UNIT 1. Big Bucks the Easy Way
New Words
buck
n. (sl.) U.S. dollar
plastic
a. 塑料的
n. (pl) 塑料
doorknob
n. 门把手
leisurely
a. unhurried 从容的，慢慢的
leisure
n. free time 空闲时间，闲暇
lucrative
a. profitable 有利的；赚钱的
pain
vt. cause pain to
panhandle
vi. (AmE) beg. esp. on the streets
delivery
n. delivering (of letters, goods, etc.)投递；送交
enthuse
vi. show enthusiasm
inquire
vt. ask
super
a. (colloq.) wonderful, splendid; excellent
snap
vt. say(sth.) sharply 厉声说
insert
n. 插页
normally
ad. in the usual conditions; ordinarily 通常
company
n. 公司
echo
vt. say or do what another person says or does; repeat 附和；重复
ad
n. (short for) advertisement
inform
vt. tell; give information 告知
porch
n. (AmE) veranda 门廊
armload
n. as much as one arm or both arms can hold; armful
walk
n. a path specially arranged or paved for walking 人行道
unnaturally
ad. in an unnatural way 不自然地
quaver
vi. (of the voice or sound) shake; tremble 颤抖
truckload
n. as much or as many as a truck can carry
department store
n. store selling many different kinds of goods in separate departments 百货公司
dime
n. coin of U.S. and Canada worth ten cents
dime store
n. (AmE) a store selling a large variety of low-priced articles; variety store 廉价商品店；小商口店
drugstore
n. (AmE) a store that sells not only medicine, but also beauty products, film, magazines, and food 药店，杂货店
grocery
n. a store that sells food and household supplies 食品杂货店
section
n. part of subdivision of a piece of writing, book, newspaper, etc.; portion （文章等的）段落；节；部分
cram
vt. fill too full; force or press into a small space 把……塞满；把……塞进
stack
n. an orderly; heap or group of things 一叠（堆、垛等）
band
n. flat, thin piece of material 带；带状物
vt. tie up with a band 捆扎
rubber band
n. 橡皮筋
takeout
a. （餐馆）出售外卖菜的
range
n. the distance at which one can see or hear （听觉、视觉等）的范围
marvel(l)ous
a. wonderful; astonishing
steak
n. 牛排；大块肉（或鱼）片
sour
a. 酸的
eel
n. 鳗鲡
diplomacy
n. 外交
encouraging
a. 鼓舞人心的
dent
n. a hollow in a hard surface made by a blow or pressure; initial progress凹痕，凹坑，初步进展
reproduce
vt. produce the young of (oneself or one's own kind) 生殖，繁殖
bodily
a. of the human body; physical
harm
n. damage or wrong 伤害
audience
n. the
people gathered in a place to hear or see; a chance to be heard 观众；听众；陈述意见的机会
snarl
vt. speak in a harsh voice 咆哮着说
bonus
n. an extra payment to workers 奖金
thoughtful
a. give to or indicating thought 沉思的，思考的
cash
n. money in coins or notes 现金
activist
n. a person taking an active part esp. in a political movement 激进分子
work force
n. total number of workers employed in a particular factory, industry or area 工人总数；劳动人口
competitive
a. 竞争的
organizer
n. person who organizes things 组织者
mediation
n. 调解
party
n. one of the people or sides in an agreement or argument 一方；当事人
gradually
ad. slowly and by degrees.
gradual
a.
shrink (shrank, shrunk)
vi. become less or smaller 减少；变小
deadline
n. fixed limit of finishing a piece of work 最后期限
station wagon
n. 小型客车，客货两用车
minimum (pl. minima or minimums)
n. the smallest possible amount, number, etc. 最低限度的量、数等
minimum wage
n. the lowest wage permitted by law or by agreement for certain work 法定最工资
odd
a. strange; unusual
goings-on
n. activities, usu. of an undesirable kind
carton
n. a cardboard box for holding goods 纸板箱（或盒）
curbside
n. the area of sidewalk at or near curb （curb: 人行道的镶边石）
enlist
vt. obtain the support and help of; cause to join the armed forces 取得……的支持和帮助；征募
trash
n. waste material to be thrown away; rubbish 垃圾
pickup
n. a small light truck with an open back used for light deliveries 小卡车；轻型货车
overhear
vt. hear by chance; hear without the knowledge of the speaker(s)无意中听到；偷听到
finance
n. money matters; (used in pl.) money; (science of ) the management of funds 财政；钱财；金融
geez
int.哎呀，呀
sale
n. the act of selling sth.
Phrases & Expressions
pull up
bring or come to a stop （使）停下
a piece of cake
(informal) sth. very easy to do
even as
just at the same moment as
know better than
be wise or experienced enough not (to do sth.) 明事理而不至于
be at
be occupied with, be doing
make a dent (in)
make less by a very small amount; reduce slightly; make a first step towards success(in)减少一点；取得初步进展
cut into
reduce; decrease 减少
have no business
have no right or reason 无权，没有理由
settle for
accept, although not altogether satisfactory （无可奈何地）满足于
settle one's account
pay what one owes 结帐
quite a while
a fairly long time
draw(sb.'s) attention to
make sb. notice, or be aware of
for sale
intend
ed to be sold
for rent
available to be rented
be done with
stop doing or using; finish 做完，不再使用
may/might/could as well
with equal or better effect 不妨，还不如，最好
Proper Names
Montgomery Ward
蒙哥马利—沃德百货公司
Sears, Roebuck
西尔斯—罗百克百货公司
UNIT 2. Deer and the Energy Cycle
New Words
Deer
n. (sing. or pl.)鹿
romantic
a. belonging to or suggesting romance; fanciful not practical 浪漫的；幻想的
turn
n. a natural tendency; inclination(天生）倾向
currency
n. money that is actually in use in a country 通货，货币
ecological
a. of or concerning interrelationship of organisms and their environment 生态的
ecology
n. 生态学
convert
vt. change (from one form, use, etc. into another); cause (a person) to change his beliefs, etc. 使转变；使改变信仰（等）
excess
n. the part that is more than enough; the condition of exceeding what is usual or necessary 过量；过度
reserve
n. sth. that is being or has been stored for later use 储备（物）
scarce a. not available in sufficient quantity 缺乏的
wildlife
n. animals and plants which live and grow wild
nutritious
a. full grown and developed 成熟的；成年的
female
a. of the sex that gives birth to young 女（性）的；雌的
n. a female person, animal or plant
conceive
vt. become pregnant with (young); form (an idea, plan, etc.) in the mind 怀（胎）；构思
fawn
n. a young deer less than a year old
timing
n. selection for maximum effect of the precise moment for beginning or doing sth. 时机的选择
consume
vt. eat or drink; use; use up 消耗；消费
region
n. a place, space or area; a part of the body 地区；（身体的）部位
ample
a. plentiful 充裕的
resource
n. (pl.) possessions (esp. of a country). in the form of wealth and goods, that help one to do what one wants 资源
dependent
a. relying (on another) for support
male
a. of the sex that does not give birth to young 男（性）的；雄的
n. a male person, animal or plant
antler
n. the solid, bony horn of a male deer 鹿角，茸角
deposit
vt. put or store for safe keeping; (esp. of a liquid, a river) leave lying (a layer of matter)存放；使沉积
doe
n. a fully-grown female deer
expend
vt. spend or use up 花费；耗尽
accumulate
v. make or become greater in number or quantity; collect or gather 积累；积聚
account
n. a sum of money kept in a bank which may be added to or taken from 帐户；存款
spotted
a. marked with spots
depth
n. the state or degree of being deep 深；深度，厚度
safeguard
n. a means of protection against sth. unwanted 预防措施
inte
rnal
a. of or in the inside, esp. of the body 内部的；体内的
physiological
a. 生理的；生理学的
metabolism
n. 新陈代谢
hence
ad. therefore 因此，所以
expenditure
n. expending or using up; the amount of money, time, etc. expended 花费；用光；支出额，费用
somewhat
ad. by some degree or amount; a little 有点，稍微
drowsy
a. sleepy or half sleepy; making one sleepy 困倦的；催眠的
hibernate
vi. (of some animals) pass the whole of the winter in a state like sleep 冬眠
extreme
n. either end of anything; highest degree 极端
seasonal
a. depending on the season; changing with the seasons 季节性的
rhythm
n. 节奏
abundant
a. more than enough 充足的；丰富的
cabin
n. a small roughly built, usu. wooden house 小木屋；茅舍
melt
v. cause (a solid) to become liquid; (of a solid ) become liquid （使）融化；（使）熔化
amusing
a. funny 逗人笑的；引起乐趣的
amuse
vt. cause to laugh or smile
thermostat
n. an automatic device for regulating temperature 恒温器
biologically
ad. 生物学上
biological a.
survival
n. the fact or likelihood of surviving 幸存
productivity
n. the ability or capacity to produce, productiveness 生产力；生产率；多产
fundamental
a. basic; most important
Phrases & Expressions
go round
function smoothly
in the form of
以…形式
in point
appropriate; pertinent 适用的；相关的
in (good) condition
in good health, physically fit
give birth (to)
bear; (fig.) produce 生（孩）子，产（仔）；产生，引起
draw on
take or use as a source 利用；动用
slow down
(cause to ) go more slowly than usual; (cause to ) live, work, etc. in a less active and intense way （使）慢下来；（使）放松
turn down
reduce the force, speed, loudness, etc. of (sth.) by using controls 减弱；关小，调低
move about
travel around; go from one place to another
pull through
help (sb.) to survive a period of danger or crisis 使渡过危险或危机
Proper Name
Minnesota
明尼苏达（美国州名）
UNIT 3. Why Do We Believe That the Earth Is Round
New Words
preface
n. an introduction to a book or speech 前言,序
gullible
a. easily deceived or cheated esp. into a false belief; credulous 易受骗的;轻信的
superstitious
a. full of superstition; believing in superstitions 迷信的
credulity
n. a tendency to believe to readily 轻信
cite
vt. mention as an example; quote (a passage, book, etc.) 举出;引出
widespread
a. found or distributed over a large area 分布广的;普遍的
advance
vt. put or bring forward; offer 提出
appeal
vi. please, attract or int
erest 投合所好;有感染力;有吸引力
mentality
n. way of thinking, outlook; mental power or capacity 心理,思想;脑力
exaggerate
vt. think, speak or write of as greater than is really so; overstate 夸张;夸大
sake
n. end, purpose 缘故
geographer
n. a specialist in geography
ocular
a. of, for, by the eyes; based on what has been seen 眼睛的;凭视觉的
theoretical
a. of or based on theory
citizen
n. 公民;市民
refute
vt. prove (a statement) to be untrue; prove (a person) to be mistaken 驳斥
mast
n. a long upright pole of wood or metal for carrying flags or sails on a ship 桅杆
funnel
n. a metal chimney for letting out smoke from a steam engine or steamship (蒸汽机,轮船等的)烟囱
invisible
a. that can not be seen
horizon
n. the line where the sky seems to meet the earth or sea 地平线
phenomenon (pl. phenomena)
n. 现象
curve
vt. bend so as to form a line that has no straight part 使成曲线
n. a continuously bending line without angles 曲线
follow
vi. result or occur as a consequence, effect, or inference 结果产生;得出
spherical
a. shaped like a ball 球形的
oval
n.& a. (anything which is) egg-shaped 卵形的(东西), 椭圆的(东西)
card
n. 纸牌
analogy
n. comparison of things that have a certain likeness; similarity 类比; 相似
promptly
ad. quickly and willingly 敏捷地;迅速地
prompt a.
body
n. =celestial body 天体
disc
n. 圆盘
cast
vt. throw or drop; cause (light or shadow) to appear (on) 扔,投; 投射
eclipse
n. the total or partial hiding of one celestial body by another (天文学)食
booklet
n. a small book, usu. with a paper cover 小册子
exchange
vt. give and receive (one thing in return for another) 交换
trump
n. 王牌
royal
a. for, belonging to, or connected with a king or queen 皇家的; 王室的
statement
n. expression in words; a written or spoken declaration, esp. of a formal kind 陈述;声明
ace
n. (纸牌中的)"A"牌,爱司
foretell
vt. tell beforehand; predict 预言
solar
a. of the sun
the solar system
the sun and the planets which revolve round it
justify
vt. give a good reason for; show to be just, right or reasonable 证明……是正当的；为…辩护
say-so
n. an authoritative pronouncement; one's unsupported assertion 权威性声明；无证据的断言
Egyptian
n.,a. (native) of Egypt 埃及人；埃及的
predict
vt. announce or tell beforehand; forecast 预言
bang
ad. with a sudden loud noise; with a sudden impact 砰地
navigation
n. the act or process of navigating 航海
calculation
n. the act of adding, subtracting, multiplying, or dividing to find a result 计算
calculate vt.
calculator n. 计算器
counter
n. sth. of value in bargaining; a return attack, such as a blow in boxing 讨价还价的本钱；回击，反击
precarious
a. insecure; depending upon mere assumption 不安全的；根据不足的，靠不住的
exceptionally
ad. unusually
authority
n. power to influence; power to give orders and make others obey 权威；权力
ignoramus
n. an ignorant person 无知的人
stray
vi. wander away; (of thoughts or conversation) move away from the subject 走离；离题
specialty
n. a special field of work or study 专业
outline
vt. indicate the main ideas or facts of
n. a systematic listing of the important points of a subject 提纲
press
vt. demand or ask for continuously 催促，逼迫
credulous
a. tending to believe sth. on little evidence, arising from credulity 轻信的
burden
n. sth. difficult to bear; load 重负；负荷
Phrases & Expressions
follow up
pursue or investigate closely; take further action after (sth.) 深入研究或调查；采取进一步行动
for the sake of
for the good or advantage of; for the purpose of 为了…的利益；为了
throw/shed light on
make clear; explain 使明白，使明朗；解释
and so forth
and so on
as for
with regard to, concerning 至于
may well (not)
be very likely (not) to 完全（不）可能
bring out
show; offer to the public 拿出；使显出；推出（新产品等）
aim at
have as one's target, objective, etc.
fall back on
turn to for support 求助于
rest on
depend on, rely on
stray away from
wander from; move from 偏离
start off
begin; depart
in a way
to a certain extent; a little; somewhat 在某种程度上
Proper Names
Saint Joan
圣女贞德
Bernard Shaw
萧伯纳
UNIT 4. Jim Thorpe
New Words
jam
v. fill or block up (the way) by crowding; (cause to ) be packed, pressed, or crushed tightly into a small space 堵塞；（使）塞满
platform
n. a raised flat surface built along the side of the track at a railway station for travellers getting on or off a train 月台
await
vt. wait for; look forward to
track
n. a course for running or racing; track-and-field sports, esp. those performed on a running track 跑道；径赛运动；田径运动
field
n. an area, esp. circled by a track where contests such as in jumping or throwing are held; the sports contested in this area 田赛场地；田赛运动
squad
n. a small group of persons working, training, or acting together; the smallest military unit, usually made up of eleven men and a squad leader 小队；班
charge
vi rush in or as if in an attack 向前冲；冲锋
Marine
n. a member of the U.S. Marine Corps （美国）海军陆
战队士兵或军官
battalion
n. military unit made up of several companies 营
broad
a. wide, large across 宽的，广阔的
nope
ad. (AmE sl.) no
compete
vi. take part in a race, contest, etc.' try to win sth. in competition with sb. else 比赛；竞争
sprint
n. short race; dash 短跑
vi. run at one's fastest speed, esp. for a short distance
hurdle
n. a light frame for people or horses to jump over in a race 栏；跳栏
broad(-) jump
n.& vi. (AmE) (do) a long jump 跳远
javelin
n. light spear for throwing (usu. in sport) 标枪
shot
n. the heavy metal ball used in the shot put 铅球
tribe
n. 部落
descendant
n. a person descended from another or from a common stock 子孙；后裔
warrior
n. a man who fights for his tribe; a soldier or experienced fighter 斗士，勇士；（老）战士
colorful
a. full of color; exciting the senses or imagination 艳丽的；丰富多彩的
hunt
v. go after (wild animals) for food or sport; search (for) 追猎，打猎；搜寻
outdoorsman
n. a man, such as a hunter, fisherman, or camper, who spends much time outdoors for pleasure
deny
vt. say that (sth.) is not true; refuse to give 否认；拒绝给予
destine
vt. (usu. passive) intend or decide by fate; intend for some special purpose 命中注定；预定
farmland
n. land used or suitable for farming 农田
teens
n. the period of one's life between and including the ages of 13 and 19
prominence
n. the quality or fact of being prominent or distinguished 凹出；杰出
prominent a.
excel
vi. be very good (in or at sth) 突出，超常
wrestling
n. a sport or contest in which each of two opponents tries to throw or force the other to the ground 摔跤（运动）
wrestle v.
lacrosse
n. 长曲棍球（运动）
football
n. 橄榄球（运动）
power
n. a person, group or nation that has authority or influence 握有大权的人物；有影响的机构；强国
halfback
n. (橄榄球、足球等）前卫
incredible
a. too extraordinary to be believed, unbelievable 难以置信的
coach
n. a person who trains sportsmen for games, competitions, etc. 教练
demonstrate
vt. explain by carrying out experiments or by showing examples 用实验或实例说明；演示
maneuver
n. a skillful move or trick, intended to deceive, to gain sth., to escape, or to do sth. 机动动作；策略；花招
opponent
n. a person who is on the other side in a fight, game, or discussion 对手；反对者
trample
vt. step heavily with the feet on; crush under the feet 踩；践踏
punch
vt. strike (sb. or sth.) hard with the fist 用拳猛击
Olympic
a. of or connected with the Olympic Games
limber
v. make or become flexible （使）变
得柔软灵活
bunk
n. a narrow bed fixed on the wall, e.g. of a cabin in a ship or in a train 床铺，铺位
hammock
n. a hanging bed of canvas or rope network, e.g. as used by sailors, or in gardens （帆布或网状）吊床
strain
vi. make violent efforts; strive hard 尽力，使劲
demanding
a. making severe demands 要求高的；苛求的
pentathlon
n. an athletic contest in which each contestant takes part in five events 五项运动
competition
n. competing; contest; match
discus
n. a heavy, circular plate of rubber, plastic or wood with a metal rim 铁饼
decathlon
n. an athletic contest consisting of ten events 十项运动
shot put
n. a competition to throw a heavy metal ball the furthest distance 推铅球
utterly
ad. completely; totally
utter a.
breeze
vi. move or go quickly and in a carelessly confident way 轻快地行动
flop
vi. move or bounce loosely 扑动
flash
vi. give out sudden, brief light or flame; shine or gleam 闪光；闪烁
glide
vi. move in a smooth continuous manner which seems easy and without effort 滑动，滑行
feat
n. an act showing great skill, strength, or daring; a remarkable deed, notable esp. for courage 武功；技艺；功绩
glory
n. high fame and honour won by great achievements; sth. deserving respect and honour 光荣，荣誉；荣誉的事
banquet
n. a dinner for many people, at which speeches are made, in honour of a special person or occasion 宴会
ruling
n. an official decision 裁决
Olympic
n. Olympic Games 奥林匹克运动会
professional
a. done by, played by, or made up of people who are paid 职业的
n. a person who lives on the money he earns by practising a particular skill or sport 以特定职业谋生的人
amateur
n. a person playing a game, taking part in sports, etc. without receiving payment 业余爱好者
a. of, by, or with amateurs; not paid lacking skill 业余的
technically
ad. in technical terms; in a technical sense; according to fixed rules 技术上；按规则
trophy
n. a prize given for winning a race, competition, or test of skill 奖品
runner-up
n. a player or team that comes second in a contest 亚军
heartbreaking
a. causing great sorrow or grief; extremely distressing 令人心碎的
league
n. a group of sports clubs or teams that play matches among themselves 联赛协会
spectacular
a. strikingly grand or unusual 壮观的；惊人的
season
n. the period of time during which a sport is played 赛季
youthful
a. young; having the qualities of young people
indifference
n. absence of interest or feeling 不关心，冷漠
indifferent a.
periodically
ad. at regular intervals, every now and then
outstanding
a. much better than most others; very good 杰出
的
despite
prep. in spite of
decline
n. losing of power, strength, wealth, or beauty; falling to a lower level 衰落；下降
unanimously
a. with complete agreement; without a single opposing vote 一致地；无异议地区性
Phrase & Expressions
track and field
the sport or athletic events, such as running, jumping and weight throwing performed on a running track and on the adjacent field 田径运动
play a joke on sb.
do sth. to make other people laugh at someone 同某人开玩笑
put……out of action
stop……working, make……unfit for a typical activity 使停止工作；使不再起作用；使失去战斗力
limber up
make the muscles stretch easily by exercise, esp. before violent exercise （比赛等前）做准备活动
take part in
have a share or part in; join in 参加
breeze through
proceed with effortlessly in a carefree manner 轻而易举地完成
in one's hono(u)r/in
向……表示敬意；为庆祝……；为纪念……
hono(u)r of
catch up with
have the expected ill effect or result on 对……产生预期恶果
Proper Names
Thorpe
索普
Lafayette College
拉斐德学院
Carlisle Indian School
卡尔印第安人学校
Prague
布拉格（文中指美国地名）
Oklaboma
俄国拉何马（美国州名）
Sac and Fox
印第安人部落之一
Black Hawk
黑隼（印第安人首领名）
pennsylvania
宾夕法尼亚（美国州名）
Pittsburgh
匹兹堡（美国城市）
Penn
(short for) Pennsylvania
Pop Warner
波伯.沃纳
Sweden
瑞典
Gustav V
古斯塔夫五世
William Howard Taft
威谦.霍华德.塔夫脱
Stockholm
斯德哥尔摩（瑞典首都）
the Associated Press
联合通讯(简称美联社)(美国通讯社名)
UNIT 5. To Lie or Not to Lie--The Doctors Dilemma
New Words
dilemma
n. a situation in which one has to make a choice between two equally unsatisfactory things; a difficult choice 窘境，进退两难
benefit
vt. do good to 有益于
recovery
n. the process or fact of getting back to a former state of good health; the state of recovering or being recovered 痊愈；复得
conceal
vt. hide, keep from being seen or known 隐瞒
line
n. a business, profession, trade, etc. 行业
dwarf
vt. cause to appear small by comparison 使矮小，使相形见绌
n. a person, animal, or plant of much less than the usual size 矮小；矮小的动（植）物
shelter
vi. take shelter; find protection 躲避
vt. provide shelter for; protect 掩蔽；庇护
brutal
a. cruel, severe
uphold
vt. support 支撑；维护
secrecy
n. the practice of keeping secrets; the state of being secret
expose
vt. disclose; leave uncovered or unprotected 揭露；暴露
corruption
n. dishonesty; immoral behaviour 腐化，道德败坏
promote
vt. help to grow or develop; raise in rank, condition, or importance 促进，推进；提升
checkup
n. a general medical examination
minimize
vt. reduce to the smallest possible amount or degree
gravity
n. the quality of being serious critical 严重性
confront
vt. meet face to face; oppose （勇敢地）面对；对抗
urgently
ad. in an urgent manner 紧急地，急迫地
urgent a.
self-serving
a. serving one's own interests; seeking advantage for oneself 利已的
recover
vi. get well; get back to a normal condition
deteriorate
v. (cause to ) become worse （使）恶化
suicide
n. the act of killing oneself
physician
n. a doctor of medicine 内科医生
traditionally
ad. by tradition; in a traditional manner
precept
n. a rule of moral conduct; maxim 戒律；格言
precept
vt. rise above or go beyond the limits of; surpass 超越
virtue
n. goodness or moral excellence; a good quality 美德；优点
utter
vt. speak; give out
deceptive
a. deceiving or misleading; meant to deceive
innumerable
a. too many to be counted
placebo
n. substance given instead of real medicine to a patient for psychological effect 安慰剂
warrant
vt. justify; authorize; guarantee 使有（正当）理由；授权（给）；担保
distort
vt. give a false account of; twist out of the usual shape 歪曲；弄歪
grave
a. serious; requiring careful consideration 严重的；严肃的
incurably
ad. beyond cure
illusory
a. deceptive and unreal; based on an illusion 虚幻的
deception
n. deceiving or being deceived; a trick intended to deceive 欺骗；诡计
document
vt. prove or support with documents 用文件证明
contrary
a. completely different or wholly opposed 相反的；对抗的
overwhelming
a. too many, too great, or too much to be resisted 势不可挡的；压倒之势的
betray
vt. be unfaithful to; deceive 背叛
truthful
a. true
humanely
ad. tenderly, kind-heartedly 仁爱地；人道地
tolerate
vt. allow or endure with protest 容忍
advocate
n. person who speaks for an idea, way of life, etc. 拥护者，倡导者
benevolent
a. intending or showing good will, kindly, friendly 仁慈的
invade
vt. enter (a country) with armed forces in order to attack; violate, interfere with 侵犯
autonomy
n. (the right of) self-government; freedom to determine one's own actions, behavior, etc. 自治（权）；自主
render
vt. cause to be
informed
a. having knowledge or information; having and using suitable knowledge 了解情况的；有见识的
concerning
prep. about, with regard to
increasingly
ad. more and more all time
befall( befell, befallen)
vt. (use. sth. bad ) happen to (sb.) 降临到……头上
integrity
n. honesty or sincerity; wholeness 诚实，正直；完整
credibility
n. the quality of being believable; trustworthiness 可靠性；可信
colleague
n. an associate; fellow worker or member of a profession or organization 同事
suspicion
n. doubt; mistrust 怀疑
deceit
n. deception; a dishonest trick 欺骗
undercut
vt. undermine; weaken 暗中破坏；削弱
scrupulously
ad. carefully; conscientiously 一丝不苟地
spiral
n. a curved shape which winds round; a continuous and expanding increase or decrease 螺旋（形）；盘旋上升（或下降）
lawsuit
n. a noncriminal case in a court of law 诉讼（案件）
injure
vt. cause physical harm to; damage
arise (arose)
vi. move or go upward; come into existence 上升；出现
bill
n. 法案；议案；账单
alternative
n. a choice between two or more things; any of the things to be chosen 抉择；可供选择的东西
treatment
n. a substance or method used in treating someone medically 治疗；疗法
eloquent
a. having the power of expressing one's feeling or thoughts with grace and force 雄辩的
disapprove
vt. consider not good or not suitable; have or express an opinion against 不赞成
refrain
vi. hold oneself back; keep oneself (from doing sth.) 忍住；戒除
object
vi. be against sth. or sb. 反对
objection n.
bitterly
ad. sharply severely
deceive
vt. cause (sb.) to believe sth. that is false 欺骗
debate
vt. argue about (sth.) in an effort to persuade other people 辨论
issue
n. a question that arises for discussion 问题；争端
practitioner
n. a professional man, esp. in medicine or in law 开业者（尤指医生、律师等）
consequence
n. result; importance 后果；重要性
avoidable
a. that can be prevented from happening
wary
a. cautious; in the habit of looking out for possible danger or trouble 谨慎的；谨防的
erode
vt. wear away; eat into 腐蚀
saying
n. a well-known wise statement; proverb 格言；谚语
Phrases & Expressions
go on (a trip, vacation)
depart for the purpose of
at times
occasionally; now and then 间或；有时
in one's eyes
in one's opinion
for one's (own) sake
for one's own benefit 为了某人自己的利益
slip into
fall into; enter (esp. through carelessness) 陷入
contrary to
opposite to; despite
in the first place
firstly
in the course of during
during
in the dark
uninformed; ignorant 不知情，蒙在鼓里
bring to a close
end 结束，终止
take leave (of)
say goodbye (to)
in the long run
in the end; ultimately 从长远的观点看；最终
go to great length
s
do anything possible, however dangerous, unpleasant, wicked, etc. 不遗余力
refrain from
not do , stop
day after day
each day
take a/ one's stand
declare one's position, loyalty, opinions, etc., and be prepared to fight (for these opinions, etc.)表明立场、意见等
UNIT 6. How to Mark a Book
New Words
persuade
vt. cause (sb.) to do sth. by reasoning, arguing, etc. 说服，劝服
librarian
n. 图书馆管理员
property
n. (collectively) things owned; possessions 财产
prelude
n. action, event, etc. that serves as an introduction 序幕；前奏曲
possession
n. possessing; ownership; (pl.) property 拥有；所有权；财产
ownership
n. the possessing (of sth.); right of possessing 所有（权）
illustration
n. an example which explains the meaning of sth.; an explanatory picture, diagram, etc. 例；图例；插图
beefsteak
n. 牛排
transfer
vt. had over the possession of (property, etc.); change officially from one position, etc. to another 转移；调动
butcher
n. a person who kills, cuts up and sells animals for food 屠夫
icebox
n. a box where food is kept cool with blocks of ice; (AmE) refrigerator
bloodstream
n. the blood as it flows through the blood vessels of the body 血流
absorb
vt. take or such in (liquids); take in (knowledge, ideas, etc.)吸收
best-seller
n. book that is sold in very large numbers 畅销书
individual
n. any one human being ( contrasted with society ) 个人
woodpulp
n. 木（纸）浆
dip
v. plunge or be plunged quickly or briefly into a liquid, esp. to wet or coat 浸；蘸
shiny
a. giving off light as if polished; bright 发亮的
restrain
vt. prevent; control; hold back 抑制；控制，约束
dogeared
a. (of a book) having he corners of the pages bent down with use, like a dog's ears （书页）卷角的
dilapidated
a. (of things) broken and old; falling to pieces 破旧的；倾坍的
loosen
v. make or become loose or looser （使）松开
continual
a. repeated; frequent 不断的；频繁的
scribble
v. write hastily or carelessly; write meaningless marks on paper, etc. 潦草书写；乱涂
preserve
vi. keep safe from harm of danger 保护；保存
intact
a. untouched; undamaged 完整无损的
elegantly
ad. beautifully; gracefully 优美地；雅致地
elegant a.
bind (bound)
vt. tie or fasten with a rope, etc.; fasten together sheets of (a book) and enclose within a cover 捆，绑；装订（书）
edition
n. form in which a book is published; total number of copies (of a book, newspaper, etc.) issued from the same types （书等的）版本；版
paradise
n. the Garden of Eden; Heaven 伊甸园；天堂
crayon
n. 蜡笔； 颜色笔
original
a. of or
relating to an origin or beginning; being the first instance or source from which a cop can be made 最初的；原著的；原创作者的
painting
n. a painted picture; picture
statue
n. an image of a person or animal in wood, stone, bronze, etc. 雕像
inseparable
a. impossible to separate from one another
manufacture
vt. make, produce on a large scale by machinery 制造；（大量）生产
magnificent
a. splendid; remarkable 华丽的；宏伟的
indispensable
a. absolutely essential or necessary 必不可少的
conscious
a. aware; able to feel and think 有意识的；神志清醒
understanding
n. knowledge of the nature of sth., based esp. on learning or experience 理解
fiction
n. (branch of literature concerned with) stories, novels and romances 小说
croon
vi. sing gently in a low soft voice, usu. with much feeling 低声吟唱
reader
n. person who reads
invariably
ad. unchangeable; constantly 不变地；始终如一地
intelligent
a. having or showing a high degree of powers of reasoning or understanding 聪明的
caviar(e)
n. 鱼子酱
sharpen
v. become or make sharp(er)
disagreement
n. the fact or a case of disagreeing; lack of similarity 分歧；不一致
disagree vi
inquiry
n. question; asking 询问
resume
vt. go on after stopping for a time （中断后）重新开始
naturally
ad. of course; as one could have expected
humility
n. humble condition or state of mind 谦卑
solely
ad. not including anything else or any others; only
sole a.
receptacle
n. a container for keeping things in 容器
literally
ad. actually; virtually 确实地；简直
fruitfully
ad. productively; with good results 富有成果地
fruitful a.
underline
vt. draw a line under (a word, etc.) esp. to show importance 在……下划线（表示强调）
forceful
a. strong; powerful
vertical
a. 垂直的
emphasize
vt. call attention to; stress 强调
asterisk
n. a starlike mark used to call attention to sth. 星号（即*）
doo-dad
n. (informal) a fancy, trifling ornament 小装饰物
sparingly
ad. economically; frugally 节约地
sequence
n. succession; connected line of events, ideas, etc. 顺序；连续；一连串
relevant
a. connected with what is being discussed; appropriate 有关的；适宜的
phrase
n. 短语
end-paper
n. (often pl.) a piece of blank paper stuck inside the cover at the beginning or end of a book 衬页
index
n. 索引
fancy
a. not ordinary; brightly coloured 别致的；花哨的
bookplate
n. a piece of paper with the owner's name, usu. pasted to the inside front cover of a book 藏书票
integrate
vt. put or bring together (parts) into a whole 使成一整体
str
ucture
n. way in which sth. is put together, organized, etc.; framework or essential parts of a building 结构
basic
a. essential; fundamental 主要的；基本的
unity
m. an arrangement of parts to form a complete whole; the state of being united 总体布局；统一
Phrases & Expressions
read between the lines
(fig.) find more meaning than the words appear to express 体会字里行间的言外之意
do(sb.) good
help or benefit (sb.) 帮助（某人）；对（某人）有益
dip into
read or study for a short time or without much attention 浏览；稍加探究
no more……than……
in no greater degree……than……
a set of
a number of (thing that belong together) 一套
so to speak/ say
(used as an apology for an unusual use of a word or phrase) as one might say; if I may use this expression, etc. 可以说；容许我打个譬喻
get in the way
become a nuisance or hindrance 挡道；碍事
in the second place
as the second thing in order or importance 第二，其次
think through
think about until one reaches an understanding or conclusion 彻底全面考虑
reach for
stretch out one's hand to grasp; make an effort to grasp 伸手去抓；努力争取
set down
write down on paper
pick up
start again after interruption 中断后重新开始
leave off
stop
consist in
lie in; be equivalent to 在于；存在于
tie up
connect closely; fasten with rope, etc. 系紧；捆牢
reduce……to
state in a more concise form; summarize as 把……归纳为
Proper Names
Rembrandt
伦勃朗（姓氏）
Dewey
杜威（姓氏）
Vallee
瓦利（姓氏）
Hutchins
哈钦斯
Chicago
芝加哥（美国城市）
UNIT 7. The Luncheon
New Words
luncheon
n.& vi. (formal word for) lunch
beckon
vt. signal to (sb.) by a motion of the hand or head 向……招手或点头示意
apartment
n. a single room; (AmE) flat or a set of rooms 房间；（美）一套公寓住房
Latin
a. 拉丁的
n. 拉丁文
quarter
n. division of a town, esp. one of a special class of people （都市的）区，街
overlook
vt. have a view of from above; fail to see or notice 俯视；忽略
presently
ad. soon; (AmE) at the present time 不久；（美）目前
chat
n., vi. (have) a friendly informal conversation 闲谈，聊天
senator
n. a member of a senate 参议员，上议员
means
n. money, income, or wealth, esp. large enough to afford all one needs 财富，资产
franc
n. the unit of money in France, Belgium. Switzerland, and some other countries 法郎
modest
a. not large in quantity, size, value, etc. 不太大的；适度的
imposing
a. impressive because of size, appearance, or dignity 仪表堂堂的；宏伟的
attractive
a
. having the power to attract; pleasing 吸引人的；有魅力的
charming
a. very pleasing; fascinating 有魅力的
devastating
a. destructive; causing ruin; sweeping everything before it 毁灭性的；压倒一切的
passion
n. strong feeling or enthusiasm, esp. of love or anger 激情
impression
n. 印象
talkative
a. having the habit of talking a great deal; fond of talking 好说话的；健谈的
inclined
a. likely; tending(to); encouraged 有……倾向的
attentive
a. listening carefully; doing acts to satisfy the needs of another 专注的；体贴的，殷勤的
startle
vt. give a shock of surprise to; cause to move of jump 使吃惊，使惊跳
fare
n. food, esp. as provided at a meal 食物
bill of fare
a list of dishes; menu 菜单
reassure
vt. set a person's mind at rest 使安心
generously
ad. with readiness to give money, help, kindness, etc. 慷慨地，大方地
generous a.
nowadays
ad. at the present time, now
salmon
n. 鲑鱼
menu
n. a list of courses at a meal or of dishes that can be served in a restaurant 菜单
mutton
n. meat from a fully grown sheep 羊肉
chop
n. a small piece of meat with bone in it （连骨的）块肉
overload
vt. put too large a load on or in; overburden 使过载消化
digestion
n. 消化
hospitable
a. generous in the treatment of a guest 好客的
effusive
a. (of feelings, signs of pleasure, gratitude, etc.) pouring out too freely; too demonstrative or emotional 热情洋溢的；感情（过多)流露的
amicable
a. friendly; peaceful
flash
n. a sudden, quick bright light; a sudden display 闪烁；闪现
champagne
n. 香槟洒
fancy
vt. suppose, imagine
trifle
n. a thing, event, etc. of little value or importance 琐事
forbid (forbade or forbad, forbidden)
vt. command(sb.) not to do sth.; refuse to allow (sb.) to have, use, enter etc.禁止
gaily
ad. in a happy and joyous manner
literature
n. 文学（作品）
airy
a. light-hearted; affected 轻盈的；做作的
bite
n. piece cut off by biting
asparagus
n. (sing. or pl.) 芦笋
water
vi. (of the eyes or mouth) fill with watery liquid, esp. tears or saliva
Madame
n. use as a title of respect for a woman (esp. a foreign married woman)夫人
might
n. power, strength, force
will
vt. influence or compel, by exercising the power of the mind 以意志力使
assure
vt. tell firmly and with confidence esp. with the aim of removing doubt 保证；使确信
tender
a. delicate; not hard or difficult to bit through 柔弱的；柔嫩的
marvel
n. a wonderful thing. sth. causing great surprise
sigh
vi. let out a deep breath slowly and with a sound (indicating sadness, tiredness, relief, etc.)叹
气
ruin
vt. destroy or spoil (completely) 毁灭
n. a condition of destruction and decay
panic
n. sudden, uncontrollable terror or anxiety 恐慌
oblige
vt. compel; require, bind (sb.) by a promise, oath, etc. 强迫，使不得不
dramatic
a. of drama; sudden or exciting, like an event in a stage play
pick
vt. steal
juicy
a. having a lot of juice 多液汁的
appetising
a. arousing or exciting the desire for food 引起食欲的，美味可口的
wicked
a. very bad, evil 邪恶的
thrust
vt. push suddenly or violently; make a forward stoke with a sword, knife, etc. 猛推；刺，戳
throat
n. 咽喉
mouthful
n. as much (food or drink) as fills the mouth
drama
n. a play for the theatre, radio or TV; composition, presentation and performance of such plays 戏剧
head waiter
n. a man in charge of the waiters in a restaurant hotel, or dining car
ingratiating
a. making oneself very pleasant to sb. in order to gain favour 讨好的，奉承的
peach
n. 桃子
blush
n. reddening of the face, from shame or confusion
innocent
a. (of people) simple, not able to recognize evil; not guilty 天真的；无罪的
landscape
n. a wide view of natural scenery; a picture of such a scene 风景；风景画
Lord
n. God 上帝，主
snack
n. a small, usu. hurriedly eaten meal 小吃
instant
n. a moment of time
mean
a. ungenerous; unkind 吝啬的；刻薄的
retort
vt. make a quick, angry and often amusing answer 反驳
humorist
n. a person who makes jokes in speech or writing
humor
n. 幽默
cab
n. a carriage for public hire; taxi
revenge
n. 报仇，报复
vt. 替……报仇
vindictive
a. unforgiving; having or showing a desire for revenge
immortal
a. living for ever 不朽的
pardonable
a. that can be forgiven
complacency
n. self-satisfaction 自鸣得意
stone
n. the British unit of weight equal to 14 pounds (6.35 kilos)
Phrase & Expressions
catch sight of
see suddenly or unexpectedly
in answer to
in response to
keep body and soul together
remain alive, esp. by earning enough money to feed oneself 勉强维持生活
pass through
go through; experience 穿过；经历
be beyond one's means
be more than one can afford 付不起
cut out
leave out 停止使用，戒除
at first sight
when seen for the first time 乍看之下；第一眼就
be inclined to
be likely to; tend to 易于……的；倾向于，想
come in
become seasonable or available 上市；有供应
can/could not very well
can/could not reasonably 不好
by all means
certainly; at all costs 一定；务必
a trifle
somewhat, a little
come to
amount to 总计
take(sb.) to task
criticize (sb.)
申斥（某）人
be in the habit of
have the habit of 习惯于
(not) in the least
leave as remainder (the best part having being consumed )留下，剩下
bring oneself to
make oneself (do); force oneself to 强迫自己
make up one's mind
choose what to do; decide 决定
start up
make a sudden movement due to surprise, alarm, pain, etc. 惊动，惊起
speak for
make a request for; speak on behalf of 要求得到；为……说话，为……辩护
in season
available, fresh for use as food 正在当令之时
go on with
continue doing
take/have a hand in
be partly responsible for; share (an activity) 参加，介入
Proper Names
Paris
巴黎（法国首都）
the Luxemb(o)urg
卢森堡宫（巴黎）
Foyot
福伊约（巴黎一餐馆）
the Balkans
巴尔干半岛各国；巴尔干山脉
Lord
God; Jesus Christ
UNIT 8. The New Caves
New Words
virtually
ad. almost
someday
ad. at some uncertain future time 有朝一日
underground
a. below the surface of the earth; secret 地下的；秘密的
ad. under the earth's surface; secretly
manmade
a. produced by people; not existing in nature
palatable
a. agreeable to the taster or (fig.) to the mind; acceptable 可口的；受欢迎的
association
n. an idea or object connected with another idea in thought 联想
legend
n. an old story handed down from the past, esp. one of doubtful truth 传说；传奇
spirit
n. 神灵；鬼怪
location
n. a place or position 场所，位置
afterlife
n. the life after death as is believed by some people 来世
torment
n. sever pain or suffering in mind or body 痛苦；折磨
volcanic
a. of, like, produced or caused by a volcano
eruption
n. outbreak of a volcano; (an example of) the action of erupting （火山）爆发
hellish
a. like hell, horrible, devilish
noxious
harmful to people, plants, or animals 有害的，有毒的
mankind
n. the human race 人类
downward
ad. towards a lower level or position
outermost
a. farthest from the inside or center
crust
n. 地壳
honeycomb
vt. fill with holes, tunnels, etc. 使成蜂窝状
gigantic
a. huge, enormous; of or like a giant 巨大的，庞大的
ant
n. 蚂蚁
fog
n. very thick mist
variation
n. the action of varying; an example or degree of varying 变化
equable
a. steady; not changing much 稳定的
constant
a. unchanging; fixed 永桓的
simplify
vt. make simple; make easy to do or understand
earthquake
n. sudden and violent movements of the earth's surface 地震
tyranny
n. the cruel or unjust use of power to rule a person or country 专制
vary
v. (cause to) the different 变化
variable
a. likely to vary; not s
teady 易变的
n. sth. which can vary in quantity or size 变量
externally
ad. outside
external a.
artifical
a. not natural or real; manmade
adjust
vt. set right; change slightly, esp. in order to make suitable for a particular job or new conditions 调整；调节
convenience
n. personal comfort or advantage; the quality of being convenient 便利，方便
convenient a.
stoke
n. sound made by a bell striking the hours 钟鸣声
community
n. the people living in a particular area considered as a whole; the area itself 社区（居民）
endeavo(u)r
n. effort, attempt 努力
vt. 试图
mobile
a. movable; able to move, or be moved, quickly and easily 活动的
entail
vt. make (an event or action) necessary 使成为必需
jet
n. a narrow stream or streams of liquid, gas, etc. coming forcefully out of a small hole; any aircraft that is pushed through the air by a jet engine 喷射；喷气式飞机
lag
n. falling behind; interval between two related events, processes, etc. 滞后；（事件等的）间隔
jet lag
（长时间乘飞机旅行后产生的）时差反应
coast
n. the land on or close to the edge of the sea 海岸；海滨
gear
vt. adjust, adapt,; connect by gears
n. 齿轮；（汽车等的）排档
stabilize
v. (cause to) become firm, steady, or unchanging; (cause to) keep in balance 使稳定；使平衡
extent
n. degree; length; area; range 程度，范围
encumber
vt. crowd, fill up; hinder, hamper the function of 塞满，妨碍
recreation
n. play or amusement 娱乐
deprive
vt. take away from; prevent from using or enjoying 剥夺
species
n. 物种
habitat
n. natural home of a plant or an animal 产地；栖息
involuntarily
ad. carried out without one's conscious wishes, unintentionally 不自觉地；无意识地
rat
n. 鼠
roach
n. 蟑螂
burrow
v. dig a hole in the ground 打（地洞）
n. a hole made in the ground (by foxes, rabbits, etc.)
forestry
n. forest land; science of planting and caring for forests 林地；林学
terminal
n. a place or set of buildings for the use of passengers 终点站
air terminal
n. a building at an airport for boarding and discharging passengers from aircraft; a bus station in center of a town for passengers going to or arriving from an airport 航空终点站；航空集散站
occupation
n. the act of occupying or the state or period of being occupied
elaborate
a. worked out with great care; complicated 精心制作的；复杂的
visualize
vt. form a picture of (sb. or sth.) in the mind; imagine 想像
visual
a. of or gained by seeing 视觉的
derive
vi. come (from); originate 来（自），起源（于）
vt. get
hydroponic
a. 溶液培养（学）的；水栽法的
illuminate
vt. give light to; throw light on 照亮，照明
wilderness
n. wild uncultivated waste land 荒野
stability
n. the quality or state of being stable 稳定（性）
withdraw (withdrew, withdrawn)
v. move back or away; take out or away 撤退，撤回
withdrawal
n. withdrawing or being withdrawn
condition
vt. bring into a desired state or condition 使处于良好状态
greenery
n. green leaves or plants 草木
countryside
n. land outside the cities and towns; country area 农村
horizontally
ad. 水平地
horizontal a.
pavement
n. (BrE) a paved surface or path a street for people to walk on, (AmE) the paved surface of a street （英）人行道， （美）铺过的道路
suburban
a. of or in a suburb 郊区的
sprawl
n. a widespread untidy area, esp. of buildings 散乱的街区
underworld
n. a region underground
culture
n. ideas, customs and art shared by a particular society; a particular society or civilization 文化；文明
intense
a. (of qualities) high in degree 强烈的
restrict
vt. keep within limits 限制
dweller
n. a person or animal that lives (in the stated place); inhabitant 居住者
repulsive
a. very unpleasant; causing strong dislike and fear 令人厌恶的
Phrases & Expressions
expose to
leave no longer covered or protected 使暴露在
in the open
在户外，在野外
add to
increase 增加
on the stoke
at exactly the time stated or agree upon 准点地
at first thought
when considered for the first 乍一想
to a certain extent
partly, to a certain degree 在一定程度上
take up
occupy (space, time, etc.) 占据
deprive of
take away from; prevent from using or having 剥夺
mind you
(used as an interj.) please note, take this fact into account 听着；请注意
derive from
come from; obtain from 来自，起源于；从……得到
turn over
give (to sb.) for use or care 移交；交给
get away from
succeed in leaving; escape 离开；逃脱
UNIT 9. Journey West
New Words
bicentennial
a. happening once in 200 years; of a 200th anniversary
n. 200th anniversary
shrine
n. a building or place associated with sth. or sb. deeply respected 神殿，圣地
resolve
vt. make up one's mind (to do sth); decide 决心；决定
trail
n. a path across rough country made by the passing of people or animals 小径，小道
legendary
a. of, like or told in a legend 传奇（似）的
mountain range
a row of connected mountains 山脉
disappointed
a. sad at not getting what was hoped for 失望的
environmental
a. having to do with environment 环境的
environment n.
editor
n. 编辑
strip mine
n. a mine which is operated from the surface by removi
ng the overlying layers of earth 露天矿
vt. take (a mineral or ore) from a strip mine 露天开采（矿物）
scenic
a. of or having to do with natural scenery 天然风景的
clear-cut
vt. cut all the trees in (a given area or forest) 将……的树木砍伐光
drain
vt. carry away the surface water of 排（水等）
dam
n. a wall or bank built to keep back water 坝，水闸
vt. build a dam across
mess
n. state of confusion, dirt or disorder 混乱、肮脏
wetland
n. land or areas containing much soil moisture; swamp 沼泽地
grassland
n. land covered with grass, esp. wild open land for cattle to feed on 草地；牧场
overgraze
vt. allow animals to graze to the point of damaging the grass cover 在……上过度放牧
power plant
发电厂
befoul
vt. make dirty 弄脏
wildlife
n. animals and plants which live ad grow in natural conditions 野生动植物
tourist
n. a person making a tour for pleasure 游客
slum
n. (often pl.) street, alley, or building in a crowded, run-down, dirty part of a city or town, where the poorest people live 贫民窟
undertake
vt. take up (a duty, etc.); start on (work) 承担；从事
pledge
vt. make a solemn promise or agreement 发誓，保证
predictably
ad. as one may predict
uncover
vt. remove a cover from; find out, discover 揭开……盖子；发现
know-nothing
a. ignorant
n. ignoramus
shade
vt. shelter from direct light or heat 荫蔽
maple
n. 槭树，枫树
folk (AmE folks)
n. people
worn-out
a. used until no longer fit for use; very tired 破旧的；精疲力尽的
windmill
n. a mill operated by the action of the wind on sails which revolve 风车
pasture
n. grassland for cattle; grass on such land 牧场；牧草
rural
a. of or relating to the country, country people or life, or agriculture 农村的
cornfield
n. (AmE) 玉米田；(BrE)小麦田，谷物田
heartland
n. any area or region that is the center of, or vital to , a country 心脏地带，中心地带
hilly
a. full of hills
grandma
n. (informal) grandmother
secure
a. safe; having no doubt, fear, or anxiety 安全的
drought
n. a long period of dry weather, when there is not enough water干旱
crisp
a. dry; hard; easily broken 脆的；易碎的
n. something crisp
rolling
a. rising and falling in long gentle slopes 绵延起伏的
haul
vt. pull or drag with force 拖曳
stock
vt. farm animals, usu. cattle 牲畜
distinctly
ad. clearly
graze
v. feed on growing grass (in) 吃（……的）草
rig
n. 钻塔
pump
vt. force (water, etc.) out by using a pump 泵
zigzag
vi. go in a zigzag 弯弯曲曲地行走，蜿蜒曲折
n. a line shaped like a row of z's
freight
n