY "GOOD MORNING" (OR AFTERNOON ETC.) TO YOU/ AT THE BEGINNING OF THE LESSON ?/ Yes, I heard you say
"Good ..." to us at the beginning of the lesson WHAT DID I HOLD IN MY HAND LAST LESSON? You held your pen
in your hand last lesson WHAT DID YOU BRING WITH YOU TO THE LESSON TODAY ? I brought
my books with me to the lesson today WILD BOAT BRANCH BRIDGE EGG
WHERE DID YOU BUY YOUR CLOTHES FROM ?/ I bought my clothes
from ... (or "a shop") DID YOU GO TO THE CINEMA LAST YEAR ? Yes, I went to the cinema last year WHO WAS THE LAST PERSON YOU SHOOK HANDS WITH ? Mr... was the
last person I shook hands with
245 WHAT DID I SAY TO YOU AT THE END OF THE LAST LESSON ?/
You said "Good ..." to us at the end of the last lesson DID YOU THINK THE LAST FILM YOU SAW WAS A GOOD ONE ?
Yes, I thought... or... No, I didn't...
DID YOU THINK ENGLISH PRONUNCIATION WAS DIFFICULT WHEN YOU FIRST BEGAN STUDYING ENGLISH ? Yes, I thought English pronunciation
was difficult when I first began studying English DID YOUR PARENTS TEACH YOU TO WASH AND DRESS WHEN YOU
WERE A CHILD ? Yes, my parents taught me to wash and dress when I was a child DICTATION 25
Finland is/ one of the coldest countries/ in the world,/ whilst India is/ one of the hottest./ England is cool./ Italy is warm./ Her flat is near our house./ She lives in the first block./ I can't taste the difference/ between these two wines./ An hour is divided into minutes./ I can walk no farther;/ I must rest./ Send the children/ into the other room;/ I want to read./
I get up early in summer,/ but later in winter./1 go to bed/ earlier than my father./ It isn't
dark in this room/ when the sun is shining./ A millionaire/ is a very rich man./ Fill, army, art,/ build, contain.
246 LESSON 45
MISTAKE800
DID YOU MAKE ANY MISTAKES IN YOUR LAST DICTATION ? Yes, I made
some mistakes in my last dictation DO YOU EVER MISTAKE THE DIFFERENCE IN PRONUNCIATION BETWEEN THE WORDS "WALK" AND "WORK" (OR "PIECE" AND "PEAS" ETC.)?/
Yes, I sometimes mistake the difference in
pronunciation between the words "walk" ...
NEWS WIRELESS RADIO
DID YOU HEAR THE NEWS ON THE WIRELESS YESTERDAY ? Yes, I
heard ... or ... No, I didn't...
HOW OFTEN DO THEY GIVE THE NEWS ON THE WIRELESS EACH DAY ?
They give the news about... times (or every hour etc.) on the wireless each day WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN "WIRELESS" AND "RADIO" ?/
There is no difference ... "Wireless" is an older word
ILL WELL
DO YOU EVER FEEL ILL ? Yes, 1 sometimes feel ill
247 WHEN YOU FEEL ILL, WHAT DO YOU DO ? When I feel ill, I go to bed
and call a doctor WHEN WAS THE LAST TIME YOU FELT ILL ? The last time I felt ill was ...
WHAT'S THE OPPOSITE OF "ILL" ?/ The opposite of "ill" is "well"
DO PEOPLE GENERALLY FEEL WELL WHEN THE WEATHER IS BAD ?
No, people don't generally feel well when.the
weather is bad, but they sometimes feel ill
THIRSTY FAVOURITE
ARE YOU THIRSTY AT THE MOMENT? Yes, I'm thirsty at the moment...
or ... No, I'm not thirsty at the moment WHAT DO YOU DO WHEN YOU FEEL THIRSTY ?/ When I feel thirsty, I drink WHATS YOUR FAVOURITE DRINK WHEN YOU FEEL VERY THIRSTY ?
My favourite drink when I feel very thirsty is ...
SELL
WHAT'S THE OPPOSITE OF THE VERB "TO BUY" ? The opposite of the verb
"to buy" is "to sell" 248 IN WHAT KIND OF SHOPS DO THEY GENERALLY SELL UMBRELLAS ?/
They generally sell umbrellas in clothes shops DO THEY SELL FOOD IN CLOTHES SHOPS ? No, they dont sell food in clothes
shops, but they sell clothes
AWAY TELL
IF YOU ARE READING A GOOD BOOK/ AND A FRffiND SPEAKS TO YOU ALL THE TIME,/ WHAT DO YOU TELL HIM TO DO?/ If I'm reading a good
book and a friend speaks to me all the time, I tell him to go away DID YOU GO AWAY FOR YOUR HOLIDAYS LAST SUMMER ? Yes, I went
away for my holidays last summer ... or ... No, I didn't go
away for my holidays last summer WHERE DID YOU GO? DID YOU LIKE IT? ETC. I went to...
DO YOU EVER GIVE ANY MONEY AWAY ?/ Yes, I sometimes give
some money away ... or... No, I never give any money away
DO YOU TAKE THIS BOOK AWAY WITH YOU AFTER THE LESSON?
No, I don't take that book away with me after the lesson WHY NOT ? Because it isn't mine
249 GET (CONTINUED)*
The other 6 meanings of the verb "get" are :-
6) RECEIVE 7) BRING 8) OBTAIN 9) TAKE 10) PERSUADE
11) HAVE ANIMAL HAIRDRESSER
WHAT ARE THE OTHER SIX MEANINGS OF THE VERB "GET" ?/
The other six meanings of the verb "get" are - receive ...
DO YOU GET ANY CARDS FROM YOUR FRIENDS AT CHRISTMAS TIME (OR ON NEW YEAR'S DAY) ? Yes, I receive some cards from my friends
at Christmas time ... or... No, I don't...
WILL YOU GO AND GET ME A PEN FROM THE NEXT ROOM, PLEASE ?
Yes, I will go and bring you a pen from the next room 250 DO WE GET MILK FROM AN ANIMAL ?/ Yes, we obtain milk from an animal WILL YOU GET THAT BOOK FROM THE TABLE AND GIVE IT TO ME, PLEASE ? Yes, I'll take that book from the table and give it to you IS IT EASY TO GET PEOPLE TO GIVE THEIR MONEY AWAY ?/ No, it isn't
easy to persuade people to give their money away, but it's difficult WHERE DO YOU GET YOUR HAIR CUT ? I have my hair cut at the hairdresser's WHERE CAN A PERSON GET HIS CAR WASHED IN THIS TOWN ? I don't know where a person can get his car washed in this town ... or ... There are a
lot of places where a person can get his car washed in this town
The verb "get" has other meanings besides the eleven in this book, but its general meaning is "obtain". If you are not sure when to use "get", it is better to use the verb of the same meaning. For example, instead of saying "How much does a doctor get ?M you can say "How much does a doctor earn ?"
HAS THE VERB "GET" MORE THAN THE ELEVEN MEANINGS IN THIS BOOK ?/ Yes, the verb "get" has more than the eleven meanings in this book
251 WHAT IS THE GENERAL MEANING OF THE VERB "GET"? The general
meaning of the verb "get" is "obtain"
IF YOU ARE NOT SURE WHEN TO USE "GET", WHAT IS IT BETTER
TO DO ?/ If I'm not sure when to use "get", it is better to use
the verb of the same meaning BUSINESS FOREIGN
DOES THIS COUNTRY DO BUSINESS WITH FOREIGN COUNTRIES?
Yes, this country does business with foreign countries NATURE
DO YOU THINK NATURE IS ALWAYS BEAUTIFUL ? Yes, I think nature is
always beautiful ... or ... No, I don't think nature is always beautiful PRICE
WHAT IS THE PRICE OF A MEAL IN A VERY CHEAP RESTAURANT IN THE PLACE WHERE YOU LIVE? The price of a meal in a very cheap
restaurant in the place where I live is about... 252BUSH
IS A BUSH HIGHER THAN A TREE? No, a bush isn't higher than a tree,
but it's lower than a tree DICTATION 26
On a Christmas card,/ we generally write/ a Merry Christmas and a Happy New Year. / We watch a game of football,/ but look at a picture./ He speaks better than I do./1 am the worst/ in the class,/ whilst he is the best./1 buy books/ from that shop/ besides cigarettes./ When the weather is cold/ and there is snow,/ we cover our bodies/ with a lot of clothes./1 know I can hold/ a simple conversation in English./ Poor, story, hill,/ farm, laugh, rich,/ soldier, stop, castle,/ enemy.
EXERCISE 24
LESSON 46
WORTH ? TO BE WORTH CONSEQUENTLY
WHAT DOES THE WORD "WORTH" MEAN? The word "worth" means ...
HOW MUCH DID YOUR PEN COST ? My pen cost...
WHEN DID YOU BUY IT ? I bought it...
253 ABOUT HOW MUCH DO YOU THINK IT'S WORTH NOW?/ I think it's
worth about... now IS YOUR WATCH WORTH AS MUCH NOW/ AS IT WAS WHEN YOU
BOUGHT IT ? No, my watch isn't worth as much now as it was when I bought
it, but it's worth less now than it was when I bought it HOW MUCH DO YOU THINK THIS IS WORTH? I think that's worth about...
DO YOU THINK ITS WORTH STUDYING THE LANGUAGE OF ANOTHER COUNTRY ?/ Yes, I think it's worth studying the language of another country DO YOU THINK IT IS WORTH BUYING AN UMBRELLA/ IF YOU LIVE IN
A COUNTRY/ WHERE IT ONLY RAINS ABOUT ONCE A MONTH?
No I don't think it's worth buying an umbrella if I live in a
country where it only rains about once a month HARD = DIFFICULT VERY MUCH THE OPPOSITE OF SOFT/ 254 WHAT ARE THE THREE MEANINGS OF THE WORD "HARD" ? The three
meanings of the word "hard" are - difficult, very
much, and the opposite of soft IS CHINESE AN EASY LANGUAGE TO LEARN ? No, Chinese, isn't an easy
language to learn, but it's a hard language to learn IS ENGLISH GRAMMAR HARD ? No, English grammar isn't hard, but it's easy DO YOU WORK VERY HARD ?/ No, I don't work very hard, but I work
very little ... or... Yes, I work...
DO YOU THINK WOMEN GENERALLY WORK HARDER THAN MEN ?
Yes, I think women generally work harder than men ... or ... No, I
don't think women generally work harder than men, but I
think they work less than men (or less hard than men) IS MY HAND HARD ? No, your hand isn't hard, but it's soft IS
THE FLOOR SOFT ? No, the floor isn't soft, but it's hard
255 FACTORY ORDINARY PAINT STAY SONG/
FUTURE TENSE ?FUTURE CONTRACTIO
I SHALL BRING I'LL BRING
YOU WILL BRING YOU'LL BRING
HE WILL HE'LL BRING
SHE WILL BRING SHE'LL BRING
IT WILL IT'LL BRING
WE SHALL BRING WE'LL BRING
YOU WILL BRING YOU'LL BRING
THEY WILL BRING THEY'LL BRING
The Future of "I go" is "I shall go"./ The future of "You go" is "You will go"./ The complete Future Tense of the verb "to go" is "I shall go: You will go: He will go: She will go... etc."
WHAT'S THE FUTURE OF "I GO"? The Future of "I go" is "I shall go"
WHAT'S THE FUTURE OF "YOU GO" ? The Future of "You go" is "You will go" 256 WHAT'S THE COMPLETE FUTURE OF THE VERB "TO GO" ? The complete
Future of the verb "to go" is - I shall go: You will go ...
The contraction of "I shall" is "I'll"./ "You will" is "You'll... He'll, She'll, It'll,
We'll, You'll, They'll".
WHAT'S THE CONTRACTION OF "I SHALL11?/ The contraction of I shall is "I'll11 WHAT'S THE CONTRACTION OF "YOU WILL"? The contraction of "you will"
is "you'll"
WHATS THE CONTRACTION OF "HE WILL, SHE WILL... ETC. ?" "He'll,
she'll, etc."
IN 3 MONTHS' TIME ?
The opposite of "3 months ago" is "in 3 months' time".
WHAT'S THE OPPOSITE OF 3 MONTHS AGO ?/The opposite of "3 months
ago" is "in 3 months' time"
SHALL I BE HERE NEXT WEEK ? Yes, you'll be here next week WILL YOU GO HOME AFTER THE LESSON ? Yes, I'll go home after the lesson WILL HE BE HERE NEXT LESSON ? Yes, he'll be here next lesson 257 WILL IT RAIN NEXT YEAR? Yes, it'll rain next year SHALL WE BE HERE IN 3 MONTHS' TIME ?/ Yes, we'll be here in 3 months' time WILL THEY SPEAK ENGLISH DURING THE NEXT LESSON ? Yes, they'll speak
English during the next lesson PUBLIC
IS THE PUBLIC ALWAYS POLITE IN THE SHOPS AND STREETS ? No, the
public isn't always polite in the shops and streets, but
sometimes it's polite and sometimes it's impolite SHOW
CAN YOU SHOW ME THE WAY TO THE STATION FROM HERE ?/
Yes, I can show you the way to the station from here ... or ...
No, I can't show you the way to the station from here KILL
DO YOU LIKE FILMS IN WHICH A LOT OF PEOPLE GET KILLED ? No, I
don't like films in which a lot of people
get killed ... or ... Yes, I like ...
258 QUEEN HEAD
ARE THERE MANY COUNTRIES IN THE WORLD WHICH HAVE A QUEEN AS THE HEAD OF THE GOVERNMENT ? No, there aren't many countries in the
world which have a queen as the head of the government
BLOOD
WHAT COLOUR'S BLOOD? Blood's red
EXERCISE 25
être (是) je suis nous sommes tu es vousêtes il est ils sont avoir(有) j’ai nous avons tu as vous avez il a ils ont faire(做) je fais nous faisons tu fais vous faites il fait ils font venir(来) je viens nous venons tu viens vous venez il vient ils viennent aller(去) je vais nous allons tu vas vous allez il va ils vont parler(说讲)* je parle nous parlons tu parles vous parlez il parle ils parlent dire(说) je dis nous disons tu dis vous dites il dit ils disent demander(问要求)* je demande nous demandons tu demandes vous demandez il demande ils demandent s’adresser(à)(向某人请教询问)* je m’adress e nous nous adress ons tu t’adress es vous vous adress ez il s’adress e ils s’adress ent crier(喊喊叫)* je cri e nous crie ons tu cri es vous cri ez il cri e ils cri ent s’appeller(叫)* je m’appell e nous nous appell ons tu t ’appell es vous vous appell ez il s’appell e ils s’appell ent écouter(听)* j’écout e nous écout ons tu écout es vous écout ez il écout e ils écout ent entendre(听见) je entends nous entendons tu entends v ous entendez il entend ils entendent écrire(写) j’écris nous écrivons tu écris vous écrivez il écrit ils écrivent regarder(看收看)* je regard e nous regard ons tu regard es vous regard ez l regard e ils regard ent voir(看看望) je vois nous voyons tu vois vous voyez il voit ils voient lire(读看) je lis nous lisons tu lis vous lisez il lit ils lisent tavailler(工作)* je tavaill e nous tavaill ons tu tavaill es vous tavaill ez
第一组动词：以er结尾arriver arrivé到达 j’arrive nous arrivons tu arrives vous arrivez il arrive ils arrivent donner donné给予，递给 je donne tu donnes nous donnons vous donnez il donne ils donnent chercher cherché寻找 je cherche nous cherchons tu cherches vous cherchez il cherche ils cherchent regarder regardé看，瞧 je regarde nous regardons tu regardes vous regardez il regarde ils regardent Désirer désiré愿望，想要 je désire nous désirons tu désires vous désirez il désire ils désirent fermer fermé关闭，关 je ferme nous fermons tu fermes vous fermez il ferme ils ferment présente r présenté介绍 je présente nous présentons tu présentes vous présentez il présente ils présentent aider aidé帮助 j’aide nous aidons tu aides vous aidez il aide ils aident D?ner d?né用晚餐 je d?ne nous d?nons tu d?nes vous d?nez il d?ne ils d?nent travailler travaillé工作 je travaille nous travaillons tu travailles vous travaillez il travaille ils travaillent habiter habité居住 j’habite nous habitons tu habites vous habitez il habite ils habitent réserver réservé预定 je réserve nous réservons tu réserves vous réservez il réserve ils réservent écouter écouté听 j’écoute nous écoutons tu écoutes vous écoutez il écoute ils écoutent jouer joué玩（游戏） je joue nous jouons tu joues vous jouez il joue ils jouent demander demandé要求，询问 je demande nous demandons tu demandes vous demandez il demande ils demandent gagner gagné 赚，赢，中奖 je gagne nous gagnons tu gagnes vous gagnez il gagne ils gagnent Payer payé支付 je paye nous payons tu payes vous payez il paye ils payen jouer jeter Jeté扔
动词变位（直陈式） 一、“er”结尾的第一类动词 1、parler 说 Je parle Tu parles Il/Elle parle Nous parlons Vous parlez Ils/Elles parlent 2、habiter 居住 J’habite Tu habites Il/Elle habite Nous habitons Vous habitez Ils/Elles habitent 3、aimer 爱 J’aime Tu aimes Il/Elle aime Nous aimons Vous aimez
Ils/Elles aiment 4、demander 想要Je demande Tu demandes Il/Elle demande Nous demandons Vous demandez Ils/Elles demandent 5、trouver 找到 Je trouve Tu trouves Il/Elle trouve Nous trouvons Vous trouvez Ils/Elles trouvent 6、manger 吃 Je mange Tu manges Il/Elle mange Nous mangons Vous mangez Ils/Elles mangent
7、lever 举起 Je lève Tu lèves Il/Elle lève Nous levons Vous levez Ils/Elles lèvent 8、laver 洗涤 Je lave Tu laves Il/Elle lave Nous lavons Vous lavez Ils/Elles lavent 9、travailler 工作Je travaille Tu travailles Il/Elle travaille Nous travaillons Vous travaillez Ils/Elles travaillent 10、préparer 准备
蛋白翻译后修饰(齐以涛老师) 上课老师没说重点 1.蛋白的概念:由许多氨基酸通过肽键相连形成的高分子含氮化合 物。 2.蛋白后修饰概念和意义（ＰＰT4-5） 3.蛋白后修饰种类 1．切除加工 2. 糖基化 3.羟基化 4.甲基化 5．磷酸化?６．乙酰化?7．泛素化 200. … ８.类泛素化?９.…? 磷酸化修饰 １.概念: 磷酸化是通过蛋白质磷酸化激酶将ATP的磷酸基转移到蛋 白的特定位点上的过程。大部分细胞过程实际上是被可逆 的蛋白磷酸化所调控的,至少有3０%的蛋白被磷酸化修饰 2.作用位点： 丝氨酸、苏氨酸和酪氨酸是主要的磷酸化氨基酸,大多数 磷酸化蛋白质都有多个磷酸化位点，并且其磷酸化位点是 可变的。
３.实例(MＡＰK途径): 分裂原活化的蛋白激酶（MAPK)、分裂原活化的蛋白激酶的激酶（MＡＰＫK)、分裂原活化的蛋白激酶的激酶之激酶(MAＰKＫK)。在真核细胞中，这3种类型的激酶构成一个MAPＫ级联系统(MAＰK casｃade），通过ＭAPＫＫK-MAPＫK－ＭAＰＫ逐级磷酸化，将外来信号级联放大并传递下去。 具体过程如下： ?MＡPKKＫ位于级联系统的最上游,能够通过胁迫信号感受器或者信号分子的受体，或者其本身就直接感受胞外信号刺激而发生磷酸化?ＭAPKKK磷酸化后变为活化状态,可以使MAＰKK磷酸化 ?ＭAPKＫ始终存在于细胞质中，MAPKK磷酸化以后通过双重磷酸化作用将ＭAＰK激活 ?MAＰK被磷酸化后有3种可能的去向: (1）停留在细胞质中,激活一系列其它的蛋白激酶 (2)在细胞质中使细胞骨架成分磷酸化 (3)进入细胞核,通过磷酸化转录因子，调控基因的表达
重音落在o 上时o 变为ue almorzar: almuerzo almuerzas almuerza almorzamos almorz is almuerzan acostarse: acuesto acuestas acuesta acostamos acost i i acuestan dormir: duermo duermes duerme dormimos dorm ^s duermen 重音洛在e 上时e 变为 i vestirse: visto vistes viste vestimos vestsi visten efectuar: efect ① efect a s efect s efectuamos efectu i i efect an ir: voy vas va vamos vais van estar: estoy est i est a estamos est is est n tener: tengo tienes tiene tenemos ten i e tienen haber: he has ha hemos hab e s han hacer: hago haces hace hacemos hac e s hacen pedir: pido pides pide pedimos peds piden poder: puedo puedes puede podemos pod 百s pueden venir: vengo vienes viene venimos ven s vienen saber: s e sabes sabe sabemos sab e s saben conocer: conozco conoces conoce conocemos conocis conocen querer: quiero quieres quiere queremos quer e s quieren ver: veo ves ve vemos veis ven pensar: pienso piensas piensa pensamos pens i s piensan salir: salgo sales sale salimos sal si salen volver: vuelvo vuelves vuelve volvemos volv e vuelven traer: traigo traes trae traemos tra is traen sentir: siento sientes siente sentimos sentsi sienten empezar: empiezo empiezas empieza empezamos empezdis empiezan sonar: suena suenan decir: digo dices dice decimos decs dicen doler: duele duelen corregir: corrijo corriges corrige corregimos correg si corrigen ar: -o -as -a -amos er: -o -es -e -emos ir: -o -es -e -imos ser: soy eres es somos 1■陈述式现在时 -a s -es -s sois -an -en -en son
语文S版四年级上册(第七册)教案全集 目录 第一单元 1绿叶的梦 2 芦叶 3 一只贝 4 * 快乐的暑假 第二单元 5古诗三首《望洞庭》、《菊花》、《枫桥夜泊》 6 观潮 7 火烧云 8 * 四季童话 第三单元 9满山的灯笼火把 10 树叶都是绿色的吗 11 成长 12 * 球王贝利 第四单元 13麻雀
14 让它们自由生息 15 蒲公英的梦 16 * 台湾蝴蝶甲天下 第五单元 17小草之歌 18 争吵 19 小泽征尔的判断 20 * 皮巧根桥 第六单元 21一块特别的石头 22 地图上的发现 23 新型玻璃 24 * 人类的“老师” 第七单元 25倔强的小红军 26 小兵张嘎夺枪记 27 虎门销烟 28 * “0”的突破
第八单元 29重阳节的传说 30 寓言两则《掩耳盗铃》、《守株待兔》 31* 快乐王子（剧本） 32 * 牛郎织女 本册教材版本：语文出版社标*的是略读课文 1、《绿叶的梦》教学设计 教学目标： 1引导学生抓住课文的重点部分，逐步读懂课文内容，体会作者的思想感情。 2有感情朗读课文，背诵课文第五自然段。 3按认读和读写的不同要求，学习本课生字新词，掌握“苇叶、搜集、汇拢”等词语。 4通过本课学习和相关的语文实践活动，激发学生热爱自然的情感，激发学生创造美好童年生活的兴趣。 教学重点： 抓住课文的重点部分，逐步读懂课文内容，体会作者的思想感情。 教学难点： 边读边想象作者描写的搜集树叶的情景，体会作者当时的快乐心情。 教学准备： 1教学准备：演示文稿（图片、视频、文字）；树叶贴画（或其它树叶、高粱秸制品）。 2课前学生进行调查：现在的学生都玩些什么。 教学时间：两课时 第一课时 教学过程： 一、明确单元学习任务： 1导入：今天我们开始新年段、新学期、新单元的学习，同学们做好准备了吗？让我们一起去遨游语文天地吧！ 2浏览“单元导读”： 这个单元给我们讲述的是作者们的童年故事，他们的童年是怎样的？和我们的童年生活有什么不同吗？ 在新的学期里，我们又将开始怎样的语文学习？注意提高什么能力？ 浏览“单元导读”，找出问题的答案。 3交流体会： ①汇报“读懂了什么”。
组蛋白翻译后修饰的类型 组蛋白和组蛋白翻译后修饰通过影响染色质的结构来调控基因的表达，目前已成为表观遗传学研究的焦点之一。 染色质是一系列核小体相互连接成的念珠状结构。核小体的核心是由组蛋白H2A 、H2B、H3 、H4各两个分子构成的八聚体, 在八聚体的表面缠绕有圈的双螺旋DNA。相邻的两个核小体之间由DNA连接, 称为纤丝(fiber), 在纤丝部位结合有组蛋白分子H1。在组蛋白H1存在时,核小体之间紧密接触,形成直径为10nm的纤维状结构。这就是染色体构型变化的一级结构。在染色质中, DNA 和组蛋白是染色质的稳定成分,组蛋白与DNA的含量之比接近 1∶1 。组蛋白是染色质的主要蛋白质成分,通过带正电荷的氨基末端区域与带负电荷的DNA骨架相互作用, 对基因的表达有重要调控作用。 染色体活性调控的一个重要的机制是组蛋白的可逆共价修饰，通常容易发生在组蛋白 H3和H4的N端尾部，组蛋白H2A和H2B的N和C末端，包括甲基化，乙酰化，磷酸化，ADP-核糖基化，泛素化和小分子类泛素化修饰，这些翻译后修饰可改变组蛋白与DNA之间的相互作用，影响调控复合物与染色质结合的能力及染色质重塑，进而影响着细胞的多种功能。 ⒈甲基化 组蛋白甲基化是由组蛋白甲基化转移酶（histonemethyltransferase，HMT）完成的。甲基化可发生在组蛋白的赖氨酸和精氨酸残基上，而且赖氨酸残基能够发生单、双、三甲基化，而精氨酸残基能够单、双甲基化，这些不同程度的甲基化极大地增加了组蛋白修饰和调节基因表达的复杂性。甲基化的作用位点在赖氨酸（Lys）、精氨酸（Arg）的侧链N原子上。组蛋白H3的第4、9、27和36位，H4的第20位Lys，H3的第2、l7、26位及H4的第3位Arg都是甲基化的常见位点。研究表明·，组蛋白精氨酸甲基化是一种相对动态的标记，精氨酸甲基化与基因激活相关，而H3和H4精氨酸的甲基化丢失与基因沉默相关。相反，赖氨酸甲基化似乎是基因表达调控中一种较为稳定的标记。例如，H3第4位的赖氨酸残基甲基化与基因激活相关，而第9位和第27位赖氨酸甲基化与基因沉默相关。此外，H4—K20的甲基化与基因沉默相关，H3—K36和H3—K79的甲基化与基因激活有关。但应当注意的是，甲基化个数与基因沉默和激活的程度相关。 ⒉乙酰化 组蛋白乙酰化主要发生在H3、H4的N端比较保守的赖氨酸位置上，是由组蛋白乙酰转移酶和组蛋白去乙酰化酶协调进行。组蛋白乙酰化呈多样性，核小体上有多个位点可提供乙酰化位点，但特定基因部位的组蛋白乙酰化和去乙酰化是以一种非随机的、位置特异的方式进行。乙酰化可能通过对组蛋白电荷以及相互作用蛋白的影响，来调节基因转录。早期对染色质及其特征性组分进行归类划分时就有人总结指出：异染色质结构域组蛋白呈低乙酰化，常染色质结构域组蛋白呈高乙酰化。最近有研究发现，某些HAT复合物含有一些常见的转录因子，某些HDAC复合物含有已被证实的阻遏蛋白。这些发现支持了高乙酰化与激活基因表达、低乙酰化与抑制基因表达有关的看法。 3.磷酸化 组蛋白H3在有丝分裂过程中，两个丝氨酸残基Ser10和Ser28发生了磷酸化作用。Ser10磷酸化组蛋白H3首先出现在G2晚期的核周缘，Ser28磷酸化组蛋白H3紧随其后出现，两个位点的磷酸化在中期到达高峰，并扩展到染色体的所有部分。当细胞有丝分裂进入后期和末期，组蛋白H3Ser28的磷酸化逐渐消退，而组蛋白H3Ser10磷酸化的荧光信号也逐渐从染色体上消失，此时在纺锤体中央部位出现Ser10磷酸化H3.研究结果表明，组蛋白H3Ser10和Ser28的磷酸化与细胞有丝分裂染色体的凝集和解凝集过程有着时间和空间上的相关性。Ser10和Ser28这两个位点发生磷酸化作用，可使组蛋白H3氨基末端的正电荷数降低，改变了组蛋白一DNA间的相互作用，这可能是导致染色质变构凝集的原因之一。根据激光共聚
2019下金马村小四年级语文上册导学计划 小学四年级要完成由中年级向高年级的过渡。通过学习，要能达到课程标准规定的中年段的教学目标，为高年级的语文学习打下良好的基础。这个基础除了扎实的语言文字的基础外，还包括良好的学习习惯和学习兴趣。特别是学生在低年级，中年级养成的学习习惯，不管好与坏，到了高年级是不大容易改变的。所以说，四年级是很关键的一个学年。 一、学生情况分析 根据我的观察，了解到本班学生思维相当活跃，个性张扬，但学习积极性不高，主动性不强。每次考试成绩都不够理想，反映出孩子们基础知识的不牢固，学习习惯不够好，心浮气躁。看来，教学的着眼点不应仅仅停留在语文教学上，更不能仅仅看孩子们的成绩，而应该从他们的做人和做事抓起，以促进他们的全面发展。 二、教材分析： 本册教材共分八个单元，以专题形式组织内容:导语，课文和语文百花园三个部分姐。每单元开头的导语点明本组的专题，并揭示学习要求，每单元有四篇课文和一个“语文百花园”组成。课文均围绕专题编选，分为精读课文和略读课文两类（全册共有课文32篇，其中精读课文23篇，略读课文9篇）。其中精读课文后有识字写字表，课后练习题，词语花篮。在部分课文后面，安排有“学习链接”，以帮助学生了解相关资料或丰富学生的阅读。每个语文百花园由4－5个栏目组成（语海畅游，积少成多，阅读平台，能说会道，笔下生辉等）。为学生交流展示综合性学习的成果提供舞台。 本册教材设计了8个专题。它他依次是：多彩的童年、神奇的自然景观、成长的足迹、人与自然、意志品质、科学精神、爱国精神、中外文化。每个专题内容贴近儿童生活，体现时代特点，蕴涵着丰富的教育价值，可使学生在语文学习过程中，培养热爱祖国，热爱家乡，热爱生活的思想感情；受到高尚情操与爱美情趣的熏陶，发展个性，丰富自己的精神世界；可激发学生追求理想，崇尚科学，为实现理想而努力。
1、绿叶的梦 教学目标： 1引导学生抓住课文的重点部分，逐步读懂课文内容，体会作者的思想感情。 2有感情朗读课文，背诵课文第五自然段。 3按认读和读写的不同要求，学习本课生字新词，掌握“苇叶、搜集、汇拢”等词语。 4通过本课学习和相关的语文实践活动，激发学生热爱自然的情感，激发学生创造美好童年生活的兴趣。 教学重点：抓住课文的重点部分，逐步读懂课文内容，体会作者的思想感情。 教学难点：边读边想象作者描写的搜集树叶的情景，体会作者当时的快乐心情。 教学准备：相关的课件资料。 教学时间：3课时 第一课时 教学过程： 一、明确单元学习任务： 1、导入：今天我们开始新年段、新学期、新单元的学习，同学们做好准备了吗？让我们一起去遨游语文天地吧！ 2、浏览“单元导读”： 这个单元给我们讲述的是作者们的童年故事，他们的童年是怎样的？和我们的童年生活有什么不同吗？ 在新的学期里，我们又将开始怎样的语文学习？注意提高什么能力？ 浏览“单元导读”，找出问题的答案。 3、交流体会： ①汇报“读懂了什么”。 ②说说自己想怎样学习这个单元；或说说自己学习中存在的难题。 二、进入第一课《绿叶的梦》的学习： 1、导入：下面我们开始学习《绿叶的梦》这一课。 2、释题激趣：看到这个题目，你有哪些思考？（从“绿叶”、“梦”、“绿叶的梦”三个角度谈均可） 3、范读课文，初步感受： ⑴边听边思考：作者通过哪些事来反映自己的童年生活的？给你留下怎样的印象？ ⑵听读思考，交流感受： ⑶小结：作者就是抓住与绿叶有关的几件事，向我们讲述了她快乐的童年生活，让我们不禁产生羡慕之心。
4、学习本课生字词： 5、按要求自读课文：默读课文，标出自然段号，看看哪几个自然段是讲同一个意思的。 6、教师小结。 7、布置作业： 积累词句，自读课文。 第二课时 教学过程： 一、引入： 1、板书课题，齐读； 2、回忆、梳理学生质疑，确定重点问题： 同学们在上节课的学习中，提出了一些问题，还记得吗？（指名说） 哪些问题在课余学习中已经解决？还有哪些没解决？ 3、导入：同学们通过自主学习，尝试解决了一些问题，有些还未解决。这节课，我们就进一步学习课文，一起解决剩下的问题。 二、默读全文，思考问题： 1、出示默读要求： ⑴默读课文，思考：作者童年有什么美好的回忆？ ⑵你对那部分最感兴趣，反复阅读。 2、学生自读课文。 三、深入学习课文： 1、回答问题，梳理内容： 作者童年有什么美好的回忆？（简练概括出意义段或自然段的段意） 2、学习第一自然段。 ⑴指名读第一自然段。 ⑵演示图片，提出质疑： ①出示图片——课文中提到的那些儿时的玩具。 ②指名读第一自然段前几句，齐读最后一句话。 ③启发：大自然提供我们许多的玩具，带给我们无穷的乐趣，但是作者为什么“最着迷”于绿叶呢？ 3、浏览课文，从文中找到问题的答案。 ⑴浏览课文，交流自己的意见。, ⑵处理“泡泡框”，理清与其它各段的关系。
蛋白翻译后修饰（齐以涛老师） 上课老师没说重点 1.蛋白的概念：由许多氨基酸通过肽键相连形成的高分子含氮化合 物。 2.蛋白后修饰概念和意义（PPT4-5） 3.蛋白后修饰种类 1. 切除加工 2. 糖基化 3. 羟基化 4. 甲基化 5. 磷酸化 6. 乙酰化 7. 泛素化 8. 类泛素化 9. … 200. … 磷酸化修饰 1.概念： 磷酸化是通过蛋白质磷酸化激酶将ATP的磷酸基转移到蛋 白的特定位点上的过程。大部分细胞过程实际上是被可逆 的蛋白磷酸化所调控的，至少有30%的蛋白被磷酸化修饰
2.作用位点： 丝氨酸、苏氨酸和酪氨酸是主要的磷酸化氨基酸，大多数 磷酸化蛋白质都有多个磷酸化位点，并且其磷酸化位点是 可变的。 3.实例(MAPK途径)： 分裂原活化的蛋白激酶（MAPK）、分裂原活化的蛋白激酶的激酶（MAPKK）、分裂原活化的蛋白激酶的激酶之激酶（MAPKKK）。 在真核细胞中，这3种类型的激酶构成一个MAPK级联系统（MAPK cascade），通过MAPKKK-MAPKK-MAPK逐级磷酸化，将外来信号级联放大并传递下去。 具体过程如下： ?MAPKKK位于级联系统的最上游，能够通过胁迫信号感受器或者信号分子的受体，或者其本身就直接感受胞外信号刺激而发生磷酸化?MAPKKK磷酸化后变为活化状态，可以使MAPKK磷酸化?MAPKK始终存在于细胞质中，MAPKK磷酸化以后通过双重磷酸化作用将MAPK激活
?MAPK被磷酸化后有3种可能的去向： （1）停留在细胞质中，激活一系列其它的蛋白激酶 （2）在细胞质中使细胞骨架成分磷酸化 （3）进入细胞核，通过磷酸化转录因子，调控基因的表达 4.功能和意义: 一：调节酶蛋白及生理代谢 ①糖分解代谢中糖原磷酸化酶活性的调节，被磷酸化的酶具有活 性，去磷酸化的酶无活性 ②磷酸化或去磷酸化使胞内已存在酶的活性被激活或失活，调节 胞内活性酶的含量 二:调节转录因子活性 转录因子通常包含DNA结合结构域和转录激活结构域.转录因子在转录激活结构域或调控结构域发生磷酸化，直接影响其转录活性. c-Jun转录激活结构域的两个丝氨酸残基磷酸化，正调控c-Jun的转录活性. 三：调节转录因子核转位 ?TGF-b与其I型、II型受体结合，结合后的TGF-b I型受体识别R-Smad包括Smad2和Smad3，作用于C末端的丝氨酸使其磷酸化而被激活，激活后的R-Smad与Smad4结合转入细胞核内，发挥转录调节活性 ?NF-kB与其抑制因子IkB形成复合体时存在于胞质。当IkB磷酸化、
语文S版四年级上册《语文百花园四》 教案 [日期：2010-7-27 11:48:50] 来源：本站原创作者：佚名[字体：大中小] 关键字： 【内容简析】 语文百花园四共安排了五项语文活动，有“语海畅游”（巧记成语、读句子想象画面），“积少成多”（读读背背古诗、采集小知识），“阅读平台”（阅读短文《大理的“风、花、雪、月”》），“能说会道”和“笔下生辉”。通过这些训练，引导学生积累语言，巩固单元训练专题，提高说写能力。 【设计理念】 营造自主、合作、探究的学习氛围，充分调动学生主动参与学习活动的兴趣，让学生在愉快的学习活动中发现知识，掌握知识，积累语言，提高语文能力。 【教学目标】 1.通过巧记成语训练，了解汉语词汇的丰富性，掌握一些记忆成语的方法，激发积累成语的兴趣。 2.通过词句训练，体会如何使句子意思表达得更具体、形象、准确。 3.读背古诗，体会诗意，激发学习古诗词的兴趣。 4.阅读短文，感受大理独特的自然风光，巩固单元训练专题。 5.通过辩论会和习作训练，培养学生搜集信息资料、快速反馈信息的能力，提高说话和写作技巧。 【重点难点】 重点：通过调查了解，搜集信息资料，打好说写训练的基础。 难点：激发学生自主参与辩论会的积极性。 【教具准备】 1.有关大理风光的课件或图片。 2.准备“正方”“反方”的标志牌。 【教学时间】 三课时。 【教学流程】 第一课时
一、谈话导入，激发兴趣 今天，我们又到了游玩“语文百花园”的时间。我们将进入一个新的“语文百花园”，去畅游知识的海洋，游览我国著名的旅游胜地——大理，还要通过小小辩论会和笔下生辉活动，增长自己的才干。让我们一起走进“语文百花园四”。 二、学习“语海畅游” 1.巧记成语。 ①自由读题中八个成语，你发现了什么？ ②再读这些成语，想想每个成语的意思，不懂的可借助成语词典或请教同学。 ③你是怎样记住这些“风”字打头的成语的？想好了，和同学们交流，比比谁的办法巧。 ④采用你认为最巧妙的方法记住这些成语，比比谁记得又快又好。 2.读句子，注意带点的词语，想象句子描绘的画面。 ①自由读，把句子读通顺，读准确。 ②说说这两个句子分别主要写什么。 ③再读句子，体会带点的词语在句中的意思和作用，互相交流。 ④听教师朗读句子，闭眼想象句子描绘的画面，再向大家介绍你“看”到了什么。 三、学习“积少成多” 1.读读背背。 ①学生自由读古诗《乐游原（节选）》，熟读成诵。 ②合作交流，了解诗意。 ③互读互背。 2.我的采集本（可配合《台湾蝴蝶甲天下》学习）。 四、学习“阅读平台” 1.展示有关大理风光的课件（图片），激发阅读兴趣。 2.让学生借助工具书，把短文读通顺，并初步了解文章内容。 3.四人小组交流，说说自己读懂了什么。 4.教师引导点拨。 ①文章从哪几个方面介绍了云南大理的独特风光？ ②文中介绍的这几个地方各有什么特点？ 5.把你喜欢的句子抄在采集本上。 五、课后延伸内容来自斐斐课件园 https://www.doczj.com/doc/d19363026.html,
Le Fran?ais 1.直陈式现在时： 第一组动词（-er）：-e, -es, -e, ons, -ez, -ent 第二组动词（-ir）：-s, -s, -t, -ssons, -ssez, -ssent 第三组动词（不规则） 2.最近将来时：aller+不定式 3. 最近过去时：刚完成的动作。venir+不定式 je vais, nous allons je viens nous venons tu vas, vous allez tu viens vous venez il va, ils vont il vient ils viennent 4. 直陈式复合过去时：表示过去已经完成 5. 愈/超复合过去时：表示该动作 的动作，其中一些与现在有某种关联。先于另外一个复合过去时动作。 助动词avoir/ être+过去分词avoir/ être的复合过去时+过去分词je suis nous sommes j’ai nous avons j’ai eu/été nous avons eu/été tu es vous êtes tu as vous avez tu as eu/étévous avez eu/étéil est ils sont il a ils ont il a eu/étéils ont eu/été 6.直陈式未完成过去时：表示动作的延续 7. 直陈式愈过去时：表示在另一过(时间起止不明）同时性、习惯性和反复性，去动作之前已经完成的动作。（可或用于描写。主从句配合：未+复，或者与复合、简单、未完成配和使用）未+未。(词形变化相当规整）avoir/ être的未完成时+过去分词动词用第一人称复数直陈式现在时去掉词尾avais avions étais étions 尾-ons,另加以下词尾：avais aviez étais étiez -ais,-ais,-ait,-ions,-iez,-aient avait avaient était étaient 8.简单过去时：表示过去某一特定时间发9. 先过去时：表示在另一简单生的孤立事件或者变化。过去动作发生之前的动作。 第一组：-ai, -as, -a, ames, -ates, -èrent avoir/ être的简单过去时+过去分词第二组：-is, -is, -it, -?mes, -?tes, -irent je eus nous e?mes je fus nous f?mes 第三组：-us, -us, -ut, -?mes, -?tes, -urent tu eus vous e?tes tu fus vous f?tes 例外：tenir, venir------je tins/vins il eut ils eurent il fut ils furent 10. 简单将来时：不定式+词尾11. 先将来时：表示另一将来动作之（-ai, -as, -a, -ons, -ez, -ont）前完成的动作，常常伴有dès que, 词根多有变化lorsque, quand等。 avoir--j’aurai, être--je serai, aller--j’irai, avoir/ être的简单将来时fair--je ferai, venir--je viendrai, +过去分词 voir--je verrai, devoir--je devrai, aurai, aurons serai, serons savoir—je saurai, pouvoir—je pourrai, auras, aurez seras, serez falloir—il faudra, pleuvoir—il pleuvra aura, auront sera, seront 12.过去将来时：从过去的角度看将发生的事。用于补语从句，主句用过去时态(复合过去时、未过去时或愈过去时)。 简单将来时的词根+词尾（-ais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient）（无一例外）
四年级语文(S版)上册基础知识整理(*号就是*课） 第一单元 一、掌握词语 1.汇拢土岗戒指乐章酸枣树刺伤陈列解毒记忆 2.蜘蛛窄叶喇叭远航浩浩荡荡 ３．围拢长江漂亮图案荣耀稀罕 二、近义词 1.感激—感谢汇拢—聚拢发现—探索陈列—陈设 新奇—新鲜着迷—入迷广阔—辽阔（宽阔) 2.故乡—家乡特别—特殊直立—竖立寻找—寻觅 ３．永远—永久曾经—已经显示—表现生命—性命 结束—终止光洁—光亮折磨—虐待稀罕—稀奇 体面—光彩立刻—立即光耀—光荣普通—一般 4.紧张—慌张憧憬—向往真切—确实欢腾—欢跃 严肃—严厉灿烂—辉煌心愿—愿望清凉—凉爽 三、反义词 1.感激——责怪汇拢——分散广阔——狭窄 愉快——悲伤发现——埋没 ２.直立—横卧寻找—舍弃晴朗—阴沉特别—一般 3.永远—暂时曾经—不曾坚硬—柔软折磨—安慰 破烂—崭新完整—残缺可怜—可恨漂亮—丑陋普通—特殊4.紧张—轻松严肃—活泼真切—模糊生动—死板 灿烂—昏暗沉重—轻快欢腾—沉闷率真—虚伪 四、多音字 1．着薄强磨搂剥 2.便吐卷 3 漂系压涨 4.觉率处 五、四字词语 １.杂草丛生新奇少见一一陈列 2.浩浩荡荡
4．欢腾跳跃采花摘果无拘无束唱唱笑笑 六、词语搭配 1．(可爱)的玩具（一道道)土岗(意外)的发现（一串串)叶片 （漂亮)的叶子 2.（绿色）的风帆(浩浩荡荡）的长江(明朗）的星期天 (轻轻）地一放 ３．(硬硬）的壳（永远)地留在(坚硬）的沙子(默默)地忍受4．（夏天）的太阳（真切)的呼吸(欢快）的笑声(绽开)的笑脸 (沉重)的书包（自由)地成长 七、关联词语运用(＊课） 1.一双小手创造了多少可爱的玩具!（然而)最使我着迷的 还是绿叶。(１） 2.我们常常有意外的发现，（但)也少不了刺伤手脚。（１) ３.这条竖河比一般的小河水面略宽一些，(所以)，我们常常在这里做芦叶船。(2） ４.（因为)我们的手艺不一样,(所以)谁做的都能认出来。(2） ５．(因为)有一粒沙子钻进了它的壳内。(３) 6.他们玩腻了那些贝壳(又)来寻找更漂亮的。（3) 7．(但是），在踢开的地方,发现了一颗闪光的东西，他们拿着去见大人。（3) 八、特殊句型（＊课) 比喻句 1.树叶在风中飘落，像一群群蝴蝶飞向我们。(1) 2.那里河道特别多，横的、竖的,像蜘蛛网一样。(2) 3.那芦苇一根根直立着,像小船上的桅杆。(2) ４．芦芽上长出第一片芦叶，于是，桅杆上就像升起了绿色的风帆。(２) 5.跳进清凉的海水，我们是一群无拘无束的鱼儿。(4) 排比句 1.羽状的山扁豆叶子可当茶,祛痰止咳;细长的垂柳叶子可解酒毒，治皮癣；桑叶清热明目，治手脚麻木;薄荷叶医感冒头疼 (1) 2．这壳上曾经投映过太阳、月亮、星星，还有海上长虹的颜色也曾经显示过浪花、旋涡和潮峰起伏的形状。（３) 反问句
（一）内容主题 一单元 1、《绿叶的梦》一文回忆了童年时代，作者和同学们在启蒙老师的引导下，采集绿叶，制作标本，并讲述这些绿叶的知识和趣闻，表达了作者对童年快乐生活的留恋之情。 2、《芦叶船》写作者在童年时，“我们”做各种各样的芦叶船，放在家乡的小河里，开到长江里。芦叶船不仅丰富了“我们”的课余生活，还给“我们”带来无尽的想象，使我们的童年充满快乐、向往和希望。表现了作者对童年生活的怀念之情。 3、《一只贝》写的是一只普通的贝，因为一粒沙子钻进壳里，它的壳失去了光泽，破烂了，里面却形成了一颗闪光的大珍珠。作者借这个故事告诉我们：凡是像这只贝那样不惜牺牲自己，默默做出奉献的人，都是可敬的人。 可怜：贝经历了痛苦的折磨，最后失去光泽，令人同情。 可敬：因为它虽没有给人留下漂亮的贝壳，却为人奉献出美丽的珍珠，凡是像贝那样不惜牺牲自己默默奉献的人都是可敬的人。 4、《快乐的暑假》是一首儿童诗。描绘的是学生们结束了紧张的学习生活，在丰富的暑假生活中，享受大自然的阳光，感受童年的快乐。表达了孩子们渴望自由成长的美好愿望。用两个词可以形容：自由自在，快乐无比。 二单元 5、《古诗三首》 唐刘禹锡《望洞庭》这首诗选择了月夜遥望的角度，把千里洞庭尽收眼底，把最具代表性的湖光山色轻轻着笔，通过丰富的联想，巧妙的比喻，独具匠心地把洞庭湖美景再现纸上，表达了作者对大自然的热爱和宽广豁达的胸怀。 遥望洞庭山水色，白银盘里一青螺：在皓月银辉之下，洞庭山愈显青翠，洞庭水愈显清澈，山水浑然一体，远远望去，如同一只银白色的盘子里放着一颗小巧玲珑的靑螺，十分惹人喜爱。 唐元稹《菊花》这首诗诗人从菊花在四季之中最晚凋零这一现象，引出一个道理，说明了爱菊的原因，与众不同的角度赞美菊花，表达了诗人独特的爱菊之情。 秋丛绕舍似陶家，遍绕篱边日渐斜：一丛丛的秋菊绕着房屋开放，好像是到了陶渊明的家，专心致志地绕着篱笆观赏，以至太阳偏西了还舍不得离开。 唐张继《枫桥夜泊》写的是一位了旅途中的游子夜间停泊枫桥的所见所闻，通过月落、霜天、江枫、渔火、古寺、客船等所见，加上乌啼、钟声等所闻，勾画了一幅凄清、幽静的秋江夜泊图，表达了诗人愁闷的心情。 “月落乌啼霜满天，江枫渔火对愁眠：月亮落下去的时候，栖息在书上的乌鸦不停地叫着，寒霜弥漫在夜空中，面对江边的枫树和渔船上的灯火，心情愁闷，久久不能入睡。 6 《观潮》一文描写了作者观看钱塘江大潮时的盛况，展现了潮来前、潮来时、潮头过后的景象，
法语动词记忆表 目录 一、语式与时态 二、语体：被动态 三、规则动词（第一、第二组）的变位 四、350个常用不规则动词的变位 五、代动词的意义 六、单宾语、双宾语的动词的用法 七、多宾语动词 八、助动词être、avoir和半助动词 九、独立动词 十、系表动词 十一、无人称动词
图例 1、粗体是强调难点、要点、或容易忽视的地方 2、【斜体方括号】是注释或说明 3、（小括号）是省略 4、删除线是语法中允许，但不常用的 5、蓝字是小标题或举例 6、蓝底黑字是存疑的地方
语式与时态 法语动词有不定式2种，分词2种（同英语），副动词1种，语式4种，时态8种，以及口语用的时态2种，然后每个时态一般有6种人称变化，只要记住几个常用的就可以。 首先，是动词的不定式现在时，以及动词直陈式的现在时、简单将来时、未完成过去时三种常用简单时态； 然后，其实复合时态【如：复合过去】的变位都是把助动词etre和avoir的变位，加上动词的过去分词； 最后，顺便记一下很好记的现在分词。 Aller /ale/（走）8个时态 Inticatif Présent Passé composéImparfait Futur simple Passé simple 直陈式现在时直陈式复合过去时(现在完成时)直陈式未完成过去时（过 去进行时、无明确时间） 直陈式简单将来时直陈式简单过去时 vais vas va allons allez vont Je suis allé(e) Tu es allé(e) Il/Elle est allé(e) Nous sommes allé(e)s Vous êtes allé(e)(s) Ils/Elles sont allé(e)s allais allais allait allions alliez allaient irai iras ira irons irez iront allai allas alla allames allates allèrent Subjonctif Subjonctif Conditionnel Présent Imparfait Présent Participe présent ( 现在分词) 虚拟式现在时虚拟式未完成过去时条件式现在时allant aille ailles aille allions alliez aillent allasse allassalls allat allassions allassiallz allassent irais irais irait irions iriez iraient Participe passé( 过去分词) allé Impératif ( 命令式) vas [ tu ] allons [ nous ] allez [ vous ] 动词的时态与语式简单时态复合时态