Unit 2Cloning
【美文阅读】
Pandas can be saved by cloning?
从1998年中国科学院动物研究所首席科学家、动物克隆与受精生物学学科带头人陈大元首次正式提出克隆大熊猫到现在，整整16年过去了，陈老仍然执著于此。然而保护大熊猫，究竟要不要通过克隆的方式呢？
China has been exploring every possible means of saving giant pandas，one of the world's most endangered species，from becoming extinct，even if it means resorting to(诉诸) cloning them.
Chen Dayuan，a senior scientist who specializes in cloning at the Institute of Zoology in the Chinese Academy of Sciences，introduced the idea of performing cloning techniques on giant pandas in 1998.
Using initial funding of 100,000 yuan，Chen successfully produced blastocysts(胚泡) by transplanting the somatic nucleus from sample pandas into the egg cells of rabbits.
The move was considered as one of the 10 biggest achievements of science and technology in 1999.It won an award of 6 million yuan and further funding of 5 million yuan for the project from the Ministry of Science and Technology.
At first，two embryos were created from a surrogate mother(代母) cat who became pregnant after being in-
jected with a blastocyst，but the experiment was abandoned after the cat died.
Chen and his team then experimented with surrogacy on black bears.After three years of effort，a black bear became pregnant and the shape of a fetus(胎儿) could be seen on an ultrasound scan(超声波扫描检查)．However，the research was stopped in 2005 because the fetus did not completely develop before the project's deadline.
“Those who are against cloning have made their voices heard throughout the research project on cloning giant pandas.Some people believe cloning goes against nature，but it is actually a pioneering technology.If successful，it is a way to save endangered animals，”Chen said.
Some scientists take a different view.“While I agree that research on cloning is meaningful，it is inappropriate to use giant pandas in this type of experiment.The number of pandas is limited and human beings have yet to master knowledge about pandas' pregnancy.Cloning would do little
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to save the species，”said Wang Dajun，a researcher at the School of Life Sciences，Peking University.
In response，Chen said that he would continue his research.
【诱思导学】
1．Do you think pandas can be saved by cloning？Why?
______________________________________________
【答案】省略
2．Why are some scientists against cloning pandas?
______________________________________________
【答案】Because they think cloning go against nature.
Period Ⅰ
Previewing
●教学目标
本课时主要是通过学生对学案所给出的内容的学习，了解本课文中所出现的词汇，初步了解课文以及相关的背景知识，为下一堂课对课文的全面理解起到一个铺垫作用。
●教学地位
本单元的中心话题是“克隆”。克隆意为无性繁殖，克隆技术即是无性繁殖技术。1997年英国罗斯林研究所试验成功的克隆羊多莉是首次利用体细胞克隆成功的，它在生物工程史上揭开了新的一页。本单元内容具体涉及“什么是克隆”、“克隆羊多莉是如何诞生的”、“克隆的利弊”等。语言技能和语言知识都是围绕“克隆”这一中心话题设计的。目的在于让他们了解有关克隆的知识和科普文章的一些基本特征和写作方法，自己尝试写简单的辩论报
。
告
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●新课导入建议
可以通过让学生看和讨论教材P10的“热身”(Warming Up)的图片：克隆羊多莉、人类的双胞胎、草莓的自然无性繁殖以及插枝繁殖的植物等导入新课。要求学生分组讨论，了解两种不同的克隆：自然克隆和人工克隆。为下面的阅读做好铺垫。老师要尽量给学生自主学习的时间和空间，通过自学、自做、自悟、自助等方式，让学生更好地体会和理解文章的内容。
●教学流程设计
导入新课。?学生阅读“美文阅读”与“诱思导学”(见学案第19页)。?学生就“话题美文导读”进行讨论，统一答案。?
学生再次阅读课文(课本第11－12页)并完成“语篇理解”(见学案第20页)。?师生共同讨论并统一答案。?让学生快速阅读课文，(见课本第11－12页)并完成“篇章结构”(见学案第20页)。
?
学生共同讨论，并让学生发表各自见解，最后统一答案。?学生再次仔细阅读课文，(课本第11－12页)进行深度理解，并完成“课文缩写”(见学案第20页)。?老师指导学生讨论，共同找出答案。
?
让学生根据所给出的表格进行自我评估(见学案第21页)。?学生讨论，并让学生代表发表他们讨论得出的答案。老师予以更正。?让学生完成“知识初探”部分(见学案第21页)。
?
老师布置作业，让学生看课本并完成课本第12页1、2、3题，预习学案Period Ⅱ(见学案第21页), 写一篇简单的辩论报告类作文。
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Ⅰ.篇章结构
阅读P11－12的Reading部分，然后完成下列表格
4．the disturbing news 5.cast down 6.half the length of7.objections8.human beings 9.nervous and more conservative10.forbid
Ⅱ.语篇理解
阅读P11－12的Reading部分，选择最佳答案
1．What are people cloning now?
A．They are cloning books and machines.
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B．They are cloning humans and animals.
C．They are cloning trees，crops，grass，flowers，etc.，as well as animals.
2．It can be inferred from the passage that a cloned animal________.
A．usually lives as long as the original one
B．usually lives longer than the original one
C．usually lives shorter than the original one
3．The cloning of Dolly the sheep succeeded because ________.
A．it is easier to clone a sheep than other animals
B．the scientists were determined and worked hard with patience
C．it is more useful than plants
4．From the passage，we can see ________.
A．Dolly's original sheep lived 13 years
B．Dolly's baby was also a cloned one
C．newspapers did not disclose cloning sheep
5．We can use the skill of cloning to________.
A．bring about global peace
B．create other famous scientists
C．cure some special diseases
【答案】1－5 C C B A C
Ⅲ.课文缩写
Cloning is a way of making an 1.________ copy of another animal or plant.Cloning plants is 2.________ while cloning animals is very complicated.It is a difficult task to 3.________.Many attempts to clone mammals failed.But at last the determination and patience of scientists 4.________ in 1996 with a 5.________—the cloning of Dolly the sheep.Dolly's appearance raised storm of 6.________ and had a great 7.________ on the 8.________ and public imagination.Altogether Dolly lived six and a half years，half the length of the original sheep.
At present some countries began to reform their legal systems and 9.________ research into human cloning，but other countries like China and the UK，continued to 10.________ evidence of the abundant medical aid that cloning could provide.
【答案】 1.exact 2.straightforward 3.undertake
4．paid off 5.breakthrough 6.objections7.impact
8．media9.forbade/forbad10.accumulate
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Ⅰ.词义搭配
1．undertake A．to promise or agree to do
something 2．breakthrough B．an important new discovery
in something you are studying
3．altogether C．connected with the principles
of what is right and wrong
behaviour，and with the
difference between good and
evil
4．object D．to get something that you want 5．obtain E．completely
6．moral F．to gradually get more and more of
sth.over a period of time 7．forbid G．to order sb.not to do sth.or order
that sth.must not be done 8．accumulate H．to say that you disagree with，
disapprove of or oppose sth.
【答案】 1.A 2.B 3.E 4.H 5.D 6.C7.G8.F
Ⅱ.短语填空
in favour of；pay off；object to；from time to time；cast down；differ from；have an impact on
1．Jack is really having a hard time－he can't earn enough money to ________ the debts.
2．At the UN conference，China strongly ________punishing the Arabic countries by force.
3．The people are much ________ by many years of civil war.
4．Fashion designers are always changing styles of dress ________ to make more money from ladies.
5．Are you ________ the government's plan to build more railway lines?
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【答案】 1.pay off 2.objected to 3.cast down 4.from time to time 5.in favour of Ⅲ.句型背诵
1．Cloning plants is straightforward while_ cloning animals is very complicated.
克隆植物简单，但克隆动物就很复杂了。
2．The fact that_she_seemed_to_develop_normally was very encouraging.
看来多莉是在正常地成长着，这很令人鼓舞。
3．Then_came the disturbing news that Dolly had become seriously ill.接着传来了多莉病重的坏消息。
4．Although at present human egg cells and embryos needed for cloning research are_difficult_to_obtain，newspapers wrote of evil leaders hoping to clone themselves to attain their ambitions.尽管目前供克隆研究的人类的卵细胞和胚胎很难获得，报纸报道说，有些邪恶头目希望把自己克隆出来以实现他们的野心。
Period ⅡWarming Up & Reading
(教师用书独具)
●教学目标
(1)熟记学案中所列出的单词和短语。
(2)通过学案中所给出的重点单词和重点短语的学习，让学生能够正确理解和使用这些单词和短语，能够运用这些词语造句。
(3)通过对这些词汇的理解能够更深层次的理解课文，并通过课文加深对这些词汇的理解，更加熟练地运用这些词汇。
(4)通过对本课文的理解，要求学生根据自己的想象描述一下未来的克隆技术会为我们人类克隆出一个怎样的世界，会有哪些利弊等。让学生就此展开讨论，并写一个简单的辩论报告。以提高学生的书面表达能力。
●教学地位
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单词和短语是构成句子的最小单位，在语言学习中起着至关重要的作用，所以理解和正确运用英语单词和短语是英语学习的重点所在
。
●新课导入建议
It is known that cloning is a controversial topic which will become more important as the years pass.Different people have different opinions about it.Now I want to ask xxx to say something about cloning and discuss some of the issues associated with cloning.
●教学流程设计
老师检查上节课所布置的作业，检查学生对学案预习的情况。?导入新课。?让学生就“互动探究”(见学案第21页)进行讨论，让学生各自发表自己的见解，然后让各个讨论组派代表汇报各自讨论结果。?
让学生再次阅读课文，(课本第11－12页)以加深对所学单词与短语的理解。?老师针对难点和重点词汇进行讲解，并补充学案中所遗漏的重点词汇，补充一些必要的练习。?让学生针对各自不同的意见展开讨论，然后老师给出详细正确答案。
?
让学生完成“自我评估”(学案第26页)。?布置作业。让学生完成课本第13页第1、2、3题，“课时作业”和预习Period Ⅲ(见学案第27页)。
1．differ vi.不同；相异
Think about how they differ. (教材P10)
想一想他们如何不同。
Men differ in habits and appearance.
人的相貌和习惯均不相同。
He and his wife differ constantly.
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他与妻子常有分歧。
①differ from sb./sth.与某人/某物不同
differ from /with sb. about/on sth.关于某事与某人有异议
differ in...在……方面不同
②make a difference有影响，很重要
the difference between A and B A与B之间的不同
③be different from sb.in...在……方面不同于某人
He differs from me on clothes.
在衣着方面他不同于我。
The two sides in the dispute still differ with each other over the question of pay.
争执的双方在报酬问题上仍各持己见。
Can you tell the difference between them?
你能说出他们的区别吗？
City life is very different from country life.
都市生活和乡村生活是非常不同的。
differ from/differ with
完成句子
①French and English ________(在……上不同)this aspect.
②Their house ________(与我的房子不同，区别在于有)no garage.
③I ________(和他观点不同)on the plan.
【答案】①differ in②differs from mine in having③differ with him
2．exact adj.准确的；精确的；严谨的；一丝不苟的
It is a way of making an exact copy of another animal or plant.(教材P11)这是一种用来生产
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与原型完全相同的动植物的方法。
I am doubtful about the exact meaning of this sentence.
我拿不准这句话的确切含义。
You have to be very exact in this job，because a small mistake can make a big difference.做这项工作你必须非常严谨，因为一个小错就可能产生天壤之别。
exactly ad v.确切地；究竟；到底
to be exact确切地说(＝exactly speaking)
not exactly不完全；一点也不；根本不
Exactly speaking，the result is wrong.
确切地说，这个结果不正确。
It's exactly nine o'clock.
现在是九点整。
完成句子
①确切地说，她是一个一丝不苟的人。
________________，she is a very exact person.
②现在大约两点钟，确切地说是两点三分三十五秒。
It's about two o'clock－three minutes and thirty-five seconds past，______________.
③你做这项工作必须非常严谨。
You have to ____________ in this job.
【答案】①To be exact/Exactly speaking②to be exact③be very exact
3．The fact that she seemed to develop normally was very encouraging. (教材P11)
看来多莉是在正常地成长着，这很令人鼓舞。
句中that引导同位语从句来说明fact的具体内容。
The news came that the Spanish Football Team won the World Cup.
传来了西班牙足球队赢得世界杯的消息。
We have strong belief that we will win the war.
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我们对我们能赢得战争抱有坚定的信心。
同位语从句可由when ，where ，how ，why ，that ，whether 等词引导。同位语从句一般放在idea ，fact ，news ，hope ，belief ，thought ，doubt ，question 等抽象名词之后，用以说明抽象名词的具体内容。有时为了保持句子的平衡，同位语从句还可以放在动词的后面。
We must face the fact that we have run out of all the money.我们必须面对我们已花完了钱这一事实。
The plan has been put forward that more students will be admitted to the colleges. 让更多的学生上大学的计划已经提出了。
that 引导的同位语从句/ 关系代词that 引导的定语从句的区别
(2013·浙江高考)The only way to succeed at the highest level is to have total belief ________ you are better than anyone else on the sports field.
A ．how
B ．that
C ．which
D ．whether
【解析】 题干的意思是：“要取得最高层次的成功，唯一的方法就是要完全相信在体育运动领域你比其他任何人都优秀。”have total belief that...完全相信……，为固定句式。此处belief 后接了同位语从句，从句不缺少成分，用that 引导，所以正确答案为B 项。
【答案】 B
翻译句子
我们赢得比赛的消息传来了。
________________________________________.
【答案】News/Word came that we won the competition.
4．Cloning plants is straightforward while cloning animals is very complicated.(教材P11) 克隆植物简单，但克隆动物就很复杂了。
while在本句中表示“对比”关系。表示同类事物之间的对比，常译作“然而，可是”。
The south of the country grows richer，while the north grows poorer.
这个国家的南方越来越富，而北方却越来越穷了。
He likes pop music，while I am fond of country music.
他喜欢流行音乐，而我喜欢乡村音乐。
I like tea while she likes coffee.
我喜欢喝茶，而她喜欢喝咖啡。
while的另外两个重要的含义：
①while作从属连词，意为“当……的时候”。
②while作从属连词，意为“虽然，尽管”，表示让步关系。
While I admit his good points，I can see his shortcomings.尽管我承认他的优点，但我还是能看到他的缺点。
I'll take care of your child while you are away.
你不在时，我会照顾你的孩子的。
Please don't talk so loudly while others are working.
别人在工作时，别高声谈话。
【对接高考】
(2012·四川高考)At school，some students are active________some are shy，yet they can be good friends with one another.
A．while B．although
C．so D．as
【解析】句意：在学校里，一些学生是活跃的，而一些学生是腼腆的，然而他们彼此之间可以成为好朋友。some students are active与some are shy为对比关系，故选A项，while 可以连接并列分句，表对比。
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【答案】
A
翻译句子
①我喜欢唱歌，而我妹妹喜欢跳舞。
______________________________________________ ②汤姆很强壮，而他的弟弟却很瘦弱。
______________________________________________ 【答案】 ①I like singing ，while my sister likes dancing. ②Tom is strong while his little brother is weak.
5．undertake vt.(undertook ，undertaken)着手；从事；承担；承诺；答应 It is a difficult task to undertake.(教材P 11) 这是一项很难完成的任务。
The United Nations was supposed to undertake the responsibility for global peace keeping. 联合国应承担维护世界和平的责任。
The company has announced that it will undertake a full investigation into the accident. 公司已经宣布将对这一次事故全面调查。
①undertake a task/responsibility 承担任务/责任 undertake to do sth.同意、答应或着手做某事 undertake for...为……负责 undertake that clause 保证…… ②undertaking n ．任务；事业；企业
He undertook to pay the money back in one month. 他答应在一个月之内还钱。
I can undertake that you will enjoy the trip. 我保证你会喜欢这次旅行。
完成句子
①我将保证你的安全。 I'll____________your security.
②她负责整个项目的组织工作。
She____________of the whole project.
【答案】①undertake for
②undertook the organization work
6．pay off得到好结果；取得成功；偿清
But at last the determination and patience of the scientists paid off in 1996 with a breakthrough—the cloning of Dolly the sheep.(教材P11)
但是，科学家的决心和耐心最终得到了回报，这就是1996年具有突破性的克隆羊“多莉”的诞生。
They took a hell of risk but it paid off.
他们冒了很大的风险，但事情成功了。
We paid off our mortgage after 15 years.
我们历经15年时间终于还清了抵押贷款。
pay sth.off全部偿还；偿清
pay sb.off付清某人工资并解雇
pay for买……；为……付款；为……付出代价
pay back还钱；偿还；报复
pay money for sth.付钱买……
pay up付清欠款
Can you lend me ￡10？I'll pay you back on Friday.
你能借我十英镑吗？我星期五就还你。
I'll make her pay for ruining my chances.
我要让她因毁了我的机会吃苦头。
【提示】pay off表示“得到回报”时，无被动语态，且一般用表示事物的名词作主语；表示“偿清”时，用人作主语。
【对接高考】
(2012·安徽高考)The athlete's years of hard training________when she finally won the Olympic gold medal.
A．went on B．got through
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C ．paid off
D ．ended up
【解析】 句意：当这个运动员最终获得奥运会金牌时，她多年的刻苦训练总算得到了回报。pay off “得到回报”，符合句意。
【答案】
C
(2013·烟台高二质检)He worked hard before the College Entrance Examination ，and it________.His dream of going to college came true.
A ．showed off
B ．paid off
C ．put off
D ．took off
【解析】 pay off 在此意为“取得成功，得到好结果”。show off 炫耀；put off 推迟；take off 脱去，起飞。
【答案】 B
7．Then_came the disturbing news that Dolly had become seriously ill.(教材P 11) 接着传来了多莉病重的坏消息。
本句是一个完全倒装句。完全倒装是把谓语动词完全置于主语前，其中主语必须是名词，若为代词则不倒装，这种结构中谓语部分无助动词(be ，do ，have)和情态动词，但可以有连系动词be 。
In came the doctor.医生进来了。 There goes the bell.铃响了。
Now comes your turn.现在轮到你了。
须用完全倒装的情况有：
①当句首为副词out ，in ，up ，down ，off ，here ，there ，now ，then 等，且主语为名词时，应用完全倒装。
②当表示地点的介词短语位于句首，且主语为名词时，应用完全倒装。
③在there be 结构中，there 为引导词，be 动词之后为句子的主语，属完全倒装，be 应与主语保持一致。除be 以外，能与there 连用的动词还有seem ，exist ，happen ，appear ，live ，stand 等。
④作表语的形容词、过去分词等较短，而主语相对比较长，为了保持句子平衡而将表语前置时，句子的主谓也应完全倒装。
⑤某些表示祝愿的句子也可用完全倒装(或部分倒装)。
Under the tree were some children.
树下有一些孩子。
There were a lot of people in the park last Sunday.
上周日公园里有很多人。
Gone are the days when we Chinese were looked down upon.中国人被歧视的日子已成为过去。
Long live the Chinese Communist Party of China!
中国共产党万岁！
用倒装句完成下列句子
①The door opened and ____________(校长进来了).
②____________(柜台后站着) a beautiful girl.
③____________ (鸟飞走了)in all directions.
【答案】①in came the headmaster②Behind the counter stood③Away flew the birds 8．cast down沮丧；不愉快(多用于被动语态)
Cloning scientists were cast down to find that Dolly's illnesses were more appropriate to a much older animal.(教材P12)研究克隆的科学家们发现多莉得的病更容易发生在年老的动物身上，这让他们很沮丧。
He was cast down by what his manager said.
经理说的话使他沮丧。
Anybody would be cast down at such bad news as that.
任何人听到那样一条坏消息都会感到沮丧的。
cast out 驱逐出去；赶走
cast a shadow (在心理上)留下阴影
cast off 摆脱掉；抛弃
You really must cast off all these bad habits.
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你确实应该抛弃这些坏习惯。
完成句子
①她因被解雇而感到非常沮丧。
She____________________by her dismissal. ②他已经放弃了出国的打算。
He____________________his idea of going abroad. ③纯真的爱情是无畏的。
Perfect love ____________________. 【答案】 ①was much cast down ②cast off ③casts out fear
9．altogether adv.全部；总共；总而言之；完全地
Altogether Dolly lived six and a half years ，half the length of the life of the original sheep.(教材P 12)多莉总共只存活了六年半，这是它的原型羊寿命的一半。
How much will it be altogether ？总共多少钱？
The weather was bad and the food was dreadful.Altogether the holiday was very disappointing.
天气又坏，吃的又糟。总而言之，这次假期很让人扫兴。 He's not altogether sure what to do. 他不能完全确定做什么。
all together/altogether
这是完全不可能的。
There were altogether/all together 40 students in the class.班上总共有40个学生。 They came all together.他们都一起来的。
完成句子
①We have invited fifty people ________(总共)．
②I ________ (不完全同意你的意见)．
③Can you put your books ________(都放进这个箱子里)?
④________(总之)，the meeting was a success.
【答案】①altogether/all together②don't altogether agree with you③all together in this box④Altogether
10．objection n．不赞成；反对；异议
On the other hand，Dolly's appearance raised a storm of objections and had a great impact on the media and public imagination.(教材P12)
另一方面，多莉的出现引起了强烈反对，激起了媒体的热炒和公众的想象。
Do you have any objections？你有任何异议吗？
What's your objection to my plan?
你对我的计划有什么异议？
①raise an objection to sth.对……提出异议
have/make/take an objection to (doing) sth.
反对某事
②object to sth./sb.反对某事/某人
object to doing sth.反对干某事
object to sb.doing sth.反对某人干某事
object that...提出……作为反对的理由
③object n．物，物体；目的，目标(＝purpose，objective)
They object to this new law for religious reasons.
出于宗教原因他们反对这一新法律。
He strongly objects to being treated like a child.
他强烈反对被人当孩子一样对待。
【提示】object to中的to 为介词。
单项填空
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①The match was cancelled because most of the members________a match without a standard court.
A．objected to having
B．were objected to have
C．objected to have
D．were objected to having
【解析】object是不及物动词，与介词to 搭配，意为“不赞成……，反对……”，其后跟名词或动名词形式。
【答案】 A
完成句子
②我们抗议这种待遇。
We ________ being treated like this.
③我提出反对意见；他太年轻不适合这个职位。
I ________ he was too young for the position.
【答案】②object to/have an objection to
③objected that
11．obtain v．得到；获得(较正式用语)
Although at present human egg cells and embryos needed for cloning research are difficult to obtain，newspapers wrote of evil leaders hoping to clone themselves to attain their ambitions.(教材P12)尽管目前供克隆研究的人类卵细胞和胚胎很难获得，报纸报道说，有些邪恶头目希望把自己克隆出来以实现他们的野心。
He finally obtained what he had always wanted.
他终于得到了他一直想要的东西。
We wished to obtain first-hand information.
我们希望得到第一手信息。
obtain knowledge/one's degree 获得知识/学位
obtain sb.sth./obtain sth.for sb.给某人带来……
I obtained this record for you with difficulty.
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我好不容易为你弄到了这张唱片。 She obtained her doctor's degree in 2012. 她在2012年获得了博士学位。 The books can be obtained from the library. 这些书可以在图书馆里借到。
obtain/achieve/attain/gain/acquire
(2013·商丘高二质检)After questioning the man for six hours ，the police ________ the information they wanted.
A ．seized
B ．
recovered C
．appealed
D ．obtained
【解析】 obtain “获得；得到”，本题指警方从审讯中获取了他们想要的信息，此处obtain 可用get 替代。seize 抓住，逮捕；recover 恢复，重新获得；appeal(迫切)要求，有吸引力(to)。
【答案】 D
12．forbid vt.(forbade ，forbad ；forbidden)禁止；不准
Some began to reform their legal systems and forbade research into human cloning...(教材P 12)一些(政府)开始改革他们的法律体系来禁止对克隆人的研究……
The new rule forbids smoking in offices. 新规定禁止在办公室内抽烟。 My parents forbid me to drink too much. 我的父母不准我喝太多酒。
forbid sb.to do sth.禁止某人做某事