名人生平事迹(个人总结)
jazzdrum
1.Roosevelt (罗斯福) 在面对big depression 采取有效的经济措施对比可为Adolf Hitler
他却发动战争
2.托马斯爱迪生(Thomas Edison) 发明电灯泡so that the digital and electronic era
3.Noiman’s idea of computer
4.Nixon’s Watergate scandal ,Bill Clinton sexual scandal 可用于描写政治家
5.Van Gogh 不能被contemporary appreciate and comprehend
6.Churchill 在二战时作出自己的明智的选择不过大多数英国人的反对和苏联,美国联盟
7.Karl Benz produce the automobile
8.Homer(荷马)整理前人的作品可用于类似于issue75
9.Aristotle利用点很多
10.Archimedes (阿基米德) when taking a bath, he found the principle of buoyancy
11.Dante(但丁) 艰苦的环境下为了自己的理想和信念作品Divine comedy
12.Joan of Arc (贞德) French military leader and heroine 为了独立和国家人民
13.Columbus(哥伦布) 利用点那篇目的和中间的发现
14.Da vinci(达芬奇) Mona Lisa 蒙那里莎
15.Copernicus(哥白尼) 利用点很多
16.Socrates(苏格拉的) Greek philosopher the teacher of plato, 最后被迫害, 利用点Thinker
can’t be paid enough attention
17.孔子Confucius 利用点同上
18.Michelangelo(米开朗基罗)
19.Magellan(麦哲伦)
20.Cervantes(塞万提斯) create the works of Quixote(唐吉诃德) 利用点艺术家需要资助,艺
术家被迫害
21.Shakespeare( 莎士比亚) 利用点很多
22.Bacon(培根) knowledge is the power
23.Newton found the law of the classical physics
24.Rousseau卢梭被迫害
25.Gorge Washington 华盛顿领导美国独立战争,并成为第一界总统
26.Watt 改良蒸气机
27.Jefferson the drafter of the declaration of independence 知识渊博, once said the knowledge
is the power, the knowledge is the happiness, the knowledge is the safety
28.Adam Smith(亚当史密斯) advocate the idea of the competition impelling the development
of the society
29.Goethe(歌德) spend nearly sixty years on the works of Faust (浮士德), 利用点,个人兴趣和
执着的目标指导一个人奋勇向前
30.Beethoven(贝多芬) the glorious and outstanding symphonies of the Hero, Fate
31.Hegle (黑格尔) the contradiction drives the society as a whole ahead
32.Robert Owen(欧文) who is the utopian socialist
33.Faraday(法拉第) who discovered the law of the electromagnetic
34.John Brown 开始是理想主意者,后来变成realist,主张用暴力废奴
35.Lincoln (林肯) who led the civil war or the war between the states to emancipate the slave
36.Darwin(达尔文) his great work Origin of species
37.Pasteur(巴斯德) famous and renowned doctor who even taste the law of the virus by himself
38.Einstein(爱因斯坦) who is the founder of the modern physics and the relativism
39.Galileo 都被用烂了,利用点我就不说了
最后写一下自己对用名人事迹的心得, 关键是记住他们的名字和相关背景,其他不用记得太多,到具体写的时候在根据具体情况现遍,屡试不爽.如还有什么不清楚的咱们再交流,
Roosevelt (罗斯福) 在面对big depression 采取有效的经济措施对比可为
Adolf
Hitler 他却发动战争
2. 托马斯爱迪生(Thomas Edison) 发明点灯泡so that the digital and electronic era
3. Noiman's idea of computer
4. Nixon's Watergate scandal ,Bill Clinton sexual scandal 可用于描写政治家
5. Van Gogh 不能被contemporary appreciate and comprehend
6. Churchill 在二战时作出自己的明知的选择不过大多数英国人的反对和苏联,美国联
盟
7. Karl Benz produce the automobile
8. Homer(荷马)整理前人的作品可用于类似于issue75
9. Aristotle利用点很多
10. Archimedes (阿基米德) when taking a bath, he found the principle of buoyancy
11. Dante(但丁) 艰苦的环境下为了自己的理想和信念作品Divine comedy
12. Joan of Arc (贞德) French military leader and heroine 为了独立和国家人民
13. Columbus(哥伦布) 利用点那篇目的和中间的发现
14. Da vinci(达芬奇) Mona Lisa 蒙那里莎
15. Copernicus(哥白尼) 利用点很多
16. Socrates(苏格拉的) Greek philosopher the teacher of plato, 最后被迫害, 利用点Thinker can't be paid enough attention
17. 孔子Confucius 利用点同上
18. Michelangelo(米开朗基罗)
19. Magellan(麦哲伦)
20. Cervantes(塞万提斯) create the works of Quixote(唐吉诃德) 利用点艺术家需要资助,艺术家被迫害
21. Shakespeare( 莎士比亚) 利用点很多
22. Bacon(培根) knowledge is the power
23. Newton found the law of the classical physics
24. Rousseau卢梭被迫害
25. Gorge Washington 华盛顿领导美国独立战争,并成为第一界总统
26. Watt 改良蒸气机
27. Jefferson the drafter of the declaration of independence 知识渊博, once said the knowledge is the power, the knowledge is the happiness, the knowled ge is the safety
28. Adam Smith(亚当史密斯) advocate the idea of the competition impelling t he development of the society
29. Goethe(歌德) spend nearly sixty years on the works of Faust (浮士德), 利
用点,个人兴趣和执着的目标指导一个人奋勇向前
30. Beethoven(贝多芬) the glorious and outstanding symphonies of the Hero, F 收藏分享评分
issue6"The most effective way to understand contemporary culture is to analyze the trends of its youth年轻人."
这个很有道理, 不过我刚看一眼把its youth 理解成国家的“年轻时”，就是想要了解现在的国家可以去去分析它的过去晕了
I agree,这个倒是符合梁启超的少年中国说
1young people represent the new culture and new era, they are liable to accept new technologies and culture.
like more young people are familiar with computer,mp4,they celebrate foreign festivals and make it popular...
2 on average, they they are more creative that the old generation, they can make a unique culture of their own.
3.but they are capricious
issue13"Many of the world's lesser-known languages are being lost as fewer and fewer people speak them. The governments of countries in which these languages are spoken should act to prevent such languages from becoming extinct."
萨该就是说小语种应该受到保护，以为语言是文化的体现所以也归为一类
这个我不同意，不知道从哪里听到故事说不同的语言是上帝对人类的忌讳，怕人们在统一交流的情况下，进步得太快
1，the most important effect of language is communication and record, that's the reason why it exists.
2.if without this meaning, many languages are unnecessary to devote financial and people to keep it...waste
issrue81 "Patriotic reverence for the history of a nation often does more to impede than to encourage progress."
对国家历史的带有爱国主义色彩的崇敬往往对国家发展起阻碍作用，而不是推动作用
这个问题很麻烦，我不同意这个观点
以日本来说就是最好的例子
1，patriotic reverence for the history is like the cohesion of a big family, which make every member work hard for its better future.
2.what a pity if there is not any respect of patriot in their nation, the nation may break up easily.
3.Patriotic reverence for the history also should be guided in right direction, and educated in a proper way, or else it will mislead the nation. bad results like terrorism and militarism.
issue10 "Governments must ensure that their major cities receive the financial support they need in order to thrive, because it is primarily in cities that a nation's cultural traditions are preserved and generated." [05/27; 06/1]
政府必须要确保主要城市发展所需的财政支持，因为一个国家的文化传统主要是在城市中得以保存和发展。
disagree
the big cities have already developed better, with prosperous economy and life standard, than small towns and countryside.
though the major cities keep the more ancient palaces and building, but the people in bid cities who have a faster living rhythms and pay few attention to the old culture and custom. in china, the village save more traditional culture and festivals.
63 "To truly understand your own culture -- no matter how you define it -- requires personal knowledge of at least one other culture, one that is distinctly different from your own."
意思也就是说，要更好的了解自身文化应该了解一些完全不同的外来文化。
I basically agree
1.only one culture always make people just stay inside ,and take for granted any the parts they know as the defination of culture.
2.in the era of globlization, it is possible cultures will cross the boundary of each other.we need to adapt the difference of other cultures,
https://www.doczj.com/doc/d67973912.html,pare between the different aspects make one truely understand one's own culture
111"The worldwide distribution of television programs and advertisements is seriously diminishing the differences among cultures."
I basically agree
1. nowadays tv programs is a connection among different areas, nations and cultures. you can watch it very conveniently and simultaneously.
2.it represents almost the real world with recording the cultures, views or different life styles
3.though it still has limited after people changed for some certain reasons such commercial attention ,art or just for image manipulation
207"Rituals and ceremonies help define a culture. Without them, societies or groups of people have a diminished sense of who they are."
agree
这个很好说，先说为什么要守，好处
再说为什么不能不守，坏处
平衡一下
26"Most people would agree that buildings represent a valuable record of any society's past, but controversy arises when old buildings stand on ground that modern planners feel could be better used for modern purposes. In such situations, modern development should be given precedence over the preservation of historic buildings so that contemporary needs can be served.
很多人认为建筑代表了一个社会过去的历史价值，但是当现代城市的规划者想要利用老建筑占用的地盘做新的规划时，就会引起很多争辩。在这样的情况下，现代的发展应该优先被考虑，以使当代的需要得到满足。
can you imagine london without the big ben, paris without
the triumphal arch?
1.some historic buildings are not just the architecture represent the ancient structure and history, and also becomes the symbol of the country and nation.
2.they are art and bequest from our predecessor.
issue48 the study of history places too much emphasis on individuals. The most significant events and trends in history were made possible not by the famous few, but by groups of people whose identities have long been
政治课本上说过的，历史是人民大众所创造
感慨一定很多
1. In science history，maybe some theories were created by several individuals. but the went though generations to fix them, as EINSTeIN said，i 'm just lucky to stand on the shoulders of two giants.非原文
2. In social history, The leaders have to obey people's wills.
issue 54 "History teaches us only one thing: knowing about the past cannot help people to make important decisions today.
以古鉴今，
我们从前人的错误或者是成就上来建设更好的今天，
History is useful for society
History is useful for sciences
History is useful for individual person.
Admittedly, there are new occasions we have to cope with our own without any precedents in history to refer to. In this situation we should use our Imagination, creation to deal with them. Then what we do becomes a part of history and we contribute our humble effort to the development of human beings.
103 "The study of history has value only to the extent that it is relevant to our daily lives."
研究历史的价值只体现在这种研究和我们的日常生活相关时。
110 "When we concern ourselves with the study of history, we become storytellers. Because we can never know the past directly but must construct it by interpreting evidence, exploring history is more of a creative enterprise than it is an objective pursuit. All historians are storytellers."
当我们研究历史时，我们变成了讲故事的人。因为我们无从直接知道过去发生的事情，必须通过一些证据来构建，所以历史研究是一个有创造成分的领域，而并非一个客观的学科。所有的历史学家都是讲故事的人。
120 "So much is new and complex today that looking back for an understanding of the past provides little guidance for living in the present."
现代生活是崭新、复杂的，认知过去对现在没有指导价值。
125 "The past is no predictor of the future."
过去并不能预示将来。这个和前面的54可以看成是一个
189 "If people disregard the great works of the past, it is because these works no longer answer the needs of the present."
如果人们忽视了过去的伟大成就，那是因为这些成就已不能再回应目前的需要。
226 "People are mistaken when they assume that the problems they confront are more complex and challenging than the problems faced by their predecessors. This illusion is eventually dispelled with increased knowledge and experience."
人们总是错误地认为自己面临的问题要比前人来得更复杂和更具有挑战性。不断增加的知识和经验最终消除这种假象。(现在和过去)
221 "The chief benefit of the study of history is to break down the illusion that people in one period of time are significantly different from people who lived at any other time in history."
研究历史最明显的好处就是消除了这样的错觉，某个时代的人们与历史上另一个时代的人们有重大的差别
1.it appears that during different times people often were different.However, history tell us the conclusion is wrong.
2.history has many other functions, thus it's hard to judge which is more important.
such as conseving the culture, seek the origin of the society and culture, finding examples, teach a lesson, summarize the law,
历史类的题似乎考得很多，背几个自己熟悉例子几乎就可以通用
比如下面是摘得，比较著名的可以灵活利用
compound v.混和 adj.复合的
（类）soldier?army=element?compound 士兵?军队=元素?混合物（前者组成后者）
（反）compound ◆ separate 混和◆ 分开
compound ◆ elemental复合的◆ 基础的
compress vt. 压缩（to reduce in size or volume as if by squeezing）（类）constrict?diameter＝compress?size 收缩?直径 = 压缩 ?尺寸（减少关系）
（反）increase in volume 数量增加 distention 膨胀
compromise n. 妥协，折衷（to come to agreement by mutual concession）（类）mediation?compromise=prosecution?conviction 调停?折衷=起诉?定罪（目的关系）
implacable?compromise=honest?swindle 不缓和的?妥协=诚实的?诈骗（反）intransigent ◆ open to compromise 顽固的◆ 乐于妥协polemical ◆ compromising好争论的◆ 妥协的
temporize ◆ unwilling to compromise见风使舵◆ 不愿意妥协
（记）com（互相）＋promise（承诺）→互相承诺→妥协
compulsive adj. 强迫症的，被强迫的，压抑不住的
compulsory adj. 必需做的, 必修的, 被强迫的
compunction n. 后悔（anxiety arising from awareness of guilt）（反）compunction ◆ absence of misgiving后悔◆ 没有疑虑
（记）com+punc（刺）→不断被刺痛→后悔
concatenate v. 连结（to link together in a series or chain；articulate）（反）concatenate ◆ separate连结◆ 分开
concave adj. 凹的（hollowed or rounded inward like the inside of a bowl）v. 凹陷
（记）cave n. 洞穴
SCOOP: CONCAVE 勺:凹的
tongs: hollow
spatula: flat
beater: tined
cleaver: indented
skewer: rounded
钳子:空的
抹刀:平的
搅拌器:尖齿状的
切肉刀:锯齿状的
串肉杆:圆的
答案：(B)
conceal v. 隐藏（to prevent disclosure or recognition of）
（反）unearth ◆ conceal 挖出◆隐藏
（同）hide，bury, cache, cover
concede v. 承认（to grant as a right or privilege），让步
（反）concede ◆ refuse to grant 承认◆ 拒绝承认
conces sion ◆ aggress让步◆ 侵犯
（同）admit, acknowledge, avow, confess, grant
concentrate v. 集中（focus），浓缩（to make less dilute）
（反）concentrate ◆ dilute solution浓缩◆ 稀释溶液
deploy ◆ concentrate展开◆ 集中
（记）con（共同）＋centra（中心）→一起到中心来→集中
concession n.让步
conciliate v. 安抚，调和（to overcome the distrust or animosity of; appease）
（类）sop?conciliatory=subsidy?supportive 安抚物?安抚的=补助金?支援性的
（反）conciliate安抚◆ vex 使恼怒 nettle 激怒 rile 激怒discontent ◆ conciliate不满◆ 调和
contentious ◆ conciliatory好争吵的◆ 调和的
bell igerent ◆ conciliatory好战的◆ 调和的
（同）appease, assuage, mollify, placate, propitiate
concor n．一致，和睦（a state of agreement；harmony）
（类）inconsonant?concord=scatter?overlap 不一致的?一致=分散?重叠（反义）
（反）dissension纠纷 dissonance不一致 schism分裂 enmity敌
意 rancor怨恨
（记）con＋cord（绑在一起）→一致
concur vi. 意见相同,一致（to act together to a common end or single effect）
（反）naysay 反对 dissent 不同意
（同）coincide, concert, concur, harmonize
condign adj. 应得的，恰当的（deserved, appropriate）
（反）condign ◆ undeserved/unmerited 应得的◆ 不应得的/ 不配的（同）just, appropriate, deserved, merited, requisite
（记）con（加强）+dign（= dignity尊严，高贵）→做事情非常有尊严的→恰当的
condole vi. 表达同情或悲伤（to express sympathetic sorrow）
（类）condolence?sympathy/compassion=gibe?derision 表示同情?同情=嘲笑?嘲笑
（记）con（一样）＋dole（悲哀）→一样悲哀→表达同情参考：doleful / dolesome 悲哀的
区别：condole 不及物：表达慰问之情 I condoled with him in his loss. 我对他的损失表示同情
console 及物：安慰，慰问某人console a friend in grief 安慰一个正处悲伤的朋友
condone vt. 宽恕（to pardon or overlook voluntarily）
（类）bristle?anger=vacillate?unresolution 发怒?愤怒=忧郁不定?不坚决（动名同义）
干扰：（condone?mercy）（condemn?warning）
（反）denounce 谴责exact 强求
（同）excuse, pardon, forgive
conducive adj. 有益的，有促进的（tending to promote or assist）（类）conducive?foment=tonic?invigorate 促进的?促进=激励的?鼓舞（形动同义）
【注】foment ：to promote the growth of; incite. 促进…的发展；激励
confident adj. 有信心的，自信的（self-reliant）
（类）confident?timid=open?shy 有信心的?胆小的=外向的?害羞的（反义）
confidence?arrogant=inquiry?interrogatory 自信?傲慢的=询问?质问的（褒贬）
（记）con（加强）＋fide（相信）→完全相信→有信心
参考：perfidious背信弃义的；confidentiality n. 秘密，机密；信任
confine vt. 禁闭（something that restrains）
（类）loose?confinement=disabuse?misconception 解放解除禁闭=使省悟消除错误观念
（记）con＋fine（限制）→禁闭 finite有限的
（同）limit, ircumscribe,delimitate, prelimit, restrict confiscate
confluence n.汇合（a coming or flowing together, meeting, or gathering at one point）
（类）confluence?streams＝junction?roads 汇合?溪流＝交叉?道路（事物及其相关对象）
（反）confluence ◆ divergence汇合◆ 分歧
（记）con（共同）＋flu（流）→流到一起→汇合
（同）concourse, concursion, gathering, junction
confront vt. 使面对，对抗（to face especially in challenge；oppose）（类）craven?confront=honest?deceive 怯懦的?对抗=诚实的?欺骗（反面特征）
（反）circumvent ◆ confront包围◆ 正面对抗
（记）con＋front（面对）→对抗
（同）affront, encounter, face, meet
confound v. 混淆（to fail to discern differences between）
（反）confound ◆ discriminate between 混淆◆ 区分
（例）confound fiction and fact. 把事实与假设混为一谈
congenial adj. 温和的（sociable,genial）
（反）dour ◆ congenial/genial严厉的◆ 温和的
congruent adj.和谐一致的，全等的（being in agreement, harmony, or correspondence）
（类）congruent?dimension=coeval?age 全等的?尺寸=同时代的?时代（前者修饰后者）
incongruent?conform=recalcitrant?obey 不协调的难以使一致=反抗的难以服从
clandestine?secrecy=harmony?congruity 秘密的?秘密=一致的?一致（同义）
（反）variance ◆ congruity 不一致◆ 一致
congruent ◆ disagreeable和谐一致的◆ 不合意的
（同）harmonious , corresponding
conjecture n./ v.推测，猜测（inference from defective or presumptive evidence）
（反）conjecture ◆ restrain from the speculation推测◆ 不准猜测conjecture ◆ fact猜测◆ 事实
（记）con＋ject（推，抛）→全部推测参考：project设计，方案，作业；发射
（同）guess, presume, pretend, suppose, surmise, think
connive vi. 暗中合作, 密谋（to cooperate secretly or have a secret understanding）
（类）connive?cooperate=pry?watch 暗中合作?合作=窥探?注视（秘密与正常）
uncouth?churl=conspiratorial?conniver 粗俗的?粗野的人=阴谋的?阴谋家（正面特征）
（同）plot, cogitate, collude, conspire, machinate,
connoisseur n. 鉴赏家（expert who is competent to act as a critical judge）
（类）connoisseur?art=gourmet?cuisine
鉴识家?艺术=美食家?烹饪（人及其鉴赏对象）
selflessness?altruist=expertise?connoisseur
无私?利他主义者=专门技术?鉴赏家（正面特征）
【注】expertise ：skill or knowledge in a particular area
（同）aesthete, cognoscente, dilettante
conquest n. 征服（the act or process of conquering）
（类）inexorable?dissuasion=indomitable?conquest 不为所动的无法劝阻=不屈服的无法征服
【注】inexorable ：not capable of being persuaded by entreaty
conscientious adj. 本着良心的；负责的，谨慎的（thorough and assiduous）（反）conscientious ◆ care less 负责的◆ 粗心的
conscientious ◆ remiss负责的◆ 疏忽的
（同）honorable, just, right, scrupulous, true
（例）a conscientious decision to speak out about injustice. 本着良心决定说出不义之事
conscript n. 被强迫征招入伍的士兵 vt. 征募
consensus n. 一致，团结（group solidarity in sentiment and belief）（类）（干扰：lesson?falsehood 教训?谎言）
consensus?factionalism=clarity?confusion 团结?党派之争=清晰?混乱（反义）
expedition?foot dragging=consensus?factionalism 迅速?缓慢=团结?党派之争（反义）
schism?consensus=interruption?continuity 分裂的没有一致意见=中断的不具有连续性
（记）con＋sens（感觉）→感觉一样→一致
consequence n. 结果，结局；重要性，价值（moment）
（类）dilettante?commitment=nonentity?consequence
业余爱好者?致力=无足轻重者?重要性（缺乏）
conservative adj. 保守的 n.保守的人（tradiyional）
（类）contumacious?authority=reactionary?change 顽固的?权威=反动的?变化（事物反面特征）
bigoted?advice=conservative?change 固执己见的：忠告=保守的：变化（前者拒绝后者） hidebound?conservative=manic?excited 死板的?保守的=疯狂的?激动的（程度）
【注】peeved?annoyed 是干扰选项，这两个词是同义不是程度关系
（反）conserve ◆ exhaust保存（能量）◆ 耗尽
（同）orthodox, reactionary, tory, traditionalistic
conservatory n．温室，音乐学院（a school specializing in one of the fine arts）
（类）conservatory?music=seminary?theology=observatory?astronomy
音乐学院?音乐=神学院?神学=天文台?天文学（场所及其研究学科）
conserve vt. 保存,保全（to keep in a safe or sound state）
（反）conserve ◆ waste/squander/exhaust保存◆ 浪费/ 挥霍/ 耗尽（同）preserve , save ,maintain
considerable adj. 值得考虑的，重要的（worth consideration；significant）
（类）restive?calmness=piddling?considerable 不安静的?平静=琐屑的?重要的（反义）
（反）consider ◆ table考虑◆ 搁置
（同）important,consequential,material,momentous
（记）区别：considerate考虑周到的记法：considerable有able→有能力的当然是重要的
consign v. 委托，托管（to give over to the care of another; entrust）（例）to consign money in a bank在银行存款 to consign goods by rail 由铁路托运货物
console vt. 安慰,藉慰（to alleviate the grief, sense of loss, or trouble of）
（类）embarrass?shame=console?comfort 使困窘?使羞愧=藉慰?安慰（同义）disturb?serenity = console?grief扰乱?平静=安慰?悲伤（消除关系）alleviate?intensity=console?grief 减轻强度=安抚悲痛
（反）console ◆ aggravate grief 安慰◆ 加重伤心
（同）comfort, solace, upraise
consolidate vt. 使联合，统一，巩固（to join together into one whole;unite）
（反）consolidation ◆ fragmentation统一◆ 分裂
consolidate ◆ dissolve使联合◆ 解散
（记）con＋solid（结实）→统一，巩固
（同）compact, concentrate, integrate
consonance n. 一致,调和（harmony or agreement among components）（类）inconsonant?concord=scatter?overlap 不协调的?一致=分散的?重叠（反义）
（反）consonant ◆ dissonant调和◆ 不协调
consonant ◆ discrepant一致◆ 不一致的
inconsonant ◆ in agreement 不一致◆ 一致
（同）harmony, agreement, chime, concord, tune
conspicuous adj．显著的，显而易见的（obvious to the eye or mind）（类）conspicuous?see=transparent?understand 明显的容易被看到=显然的容易被了解
hermitage?secluded=landmark?conspicuous 隐居处?隐蔽的＝路标?明显的（反）blatant ◆ inconspicuous明显的◆ 不明显的
nondescript ◆ conspicuous莫可名状的◆ 显而易见的
salient ◆ unconspicuous显著的◆ 不显著的
prominent ◆ inconspicuous卓越的◆ 不显眼的
（记）con（都）＋spic（看）→都看的到的→显著
（同）noticeable, arresting, prominent, remarkable, salient, striking
conspiracy n. 共谋, 阴谋（treacherous plot）
（类）uncouth?churl=conspiratorial?conniver 粗俗的?粗野的人=阴谋的?阴谋家
infiltrate?enter=conspire?plan 秘密潜入?进入=阴谋?计划
spy?watch=conspire?cooperate 侦察?观看=阴谋?合作
（记）con+spire（呼吸）→共同呼吸→搞阴谋
（同）plot, cabal, intrigue, machination, scheme
consternation n. 惊愕，呆若木鸡（a state of paralyzing dismay）（记）来自stern严格的，僵硬的；呆若木鸡就是因为震惊而表情僵硬。
constitute vt. 构成,任命（to appoint to an office, function, or dignity）
（反）abdicate ◆ constitute 退位◆ 任命
（记）con（一起）＋stitute（建立）→组成；constitution 宪法；体格，体质
（同）create, establish, institute, organize
constitutional a.素质上的，本质的；章程的，法规的
（例）a constitutional inability to tell the truth. 生来爱撒谎的毛病
constrained adj. 束缚的，节制的
（反）constrain ◆ release束缚◆ 释放
intemperate ◆ constrained不节制的◆ 节制的
（记）con＋strain（拉紧）→束缚的
（同）reserved, noncommittal, restrained
constringe vt. 压缩（to cause to contract; constrict）
（反）commodious ◆ constringed宽敞的◆ 压缩的
construct v. 建造（to make or form by combining or arranging parts or elements）
（类）construct?remodel＝compose?edit 建造?改造＝创作?修改（原创和修改）
（记）con＋struct（建立）→建造
consummate adj. 完美的（complete in every detail; of the highest degree）
（反）consummate ◆ amateurish完善的◆ 业余的，不专业的
（同）accomplished, finished, perfected, ripe, virtuosic
contagious adj. 传染性的，会传播的（communicable by contact；catching）
（类）sprain?injure=cold?contagion 扭伤?伤=感冒?传染病（种属）（反）contagious ◆ incommunicable会传播的◆ 不能传达的
（记）con（互相）＋tag（接触）→互相接触→传染参考：contact接触intact 完整无缺的
（同） infectious, catching, communicable
contaminate vt. 染污（to soil, stain, corrupt, or infect by contact）（类）
（反）contaminate ◆ purify污染◆ 净化
（同）defile, pollute, soil, taint
contemplate v. 沉思（meditate on or ponder）
（例）The surgeon contemplated the difficult operation.
外科医生为这一棘手的手术苦思冥想。
content adj. 满足的（manifesting satisfaction with one's possessions）
（类）disaffected?contentment=dubious?commitment/conviction
不满的?满足=可疑的?负责/确信
gripe?discontent=praise?admiration
抱怨?不满=赞美?钦佩（动作及表示情感）
disaffected?contentment=anxious?serenity
不满意的?满意=担忧的?平静
（反）disaffected ◆ content不满◆ 满足
restiveness ◆ contentment难以驾御◆ 容易满足
contented ◆ avaricious满足◆ 贪婪
（同）satisfied , pleased, contented, complacent
（记）比较：contend contentious contention attentive abstention contented tentative
contentious adj.好辩的，喜争吵的（exhibiting an often perverse tendency to quarrels）
（类）meddlesome?pry=contentious?argue 多管闲事的?探察=好争吵的?争吵（反）contentious ◆ conciliatory喜争吵的◆ 安抚的
contention ◆ agreement争论◆ 同意
（记）con＋tent（拉）→互相拉→争论
（同）belligerent, bellicose, combative, gladiatorial, militant, truculent
contiguous adj. 紧邻的，接壤的（being in actual contact）
（类）contiguous?abut＝simultaneous?coincide
紧邻的?毗邻＝同时发生的?同时发生（形名同义）
【注】coincide ：to happen at the same time or during the same period. 同时发生
contingent adj.可能发生的，依条件而定的，偶然的
（例）Arms sales are contingent on the approval of Congress. 武器销售取决于议会的批准
contort v. 扭弯，曲解（to twist into a strained shape or expression）（类）contortion?body=grimace?face 扭弯?身体=面部扭曲?脸部（行为及其相关部位）
（同）deform, distort, misshape, torture, warp
（记）参考：tortuous 蜿蜒的distort 歪曲torture 折磨
contract v. 收缩（to reduce to smaller size by squeezing or forcing together）
（类）contract?implode＝descend?plummet 收缩?内爆＝下降?快速下落（程度）
（记）con（互相）＋tract（拉）→收缩
contravene v. 违反，反驳，反对（to oppose in argument：CONTRADICT）（反）contravene ◆ support 支持 buttress 支持
（记）contra（反）→vene（走）→反着走→违反参考：convene召集，集合（同）violate, break, infringe, offend, transgress
contrite adj. 后悔的,痛悔的（grieving and penitent for sin or shortcoming）
（类）apologize?contrite=compliment?impressed
道歉?后悔的=称赞?被打动的（动作表示感情）
（反）impenitent ◆ contrite不悔悟的◆ 后悔的
（同）remorseful, apologetic, compunctious, penitent, regretful
contrive v. 发明, 设计, 图谋（devise）
（派）contrivance n. 发明，发明的才能，想出的办法；contrived 人为的，做作的
批注：
?
?
?check n. 阻止（to block the progress of）
（类）jolt?move=check?stop晃动?移动=阻止?停止（同义）
（反）propagate 传播 goad 唆使 hasten 促进
（同）arrest, buck, foil, thwart, frustrate
?cherubic adj. 天使的,可爱的（innocent-looking usually chubby and rosy）
（反）cherubic ◆ somber天使般可爱的◆ 阴郁的
（记）cherub（小天使）＋ic→天使的，可爱的
chevron n. v形臂章
（类）chevron?badge=caisson?cart v形臂章?徽章=载炮车?大车（种
属）
?chiaroscuro n. 明暗对照法
（类）chiaroscuro?contrast=filigree?delicacy明暗对照法特点是
对照=金银丝工艺特点是精美
?chicanery n．诡计多端，欺骗（deception by artful subterfuge）（类）chicanery?clever=tactlessness?truthful诡计多端的?机灵
的=不圆滑的?真诚的
（反）aboveboard action正大光明的honest dealing诚实
forthrightness坦白
（记）chic（聪明）→ 耍聪明→ 诡计多端
（同）deception, chicane, dishonesty, fraud, highbinding, trickery
chide v. 责备（to reproach in a usually mild and constructive manner）
（类）chide?pillory=humor?mollycoddle责备?示众=迁就?纵容（程度）
（反）chide ◆ praise责备◆ 称赞
（同）reprove, admonish, monish, rebuke, reprimand, reproach
?chivalry n.骑士精神, 骑士制度
?choreography n. 舞蹈编排（the arrangement of dances），舞蹈（art of dancing）
（类）choreogra phy?dance=plot?story舞蹈编排?舞蹈=小说情节?小说
choreographer?movement=architect?building舞蹈编排者?舞蹈动作=建筑师?建筑
【注：sculptor?statue 雕塑家?雕像为干扰选项；舞蹈编排者和建筑师管设计不管施工，
雕塑家既设计又施工】
?chromatic adj. 彩色的
（反）chromatic ◆ colorless色的◆ 无色的
?chronic adj. 长期的，慢性的（long established, as a disease）（反）chronic ◆ sporadic长期的◆ 偶然的
（记）chron（时间）参考：chronological（按年代顺序的）chronicle （编年史）
（同）usual, accustomed, habitual, routine, wonted
?chuckle n. 轻声笑（to laugh inwardly or quietly）（类）chuckle?laughing＝whisper?speaking轻声笑?笑＝耳语?说话（小?正常）
?churlish adj. 粗野的（lack of civility or graciousness；
boorish; rude）
（类）uncouth?churl=conspiratorial?conniver粗俗的?粗野的人=阴谋的?阴谋家
cacophony?melody=genteel?churl刺耳的音调?悦耳的音调=文雅的?粗野的人
（反）complaisance ◆ churlishness 彬彬有礼的◆ 粗野的
genteel ◆ churlish文雅的◆粗野的
（同）surly, clownish, coarse, loutish, uncultured, unpolished
cineast n. 电影迷（a film or movie enthusiast）
（类）cineast?film=gourmand?food电影迷?电影=美食家?食物（前者追求后者）
（干扰：sharpshooter?target射手?目标）
（记）和cinema（电影）一起记。
circuitous adj. 迂回的（not being forthright or direct in language or action）
（类）immaterial?relevance=circuitous?directness 不重要的?重要=迂回的?直接（反义）
circuitous?directness=irresolute?decision迂回的?直接=犹豫不决的?决定（
?反义）
（反）circuity ◆ straightforwardness迂回◆ 坦率
（同）indirect, circular, oblique, roundabout
circular adj. 圆形的（having the form of a circle；round）（类）circular?asymmetrical＝protean?rigid 圆形的?不对称的=变化多端的?僵硬死板的（反义）
?
cistern n. 贮水器，水箱
（类）cistern?liquids=landfill?refuse水箱?液体=垃圾填埋场?垃圾（放置场所）
（记）音近字：system 联想：水箱是一种处理水的系统
?civility n. 礼貌（courtesy, politeness）
（反）civility ◆ rudeness礼貌◆ 无礼
claim n. v. 要求 n. 权利（a right to something）
（类）claim?legitimated＝hypothesis?confirmed要求是需要合法化的＝假设是需要证实的
lien?claim=subpoena?command扣押权是一项权利=传票是一种命令（反）claim ◆ renounce要求◆ 放弃
?clairvoyant adj. 透视的, 有洞察力的（unusually perceptive；
discerning）
（类）dexterous?manipulate=prescient?predict灵巧的?熟练操作=预见性的?预言
（记）clair（清楚）＋voy（看）→看的清楚→有洞察力的
?clam n. 蛤，沉默寡言的人
（类）She clammed up whenever I mentioned her husband.
每当提到他丈夫，她就不说话了。
（记）蛤（拼音：ge 2声）的形状象嘴紧紧闭着→沉默寡言