附录B
专用车辆的特点
随着汽车工业和市场的发展，社会对汽车运输的效率和经济性以及各种功能的要求也越来越高，从而使汽车运输工具向专业化发展成为必然规律。从某种意义上说，汽车基本型仅能满足“量”的要求，完成一般的汽车运输，只有专业车辆才能更有效地发挥汽车运输的经济效益和专用功能，从而满足“质”的要求。
汽车运输专用车辆能保持运输货物的物理状态和质量，采用普通型运输，是有些货物在运输过程中可能会发生腐烂变质，在长途运输中，如肉类、蛋类若没有冷冻保鲜专业设备，尤其是在炎热的夏天肯定会变质。如活鱼苗若没有防震、保湿、充氧气等专用功能，在长途运输中会死亡。有些货物在运输过程中容易流式损坏，如水泥、玻璃、谷物、蔬菜等。据我国经委运输研究报告，一些地区的水果、肉、鱼、鲜蛋不能及时外运，造成腐烂变质，年亏损达10亿元之多，而另一些地区却严重脱销。
汽车运输专用车辆能提高运输生产率，降低运输成本，减少劳动消耗、缩短装卸时间、实现最佳经济效益。例如自卸汽车减少了装卸劳动力，液罐运输车自行装卸油液，洒水车具有自动加水、喷洒道路冲洗水沟的功能，混凝土搅拌车具有拌搅水泥石沙和将混凝土运输到建筑工地的功能。普通型汽车是不可能完成这些功能的。
汽车运输专用车辆具有专门的防护设备对于一些易燃、易爆、易腐蚀、有毒等化学物质必须使用专用车辆来运输，普通型汽车是难以胜任这些物质的运输工作。
除公路运输外，对石油勘探、市政工程、环保卫生、消防、机场、医疗、建筑等野需要专用汽车运输。由于专用车辆具有一些普通型汽车不能比拟的功能，近年来，世界各国都大力发展专用汽车，致力于专用车辆的研究，以扩大汽车的使用范围。根据统计资料介绍，美国专用汽车的产量占汽车产量的58%，9t～11.8t 的中性汽车的保有量中，专用汽车占2/3以上。日本专用车辆的保有量占中型货车的50%以上。德国对专用车辆的需求量越来越大，不仅生产有工业、农业、林业、食品、市政等专用车辆，还生产有住宅式汽车、野外生活豪华型专用客车。目前，专用车占整个货车保有量的70%以上。
综上所述，专用车辆是汽车运输发展的产物，与普通汽车相比具有能充分发挥汽车运输效率，降低运输成本、缩短装卸货物时间、减少劳动消耗和货物损失，
特别是能保持货物的质量和使用价值，有利于各种类货物运输的优点。
我国专用车辆起步较晚，生产始于60年代初期，是在军用改装汽车哦基础上逐步发展起来的。70年代一些生产专用车辆的厂家根据国民经济的不同需要形成了自己的产品特色，如汉阳特种汽车厂生产半挂车、武汉专用车辆厂生产粉罐式汽车、镇江冷藏汽车厂生产冷藏保温车、兰州专用汽车厂生产厢式汽车、青岛专用汽车厂生产自卸汽车等等。80年代，专用车辆获得迅速发展，年生产能力达10多万辆。特别国内各大汽车集团公司，如第一汽车集团公司、东风汽车公司、重汽车集团公司等都把专用车辆的开发放到了重要地位，为专用车辆的发展起到了重要作用。从此，专用车辆已从形成行业阶段向逐步成熟阶段迈进。目前，专用车辆已经成为国民经济中不可缺少的交通运输和工程作业的重要装备，专用车辆覆盖面越来越广泛。近几年来一些专用车辆厂家在立足国内市场的基础上，已开始涉足国际市场，尤其是我国中位的专用车辆以其具有的可靠性，性能适中，价格低在第三世界国家中具有竞争能力。综上所述，我国专用车辆有着广阔的发展前景。据发展预测，到2000年国内需要的专用车辆产品基本能生产自给，而且逐步扩大专用车辆的出口量。
根据汽车发展的客观目标以及目前专用车辆的生产现状，在今后一个相当时期内，开发多品种、高技术、提高专用性能、扩大服务领域是专用车辆发展的总趋势。近期内我国专用车辆发展重点主要归纳为以下几方面。
1.高等级公路专用车辆
高等级公路的发展给汽车运输带来广阔的发展前景。为了有效地发挥高等级公路的效益和功能，高等级公路专用车辆的发展主要考虑两个方面。一方面是运输的专用车辆朝着大型化、专用化方向发展，如集装箱运输车、大型厢式汽车、大型罐式汽车、大型冷藏汽车、轿车运输车等。另一方面是高等级公路服务用车辆。为了保障高等级公路全天畅通无阻，必须配备相应的各种高等级公路管理专用车，如巡逻车、救护车、交通监理车、抢险车等。为了对高等级公路进行养护和维修，要进行路面清扫、洒水、除草、除雪、修补路面、绿化以及交通工程设施的维护和抢修等都需要开发相应的专用车辆。
2．油田用专用车辆
根据国家有关部门的要求，油田用运载工具的开发列入国家重大装备开发研制项目。近期主要为满足新疆沙漠油田各种作业用的专用车辆，如油田固井车、压裂车、修井车、测井车等，将同步开发对目前已有的产品进一步改善提高。
3．机场专用车辆
目前，机场各种用途的专用车辆主要依赖进口。随着我国各主要大、中城市
正在兴建现代化机场，急需与相配套的各种机场专用车辆，比如大型飞机加油车、飞机牵引车、电源车、跑道清扫车、升降平台车、货物运输车、旅客运输车。
The characteristics of professional vehicles
With the auto industry and the development of the market and society on the auto transport efficiency and economy as well as various functional requirements are also getting higher and higher, so that the development of specialized car carriers to become essential law. In a certain sense, can only meet the basic vehicle of "quantity" requirements, the completion of the general motor transport, vehicles can only professional play a more effective vehicle for economic and transport functions, thereby satisfying the "quality" requirements.
Motor transport vehicles for the transport of goods to maintain the physical condition and quality, general-use transport, some of the goods during transport corrupts may occur in the long-distance transportation, such as meat, eggs, if not frozen fresh professional equipment, especially in the hot summer will certainly degenerate. If not live fish such as earthquakes, moisture, oxygen filling, and other special features, will be in the long-distance transportation of death. Some of the goods during transport easy-flow damage, such as cement, glass, cereals, vegetables and so on. According to China's Economic Commission, Transport Study report, in some areas of fruits, meat, fish, eggs or timely Sinotrans, causing rot metamorphism, the loss of as much as 1 billion yuan, and other areas are seriously out of stock.
Motor Transport improve transport vehicles for productivity, and lower transport costs, reduce labor and reduces the turnaround time to achieve best value for money. For example, to reduce the Dump Truck handling labor, their own handling of a tank transporter of oil, with Automatic Sprinkler water, sprinkler irrigation ditch the function of roads, concrete mixers has stirred mixed sand and cement concrete transported to the construction sites will be the function of . Ordinary car it is impossible to accomplish these functions.
Motor Transport specialized vehicles with specialized protective equipment for a number of flammable, explosive, corrosive, toxic chemical substances, such as vehicles to be used for transport, ordinary car it is difficult competence of the transport of these substances. In addition to road transport, oil exploration, municipal engineering, environmental health, fire, airport, medical, construction and other wild need special motor transport. As for vehicles with ordinary cars can not compare to function, in recent years, countries in the world have vigorously develop specialized
vehicles, special vehicles to the research, to expand the use of the car. According to statistics, the United States dedicated automotive vehicle production accounted for 58%, 9 t ~ 11.8t neutral in the total number of motor vehicles, specialized vehicles account for more than 2 / 3. Japan accounted for vehicles MGV retained more than 50 per cent.
Germany to the growing demand for the vehicles, not only are industrial production, agriculture, forestry, food, municipal, and other special vehicles, and domestic car production, and the wild life of luxury private bus. At present, the Special Purpose Vehicle for the entire tenure of the vehicle more than 70 percent To sum up, and special motor transport vehicles are a product of the development, as compared with ordinary cars can give full play to motor transport efficiency and reduce the cost of transportation, loading and unloading of cargoes to shorten the time and reduce the loss of goods and labor consumption, particularly to maintain the quality of the goods and the value, to the carriage of goods of various types of benefits.
My special vehicles late start, production began in the early 1960s, is in the military based on the modified car Oh gradually develop.
1970s some of the production vehicle manufacturers for the different needs of the national economy in accordance with the formation of its own products, such as automobile production plants Hanyang special semi-trailer, Wuhan special vehicles plant powder tank cars, automobile plant in Zhenjiang frozen refrigerated and insulated car, Lanzhou Special Purpose Vehicle production plants Van automobiles, automobile plant in Qingdao for the production dump truck, and so on. In the 1980s, there was a rapid development of specialized vehicles, the annual production capacity of over 10 million units. Special major domestic car company, such as the First Automobile Group, Dongfeng Motor Corporation, theFAW Group Corporation, and other heavy vehicles regard for the development has been put on an important position for the development of private vehicles has played an important role. Since then, the formation of special vehicles from the industry to phase gradually into the mature stage. At present, special vehicles have become indispensable to the national economy transport and works of important equipment, special vehicles more extensive coverage. In recent years a number of special vehicles manufacturers based on the domestic market on the basis of already begun to set foot in the international
market, especially in China-dedicated vehicles with its reliability, performance, moderate, low price in the third world countries is competitive. To sum up, China's special vehicles have broad prospects for future development. According to forecast, in 2000, the need for vehicles capable of producing basic subsistence products, and gradually expand the volume of exports for vehicles.
According to automobile and the development of objective criteria for the current production status of vehicles in the future a considerable period of time, the development of more varieties, high-tech, special improve performance, and expand service areas for vehicles is the general trend of development. China's development of vehicles for the near future are summarized in the following key areas.
1. Dedicated highway vehicles
Highway to the development of motor transport brought broad prospects for development. In order to effectively play the highway efficiency and performance, high-grade highways vehicles for the development of two major considerations. On the one hand, the transport of special vehicles in the large, dedicated the direction of development, such as vehicles, containers, large vans cars, large tank vehicles, large refrigerated vehicles, such as car transporters. On the other hand highway service vehicles. In order to protect the day uninterrupted highway, must be equipped with the corresponding variety of management for highway vehicles such as cars, ambulances, traffic Commissioner cars, and rescue vehicles. In order to carry out the conservation and highway maintenance, it is necessary to carry out road cleaning, watering, weeding, snow, road repair, green and traffic engineering facilities maintenance and repair, and so needs to develop the corresponding specialized vehicles.
2. Oilfield with special vehicles
According to the requirements of relevant departments, the development of the means of delivery of oil to major equipment included in the national development research project. To meet the recent major Xinjiang desert oilfield operations by the various special vehicles, such as cars oilfield cementing, fracturing cars, workover rig trucks, logging trucks, will be the simultaneous development of the current product has been further improved improve.
3. vehicles for airport
Currently, the airport uses for the vehicles mainly rely on imports. As China's major big cities in the construction of modern airports, and the urgent need of
accessories of all kinds of vehicles for the airport, such as large aircraft refueling vehicles, aircraft towing, power cars, trucks sweeping the runway, take-off and landing platform cars, goods vehicles, passenger vehicles, etc.
毕业设计（论文）外文参考文献及译文 英文题目Component-based Safety Computer of Railway Signal Interlocking System 中文题目模块化安全铁路信号计算机联锁系统 学院自动化与电气工程学院 专业自动控制 姓名葛彦宁 学号 200808746 指导教师贺清 2012年5月30日
Component-based Safety Computer of Railway Signal Interlocking System 1 Introduction Signal Interlocking System is the critical equipment which can guarantee traffic safety and enhance operational efficiency in railway transportation. For a long time, the core control computer adopts in interlocking system is the special customized high-grade safety computer, for example, the SIMIS of Siemens, the EI32 of Nippon Signal, and so on. Along with the rapid development of electronic technology, the customized safety computer is facing severe challenges, for instance, the high development costs, poor usability, weak expansibility and slow technology update. To overcome the flaws of the high-grade special customized computer, the U.S. Department of Defense has put forward the concept：we should adopt commercial standards to replace military norms and standards for meeting consumers’demand [1]. In the meantime, there are several explorations and practices about adopting open system architecture in avionics. The United Stated and Europe have do much research about utilizing cost-effective fault-tolerant computer to replace the dedicated computer in aerospace and other safety-critical fields. In recent years, it is gradually becoming a new trend that the utilization of standardized components in aerospace, industry, transportation and other safety-critical fields. 2 Railways signal interlocking system 2.1 Functions of signal interlocking system The basic function of signal interlocking system is to protect train safety by controlling signal equipments, such as switch points, signals and track units in a station, and it handles routes via a certain interlocking regulation. Since the birth of the railway transportation, signal interlocking system has gone through manual signal, mechanical signal, relay-based interlocking, and the modern computer-based Interlocking System. 2.2 Architecture of signal interlocking system Generally, the Interlocking System has a hierarchical structure. According to the function of equipments, the system can be divided to the function of equipments; the system
中等分辨率制备分离的 快速色谱技术 W. Clark Still,* Michael K a h n , and Abhijit Mitra Departm(7nt o/ Chemistry, Columbia Uniuersity,1Veu York, Neu; York 10027 ReceiLied January 26, 1978 我们希望找到一种简单的吸附色谱技术用于有机化合物的常规净化。这种技术是适于传统的有机物大规模制备分离，该技术需使用长柱色谱法。尽管这种技术得到的效果非常好，但是其需要消耗大量的时间，并且由于频带拖尾经常出现低复原率。当分离的样本剂量大于1或者2g时，这些问题显得更加突出。近年来，几种制备系统已经进行了改进，能将分离时间减少到1-3h，并允许各成分的分辨率ΔR f≥（使用薄层色谱分析进行分析）。在这些方法中，在我们的实验室中，媒介压力色谱法1和短柱色谱法2是最成功的。最近，我们发现一种可以将分离速度大幅度提升的技术，可用于反应产物的常规提纯，我们将这种技术称为急骤色谱法。虽然这种技术的分辨率只是中等（ΔR f≥），而且构建这个系统花费非常低，并且能在10-15min内分离重量在的样本。4 急骤色谱法是以空气压力驱动的混合介质压力以及短柱色谱法为基础，专门针对快速分离，介质压力以及短柱色谱已经进行了优化。优化实验是在一组标准条件5下进行的，优化实验使用苯甲醇作为样本，放在一个20mm*5in.的硅胶柱60内，使用Tracor 970紫外检测器监测圆柱的输出。分辨率通过持续时间（r）和峰宽（w,w/2）的比率进行测定的（Figure 1），结果如图2-4所示，图2-4分别放映分辨率随着硅胶颗粒大小、洗脱液流速和样本大小的变化。
https://www.doczj.com/doc/d15841137.html,/finance/company/consumer.html Consumer finance company The consumer finance division of the SG group of France has become highly active within India. They plan to offer finance for vehicles and two-wheelers to consumers, aiming to provide close to Rs. 400 billion in India in the next few years of its operations. The SG group is also dealing in stock broking, asset management, investment banking, private banking, information technology and business processing. SG group has ventured into the rapidly growing consumer credit market in India, and have plans to construct a headquarters at Kolkata. The AIG Group has been approved by the RBI to set up a non-banking finance company (NBFC). AIG seeks to introduce its consumer finance and asset management businesses in India. AIG Capital India plans to emphasize credit cards, mortgage financing, consumer durable financing and personal loans. Leading Indian and international concerns like the HSBC, Deutsche Bank, Goldman Sachs, Barclays and HDFC Bank are also waiting to be approved by the Reserve Bank of India to initiate similar operations. AIG is presently involved in insurance and financial services in more than one hundred countries. The affiliates of the AIG Group also provide retirement and asset management services all over the world. Many international companies have been looking at NBFC business because of the growing consumer finance market. Unlike foreign banks, there are no strictures on branch openings for the NBFCs. GE Consumer Finance is a section of General Electric. It is responsible for looking after the retail finance operations. GE Consumer Finance also governs the GE Capital Asia. Outside the United States, GE Consumer Finance performs its operations under the GE Money brand. GE Consumer Finance currently offers financial services in more than fifty countries. The company deals in credit cards, personal finance, mortgages and automobile solutions. It has a client base of more than 118 million customers throughout the world
文献信息： 文献标题：Challenges and opportunities affecting the future of human resource management（影响人力资源管理未来的挑战和机遇） 国外作者：Dianna L. Stone，Diana L. Deadrick 文献出处：《Human Resource Management Review》, 2015, 25(2):139-145 字数统计：英文3725单词，21193字符；中文6933汉字 外文文献： Challenges and opportunities affecting the future of human resource management Abstract Today, the field of Human Resource Management (HR) is experiencing numerous pressures for change. Shifts in the economy, globalization, domestic diversity, and technology have created new demands for organizations, and propelled the field in some completely new directions. However, we believe that these challenges also create numerous opportunities for HR and organizations as a whole. Thus, the primary purposes of this article are to examine some of the challenges and opportunities that should influence the future of HR. We also consider implications for future research and practice in the field. Keywords: Future of human resource management, Globalization, Knowledge economy Diversity, Technology 1.Change from a manufacturing to a service or knowledge economy One of the major challenges influencing the future of HR processes is the change from a manufacturing to a service or knowledgebased economy. This new economy is characterized by a decline in manufacturing and a growth in service or knowledge as the core of the economic base. A service economy can be defined as a system based on buying and selling of services or providing something for others (Oxford
中英文对照翻译 (文档含英文原文和中文翻译) Policies for Development of Iron and Steel Industry The iron and steel industry is an important basic industry of the national economy, a supporting industry for realizing the industrialization and an intensive industry in technologies, capital, resources and energy, and its development requires a comprehensive balancing of all kinds of external conditions. China is a big developing country with a comparatively big demand of iron and steel in the economic development for a long time to go. China's production capacity of iron and steel has ranked the first place in the world for many years. However, there is a large gap in terms of the technological level and material consumption of the iron and steel industry compared with the international advanced level, so the focus of development for the future shall be put on technical upgrading and structural adjustment. In order to enhance the whole technical level of the iron and steel industry, promote the structural adjustment, improve the industrial layout, develop a recycling economy, lower the consumption of materials and energy, pay attention to the environmental protection, raise the comprehensive competitive capacity of enterprises, realize the industrial upgrading, and develop the iron and steel industry into an industry with
New technique of the computer network Abstract The 21 century is an ages of the information economy, being the computer network technique of representative techniques this ages, will be at very fast speed develop soon in continuously creatively, and will go deep into the people's work, life and study. Therefore, control this technique and then seem to be more to deliver the importance. Now I mainly introduce the new technique of a few networks in actuality live of application. keywords Internet Network System Digital Certificates Grid Storage 1. Foreword Internet turns 36, still a work in progress Thirty-six years after computer scientists at UCLA linked two bulky computers using a 15-foot gray cable, testing a new way for exchanging data over networks, what would ultimately become the Internet remains a work in progress. University researchers are experimenting with ways to increase its capacity and speed. Programmers are trying to imbue Web pages with intelligence. And work is underway to re-engineer the network to reduce Spam (junk mail) and security troubles. All the while threats loom: Critics warn that commercial, legal and political pressures could hinder the types of innovations that made the Internet what it is today. Stephen Crocker and Vinton Cerf were among the graduate students who joined UCLA professor Len Klein rock in an engineering lab on Sept. 2, 1969, as bits of meaningless test data flowed silently between the two computers. By January, three other "nodes" joined the fledgling network.
XXX学院 毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译 学院：计算机与软件工程学院 专业：计算机科学技术(软件工程方向) 姓名： 学号： 外文出处：GoyKakus.THE RESEARCH OFCUSTOMER RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT STRATEGY [J]. International Journal of Management Research & Review, 2017, 1(9): 624-635. 附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。 注：请将该封面与附件装订成册。
附件1：外文资料翻译译文 客户关系管理战略研究 Goy Kakus 摘要 客户关系管理解决方案，通过为你提供客户业务数据来帮助你提供客户想要的服务或产品,提供更好的客户服务、交叉销售和更有效的销售,达成交易,保留现有客户并更好地理解你的客户是谁。本文探讨了客户关系管理模型在获得、保持与发展策略方面的优势。然而,我们对其定义和意义还存在一些困惑。本文通过考察关系营销和其他学科方面的相关文献，解释了客户关系管理的概念基础,从而对客户关系管理的知识作出了贡献。 关键词:客户关系管理模型, 客户关系管理的博弈改变者与关键策略 引言 CRM 是客户关系管理的简称。它的特征在于公司与客户的沟通,无论是销售还是服务相关的。客户关系管理这一术语经常用来解释企业客户关系,客户关系管理系统也以同样的方式被用来处理商业联系, 赢得客户,达成合同和赢得销售。 客户关系管理通常被考虑作为一个业务策略，从而使企业能够: *了解客户 *通过更好的客户体验留住客户 *吸引新客户 *赢得新客户和达成合同 *提高盈利 *减少客户管理成本 *通过服务台等工具软件,电子邮件组织者和不同类型的企业应用程序，企业业务经常寻求个性化的在线体验。 设计精良的客户关系管理包括以下特征: 1．客户关系管理是一种以顾客为中心并以客户投入为基础的服务响应，一对一的解决客户的必需品, 买家和卖家服务中心直接在线互动,帮助客户解决他
毕业设计说明书 英文文献及中文翻译 学院：专 2011年6月 电子与计算机科学技术软件工程
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VOLUME 30 ISSUE 2 October 2008 Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering Copyright by International OCSCO World Press. All rights reserved.2008 151 Research paper 2008年十月期2卷30 材料与制造工程成果期刊 版权所有：国际OCSCO 世界出版社。一切权利保有。2008 ？？151研究论文 1. Introduction Friction stir welding (FSW) is a new solid-state welding method developed by The Welding Institute (TWI) in 1991 [1]. The weld is formed by the excessive deformation of the material at temperatures below its melting point, thus the method is a solid state joining technique. There is no melting of the material, so FSW has several advantages over the commonly used fusion welding techniques [2-10]. 1.导言摩擦搅拌焊接（FSW）是焊接学？会于1991年研发的一种新型固态焊接方法。这种焊接？是由材料在低于其熔点的温度上过量变形形成，因此此技术是一种固态连接技术。材料不熔化，所以FSW 相比常用的熔化焊接技术有若干优势。例如，在焊接区无多孔性或破裂，工件（尤其薄板上）没有严重扭曲，并且在连接过程中不需要填料、保护气及昂贵的焊接准备there is no significant distortion of the workpieces (particularly in thin plates), and there is no need for filler materials, shielding gases and costly weld preparation during this joining process. FSW被认为是对若干材料例如铝合金、镁合金、黄铜、钛合金及钢最显著且最有潜在用途的焊接技术FSW is considered to be the most remarkable and potentially useful welding technique for several materials, such as Al-alloys, Mg-alloys, brasses, Ti-alloys, and steels [1-16]. 然而，在FSW过程中，用不合适的焊接参数能引起连接处失效，并且使FSW连接处的力学性能恶化。However, during FSW process using inappropriate welding parameters can cause defects in the joint and deteriorate the mechanical properties of the FSW joints [2, 3]. 此技术起初就主要是为低熔点材料如铝合金、镁合金及铜合金而广泛研究的。The technique has initially been widely investigated for mostly low melting materials, such as Al, Mg and Cu alloys. 此技术已被证明是很有用的，尤其在连接用于航空航天用途的如高合金2XXX及7XXX系列铝合金等难熔高强度的铝合金。It has proven to be very useful, particularly in the joining of the difficult-to-fusion join high strength Al-alloys used in aerospace applications, such as highly alloyed 2XXX and 7XXX series aluminium alloys. 做出Al-5086 H32型板摩擦搅拌对焊的高强度、抗疲劳及断裂的力学性能？。The difficulty of making high-strength, fatigue and fracture resistant Mechanical properties of friction stir butt-welded Al-5086 H32 plate G. .am a,*, S. Gü.lüer b, A. .akan c, H.T. Serinda. a a Mustafa Kemal University, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, 31040 Antakya, Turkey a 土耳其安塔卡亚31040，Mustafa Kemal大学建筑工程系 b General Directorate of Highways of Turkey, Ankara, Turkey b 土耳其安卡拉土耳其高速公路总理事会？ c Abant Izzet Baysal University, Faculty of Engineering an d Architecture, 14280 Bolu, Turkey c 土耳其Bolu 14280 Abant Izzet Baysal 大学建筑工程系 * Corresponding author: E-mail address: gurelcam@https://www.doczj.com/doc/d15841137.html, *相关作者电子邮箱地址：gurelcam@https://www.doczj.com/doc/d15841137.html, Received 30.06.2008; published in revised form 01.10.2008
英文翻译 A comprehensive overview of substations Along with the economic development and the modern industry developments of quick rising, the design of the power supply system become more and more completely and system. Because the quickly increase electricity of factories, it also increases seriously to the dependable index of the economic condition, power supply in quantity. Therefore they need the higher and more perfect request to the power supply. Whether Design reasonable, not only affect directly the base investment and circulate the expenses with have the metal depletion in colour metal, but also will reflect the dependable in power supply and the safe in many facts. In a word, it is close with the economic performance and the safety of the people. The substation is an importance part of the electric power system, it is consisted of the electric appliances equipments and the Transmission and the Distribution. It obtains the electric power from the electric power system, through its function of transformation and assign, transport and safety. Then transport the power to every place with safe, dependable, and economical. As an important part of power’s transport and control, the transformer substation must change the mode of the traditional design and control, then can adapt to the modern electric power system, the development of modern industry and the of trend of the society life. Electric power industry is one of the foundations of national industry and national economic development to industry, it is a coal, oil, natural gas, hydropower, nuclear power, wind power and other energy conversion into electrical energy of the secondary energy industry, it for the other departments of the national economy fast and stable development of the provision of adequate power, and its level of development is a reflection of the country's economic development an important indicator of the level. As the power in the industry and the importance of the national economy, electricity transmission and distribution of electric energy used in these areas is an indispensable component.。Therefore, power transmission and distribution is critical. Substation is to enable superior power plant power plants or power after adjustments to the lower load of books is an important part of power transmission. Operation of its functions, the capacity of a direct impact on the size of the lower load power, thereby affecting the industrial production and power consumption.Substation system if a link failure, the system will protect the part of action. May result in power outages and so on, to the production and living a great disadvantage. Therefore, the substation in the electric power system for the protection of electricity reliability,
Dashboard From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This article is about a control panel placed in the front of the car. For other uses, see Dashboard (disambiguation). The dashboard of a Bentley Continental GTC car A dashboard (also called dash, instrument panel (IP), or fascia) is a control panel located directly ahead of a vehicle's driver, displaying instrumentation and controls for the vehicle's operation. Contents 1.Etymology 2.Dashboard features 3.Padding and safety 4.Fashion in instrumentation 5.See also 6.References Etymology Horse-drawn carriage dashboard Originally, the word dashboard applied to a barrier of wood or leather fixed at the front of a horse-drawn carriage or sleigh to protect the driver from mud or other debris "dashed up" (thrown up) by the horses' hooves.[1] Commonly these boards did not perform any additional function other than providing a convenient handhold for ascending into the driver's seat, or a small clip with which to secure the reins when not in use. When the first "horseless carriages" were constructed in the late 19th century, with engines mounted beneath the driver such as the Daimler Stahlradwagen, the simple dashboard was retained to protect occupants from debris thrown up by the cars' front wheels. However, as car design evolved to position the motor in front of the driver, the dashboard became a panel that protected vehicle occupants from the heat and oil of the engine. With gradually increasing mechanical complexity, this panel formed a convenient location for the placement of gauges and minor controls, and from this evolved the modern instrument panel,