The Exploration of British Pub Culture and its Etiquette
Abstract:Pub, as a community culture, it plays a prominent role in the British life. For a foreigner, if you have not been to a pub, you have not been to the Britain. Because pub has a long history in Britain, it demonstrates some special characters of British. Pub, on the one hand, works as a place to rest, and it becomes a necessary part of the British people. On the other hand, pub is a center for British to communicate with each other. It is said that without the bar, the British life has no flavor. In this paper, it introduces the history of British pub, the types of pub, the kinds of wine, pub’s relationship with British society, pub influences on later generation, and some etiquettes and rules that foreigners should obey in detail. It is important for us to understand these features, which can help us to gain a deeper knowledge of British culture and integrate into the U.K.
Key Words: British pub culture; influence; etiquette
探究英国酒吧文化与礼仪
摘要：酒吧作为一种社区文化，在英国人的生活中占举足轻重的地位。对于一个外国人来说，如果你没去英国的酒吧转一转，就不能说自己真正地去过英国。因为酒吧在英国有着源远流长的历史，承载着英国人骨子里的一些特质。酒吧一方面作为英国人休息活动的场所，早已融入到人们的生活中。另一方面，酒吧也是人们交往活动的中心。可以说没有酒吧，英国人的生活就失去了气息。本文对英国酒吧的发展史，酒吧的种类，酒吧中酒的种类，酒吧与英国社会的联系，酒吧对英国后世的影响以及异国人去酒吧应该遵循的一些礼节和规则做了详细的介绍。对这些特点的了解有助于我们更深刻的理解英国文化，更好的融入英国社会。
关键字：英国酒吧文化；影响；礼仪
Contents
Abstract in English····························································································I Abstract in Chinese ··························································································I I
1.Introduction (1)
2.The British Pub Culture (1)
2.1 The Types of Wine (2)
2.2The Types of Pub (2)
2.3The Origin of Pub (3)
2.3.1 The Early Public Pub (3)
2.3.2 Tambo (4)
2.3.3 Waterside Pub (5)
3.The Reason of Pub Culture’s Prosperity and Propagation (6)
3.1 From the Perspective of Geography (7)
3.2 From the Perspective of Economy (8)
3.3 From the Perspective of British Society (8)
4.The Influence of British Pub Culture on Later Generation (9)
4.1 Connections Between Pub and Sports (10)
4.2 Connections Between Pub and Music (11)
4.3 Connections Between Pub and Literature (12)
5.The Etiquettes and Rules of British Pub (13)
5.1 Etiquettes ····································································错误！未定义书签。
5.2Rules ···········································································错误！未定义书签。
6.Conclusion (15)
Bibliography (17)
Acknowledgements······························································错误！未定义书签。
1.Introduction
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is located in the west of European continental shelf, which consists of England, Scotland, Welsh, Northern Ireland, and some small islands. In the aspect of culture, there is not a unified Britain culture, but it has England culture, Scotland culture, Welsh culture, Irish culture even though Asian-British culture. In general, these features of culture in common is the pub culture. Reportedly, if you want to make friends with the locals and know more about local conditions, you should go to the British pub. It is said that every street in every town has a tavern in England, and some of them lied in the corner. As Chinese small restaurants, the door of some pubs opened to one side or both sides of the street. And now in Britain, there are more than ten thousand different style bars, including centuries-old pubs. The British pub culture really has a long history.
This paper gives a comparative study on the British pub culture and the etiquettes. The author hopes to find a satisfied method through analyzing the history and the development of British pub culture. At the same time, the author also hopes this paper can provide some helpful suggestions for Chinese who want to visit to the U.K.
This paper is divided into six parts.In the first part, the author briefly introduces the background of this study, structure of the thesis. And it presents the development of the British pub culture in the second part. In the third part, the author suggests the reason of pub culture’s prosperity and propagation from three aspects. And the thesis analyzes the influence of British pub culture on later generation and illustrates the etiquettes and rules of British pub in the following parts. Finally, it provides some suggestions about the British pub culture.
This thesis is written on the purpose of introducing British pub culture to people who wants to gain more knowledge of the U.K.
2.The British Pub Culture
There is a long history of several centuries of drinking alcohol in pubs in Britain. In the past, only men could go to pubs to drink and enjoy after finishing their hard work. And women just stayed at home and did housework. Nowadays the picture has changed completely. Both men and women can go to pubs at any time as long as pubs open. Some pubs also welcome children who follow their parent (s).Even some pubs offer family menus for parents and children, and provide children with play area to encourage and attract families to visit their pubs.
2.1 The Types of Wine
The Britain pubs are countless. In general, most of pubs supply beer, grape wine, liquor, and soft drinks without alcohol. The water with bubbles usually is free. Firstly, we talk about beer. The beer is the common choice when British go to the pub. Drinking beer is a simple way to integrate into the society while the beer is just like a catalyst. It can help people quickly reduce the psychological distance. Although there are kinds of alcohols in pubs, it can divide into three parts.
In Britain pubs, the most representative beer is bitter. This kind of beer with a layer of white foam and it takes on red or amber. Bitter tastes dry and it has a lot of kick. The second kind of wine is lager. The lager has many brands, with light color and lightness hops and also tastes fresh. Basically every pub supply it. The third kind of beer is stout, which is the hottest wine. It is made up of malts and hops.
There is also a more distinctive wine called fruit wine. Its color likes general beer and tastes sweet, but is made with fruit. In addition, pubs also sell various wine, whisky, gin, and vodka.
If you do not want to drink wine, you can have some soft drinks without alcohol. For instance, juice, lemonade, coca-cola, etc.
2.2The Types of Pub
There are also a plenty of theme pubs in the U.K. They specially serve a group of people who have the same habit and interest. If a sports fan wants to talk about something about sports and make friends with sports fans, he (she) will consider going to a sports-theme-pub. For example, on match days, most football fans go to the football pubs to watch football live matches. Actually, there are many different kinds of theme pubs, such as rock pubs, book pubs, movie pubs, etc. In china, more and more theme pubs gradually appear and develop in some big cities such as Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou, and are accepted and enjoyed by most Chinese people.
In the U.K., there are also other special types of pubs, such as country pubs, with the country atmosphere, usually in small scenic villages. Student pubs offer special places where students can get acquainted with or date with other students from different places or countries. International students usually prefer go to this type of pubs, in which they can make friends from other countries, meet somebody from their own countries, also practice English and learn the British culture at the same time(Sun 2).
2.3The Origin of Pub
The pub is an abbreviation of public house in Britain. Pub has a long history as a community culture. It has an alienable relationship with the England history and social life. Although today’s pub, whether decoration or scale, which is cannot mentioned in the same breath. But most of pubs decorated with ancient style and made guests feel at home. Many countryside pubs are so antique that you can guess its history and background story only through signboard. The Britain pub developed from the eleventh century, poorhouse to nowadays public house, and it has experienced every period, played a different social role, and contributed indelible contribution to Britain’s development.
2.3.1 The Early Public Pub
In the early eleventh century, after “William the Conqueror” controlling the England, and Britain’s economic entered into an age of ”extending without developing ”.Because the struggle for power for a long period, delaying the development of the British economic. At
that time 95% British settled in the rural place and relied on cultivating.
The implementation of the feudal serfdom system made many peasants become serf and tie in the manor. Serfs were exploitation and oppression by Lords. Most of serfs made living by renting lands, and they had no chance to travel around. Moreover, England was scarcely populated and the traffic was underdevelopment. So, it is inconvenient for British to move around. The only motivation of British away from home is to go to Church, because they want to get a solace of mental and emancipation of physical. Pilgrims recked little of the danger and trudged hundreds of miles to pray. Monks of many monasteries were moved by their sincerity. Thus, monks built some workhouses, warmly received and helped those who were in need, and provided accommodation to pilgrims. Because of the poor condition at that time, all guests lived together and slept on the grass. With the improvement of the condition, some wealthy men enjoyed a separate room. In stage of the Protestant Reformation, a large of monasteries were dissolved, but some workhouses were survived for well-known. So far in Glastonbury, people still saw a hotel named “George and Pilgrim”.
The origin of another kind of pub is associated with church. After William acceding to the throne, following the Latin culture, especially with a large number of Normandy priests coming to England, and great changes have been taken place in the Church of England and monasteries. They improved the culture level of church and monastery, at the same time, they built many churches and monasteries in countryside. Due to the need of building, the local priests set up temporary residence for builders near the church. After the completion of church, these rooms were in charge of priests. Then, they began to take some hikers and make money. The third hotel was built by the medieval manor and managed by the housekeeper, or leaving the old house after walking around with the family. This kind of pub is still having the family name or badge.
2.3.2 Tambo
The rise of tambo is connected with the development of England road traffic. As the economic grows, the England population increased and commercial activities developed. To adapt with the economic, the traffic condition was improved, especially the transportation
developed rapidly during the English Revolution Parliament called labors to repair roads because of military necessity during the wartime. The increasing of wartime mails forced the carriage for transporting mails to deliver on time. When the war ended, some main streets to London ran a small amount carriages. Because of the bad conditions of road, the poor spring of carriage, and the time-consuming travels, traveling by car often bring the pain of body and test the strength. Tambo appeared in order to make travelers easier.
By the eighteenth century, traffic condition improved, the building of tamboes reached prime time, and some major taverns began to appear. Indoor conditions greatly improved, so travelers got a better service. In the age of carriage as the main means of transportation, because of horse limited energy, they needed rest in the halfway and recruited provisions, while tambo was the best place. These tamboes expanded stables in the backyard and prepared feed; In the lobby, the owner of these tamboes prepared wine and food for every guest, warmly welcome visitors, and rendered services for them.The hotel also prepared rooms for those who needed to stay overnight, so guests can enjoy themselves. In 1784,when mail-coach introduced, some tamboes became a transfer station to exchange horses and riders. And the owner served as the local postman. They help to distribute and collect mails. Up to now, people can still see used postbox in a pub named “George Dragon”.
Although tamboes developed fast, without adapting with the rapid development of economic. They was a flash in the pan in the Britain history. With the coming of Industrial Revolution and the construction of railways, many tamboes disappeared. Only after with the development of automobile industry, some tamboes revived again.
2.3.3 Waterside Pub
The Great Britain surrounded by the sea, and its coastline was complicated. The special geographical environment formed numerous harbors and it is the main reason of advanced seafaring of England and started early of the world trade. Geography and climate of the Britain also formed rivers. In his a little land, rivers are tensely distributed and it has a great significant of British life, transportation, and agriculture. With the increasingly frequent commercial activities on the sea and inland water transportation, there were some taverns
around waterside and harbor. Businessmen and people who crossed river by boat both can wait in these pubs. In general, boatmen prepared some wine for waiting people in his own room in order to kill time. At the same time they hope that guests can talk more outside news. This is the rudiment of waterside pub.
By the eighteenth century, in order to adapt to the industrial development and provide convenient condition for transporting goods, so England dug a lot of canals. Taverns along canals became places for water trading and for boatmen distributing and collecting mails like tamboes. Thus, for example, those pubs named “Boat” “Ship” “Navigation” “B arge”were productions of that age. When the railway replaced the water transportation, the waterside pubs were abandoned.
Recently, the entertainment industry developed, more and more people enjoy themselves to play water on weekends. Rivers is cleaned, water activities come alive, and the used pubs were full of vitality again. Visitors can sit in the pub appreciating the beautiful scenery by window when they tired, and they can also enjoy the sunshine in the platform. Even some of the pub owner is unique, they put tables in boats in the water and guests sit in boats drinking or talking.
3.The Reason of Pub Culture’s Prosperity and Propagation
Pub was derived from European Continental, but why it is popular in England and spread all over the world across the ocean? The key reason is that it is related with geographical environment, climate, and economy.
Geography is the mother of history and it is closely related with the formation and the development of culture. The geographical environment of a country or a nation exerted a great influence on the national character. Historically, England special island environment created advantages for seafaring, development of navy, expansion, and the building of powerful empire. The island geography and glorious history made British proud and exclusive character and it also influenced every aspect of British social life.
3.1 From the Perspective of Geography
Britain is an island country surrounded by the sea. It lies in the North Atlantic
Ocean off the north coast of Europe. It is separated from the rest of Europe by the
English Channel in the south and the North Sea in the east. England from north to south is 1,000 kilometers, the widest place is 500 kilometers and covers an area of 244,100 square kilometers. Therefore, any part of the country is not far from the sea coast and it rich in resources. The England coast is long and it has deep-water port. The British sea channel extends to inland, so it provides lower transportation.The north and west of Britain are mainly highlands; and the east and southeast are lowlands.
Britain has a temperate maritime climate, which is mild and humid throughout the year. It also has a steady reliable rainfall throughout the whole year. The average annual rainfall in Britain is over 1,000mm. But the weather changes frequently each day. Sometimes a person can experience four seasons in one day. Morning is sunny like spring. After one or two hours, the clouds gathered and showers poured down. At noon, the temperature fell 8 degrees like winter. The weather would be summer before dark. It is said that the uncertainty weather has a great influence on the British character and they are cautions. So the British people always go out with an umbrella. And the conversation between strangers usually start from talking about the weather, like “it’s a nice day, isn’t it?” That is to say, when communicating with British people, talking about the weather will show your friendship. Because the weather is not suitable for people doing outdoors activities, most of British choose to go to pub enjoy
themselves and relax. This is the key reason is that pub is more popular in England than other countries in the world.
3.2 From the Perspective of Economy
In early eleventh century, England economic developed slowly, 95%people lived in countryside. At the end of fifteenth century, Columbus discovered the new continent, unprecedented development of seafaring, and European merchants with great joys. In the old days, they can only travel back and forth in the Mediterranean, but now, the Pacific, the Atlantic even the whole world became their business market. The space was expanded and it means that it was convenient for them to make money. Britain is one of the earliest world’s economic developed countries. In the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, it became the world’s first industrialized country. Before the Industrial Revolution, Britain is an agricultural country to protect their own agricultural and restricted import agricultural products, which adapted for the benefit of the people at large. After the Industrial Revolution, the majority of British engaged in the industry and commerce, and workers were demanding better pay. The good economic conditions and high industrialization provides people with facilities for entertainment, and people have time to make friends and relax themselves. Naturally, the pub is the first choice for people to do activities. Therefore, the formation and prosperity of pub has an inextricable connection with Britain economic.
3.3 From the Perspective of British Society
In the development process for thousands of years, British pub culture has already infiltrated through all aspects of British society. During the initial stage of pub establishment, it made outstanding contributions to the development of the cause of the religious. Later, pub as the business activities of the intermediary place to promote the development of Britain economic. Pub also played a certain role in the political field. It is said that Charles I and Charles II hid in pub to keep away from hunting of enemy soldiers. In 1605,England religious and King had an irreconcilable conflict, and British Catholics conceived “Gunpowder Plot” in a pub named “Red Lion”,which was a failed assassination attempt against King James I of England and VI of Scotland by a group of provincial English Catholics led by Robert Catesby and they even planned to blow up the houses of parliament.In later 18 centuries, there was an outstanding Enlightenment thinker named Thomas Paine, a radical propertied class democrat,
finished a world famous masterpiece named “Rights of Man”.
Pub is an important place where all kinds of clubs, associations, and organizations can organize activities. It is said that cricket and football initially created in the pub. Today, the using rules of cricket match firstly formulated in a pub named “Hamm Breton” in eighteenth century. Nowadays, the habit of British fans drinking and watching football match is famous in the world. Pub provided opportunity for the development of sports and music. British come to the pub, drinking and chatting, listening to music, even some young people dancing gracefully with the music. And there are some music lovers take their own instruments to display skills. Therefore, pub became a place of playing music. For example, the world famous the Beatles, its founder John Lennon and his partners played music that influenced several generations in a pub named Cavern in Liverpool Matthew street.
4. The Influence of British Pub Culture on Later Generation
The British pub culture can spread all over the world is closely related with the expansion of Britain, the promotion of English, and the development of modern technology. During the region of Elizabeth I, the UK world trade was well-developed. After defeating the Spanish Armada in 1588, the UK dominated the seas and opened up the future of the Great Britain. The UK put their own culture into on the colonies and made them accept its life style through colonial expansion. Especially in recent decades, English has become the international language, many of the youth are desire for studying idiomatic English. Britain’s rich cultural connotation and peaceful social atmosphere attracted many students. These young people learned advanced knowledge and technology and also influenced by the UK culture. On the other hand, pub culture is also derived from the spread of globalization of communications and media technology. Nowadays, people not only share technology information, also cultural resources, and the western culture is accepted by more and more people. Besides, t ransnational tourism also provides convenient conditions for the spreading of bar culture All in all, the British pub culture exerted influence on later generation.
4.1 Connections Between Pub and Sports
The British pub culture with a history of a thousand old years, in the meanwhile, it is a favorite place for British people. They like to have a drink at the local pub, go for a walk in the country, work in the garden or watch sports on the television on weekends or when their daily shifts at work have ended. Such activities tell us about how modern British like to enjoy their leisure time; but if we look more closely, we can see these activities are not just recent inventions, but are deeply rooted in the British experience over centuries. Going to a public house for a glass of ale, working the land or going to watch a ball game were familiar activities in Shakespeare’s time. And because many of the sports we see played throughout the world today were born in Britain, the history of such activities is of interest to people everywhere.
With time goes by, pub changed in forming. Now, the most popular pub is “Sports Bar”in London, it means that pub with a big screen television and people drinking and watching sports programs. The most attractive program is football match.
Football is a hot topic in pubs. In the past, Britain was a mainly agricultural society with
most people involved in farming, where the timing of harvests and the general weather affected ho people spent their time. Football is a violent sport and it still played in winter and early spring when the weather is cool and often wet. People often stayed indoors when the weather was bad in the winter and there was not heavy work to do on the farmland. Men found that they required to release excess energy through doing sports, so they got together and invented a fast game named football. There are legends that suggest that games like football and rugby actually derived from the “sport” of ancient warriors celebrating victory by kicking around the decapitated head of an enemy. While all social classes used to join in the local football match, during the Renaissance the idea began to emerge that some sports were too rough for aristocratic young men. Today, football violence gets a lot of attention. The organizers strictly controlled every step of game, such as selling tickets and ensuring the security of every viewer. Because they should guarantee that spectators can enjoy the game. The Football Association is the league that major teams compete in, for a trophy title known as the FA Cup.
The British had a habit of drinking while watching football match. The England fans must go to pub when there is a football match. Especially in the European Cup or the World Cup, pubs are overcrowding. British would like to huddle together rather than stay at home. Many friends and fans are cheering and drinking beer in the pub, and the hot atmosphere affected each person.
Pub owners took the opportunity to carry banners with the words “Please go inside and watch football match.”British football fans provide a good chance for pub owners making money and the business is prospering. In 2002,there was a match between England team and Demark team, on this day, the sales of pub beer reached up to 80 million pounds. According to the Xinhua News Agency reporters in London in 2004,June,the British Pub and Beer Association estimated that the war between England and France brought 30million pounds extra earnings to pubs. Obviously, the British sports have a close relationship with pubs.
4.2 Connections Between Pub and Music
The pub is British leisure place, naturally, it also holds many recreational activities. People can participate in various activities, such as witty games, singing live, dancing with music, etc. Men and women, especially young people in twenties were ready to dance with hot music, dressed in casual clothes and gathered in pub on weekends. They were indulged in the charming music notes, when the jazz music rings, they couldn’t help jumping with joy.
Their crazy were releasing and relaxing.
Pub cannot without music and music is the soul of it. The music gives a certain cultural connotation to the pub, and made it have a deep meaning. The pub brought a ray of sunshine into British life and created a number of prominent talents. In the early sixteenth century, the British strolling players often set up stage in the pub’s central courtyard, and rich people could sit in the balcony of pub; poor people only could crowed around stage.This is the early British theatre artist and is also a living debut place. Today, popular music often begin to spread from the pub, and many popularity bands kicked off their performance in the local small pubs.
Today’s Liverpool, hometown of rock music, there are hundreds of bands, and each boy has a brilliant dream as same as the Beatles. Besides, pub is a place where people can show their music talent. People can take their own instrument, gather in the pub, and give a concert. Some people soloed, some people gave a recital, and others sang in chorus. There are also some pubs invite pop band to perform for guests, which only need to buy a cup of drink and watch a free live music performance. On this occasion, the most relax thing is drinking beer, listening to music, and lighting up a cigar.
4.3 Connections Between Pub and Literature
Pub has special status in British heart and it decided the close relationship with literature. From ancient times the British was interested in wine, so pub became a good place where they could relax and meet friends. The British country pub surrounded by a rural scene of woodland, which attracted countless poets and writers to express their feelings. It was said that Shakespeare was regular guest of pubs, and he also wrote script with drinking beer. Many other famous writers and poets also stayed or wrote British pub, which became a special scenery in the history of English literature.
The famous English writer Geoffrey Chaucer described the story of 30 pilgrims who meet by chance at the Tabard Inn in Southwark, London, and journey together to the shrine of St Thomas Becket in Canterbury cathedral. He wrote:“ Great cheer our host gave to us, every one/And to the supper set us all anon/And served us then with victuals of the best/Strong was the wine and pleasant to each guest”(Chaucer 55). The British scholar Samuel Johnson said:“ There is nothing which has yet been contrived by man by which so much happiness is produced as by a good tavern or inn.”
Dickens, the greatest critical realist writer contained many references to British pub or
我的《巴黎圣母院》 《巴黎圣母院》作为法国文学家雨果第一部浪漫主义小说，在法国文学历史的银河中熠熠生辉，近期，我有幸再次拜读了这部著作。 记得第一次看这本小说还是在高中，那时候为了高考囫囵吞枣地咽下这部作品现在想来也是蛮拼的，故事发生在欧洲中世纪的巴黎。这是一场正义和邪恶，美丽和丑陋，纯洁和肮脏的较量，是一幅光怪陆离又鲜血淋林的爱情悲剧画卷，又是一部上至法王路易十一下至乞丐贱民的史书。 她，爱斯美拉达，一位能歌善舞的十六岁美女，对爱情的忠贞不渝，她不但有一个完美无缺的躯体，也有一颗高尚纯洁善良的心灵。 他，卡西莫多，一个又驼、又瞎、又跛、又聋的丑八怪，即使遭到了亲人，继而是整个社会的遗弃，却有着一颗美丽纯洁的心灵，他以纯真得不掺一丝杂质的爱情守护着爱斯美拉达，试图使她远离一切伤害。 还有道貌岸然内心却充满邪恶毁灭欲的圣母院副主教克洛德，徒有华丽外表、内心却一包烂瓤的弗比斯队长和一个为了生存可以抛弃爱情、尊严、责任的落魄诗人格兰古瓦。 雨果用他辛辣又浑厚的笔，通过极端的美丑对照，绝对的崇高与邪恶的对立，使小说具有一种震撼人心的力量，能卷走我们全部的思想情感。这也许正是我所深深沉迷的浪漫派小说的魅力所在。 《巴黎圣母院》所给予的心灵震撼久久不能散去，然而，当初捧着书本阅读的我已然成长为一名大学生了，作为一名工程造价专业的学生，我对美妙的建筑艺术爱的深沉，今天，我想要以一个建筑相关专业学生的角度，立足小说，展望法国，重新定义我的《巴黎圣母院》。 小说《巴黎圣母院》完成于1831年，法国著名作家维克多·雨果期间查阅了大量的历史文献与书籍，参观了一些巴黎遗址并从历史角度还原了15世纪的巴黎背景，其中巴黎圣母院的建筑艺术得到了充分展示。 巴黎圣母院矗立在塞纳河中西岱岛的东南端，位于整个巴黎城的中心。它是一座哥特式天主教教堂，完全由石灰石建造。无疑，哥特式的教堂具有浓重的宗教意味。哥特式建筑的风格更追求精美华丽纤巧怪异，从整体造型到局部装饰无不力图表现一种向上升腾的意境，宣泄着娇柔做作的浮夸情绪，成为近代浪漫主义的灵感源泉。 巴黎圣母院设计理念中反映了法国传统文化与艺术设计中生命气息的精华以及当时人们对美好生话的向往。建筑中大量采用数列上的重复、等差、叠加等组合拼接手段为要素，在实用、科学、艺术和精神性方面形成了高度统一。打破以往罗马式沉闷的风格，摒弃了笨重厚实的石头护墙、呆板僵硬的平直结构、简
中韩文化对比 摘要： 中韩两国隔海相望，有二千多年友好和文化交流的历史。在这漫长的历史河流中，两国人民互相学习，帮助和促进。二者的文化背景虽具有很多共同点，但相异之处还是不胜枚举。本文从中韩饮食，中韩服饰以及中韩礼仪，这三个方面，来分析论述中韩文化差异。并对中韩文化有进一步的了解和认识。 关键词： 中韩文化、饮食、服饰、礼仪 中韩两国隔海相望，有二千多年友好和文化交流的历史。在这漫长的历史河流中，两国人民互相学习，帮助和促进。二者的文化背景虽具有很多共同点，但相异之处还是不胜枚举。中华文化，源远流长。中国有种说法，“千古中国，万种民性”。拥有数千年文明史的中国人既有共性，又有地域差异，形成了多种类型的国民性。在韩国作为一个半岛国家，自尊心强，民族凝聚。中韩两国是唇齿相依的关系，但由于对彼此文化的本质略有不同，所以中韩文化还是存在一些差异。下面，我将从几个方面来对比中韩文化。 1）中韩饮食文化对比 第一，韩国是‘饭文化’中国是‘菜文化’。在韩国点菜时，点一个菜（主要汤、全体料理）的话一般免费提供小菜。但是在中国点菜的时候，没有像韩国那样的免费小菜，要点各种菜。 第二，吃的速度也不一样。有个研究表明“中国人基本上有慢慢的性质，还有喜欢边吃边谈，所以一般中国人吃的速度较慢”，但是在韩国有一种“快快”文化。已经快快的文化浸透日常生化，所以吃的速度也很快。还有吃饭的时候，中国人双方一起对话着吃饭，但是以前在韩国不喜欢一边吃饭一边说话。这样以为没有礼貌。但现在韩国年轻人也喜欢双方一起对话着吃饭。 第三，韩国和中国都是用筷子但样子不同。因为在中国常常吃的鱼是比较大,容易剔出鱼刺，所以筷子的梢模样比较圆圆的。但是在韩国常常吃的鱼刺是又薄又细，所以为了容易剔出鱼刺筷子的梢模样比较尖溜溜，短一点。 第四，现在韩国爱咖啡但中国爱茶。现在在韩国有很多咖啡厅甚至在城市里中心地方从摸一个咖啡厅到另外咖啡厅不到一百米。现在韩国的年轻人越来越爱喝咖啡。但是，中国是茶的国家。中国人吃饭的时候以喝茶代喝水，还有出租车司机也放在驾驶座椅旁边茶以后常常喝茶。韩国人是如果要减肥的话有一些人为了减肥花很多钱；但是中国人不要太努力比较容易一些减肥因为茶有中和作用所以即使大部分中国菜有多油也不会那么胖。
1 相关理论研究 1.1酒吧的起源与文化的诞生 在许多人斑斓模糊的记忆里，酒吧是西方都市影集中，一幅幅频繁出现的历史老照片。伴随工业革命的高歌猛进，从18世纪到19世纪，一座座繁华的都市从西方的地平线上拔地而起。酒吧也仿佛在一夜之间成了这繁华都市炫耀展览的橱窗。然而，酒吧有着怎样的历史?它在何时出现?为何出现?又如何繁荣发展起来的?对此，我们却所知甚少。 很多事情的起源都是一个故事，酒吧也不例外。 酒吧是洋货，来自英国，谈起源先要看他的英文名字：Bar ，这个词的本意是条、棒。原意是指一种出售酒的长条柜台，最初出现在路边小店、小客栈、小餐馆中，即在为客人提供基本的食物及住宿外，也提供使客人兴奋的额外休闲消费。随后，由于酒的独特魅力以及酿酒业的发展，人们消费水平不断提高，这种‘, Bar ' ’便逐渐从客栈、餐馆中分离出来，成为专门销售酒水、供人休闲的地方，它可以附属经营，也可以独立经营。很多美国西部片里都会有这样的镜头：黄沙漫天，一人一骑飞快的驰入小镇。接着，风尘仆仆的牛仔跳下坐骑，牵着马儿走到一间小店前，把疆绳系在门口横着的木头上，然后用力推开门大步进店，留下门扇在身后来回晃悠。多数情况下，牛仔们是进去喝酒的，他们所进的店就是酒吧了。也有人说Bar 本来指的是他们系马疆绳的那根木头，大概这个名字叫着响亮，大家也就用它来称呼酒吧了。 2001 年的好莱坞歌舞大片《红磨坊》再现了19 世纪末巴黎的盛世浮华，这个酒和歌舞的盛宴将鼎盛时期的艺术之都表现的淋漓尽致，那时的巴黎不仅诞生浮华，还诞生文学、绘画、雕塑……酒吧是大师们的重要活动场所，在巴黎各种各样的酒吧里，他们交流着心得，探讨艺术的未来，很多人直接在酒吧创作。著名作家左拉就写了个叫《小酒馆》的小说。这些大师们的风云集会，形成了文化艺术史上的传奇，造就了一个又一个的巅峰。这些大师们逗留过的酒吧如今都成了巴黎的名胜，因为著名，酒吧们得以按照理想的方式发展，变得更加特色鲜明，自身的魅力也长盛不衰。酒吧在将大师们推上艺术巅峰的同时，本身也成了艺术的化身，而这种结合则进一步升华，成了文化的一个标志。 1.2酒吧的发展 酒吧的诞生和发展伴随着西方现代文化的产生和发展，在现代文明的揉合下，很快风靡全球。经过不断的演变与发展。酒吧，到现在已经在它的功用性上
英国人喝茶的礼仪文化及风俗 下面一起来看看英国人喝茶文化的礼仪及风俗介绍吧，希望对你有帮助!英国人喝茶的礼仪1、喝下午茶的最正统时间是下午四点钟(就是一般俗称的Low Tea)2、在维多利亚时代，男士是着燕尾服，女士则着长袍。 每年在白金汉宫的正式下午茶会，男性来宾则仍着燕尾服，戴高帽及手持雨伞;女性则穿白天洋装，且一定要戴帽子。 3、通常是由女主人着正式服装亲自为客人服务。 非不得以…才请女佣协助以表示对来宾的尊重。 4、一般来讲，下午茶的专用茶为祁门红茶，大吉岭与伯爵茶、锡兰红茶，若是喝奶茶，则是先加牛奶再加茶。 5、正统的英式下午茶的点心是用三层点心瓷盘装盛，第一层放三明治、第二层放传统英式点心Scone、第三层则放蛋糕及水果塔;由下往上开回吃。 至于Scone的吃法是先涂果酱、再涂奶油，吃完一口、再涂下一口。 6、点心食用礼仪。 由淡而重由咸而甜。 茶点的食用顺序应该遵从味道由淡而重，由咸而甜的法则。 先尝尝带点咸味的三明治，让味蕾慢慢品出食物的真味，再啜饮几口芬芳四溢的红茶。
接下来是涂抹上果酱或奶油的英式松饼，让些许的甜味在口腔中慢慢散发，最后才由甜腻厚实的水果塔，带领你亲自品尝下午茶点的最高潮。 7、严谨的态度。 这是一种绅士淑女风范的礼仪，最重要是当时因茶几乎仰赖中国的输入，英国人对茶品有着无与伦比的热爱与尊重，因此在喝下午茶过程难免流露出严谨的态度。 甚至，为了预防茶叶被偷，还有一种上了锁的茶柜，每当下午茶时间到了，才委由女佣取钥匙开柜取茶。 8、品赏精致的茶器。 凯瑟琳公主视茶为健美饮料，嗜茶、崇茶，被人称为是“饮茶皇后。 由于她的倡导和推动，使饮茶之风不仅在英国宫庭内盛行起来，继而又扩展到王公贵族和贵豪世家，乃至普通百姓。 ，英国诗人沃勒在凯瑟琳公主结婚一周年之际，特地写了一首有关茶的赞美诗：“花神宠秋月，嫦娥矜月桂;月桂与秋色，难与茶比美。 英国人好饮红茶，特别崇尚汤浓味醇的牛奶红茶和柠檬红茶。 伴随而来的，还出现了反映西方色彩的茶娘、茶座、茶会以及饮茶舞会等。 目前，英国人喝茶，多数在上午10时至下午5时进行。 倘有客人进门，通常也中人有在这时间段内，才有用茶敬客之举。 他们特别注重午后饮茶，其源始于18世纪中期，因英国人重视早
我眼中的法国建筑 曾经的我对法国文化的了解仅仅是几个名词的概念，那便是香水、红酒、以及埃菲尔铁塔，而这些却在我印象里与浪漫有着扯不清的关联。的确，在之后的的《法国文化入学》的学习中，我渐渐被法国整个国度所蕴含的浪漫所征服，就像老师所说的，“浪漫”是法国代名词。可能是由于土木这个专业特性，接触和学习了各类建筑物，便喜欢上欣赏有特色的建筑群体，正因为如此，我对法国文化之建筑上的浪漫情有独钟。 法国的国土面积不大，却出现了不少驰名世界的建筑群体，像埃菲尔铁塔、凯旋门、巴黎圣母院……漫画里，法国人竟然用诙谐的色彩描绘他们绚丽多姿态的建筑物，比如将凯旋门画成是一只乌龟的龟壳，乌龟正在步履维艰地行走着。这正说明，法国人有他们赖以炫耀的文化资本。 是的，说到法国建筑不得不提的便是著名的埃菲尔铁塔。它像一个钢铁巨人高高地耸立在恬静的塞纳河畔，是世界上第一座钢铁结构的高塔，是巴黎为经念法国大革命100周年和1900年的万国博览会而建造，高324米，重7000吨，被视为巴黎的象征，因法国著名建筑师斯塔夫·埃菲尔设计建造而得名。后为给世界博览会开幕式剪彩，该设计师亲手将法国国旗升上铁塔的300米高空，由此，人们又为纪念他对法国和巴黎的这一贡献，特别还在塔下为他塑造成了一座半身铜像。 而巴黎凯旋门则坐落于戴高乐将军广场的中央，是法国为纪念拿破仑在奥斯特尔里茨战役中打败俄、奥联军而建造的，12条大街以凯旋门为中心，向四周辐射，气势磅礴，形似星光四射。而其最精华的部分则为门上许多精美的雕刻，这其中最吸引人的是刻在右侧石柱上的“1792年志愿军出发远征”，即著名的《马赛曲》的浮雕，是世界美术史上占有重要的一席之地的不朽艺术杰作。 人说欧洲最漂亮的建筑便是教堂，法国也不例外，到巴黎不能不看的教堂便是雨果笔下的巴黎圣母院。它始建于1163年，是哥特式建筑珍品，以其规模、年代和在考古、建筑上的价值而著称。其内部平面130*48米，屋顶高35米，塔高68米，而其塔的尖顶始终未建。由于雨果小说中的爱丝梅拉达和卡西莫多，这座古老的教堂被披上了一层神秘的面纱，终年游客如潮。 这些孕育了无数匠心独运的大师杰作在法国的土地上交织成一幅完美的建筑风情画，细细欣赏便会被其设计理念的新颖和设计外观的精美所折服，而作为一名土木人，我想在欣赏这些建筑风格的同时，应该始终保持谦虚学习的心态，细心观察留意每一个小细节，并且勤于思考，相信如果能够做到如此，那么在不远的将来我们也会同这些大师样有着如此的成就。
外国语学院英语系论文 课程名称：比较文学 题目:中韩餐桌礼仪差异性比较姓名: 郭雯静 学号：200952010603 班级：09级英语6班 日期: 2013年1月3日 中韩餐桌礼仪差异性比较
一、中韩传统用餐礼仪对比 （中国）我们国家历来被称颂为是拥有五千年文明古国的礼仪之邦，博大精深的文化内涵表现在社会生活的各个方面，而食文化作为中国传统文化的一部分对中国文化的发展史以及对中国传统礼仪习惯的形成都有着巨大的作用。下面谈一下中国传统的用餐礼节。 首先是入座礼节。中国自古以客为大，所以在用餐时采取先客后主的顺序入座，入座后不可乱动餐具或发出奇怪的响声，有事须向主人打招呼。 其次是筷子的用法。中国人喜欢使用筷子，同时喜欢一边端着碗一边吃菜，筷子的摆放位置无必要要求，但须注意的是，切不可将筷子直插在饭中央，因为看起来会和坟墓形状相似，是不吉利且不礼貌的行为。 然后是进餐时的礼仪。进餐时应该由客人先动筷子，然后是长者，进餐时不可因喜欢的菜肴距离你的位置过远而站起来夹菜，这样是很不礼貌的，每次夹菜的时候量也不要过多。吃饭时不能发出奇怪的声音，喝汤时要用汤勺来喝，不可直接用碗喝，喝汤时也不能发出声音，但是如果在吃饭的过程中发生了一些你无法控制的状况，比如说打喷嚏，咳嗽，要说一下“不好意思”“请原谅”这样的话，以示解释。 接下来是夹菜和敬酒礼仪。在为客人或长着夹菜时，要是用公筷，按照传统，菜肴会一个一个一次上来，每次上菜要先让客人、长辈品尝。敬酒，是中国餐桌上，尤其是家庭朋友聚会或是招待来宾所不能缺少的一个程序，中国敬酒时酒杯要低于别人的以示对他人的尊重，待每个人酒杯中有酒时，将剩下的酒放在中间，由人们自行添加。 （韩国）众所周知，韩国的文化受中国的影响较大，早在唐朝时期就已存在学习中国文化的事实，实践证明，我们的文化对韩国后期的发展也有重要贡献。韩国本身也十分注重礼节，待客热情。韩国传统用餐礼仪如下： 韩国人喜欢喝酒，且喜欢喝烧酒，韩国的女孩子也能喝烧酒，烧酒酒精度大概在20度左右，不会醉人，对于喝酒韩国人有很多的讲究，如果是长辈敬酒，必须要拖住酒杯低处，以表尊敬。另外韩国人喝酒都是由别人倒酒，这同样是尊重他人的一种方式。 韩国人喜欢吃一种类似于方便面似的拉面，她们不像我们用碗吃，而是直接用锅或者锅盖接着吃，如果遇到这样的状况，不要惊讶，这是韩国人的一种饮食习惯。 韩国人吃饭的时候汤是一定要有的，大多数情况下也会有泡菜，喝汤吃饭的时候不要有太大声音，筷子和汤匙不可同时使用，每个人都有自己的饭碗和汤碗，但是菜是大家共同食用。 以上是对中国和韩国传统用餐礼仪进行详细叙述，现总结一下两国用餐礼仪的相同与不
最新英语专业全英原创毕业论文，都是近期写作 1 从功能分析的角度试析广告英语中语言的性别差异 2 《愤怒的葡萄》的生态主义分析 3 初中生英语听力理解的障碍因素及对策 4 从象征主义手法的运用浅析弗图纳多之死 5 苔丝之罪是谁之过 6 试探吸血鬼文化的起源 7 中式英语特点及发展趋势 8 《药》的两个英译本中翻译技巧比较 9 论狄更斯在《双城记》中的人道主义思想 10 从《马拉喀什》和《射象》看乔治?奥威尔散文的艺术风格 11 论标示语汉英翻译中的等效问题 12 A Comparative Study o n the Two Chinese Versions of Tess of the D’urbervilles from the Perspective of Nida’s Dynamic Equivalence 13 论第二语言习得与教学中的互动 14 CBI理论诠释及在英语教学中的应用 15 论《了不起的盖茨比》中“盖茨比”人物象征主义的运用 16 《玉石雕像》中的非言语交流 17 A Probe Into the Translation of the Hot Cyber Word—“Geili” 18 多丽丝莱辛的《金色笔记》中安娜的政治困惑分析 19 由王尔德的《莎乐美》探究法国象征主义对其唯美主义的影响 20 论中文电视栏目名称的英语翻译 21 对《一小时的故事》的批评分析 22 The Pursuit of Freedom and Love in E.M. Forster’s A Room with a View 23 从跨文化角度看电影标题汉译英 24 《厄舍屋之倒塌》中的哥特元素分析 25 《推销员之死》中的反英雄主义 26 论《弗兰肯斯坦》中怪物悲剧的必然性 27 从奥斯丁和伍尔夫看英国女权主义思潮的演变 28 分析奥利弗退斯特悲剧生活的原因 29 从《绝望主妇》析字幕翻译的目的和归化策略 30 文化视野下的中美家庭教育方法的比较 31 论《英国病人》中角色的自我认知 32 A Comparative Study of Women in Fortress Besieged and Pride and Prejudice 33 中英酒吧文化对比 34 论《紫色》中的姐妹情谊 35 从《推销员之死》看消费主义时代美国梦的破灭 36 中英称谓语的差异 37 An Analysis of the Fool in King Lear from the Perspective of New Historicism 38 论交际法在初中英语教学中的运用 39 文化因素对品牌翻译的影响 40 《道连葛雷的画像》叙事艺术的分析 41 基于认知的颜色词隐喻研究
民俗资料雾都英国的习俗礼仪 英国全称是‘大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国‘简称联合王国，简称英国。 英国是欧洲西部的群岛国家，面积25.4万平方公里，人口5650万，其中英格兰人占83%。主要宗教是新教和罗马天主教。首都伦敦，被称为‘世界雾都‘。有时数天浓雾不散。几步之外什么都看不听清。 现英国政府实行君主立宪，责任内阁制。国会分上、下两院。下院议员由人民选举，任期5年。上院由世袭或加封之贵族、教士或社会贤达组成。此外，内阁掌握政权，阁员由首相提名，经由国王同意任命。此外，首相为下议院多数党领袖，有权解散、改选下议院。王位继承，无子时由长女继任。现任国王为伊丽沙白二世。 英国有‘世界工场‘之称。英国是世界上工业化最早的国家。到1850年,英国工业生产占世界总产量的39%,贸易量占世界贸易量的21%,均居世界第1位。煤和钢铁总产量都占世界总产量的一半以上。 目前，英国是世界第4贸易大国,是依靠对外贸易发展本国经济的国家,是世界上最大的工业原料和食品进口国之一。 英国的国民特性与其文化背景密切相关。英国的经济发展较早,在大部分外国人的眼里,英国人‘自命清高‘和‘难于接近‘。但是，事实上,也并非完全如此,他们之间善于互相理解,能体谅别人。无论办什么事情,总是尽可能不留坏印象,绅士风度,处处可见。他们懂得如何造就一个协调的环境,让大家和谐而愉快地生活。职业感强烈,是英国人的另一大特性。选择了一种职业,就一定要让自己的业务精益求精。商务交往中,他们重交情,不刻意追求物质，不掂斤拨两，一副大家的作风。对商务谈判,他们往往不做充分的准备，细节之处不加注意,显得有些松松垮垮。但英国商人很和善、友好,易于相处。因此,遇到问题也易于解决。他们好交际,善应变,有很好的灵活性,对建设性的意见反映积极。在英国,‘外表决定一切‘,与英国人交往要尽量避免感情外露。受到款待一定要致谢,事后致函表示谢意,更能引起注意,赠送小礼品能增加友谊。在英国经商,必须属守信用，答应过的事情,必须全力以赴,不折不扣地完成。 英国的礼俗丰富多彩,彼此第一次认识时,一般都以握手为礼，不像东欧人那样常常拥抱。随便拍打客人被认为是非礼的行为,即使在公务完结之后也如此。英国人有些禁忌须注意,如他们从不从梯子下走过,在屋里不撑伞,从不把鞋子放在桌子上,和人像做装潢等。 英国人注意服装,穿着要因时而异。他们往往以貌取人,仪容态度尤须注意。英国人讲究穿戴,只要一出家门,就得衣冠楚楚。虽然英国人已无昔日的雄风,可是自负心特别强。中、上层的人士由于地着舒适的生活，因此,养成了一种传统的‘绅士‘、‘淑女‘风度。但他们守旧,一般都热衷于墨守成规,矜持庄重。一般家庭喜爱以前几代传下来的旧家俱、旧摆设、旧钟表而炫耀于人。首都伦敦有许多‘百年老店‘,而且越是著名的商店,越对原有的式样或布置保持得越完整。汽车发动机虽然换上新型号的了,但车型还要尽量保持过去的老样子。伦敦有两家邮局,一年365天昼夜营业，从不休息，据说这是遵循英国的古老传统而保留下来的。 英国人性格孤僻,生活刻板,办事认真，对外界事情不感兴趣,往往寡言少语,对新鲜事物持谨慎态度,具有独特的冷静的幽默。他们保守、冷漠，感情轻意不外露,即便有很伤心的事,也常常不表现出来。他们很少发脾气,能忍耐,不愿意与别人作无谓的争论。英国人做事很有耐心,任何情况之下,他们绝不面露焦急之色。
摘要： 法国启蒙运动是十八世纪法国的一次浩大的思想解放运动，这一时期，各种新思想，新思维不断涌现，并且覆盖了多个知识领域，如自然科学、哲学、政治学、伦理学、文学、教育学等等。法国的启蒙运动是法国大革命前的一次文化运动，可以说启蒙运动是大革命的前夜，启蒙运动为法国大革命的爆发奠定了思想基础，扫清了理论障碍，为法国大革命指定了正确的方向。没有启蒙运动的预热，就不会有法国大革命的大爆发。 关键词：启蒙运动阶级思想 一、启蒙运动诞生的历史背景 17、18世纪，随着欧洲文艺复兴运动的展开，人们开始对封建意识形态发起批判，并提出对人性的尊重，同时由于生产力的不断发展，生产关系也逐渐发生重大改变，封建主义逐渐向资本主义过渡，这一过程中，不可避免的是资本主义与封建专制主义矛盾的不断激化，法国人在意识领域中，迅速开展了与封建主义与教会特权的斗争。法国启蒙运动是文艺复兴后又一次伟大的思想解放运动，它启迪开导人们在中世纪被教会控制下愚昧的思想，给尚处在封建贵族统治下的人们指路，反对蒙昧主义、专制主义和宗教迷信，打破旧的传统观念，传播新思想，新观念。 二、启蒙运动为何在法国诞生的原因 启蒙运动的诞生是由法国特殊的社会条件所决定的，是尖锐的阶级矛盾下的产物。主要原因有（一）社会基础 法国是欧洲各国中封建统治最顽固、最反动的堡垒，是封建制度的最高典型，法国社会中第三等级与特权等级之间的矛盾特别尖锐，而封建制度的危机又空前严重，这就为启蒙运动的出现提供了社会基础。 （二）阶级基础 法国经济的发展，新兴资产阶级力量的日益加强，形成了一批既有经济实力，又有文化教养的新兴阶级的代表，为启蒙运动的掀起提供了阶级基础。 (三)科学依据和理论实践经验 教权势力的顽固和疯狂，迫使思想家抛开宗教外衣，投向公开的理性宣传，而近代科学的兴起和英国革命的成功，则为启蒙运动的兴起提供了科学依据和理论实践经验，从而使法国的启蒙运动成为欧洲之中心。 三、启蒙文学 在启蒙运动愈演愈烈，渐成燎原之势的过程中，文学作品的创作无疑为启蒙思想的传播立下了汗马功劳。它直接参与了哲学思想进步的进程，18世纪的文学作品有着特殊的地位，它变成了一把利器，一把可以刺穿封建专制主义与教权势力的利器。而在启蒙文学穿创作的过程中其中扮演重要角色的，正是启蒙思想家们，一批有思想，有文化，有胆识的年轻人。其中，伏尔泰，卢梭，孟
中国和韩国商务文化的比较分析及启示 1. 中国与韩国的概况对比 1.1 中国的概况 中国位于东南亚，面积960万平方公里，人口约13亿。为多民族国家，共有56个民族，国旗为红旗。通用普通话，货币为人民币。中国是个多宗教的国家。中国宗教徒信奉的主要有佛教、道教、伊斯兰教、天主教和基督教。中国公民可以自由地选择、表达自己的信仰和表明宗教身份。中国现在是一个发展中国家，经济总量水平低。韩联社4月28日报道称，韩国银行和金融投资行业当日发布资料显示，去年韩国GDP为1.3万亿美元，为中国9.2万亿美元GDP的14.2%，即中国GDP规模约为韩国的7倍。而2003年，中国GDP规模是韩国的2.4倍。随着中国经济快速增长，中韩GDP差距进一步拉大。 中国人喜欢红色，红色代表喜庆，吉祥，成功和兴旺发达，在汉族中带有自己文化特有的意义和联想。 1.2 韩国的概况 韩国位于东亚朝鲜半岛南部，面积 9．9万平方公里，人口4，000多万。全国人口均为单一朝鲜民族，通用朝鲜语。货币为韩元，100韩元折合0.7416人民币历史上受我唐代文化影响很大。国旗为太极旗，白地中央为红、蓝两色太极图案，周围有四组八卦符号。白色代表土地，太极图和八卦由我国传人，象征宇宙永恒运动、均衡和协调，反映我国“易经”代表的东方哲理。受我国佛学、儒学影响很深，居民多信奉佛教、基督教和儒教，首都汉城文庙每年春秋两季都要举行祭孔大典。韩国的经济增长速度居世界前列，经济发展水平居亚洲前列，外向型经济较发达。 韩国人喜欢白色，自誉为白衣民族，认为白色纯洁高尚，这种白色崇拜来自于北方阿尔泰民族对天神的崇拜。新娘在婚礼上往往身着白色礼服，现代房屋装修也多用白色。 1.3 启示 如果在韩国开展国际商务活动，要尊重当地的礼仪，饮食以及习俗。例如，可以身着白色衣服，这是韩国人比较喜欢的颜色。遇到长辈的话就用双手握手，公共场合让男士先行，因为在韩国的传统就是大男子主义，女人一般不与人握手。
《西方文化之旅》 结课论文 题目:文化理解对语言学习地重要性 浅谈英语学习 学生姓名 学号 专业班级 成绩评定 年月 中文摘要近年来，随着改革开放步伐地不断加快，更多更好地培养外语人才，深化外语学习，外语教学水平，已是当前刻不容缓地重要任务.而英美文化地熟悉程度对提高学生听说能力、阅读文学作品地理解能力有非常重要地作用.资料个人收集整理，勿做商业用途但在目前地英语学习中.只注重语言形式地练习，而忽视文化背景知识对语言学习重要性地状况.了解和掌握文化背景知识，能够充分理解特定文化背景下语言地真实内涵.因此，英语学习过程中，要将语言学习与文化背景知识相结合.背景知识地了解对于语言学习来说是至关重要地.因此，在英语学习中，我们要坚持将英语学习与其文化背景相结合，并通过使用原版教材和外教地力量，来取得优异地成绩.资料个人收集整理，勿做商业用途本文在分析目前英语学习问题地基础上，说明了文化理解对语言学习地重要性. 关键字文化背景英语学习 一文献回顾 语言学家拉多说过：“我们不掌握文化背景就不可能教好、学好语言.”可见.如果不了解一种语言文化背景和习惯，那么就不可能好地使用和运用那种语言，我国传统地外语学习模式，仅仅重视语言知识地学习，过分强调单词和语言地积累，而对西方文化背景知识地关注程度还远远不够.学生对中西方文化差异缺乏了解.导致文化交际地障碍，大大影响了学生地学习兴趣.资料个人收集整理，勿做商业用途 外语地学习不单单是语言知识地学习过程，更是让学生了解外族文化、开拓视野地窗口.因为中西方文化背景差异极大，西方社会思维中地“个人主义”，强调尊重人和尊重人地价值，最大限度地发挥个人地创造性和主动精神；而中国地“集体主义”则强调个人服从集体，一切从集体出发，集体利益高于个人利益.这种中国人注重整体和经验与西方人强调逻辑分析地差异给英语学习者带来很大地挑战，这些差异都将对跨文化交际产生一定地影响.在日常学习中学生要丰富自己地文化背景知识，深入了解西方文化，不仅应重视语言知识地学习，更要思考文化背景知识对英语学习地重要性，摒弃忽视文化背景地学习误区.资料个人收集整理，勿做商业用途 外语学习不是单纯地语言知识地学习过程，而是包含文化背景知识地综合性语言学习.要真正学好外语，培养自己良好地跨文化交际能力，就要认识到中西方文化差异地根源即价值观和思维模式等方面地差异.英语学习者应关注文化背景现状地发展走向，认识到我国传统地文化与西方文化之间地差异.著名学者沃尔森说过：“在与外国人地接触当中，讲本国语言地人一般对语音或语法错误并不苛求.相反，对于不符合该国文化习惯地用语却很难容忍，认为是没有礼貌地.” 资料个人收集整理，勿做商业用途 二主体 作为一名英语学习者，学习了这个学期地选修课——《西方文化之旅》，让我对英语学习有了更深处地了解，同时也找到了自己学习上地一些不到位之处.自己之前在学习英语时，仍然延续了高中时地学习方法，跟着老师地步伐，上课听课，下课背背单词与课文；并没有过多地去关注欧美国家地文化背景，也没有想到英语学习会与文化背景有如此之多地联系，其
浅谈法国文化—浪漫风情 法国概况 王香怡 2015017188 英语1503 世界上的国家数不胜数，世界上有特点的国家也绝不在少数，然而像法国这样充满魅力、独具特色的国家就称得上是屈指可数了。法国，世界上最美的国家之一，古老精致的建筑，历史悠久的文学，享誉世界的香水，浓厚醇香的红酒，古老的浪漫主义和尖端的现代文化在这里完美融合。如果非要用一个词来形容法国特色文化的话，那绝对就是浪漫。法国的浪漫多情与高贵优雅充分的在其文化中体现出来。 法国有着众多的特色文化，而葡萄酒文化就是其中一道亮丽的风景线。随着法国的历史不断进步以及文明的成长和发展，法国的葡萄酒文化也逐渐得到了发展，并且走向了世界，为世界人民所称道。法国葡萄酒历史十分悠久，可追溯至公元前600年左右，希腊人来到了法国马赛地区，在掠夺和侵占的同时，带来了葡萄树和葡萄栽培技术。公元前51年，凯撒大帝征服了高卢（法国人的祖先被称作高卢人，罗马帝国将今天的法国称作高卢）地区。自此，正式地葡萄树栽培在此展开。 随着葡萄种植区域不断向北扩展，公元3世纪，法国的一些城市，如波尔多、勃艮第，开始为供不应求的葡萄酒市场酿制葡萄酒。公元6世纪，随着教会的兴起以及其不断地发展，葡萄酒的市场需求日益扩大，且人们对高品质葡萄酒的追求不减，从而加快了法国葡萄酒业发展的脚步。在其发展过程中，法国的独特地理环境也做出了极大的贡献，不同种植区域的气候不尽相同，也为葡萄的品质提供了保证。中世纪时，葡萄酒已发展成为法国的主要出口货物。而到今天，法国的葡萄酒不但已渗透进法国人的宗教、政治、文化、艺术及生活的各个层面，与人民的生活息息相关，而且，已经成为法国独有的文化，在世界上赢得了赞扬与喜爱。 和葡萄酒文化相提并论的，自然就是法国的餐饮文化了。法国，是一个很会享受的国家，而这一点，可以通过它的餐饮文化完美体现。作为举世皆知的世界三大烹饪王国之一,法国十分讲究饮食,在西餐之中，法国菜可以说是最讲究的。
跨文化交流中的中韩文化差异最近我的韩国语课程刚刚学完，内心觉得自己又上升了一个层次，看起韩剧也觉得自己是内行了，要说起研究研究韩国的文化，就得从看韩剧开始，喜欢看韩剧的人无非几种，一种是看恋爱的，因为韩国电影中的情节远比中国电影中的情节令人神往的多；还有一种，就比较喜欢其中搞笑的部分，因为韩国人的幽默源于生活。 大韩民国历史上受我国唐代文化影响很大，受我国佛学、儒学影响很深。韩国文化是东西方文化的交融体。中韩两国隔海相望，有二千多年友好和文化交流的历史。在这漫长的历史河流中，两国人民互相学习，帮助和促进。二者的文化背景虽具有很多共同点，但相异之处还是不胜枚举。翻阅许多资料后，我就简单介绍其中三点最明显的差异吧。 一、中韩文化认知差异 中韩两国都深受儒学影响，过去的历史文化有许多相似之处。但是与韩国家长制的“大男子主义”迥然不同，中国则更类似于“大女子主义”。韩国人认为，隐身于男人背后，一心一意相夫教子的贤妻良母才是女性典范。因此韩国一直都不太尊重女性权利。甚至有相当一部分接受过优质的高等教育的女性，结婚之后，主动选择回家相夫教子，坐个全职太太。相对而言，中国的女大学生更注重经济上的自主和家庭地位中的平等，更多人会倾向于寻找一份稳定的工作而非做一名家庭主妇。 尽管中韩在认知视觉上具有很多共同点，但对同一思维概念经常采用不同的表达方式。耳熟能详的中国成语“对牛弹琴”是指对不懂道理
的人讲道理，在韩国也有类似的成语“对牛念经”，意义完全相同都有“与不可言者而言”的引申义，但一个是弹琴，一个为念经，表现形式却不同。 同时,汉语的爱人是说妻子或丈夫，而韩语中则指情妇或情妇，不懂得这层意思那难免会失礼了；汉语里的当家的，掌柜的和韩国语里的主人都指丈夫，韩国语里还有一种对丈夫的称谓，翻译过来叫“外头的”，这种称谓都与分配方式有关，也与男尊女卑的宗法制度有关。 在中国自古便有“右为尊左为卑”的传统，通常“右”指上意；而左迁，左降，则是下之意。另外，人们经常说南征北战，南辕北辙，南腔北调，在说法上“南”常常置前，北则与败相连。在韩国文化中，对南北左右没有尊卑之分，所以这种表达方式会使韩国人感到困惑，甚至给韩国人带来误解。 二、中韩饮食文化的差异 中国菜肴在烹饪中有许多的流 派。其中最有影响和代表性的也为 社会所公认的有：鲁、川、粤、闽、 苏、浙、湘、徽等菜系,即被人们常 说的中国“八大菜系”。中国人一 般为一日三餐，分别安排在早上、 中午和晚上。中国人就餐主要用竹制的筷子或勺子，较为习惯将所有的菜摆于餐桌上大家共同享用。中国饮食文化讲究情调优雅，氛围艺术化，主要表现在美器、夸名、佳境三个方面。
浅谈中西酒吧文化的差异 随着我国文化娱乐市场的发展变化，酒吧数量在我国直线上升。西方酒吧文化源远流长，传入中国后，受中国传统历史文化的影响以及不同地区和城市经济文化发展现状的制约，酒吧文化在我国不同地区有着不同的内涵和表现方式。 酒吧是一种大众闲暇消费的活动空间，是泡吧者释放压力的港湾，并由此产生了一种欣欣向荣的文化新景观。酒吧在中国的出现，始于２０世纪９０年代的一些大都市里。在改革开放、市场经济的浪潮中，许多新的休闲方式、交际方法、文化形态也应运而生，不知不觉中，酒吧也融入了中国人的生活。酒吧这种外来文化自登陆中国起，便一路高歌猛进，把城市和年轻人无一例外地揽入怀中。它的出现乃至后来的发展，与整个中国的经济、社会、文化的发展存在着千丝万缕的联系，其步伐始终紧跟时代发展的脉搏。随着城市化进程的加快和居民消费水平的提高，酒吧在我国的发展，也呈现出欣欣向荣的发展态势。 西方酒吧文化是西方文化的重要组成部分和重要表现形式，酒吧文化属于其中的一种新型的娱乐文化。欧洲人有种说法说要找人，不是去办公室或家里找，而是要到酒吧去；不在酒吧，肯定在去酒吧的路上。这句话听很好地体现出了酒吧在西方人生活中的重要地位。西方绝大部分人都把酒吧当成社交、娱乐和饮食的场所。西方人的交往联系，往往是在酒吧里进行的，而不像中国人喜欢把朋友带到自己的家里。西方人士的许多重要的聚会，如生日聚会、结婚纪念聚会等都是在酒吧举行。 在西方的酒吧里，人们相互之间无需考虑各自的社会地位、等级和礼仪问题，只要举止得体就符合基本的交往准则。酒吧是一个非常热闹的场所，有音乐，有酒，还有很多的人。酒吧也是一个自由的地方，西方人喜欢一群人边喝酒边高谈阔论，一边喝着，一边聊着，人与人之间都是平等、自由地进行交流和沟通，他们相互尊重彼此的看法。 例如，即使是在以冷漠著称于世的英国社会里，酒吧都被看作是促进社会交往的重要场合。因为人们在排队的时候，可以和身边同样等待买酒的人交谈。同样，在英伦诸岛上，和陌生人交谈，只有在吧台上才被认为是“完全适宜”的正常行为。在《酒吧护照：旅游者酒吧仪俗指南》这个小册子里有这样一句忠告：
英国的礼仪习俗． 英国的礼仪习俗去了解外面的世界。英, ,很多人走出国门随着生活水平的提高我们只有知道其国家的礼仪习俗，国就是其中一个受人欢迎的国度。下面我就简单的介绍才能更好与其交往，进而融入其中好好的生活，一些英国的礼仪习俗。 1.“绅士”风度的原则。在社交场合遵循“女士优先”英国的男士崇尚绅士风度，尊重女性，待人谦和，衣冠得体，所谓绅士风度是指；为人彬彬有礼,谈吐高雅，知识渊博，见多识广，有爱心，尊老爱幼，无不良嗜好，身体
健康，举止文明，穿着得体，人际关系良好等。其具体表现有：进房间或进餐馆大多男的要替女士开门；如果男女双方一起进房间，开车门或做其他除非男的必须在女士的前头去选餐桌、是女子在前，男子要走在女士身旁靠来车方向的或过马路时，效劳；在街上行走，一侧，以免发生危险时,保护妇女免受伤害；如果一个男 子和两个女士一起走，他应当走在两者当中；如果男主人或女主人或者两者同坐一辆车来接客人去吃饭，客人应该挤在汽车的前座，让后座空着，因为司机就是男主人或女主人；在宴会上，主人把客人领进客厅时，如果客人是位女士，她进客厅时，厅中的大多数男子都要站起来以示敬意。如果女主人的女儿在，她要把客人给女儿作介绍。通常是把男士介绍给女士，除非他年长得多或地位高得多。一般的惯例是年轻的介绍给年长的。不管进入客厅的是男士还是女士，在客厅里就座的女士都不必起身为礼。宴会开始，男士们为女士们拉开椅子，帮女士入座； 而且总是习惯先将妻子,另外丈夫通常要偕同妻子参加各种社交活动 介绍给贵宾认识；男士应该先向所遇到的熟悉的女士微微点头打招呼。如果某位女士向您走来，请记住，如果她主动伸出手，您才能与她 握手。如今世风已不如但是有些英国人慨叹，在对待女士的礼遇方面，工资待遇和接受高等教育方以前。据说是因为妇女在选举、就业、 看面获得了与男人平等的权利，她们就不再需要以往的那种照顾了。来，对女士的礼貌是出于男士觉得女士需要保护。 2.英国人的着装
河北大学工商学院添些学校 《xxx》结课论文 题目：欧洲文化之哥特式建筑 姓名：黄文泽 性别：男 专业：xxx 班级：xxx 学号：xxx
欧洲文化之哥特式建筑 欧洲文化博大精深历史悠久，无论是其人文艺术方面的发展还是其自然科学的严谨都吸引了广大的研究者和历史文化爱好者，经过本学期老师对欧州文化的讲解，我对本来就很感兴趣的欧洲建筑有了更深的了解和认识，下面我从其起源、建筑特点以及对现代建筑的影响简述下我眼中的欧洲建筑的代表——哥特式建筑。 哥特式建筑是中世纪下半叶起源于法国13——15世纪流行于欧洲的一种建筑风格。主要见于天主教堂也影响到世俗建筑。哥特式建筑以其超高的技术和艺术成就，在建筑史上占有重要是地位。 其特点主要是尖塔高耸,尖形拱门,大窗户及绘有圣经故事的花窗玻璃.营造出轻盈修长的飞天的感觉.以及新的框架结构以增加支撑顶部的力量.使整个建筑以直线线条,宏伟的外观和教堂内空阔的空间, 再结合镶着彩色玻璃的长窗,使教堂里产生一种浓厚的宗教气氛.教堂的平面仍是基本的拉丁十字型,但是其西端门的两侧增加一对高塔。 哥特式建筑结构也十分多样，主要有尖肋拱顶，飞扶壁，花窗玻璃等，下面就各国建筑代表为例来介绍哥特式结构在建筑上的体现。 意大利的哥特式建筑于十二世纪由国外传入,主要影响于北部地区.意大利没有真正接受哥特式建筑的结构体系和造型原型,只是把它当做是一种装饰风格,所以在意大利很难找到纯粹的哥特式建筑.威尼斯的世俗建筑有很多的杰作,圣马可广场上的总督宫被认为是中世纪的世俗建筑中最美丽的作品之一,成为广场的标志.城市里一般
建有许多高塔,总体轮廓线很美. 德国最早的哥特式教堂之一的科隆主教堂于1248年兴工,由建造过亚眠主教堂的法国人设计,有法国盛行的哥特式建筑的风格. 德国的教堂很早就形成了自己的形制和风格,如德国的马尔堡的圣伊莉莎白教堂的建筑结构体现了德国教堂建筑的最早特点：屋顶平缓，陡坡屋面罩在拱顶上，高度相等的教堂中厅和侧厅，教堂内部采光是依靠端体墙上高窄普通的窗户，全然去除尖顶、高侧窗、飞扶壁等等之类的样式，可谓一大创新。 以挺拔、动感、飞扬而著称的哥特式建筑艺术，在欧洲各地流行了近四个世纪之久，虽然走向了落寞，并曾经一度被文艺复兴时期的的艺术家们评为是野蛮的象征，但哥特式建筑艺术给欧洲各国带来的巨大影响却是不容忽视的，那一座座哥特式教堂以及具有哥特式风格的绘画和雕塑便是最好的证明。 综上所述，探讨哥特式建筑建筑艺术不仅仅是对建筑，建筑艺术的研究，更有助于我们了解其背后的宗教，历史，人文背景。对于我们更好的解读中世纪那段特殊的历史进程有着极其深远的意义。 由于哥特式建筑艺术本身就是西方文明的产物，存在语言方面的差距，再加上所学知识有限使得本文得出的结论具有局限性对于所取得的成就认识也较肤浅。更深层次的探讨和论证还有待继续深入的研究，我会在今后的学习中继续关注哥特式建筑艺术。
毕业论文开题报告 旅游管理 杭州酒吧业发展现状及对策探讨 一、选题的背景和意义 1.选题背景 （1）酒吧业作为充满活力的行业，在杭州也得到迅速的发展。 随着中国经济的崛起及旅游业的发展，酒吧业也悄然走进了中国百姓的生活圈子。人们在物质生活得到满足的同时，又追求着精神生活方面的满足，酒吧业正是顺应了人们的这种求的心理应运而生的，酒吧业先是在南方沿海城市如深圳、广州、上海等地兴起。近年来，酒吧文化已经逐渐融入杭州人的生活。从1993年开设杭州最早的酒吧——卡萨布兰卡乡村酒吧至今，杭城酒吧已经历了近二十年的历程，据不完全统计，目前杭州的酒吧已有三百余家，现已成为杭城夜间文化娱乐生活的重要组成部分。 （2）杭城酒吧业存在诸多问题，解决这些问题迫在眉睫。 杭城酒吧业发展至今，遇到了很多问题，就酒吧业本身而言，由于杭州酒吧业者缺乏专业管理经验，结果导致各酒吧间相互效仿，酒吧的经营模式也就雷同了，酒吧的服务与产品缺乏自身酒吧的特色和个性，这在一定程度上影响了酒吧业的发展。为了使杭州酒吧得到更好的发展，解决这些问题是关键所在。 （3）酒吧作为杭城夜间娱乐生活的重要部分，对杭州构建“东方休闲之都，品质生活之城”有重要意义。 酒吧业的发展是一个城市国际化的重要标志，酒吧文化作为杭城夜生活娱乐的一部分，如何加快杭州酒吧业的发展，是杭州酒吧业又好又快的发展，对杭州打造东方休闲之都，生活品质之城有重要的意义，也对提升杭州的国际品位有重要的意义。 2.选题意义 （1）理论意义：区域性酒吧业的研究是目前研究领域所缺少的。 由于杭州经济的迅速发展，人民生活水平提高，杭州旅游业迅速发展，酒吧业作为杭州夜间娱乐生活的重要组成部分，酒吧文化正是反应一个城市文化的有效载体，酒吧业的发展对杭州文化建设有重要的意义。虽然目前杭州酒吧业的发展很迅速，看似很繁
追尋法蘭西 很早之前，對法國的了解僅僅停留在幾個名詞而已:時尚、紅酒、埃菲爾鐵塔。而這些在我的印象中與浪漫這個詞有著千絲萬縷的聯繫。的確，法蘭西是個浪漫的國度。隨著年齡的增長，我閱讀了一些關於聖女貞德的故事以及拿破崙波拿巴的傳記，知道了法國大革命的來龍去脈，法國人追求自由、平等、博愛，這三個寫在法國國徽上的詞也讓我心馳神往。進入大學，選擇了設計這個專業，自然對法國的嚮往更進一步。於是選擇從其語言出發，慢慢發掘法蘭西背後的故事。在大陸簡單的學習法語發音后，來到台灣，選修了Tammy老師的法語課，讓我對法國的文化更進一步。 法國（La France），全稱法蘭西共和國，現在是法蘭西第五共和國，位於歐洲西部，與比利時、盧森堡、德國、瑞士、意大利、摩納哥、安道爾和西班牙接壤，隔英吉利海峽與英國隔海相望。
得不提到巴黎；提到巴 黎，就不得不提到盧浮 宮，塞納河，香榭麗舍 大街和埃菲爾鐵塔。巴 黎是法國的首都和最 大的城市，也是法國的 政治、經濟、文化中心， 和日本東京並列。盧浮宮，是世界上最古老、最大、最 著名的博物館之一。位於法國巴黎市中心的塞納河北岸， 始建於1204年，歷經800多年擴建、重修達到今天的 規模。盧浮宮藏品中有被譽為世界三寶的《維納斯》雕 像、《蒙娜麗莎》油畫和《勝利女神》石雕，更有大量希 臘、羅馬、埃及及東方的古董，還有法國、義大利的遠古遺物。埃菲爾鐵塔是一 座於1889年建成位於法國巴黎戰神廣場上的鏤空結構鐵塔，高300米，天線高 24米，總高324米。埃菲爾鐵塔得名於設計它的橋樑工程師居斯塔夫埃菲爾。 鐵塔設計新穎獨特，是世界建築史上的技術傑作，因而成為法國和巴黎的一個重 要景點和突出標誌。