英语语法难点精析（一）
【语法难点精析之被分隔的定语从句】
定语从句一般紧接被它所修饰的先行词；但有时候它和先行词之间有可能插入其他成分，使它与先行词分隔开来，这种定语从句叫作被分隔的定语从句，在阅读文章时会经常遇到这种情况，在阅读是要注意识别先行词的修饰对象。
一般说来，定语从句被分割开来大致有以下三种：
①在先行词与定语从句之间插入一个状语。
如：There are many thousands of stars in the sky that are like the sun.
在太空中有成千上万的象太阳般的星星。
乍一看，that引导的定语从句在名词sky的后面，似乎应该是修饰sky的。但仔细一想，”不对啊，天空怎么能象太阳呢？“，原来that引导的定语从句被in the sky这个地点状语分隔开来，修饰中心词stars。
②在先行词与定语从句之间插入一个定语。
如：Do you remember one afternoon ten years ago when I came to your house and borrowed a diamond necklace?
你还记得吗，十年前的一天下午，我来到你家，找你借了一条钻石项链？
when I came to your house and borrowed a diamond necklace实际上是修饰afternoon而不是修饰years。ten years ago 实际上是定语后置修饰afternoon。
③先行词与定语从句被谓语分隔开来。此时，先行词通常是句子的主语，因定语从句较长，主句谓语较短，为使句子平衡，常将定语从句移至谓语之后
如：A new master will come tomorrow who will teach you German.
明天，新（男）老师将来较你德语。
【语法难点精析之besides,but,except,exept for,excepting,apart from的区别】
（１）besides与except
前者表示＂除．．．以外，还有．．．＂；后者表示＂从整体中除去．．．＂
这个大家都知道，就不举例子了．
（２）except与except for
a．除去的和非除去的是同类事物，用except
eg：
All the essays are well written except Nelson"s.
Nelson的文章（除去的）和All the essays（非除去的）是同类事物，所以用except．
b．除去的和非除去的不是同类事物，用except for，并且从语气上通常表示遗憾．
eg：His essay is well written except for a few spelling mistakes.
a few spelling mistakes(除去的）和His essay（非除去的）是不同类的事物．
（３）apart from 具有多重意义：既可表示besides，也可以表示exept或exept for，还可以表示without的意思
eg：
Apart from the cost,it will take a lot of time.(=besides)
The orphan had no one to take care of him apart from his uncle.(=except)
He has done good work,apart from a few slight faults.(=except for)
There can be no knowledge apart from practice.实践出真知．（＝without）
（４）excepting =except,但一般用于句首或用于not，without，always等词之后
eg:
Excepting his brother,they are all right.
Everyone,not excepting myself,must share the blame.
All of us,without excepting those who know more about the subject,should study.
All my brothers com here every day,always excepting the youngest.
（５）but与except同义，但but多用在every，any，no等和由这些词构成的复合词如everything，anywhere，nobody等词以后及all，none之后
eg：
The children go to school everyday but Sunday.
They are all gone but me.
You can get the book anywhere but here.
There is no one but me.
Who but George would do such a thing?
【语法难点之too...to 结构表示肯定含义的情况】（连载中）
【too...to 结构表示肯定含义的情况】
我们知道too...to结构一般表示否定含义,意为"太...以致于不能"
eg:He is too old to work.
但too...to在下列情况下却表示肯定含义:
⑴当too前或to前有否定词构成双重否定时.
eg:English is not too difficult to learn.
英语并不太难学.
He is too wise not to see that.
他很聪明,不会不懂这一点.
⑵当too后是
glad,pleased,happy,delighted,satisfied,ready,willing,kind,apt,good,true,easy,near,careful,well, early,delicious,eager,anxious等形容词或副词时.
eg:They are too anxious to leave.
他们急于离开.
He is too ready to help others.
他总是乐于助人.
与这些词连用时,too前还常加上only,all,but,just,simply等副词,意思不变,因为这些词加上too 后与very同义.
eg:I"m only too glad to see you .
见到你非常高兴.
They are but too pleased to hear the news.
他们听到这个消息,非常高兴.
⑶与cannot连用时.
eg:You cannot be too careful(=You can never be careful enough) to do your homework.
你做作业越仔细越好(=无论怎样仔细也不过分).
⑷当不定式在句中作定语或真正的主语时.
eg:There are too many problems to be solved.
有很多问题有待解决.
It is too much to say that he is a fool.
【语法难点精析之every表示”每隔“的用法】
⑴"every other+单数名词”
意思是“每隔一。。。”
如：every other day 每隔一天every other tree 每隔一棵树
⑵“every+基数词+复数名词”或“every+序数词+单数名词”
意思是“每隔。。。”（较英语数词少一个）
如：every three days=every third day 每隔两天（或者译为每三天）
因此every two days=every other day 每隔一天（或者译为每两天）
⑶“every few+复数名词”
意思是“每隔几。。。”
如：every few days（每隔几天）
【语法难点精析之alive、live、living和lively的用法】
⑴lively 有“活泼的、快活的、生动的”等意思，可以指人或物，可作定语或标语；但它没有“活着的”意思，而其他三个都有。
如：
Young children are usually lively.
小孩子们通常是活泼的。
He told a very lively story.
他讲了一个生动的故事。
⑵alive、live、living都有“活的、有生命的”意思，与dead意义相反。但live通常只作前置定语，且一般用于动物；alive、living不仅可作定语（alive只能置于名词后；living一般置于名词前，也可置于名词后），也可以作表语。
如：
This is a live(=living) fish.(=This is a fish alive.)
这是一条活鱼。（指动物，且作定语时，三者均可用）
Who"s the greatest man alive(=living man)?
谁是当今最伟大的人物？（指人，不能用live）
The fish is still alive(=living)
那条鱼还活着。（指动物作表语时不能用live）。
⑶living主要指在某个时候是活着的，而alive指本来有死的可能，但仍活着的。而且，作主语补足语或宾语补足语时，只能用alive；作比喻义（如“活像。。。”、“活生生的”等）解时，
要用living。
如：
The enemy officer was caught alive.(作主语补足语，不用living）
那位敌方军官被活捉了。
We found the snake alive.(作宾语补足语，不用living）
He is the living image of his father.(比喻义，不用alive）
他活象他父亲。
⑷只有living前加the方可表示“活着的人”，作主语时，视作复数。如：
The living are more important to us than the dead.
活着的人对我们来说比死去的人更重要。
语法难点精析之含义因有无冠词而迥异的短语】
at play 在玩
at the play 在看戏
behind time 迟到
behind the times 落在时代后
by day 在白天
by the day 按日计算
by sea 乘船
by the sea 在海边
in front of 在...(外面的)前面
in the front of 在...(内部的前面)
in charge of 看护,负责
in the charge of 由...看护,由...负责
in secret 秘密地(作状语)
in the secret 知道内情(作表语)
in course of 在...过程中(作表语后置定语)
in the course of 在...期间(作状语)
in red 穿着红衣服
in the red 负债,赤字
of age 成年
of an age (岁数)同年
on fire 着火
on the fire 在考虑中
on occasion 不时地;必要时
on the occasion 在那时
out of question 毫无疑问
out of the question 不可能
to death 十分
to the death 到最后
five of us 我们中的五人(部分)
the five of us 我们五个人(全部)
a yellow and white cat 一只黄白相间的猫
a yellow and a white cat 一只黄猫和一只白猫
in a faimly way 象一家人一样
in the family way 怀孕
die of cold 冻死
die of a cold 感冒而死
have words with 与...争吵
have a word with 与...略谈
keep house 管理家务
keep the house 守在家里
take rest 就寝
take a reat 休息一下
take place 发生
take the place of 代替
【语法难点精析之与-ly副词同义的介词短语】in angry= angrily
in despair= desparingly
in admiration= admiringly
in common = commonly
in fact = acrually
in fear = fearfully
in fairness = fairly
in fun = funnily
in grief = grievously
in joke = jokingly
in line = lineally
in mercy = mercifully
in public = publicly
in silence =silently
in spite =spitefully
in sorrow =sorrily/sorrowfully
in surprise =surprisedly
with a smile =smilingly
with satisfaction = satisfactorily
with attention =attentively
with care =carefully
with courage =courageously
with difficult =difficultly
with emphasis = emphatically
with fascination =fascinatingly
with grace =gracefully
with joy = joyfully
with pride =proudly
with pleasure =pleasantly
with warmth =warmly
out of breath =breathlessly
【语法难点精析之用to do还是of doing作后置定语】
不同的名词,对这两种后置定语的选择是有区别的,有的只能用to do,有的只可用of doing,有的两种都可以.现分述如下:
⑴will, willingness, suggestion, conclusion, decision, permission, agreement, refusal, determination, proposal, resolution等,一般用不定式作后置定语.
如:
Mary has the will to win the first prize.(不用of winning)
玛丽有获得一等奖的决心.
He has drawn a conclusion to go abroad with his family.(不用of winning)
他已作出了携家去国外的决定.
⑵hope, risk, possibility, impossibility, probability, intention, prospect, responsiblility, aim等,一般只能用of doing作后置定语.
如:
In fact,tere is no hope of their winning the game.
事实上,他们没有希望赢得这场比赛.(不能说for them to win)
He will run the risk of losing his life to save the child.
他将冒生命危险去救那个孩子.
⑶way, chance, need, necessity, right, freedom, power, opportunity,ability等,既可用不定式短语,又可用of doing短语作后置定语.
如:
Their chance to go(of ging) abroad was lost.
他们失去了出国的机会.
He has the right to do (of doing) that.
他有权那样做.
【语法难点精析之用to do还是of doing作后置定语】
不同的名词,对这两种后置定语的选择是有区别的,有的只能用to do,有的只可用of doing,有的两种都可以.现分述如下:
⑴will, willingness, suggestion, conclusion, decision, permission, agreement, refusal, determination, proposal, resolution等,一般用不定式作后置定语.
如:
Mary has the will to win the first prize.(不用of winning)
玛丽有获得一等奖的决心.
He has drawn a conclusion to go abroad with his family.(不用of winning)
他已作出了携家去国外的决定.
⑵hope, risk, possibility, impossibility, probability, intention, prospect, responsiblility, aim等,一般只能用of doing作后置定语.
如:
In fact,tere is no hope of their winning the game.
事实上,他们没有希望赢得这场比赛.(不能说for them to win)
He will run the risk of losing his life to save the child.
他将冒生命危险去救那个孩子.
⑶way, chance, need, necessity, right, freedom, power, opportunity,ability等,既可用不定式短语,又可用of doing短语作后置定语.
如:
Their chance to go(of ging) abroad was lost.
他们失去了出国的机会.
He has the right to do (of doing) that.
他有权那样做.
虚拟语气的重点是：
1．一些常见的虚拟语气的句型或结构。
2．虚拟语气的特殊形式，即用来表示要求、建议、命令、提议、意愿等的主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句中的虚拟形式。
3．主从句表示不同的时间概念、事实或假设情况，从而交错成为复合虚拟语气。
4．含蓄条件句中的虚拟语气的表示愿望的虚拟形式。
上述四个要点往往在完形填空或者阅读理解里面存在，尤其是每年完形填空都至少有一道直接考这方面的知识的题目，而在阅读理解里，我们掌握上述四个重点对于我们理解文章的大意和作者态度很有帮助，了解哪些观点是作者假设的、虚拟的，哪些是真实的，这样对于我们回答关于作者态度观点题很有帮助。
下面我们将主要从上述四个方面来重点论述在考试中应该注意的问题。
一、虚拟语气的常见类型和句型
（1）由wish引起的表示愿望的虚拟语气
A．用wish表示对现在的愿望时，它所引起的宾语从句中谓语动词形式为：过去式（be动词用were）。
B．用wish表示对将来的愿望时，它所引起的宾语从句中谓语动词形式为：would, could, might+ 动词原形。
C．wish用于对过去的事实表示一种不可能实现的愿望时，宾语从句中的谓语动词形式为：had+动词过去分词或could, would + have +动词过去分词。
The picture exhibition bored me to death; I wish I had not gone to it.
---“I let Joe borrow our radio for the afternoon.”
---“That’s all right, but I wish he would buy one of his own.”
I wish that he weren’t so lazy.
(2)had hoped引起的宾语从句中备用语动词形式为would+动词原形，表示一种过去未实现的愿望或令人失望的事。
His father had hoped that his son would go to business with him, but his son became an artist later.
(3)would (had) rather, would as soon, would sooner和would prefer所引起的从句中要求用过去式表示当时或将来的情况，用过去完成时表示过去的情况，表示希望或婉转的责备。例如：I’d rather you posted the letter right away. 我倒希望你把这封信立刻寄出去。
I would prefer he didn’t stay there too long.我倒希望他不要在那儿可得太久。
I would just as soon you had returned the book yesterday.我真希望你昨天把这本书还了。
（4）It’s (high, about) time that 句型中that从句中要求用虚拟语气形式，即动词要用过去
式。
It’s time that something was done about the traffic problem downtown.
It is high time that we put an end to this discussion.现在是我们该结束讲座的时候了。
（5）as, 或者whether…or…谓语多用be的原形，引导让步虚拟从句，这种用法通常采用倒装结构：
Church as we use the word refers to all religious institutions, be they Christian, Islamivc, Buddhist, Jewish, and so on.
The business of each day, be it selling goods or shipping them, went quite smoothly.
（6）由连接词in case, so that ,unless, lest ,for fear that引起的状语从句中，谓语动词要用虚拟形式，即should(might, would)+动词原形，例如：
She put a blanket over the baby for fear that he should catch cold. 她在那个婴儿身上盖上了毯
子以免他着凉。
The bad man was put in the soft-padded cell lest he injure himself.
(7) if it were not for…与现在事实相反，if it had not been for与过去事实相反，两个都相当于but for：
If it had not been for his help(=but for his help),we would not have succeeded.
(8) 虚拟语气用于as if（though）引起的方式状语从句和表语从句中，其动词形式与wish宾语从句的形式相同。例如：She often laughs spontaneously, and her good humor breaks out as brightly as if it were a part of the sunshine above.她常常发出发自内心的微笑，而且她那美好的情绪像天上一道明亮的阳光一样，常常流露出来。
They talked as if they had been friends for years.他们交谈着，就好像他们是我年的老朋友一样。She looks as if she would cry.她看起来好像要哭了。
(9)其它各种句型, as though, suppose, had rather, supposing, if only等等
If I were in a movie, then it would be about time that I buried my head in my hands for a cry.
二、特殊形式的虚拟语气
虚拟语气的特殊形式，即用来表示要求、建议、命令、提议、意愿等的主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句中的虚拟形式，其虚拟语气的构成往往是由should(可省略)+动词原形that从句。
A、用于表示意愿、建议、命令、提议、请求等动词后的that宾语从句中，这类动词有：ask要求advise建议arrange安排beg请求
command命令decide决定demand要求desire渴望
determine决定insist坚持intend打算maintain坚持主张
move建议，动员propose提议object反对order命令
prefer建议require 需要request要求resolve下决心
recommend推荐suggest建议stipulate约定，规定urge强调，促进
vote公认，提议decree颁布（法令）pray请求
注意：这类动词后面除了可接that虚拟句以外，也可以接doing或者to do…来表达，一般情况下，意思没有什么差别。
She advised that we should keep the gate locked.（书面体）
She advised us to keep the gate locked.（口语）
She advised keeping the gate locked.(较随便)
B、用于It is+形容词或过去分词+主语从句中，这类形容词或分词有：
advisable合理的decided决定的crucial关键的appropriate恰当的
determined决定的commanded命令的arranged安排的essential紧要的，基本的
complied遵照anxious焦急的imperative迫切的important重要的
desirable合意的better较好的，更好insistent坚持的desired想要
asked请求keen渴望的incredible难以置信的adamant坚定不移的
natural自然的insisted坚持necessary必要的suggested建议
urgent紧迫的ordered命令shocked震惊的vital极其重要的
possible可能的strange 奇怪的preferable （好一点）proposed提议
requested要求的required要求的recommended推荐resolved决定的
probable（可能的）pity可惜，憾事shame遗憾
注意：这类形容词后面除了可接that虚拟句以外，也可以for…to do…
来表达，一般情况下，意思没有什么差别。
It is essential that he should be prepared for this.
It is essential for him to be prepared for this.
C．用于由表示建议、要求、命令、请示等含义的名词引导的表语从句和同位语从句中，这类名词常见的有：
advice忠告decision决定demand要求desire要求、愿望
insistence坚持motion提议necessity必要性order命令
preference偏爱proposal提议pray恳求recommendation推荐
request要求requirement要求resolution决心suggestion劝告、忠告
例如：
This is their resolution that extra-curriculum activities be made part of their school life.这是他们
的决议：要使得课外活动成为他们学校生活的一部分。
The motion that the remark of the last speaker be expunged from the record.该提议要求把最后一个发言的人的讲话从记录上除掉。
三、混合虚拟语气
有时主句和从句的谓语动词指不同的时间，这时需要用混合虚拟语气。一般来说，在这种情况下，主从句谓语动词指代的时间不同，所以我们又可以错综时间条件句，在这种虚拟情况，动词形式应根据实际情况灵活使用，在做这些题目时候尤其要注意每道题目的提示语：时间状语。绝大多数情况下，从句或者主句都有相关的时间状语，这是我解题的关键。
If you that late movie last night, you wouldn’t be so sleepy.
A. haven’t watched
B. didn’t watch
C. hadn’t watched
D. wouldn’t have watched 答案选C。
Many dead would now be alive if they have not attempted to return for something.
Had Paul received six more votes in the last election, he would be our chairman now.
混合虚拟语气还有一种情况就是事实和虚拟假设的混合句，这样的句子不仅仅是时间的不同，而重要是事实和假设的混合。
I would have gone to visit him in the hospital had it been at all possible, but I was fully occupied the whole of last week.
该句前半部分是假设虚拟，而后半部分是事实的陈述。
Your math instructor would have been happy to give you a make-up examination had you gone and explained that your parents were ill at the time.
该句前半句用的是假设虚拟，后半句主句也用的是假设虚拟（如果你去并且解释的话），但是后半句的从句用的是事实语气，因为“父母病了”是客观事实，故不需要用虚拟形式had been。
四、含蓄虚拟条件句
含蓄条件句是指句中没有明显的虚拟条件句，而是利用其他手段来暗示存在虚拟条件。但是这类隐含式虚拟条件句往往都可以转化为if引导的条件句。常来表示含蓄虚拟条件的手段有：
（1）介词或介词短语，如but for, but that, without, in case of, under more favorable condition 等。
the leadership of the party, we could not be living a happy today.=If there hadn’t been the leadership of the party, we could not be living a happy today.
A. In spite of
B. But for
C. Because of
D. As for 答案选B。
But that she was afraid, she would have said no.
(2)连词，如：so that, unless, in case, supposing, lest, provided(倘若……)，for fear that(唯恐)，in order that, on condition that, if only(要是……就好了)等。
She listened carefully in order that she might discover exactly what he wanted.=if she listened carefully ,she might discover exactly what he wanted.
If only I had more money, I could buy a car.
(注：lest, for fear that 和in case 引起的从句中谓语动词多用should+动词原形，但可以不用虚拟语气，而用动词的陈述语气形式。)例如：
The foreign teacher spoke slowly in case we misunderstood him. 这位外籍教师说得很慢以免我们听不懂。
Care must be taken in using this method lest overflow should occur.在使用此法时要小心谨慎，以免会发生溢流现象。
（3）通过上下文及内在含义，句中往往有but, otherwise, unfortunately等类似转折词。
I thought the children when we returned home, but they were still awake.
A. were sleeping
B. would be sleeping
C. had been sleeping
D. would sleep选择B。
(4)形容词及其比较级
A more careful person would not have made so many mistakes.
A less conscientious man wouldn’t have tried so hard to get this job done.
(5)分词短语
Having known in time, we might have prevented the accident.
Born ten days earlier, the boy could have seen his late father.
(6)动词不定式短语。一般intended/meant/hoped/wished/planned 或was/were+不定式完成式或had intended/meant/planned/hoped/wished/+不定式一般式表示虚拟。
I intended I should call on you, but I was busy at that time.
To hear him speak French, you would take him for an Englishman.
She would be stupid not to accept his invitation.
It would be easier to do it this way.
(7)名词短语和名词+and结构
A judicious man would not have committed suicide.
A diligent student would have worked harder.
(8)独立主格结构
All things considered, the price would be reasonable.
(9)定语从句
Anyone who had been in your position would have done the same.
A nation, which stopped working, would be dead in a fortnight.
(10）情态动词完成式暗示虚拟语气：
I should have called to make an airline reservation, but I didn’t.
The porter ought to have called the fire-brigade as soon as he saw the fire in the stock, which went up in smoke.
(11)动词原形表示虚拟
动词原形直接用在句子中也被看作是一种虚拟，最常见于正式文体中，动词原形一般用在条件从句中，有时倒装置于句首，同时这种用法也常见于独立句中表达愿望。
God bless you!
All magnets behave the same, be they large or small.
She’ll be sixteen years odd, com May.(come May =when May come).
If that be so, we shall take action at once.
强化训练：虚拟语气
1．Were it not for the snowy weather, we all right.
A. would be
B. would have been
C. were
D. may be
2. more careful, his ship would not have sunk.
A. If the captain were
B. Had the captain been
C. Should the captain be
D. If the captain would have been
3. If he me tomorrow, I would let him know.
A. should call
B. should not have been able
C. were not able
D. are not able
4. If you asked your father you permission.
A. may get
B. might get
C. should have called
D. maybe get
5. today, he would get there by Friday.
A. Would he leave
B. Was he leaving
C. Were he to leave
D. If he leaves
6. ______I you, I would go with him to the party.
A. Was
B. Had been
C. Will be
D. Were
7.The millions of calculations involved, had they been done by hand, ______all practical value by the time they were finished.
A. could lose
B. would have lost
C. might lose
D. ought to have lost
8. Had Paul received six more votes in the last election, he our chairman now.
A. must have been
B. would have been
C. were
D. would be
9. If you Jerry Brown until recently, you’d think the photograph on the right was strange.
A. shouldn’t contact
B. didn’t contact
C. weren’t to contact
D. hadn’t contacted
10. he English examination I would have gone to the concert last Sunday
A. In spite of
B. But for
C. Because of
D. As for
11. Look at the terrible situation I am in! If only I your advice
A. follow
B. would follow
C. had followed
D. have followed
12. Had Paul received six more votes in the last election, he our chairman now.
A. must have been
B. would have been
C. were
D. hadn’t contacted
13. If the horse won today, it thirty races in five years.
A. would have won
B. won
C. must have won
D. did have won
14. There is a real possibility that these animals could be frightened, _______a sudden loud noise.
A. being there
B. should there be
C. there was
D. there having been
15. The board deemed it urgent that these files right away.
A. had to be printed
B. should have been printed
C. must be printed
D. should be printed
16. Jean Wagner’s most enduring contribution to the study of Afro-American poetry is his insistence that it in a religious, as well as worldly, frame of reference.
A. is to be analyzed
B. has been analyzed
C. be analyzed
D. should have been analyzed
17. I would have gone to visit him in the hospital had it been at all possible, but I ______ fully occupied the whole of last week.
A. were
B. had been
C. have been
D. was
18. I apologize if I you, but I assure you it was unintentional.
A. offend
B. had offended
C. should have offended
D. might have offended
19. If you hadn’t taken such a long time to get dressed, we’d there by now.
A. be
B. circles
C. is circling
D. be circling
20. The sun rises in the east and sets in the west, so it seems as if the sun ________round the earth.
A. were circling
B. circles
C. is circling
D. be circling
21. I wish that I ______ with you last night.
A. went
B. have gone
C. could go
D. could have gone
22. I wish I with her.
A. would be
B. am
C. was
D. were
23. I wish that I the concert last night.
A. could
B. have attended
C. could have attended
D. attended
24. The picture exhibition bored me to death. I wish I to it.
A. had not gone
B. have not gone
C. did not go
D. can not have gone
25. “I wish you me to put these things away,”he said.
A. will help
B. help
C. are helping
D. would help
26. If the Watergate Incident Nixon would not have resigned from the presidency.
A. did not occur
B. had not occurred
C. was not occurring
D. be circling
27. I hadn’t expected James to apologize but I had hoped .
A. him calling me
B. that he would call me
C. him to call me
D. that he call me
28. George would certainly have attended the proceedings .
A. if he didn’t get a flat tire
B. if the flat tire hadn’t happened
C. had he not had a flat tire
D. had the tire not flattened itself
29. The teacher suggested that her students experiences with ESP.
A. write a composition on their
B. to write composition about the
C. wrote some compositions of his or her
D. had written any compositions for his
30. He speaks Chinese as fluently as if he ______a Chinese.
A. were
B. had been
C. is
D. has been
31. As usual, he put on a show as though his trip a great success.
A. had been
B. has been
C. were
D. was
32. Looking round the town, he felt as though he away for ages.
A. has been
B. was
C. is
D. had been
33. John is so strongly built that he looks as if he as elephant.
A. lifts
B. is lifting
C. lifted
D. could lift
34. He described the town as if he it himself.
A. had seen
B. has seen
C. saw
D. sees
35. At that thought he shook himself, as though he from an evil dream.
A. woke
B. wakes
C. would wake
D. had woke
36. Most insurance agents would rather you anything about collecting claims until
they investigate the situation.
A. do
B. don’t
C. didn’t
D. didn’t do
37. Although most adopted persons want the right to know who their natural parents are, some who have found them wish that they the experience of meeting.
A. hadn’t
B. didn’t have had
C. hadn’t had
D. hadn’t have
38. It is important that the TOEFL office your registration.
A. will confirm
B. confirm
C. confirms
D. must confirm
39. Without electronic computers, much of today’s advanced technology .
A. will not have been achieved
B. have not been achieved
C. would not have been achieved
D. had not been achieved
40. He told her to return the book in time so that others a chance to read it .
A. may have
B. will have
C. would have
D. might have
41. It is time that the government measures to protect the rare birds and animals.
A. takes
B. took
C. has taken
D. taking
42. Some people are too particular about school records, insisting that every applicant ______all diplomas from elementary school to university.
A. has
B. will have
C. should have
D. must have
43. He was very busy yesterday, otherwise he to the meeting.
A. would come
B. came
C. would have come
D. had come
44. I must say he reads very well, and I shouldn’t be surprised if he acting for a living one day.
A. had taken up
B. takes up
C. have taken up
D. would have taken up
45. If I had seen the movie, I you all about it now.
A. would tell
B. will tell
C. have told
D. would have told
46. I hadn’t expected Henry to apologize but I had hoped .
A. him t call me up
B. him calling me up
C. that he would call me up
D. that he will call me
47. I had hoped that John ______a year in Africa, but he stayed there only for three months.
A. spends
B. spent
C. would spend
D. will spend
48. I had hoped that Jennifer a doctor, but she wasn’t good enough at science.
A. will become
B. became
C. would become
D. becomes
49. I’d rather you anything about it for the time being.
A. do
B. didn’t do
C. don’t
D. didn’t
50. I’d just as soon_______ rudely to her.
A. that you won’t speak
B. you not speaking
C. you not speak
D. you didn’t speak
51. It’s high time they this road.
A. mend
B. mended
C. must have mended
D. will mend
52. It’s about time people______ notice of what women did during the war.
A. take
B. took
C. have taken
D. will take
53. Everybody has arrived. It’s time we the class.
A. shall start
B. would start
C. had started
D. start
54. the English examination I would have gone to the concert last Sunday.
A. In spite of
B. But for
C. Because of
D. As for
55. Mary my letter; otherwise she would have replied before now.
A. has received
B. ought to have received
C. couldn’t have received
D. shouldn’t have received
56. John did not feel well yesterday; otherwise he _______to see his classmates off.
A. came
B. would come
C. would have come
D. should be coming
57. He’s working hard for fear that he .
A. should fall behind
B. fell behind
C. may fall behind
D. would fall behind
58. Without the dreams of the youth, this invention might for a century.
A. have been postponed
B. has been postponed
C. postpone
D. be postponed
59. In the past men generally preferred that their wives______ in the home.
A. worked
B. would work
C. work
D. were working
60. For a child to give up his less mature idea for a more mature one, it requires that the child psychologically ready for the new idea.
A. is
B. were
C. be
D. would be
61. Tom’s father, as well as his mother, in New York for a few days more.
A. ask him to stay
B. ask he to stay
C. asks he stays
D. asks he stay
62. Your advice that______ till next week is reasonable.
A. she waits
B. she wait
C. wait she
D. she waited
63. The board deemed it urgent that these files right away.
A. had to be printed
B. should have been printed
C. must be printed
D. should be printed
64. It was essential that we lease before the end of the month.
A. sing
B. singed
C. had signed
D. were signing
65. It is appropriate that some time ______thorough study of the results of the Apollo mission.
A. devotes to
B. devoted to
C. is devoted to
D. be devoted to
第二十四讲 否定 英语中的否定结构形式多样, 有部分否定、全部否定、几乎否定、双重否定等。在译成 汉语时, 有时要将否定结构译成肯定含义, 有时又要将肯定结构译成否定含义; 有时在英语中否定主语, 可是译成汉语时就转换成否定谓语。诸如此类的现象很多, 值得探讨。 一、常用否定表示法 1. 部分否定 代词或副词如all, both, every, everybody, every day, everyone, many, everything, entirely, altogether, absolutely, wholly, completely, everywhere, always , often 等与not 搭 配使用时, 表示部分否定, 意为“并非都是, 不是每个都是”等。例如: Both of them are not my brothers . 他们两个不全是我的兄弟。 这一句是部分否定, 不可译成“他们两个都不是我的兄弟”。如要表达这个意思, 要说: Neither of them is my brother . All is not gold that glitters . = Not all is gold that glitters . 发光的并非都是黄金。 Every man can not do it . = Not every man can do it . 不是每个人都能做这件事。 I do not remember all these formulas . 这些公式我并非全都记得。 This kind of tree is not found everywhere . 这种树并非哪里都能找到。 Everyone can not answer this question . 并非每个人都能回答这个问题。 The rich are not always happy . 富人未必总是幸福的。 Every couple is not a pair . 成对成双多, 珠联璧合少。( = Not every couple is a pair . ) Not all her work is successful . 并非她所有的工作都是成功的。 Not every child wants to become a film star . 并非所有的孩子都想成为电影明星。 Every man cannot be a writer . 并非每个人都可成为作家。 She is not always excited . 她并非总是兴奋。 I don..t altogether agree with you . 我并不完全同意你。 He is not absolutely wrong . 他并不完全错。 I don..t wholly believe it . 我并不完全相信它。 She is not entirely mistaken . 她并没有完全弄错。 Note: 汉语有句成语:“明修栈道, 暗度陈仓”, 指的是一种虚虚实实、声东击西、使人莫辨真 相的战术, 表现了虚指与实指、形式与实质的不同。说来也巧, 英语语言中的否定结 构也往往具有这种形与实不符的现象, 形式上否定的是A, 但实际意义上否定的却 是B, 等等。这种否定的虚实移位, 往往造成歧义, 须细加辨别。 ①否定主语, 但否定词not 在形式上往往否定谓语, 也就是上文所说的“部分否定”。 全称代词all , both 等作否定句主语时, 都可能产生否定移位, 形式上否定全体, 但 实际上否定部分, 参阅上文。再如: Everybody can not enjoy the music . ( = Not everybody can enjoy the music . )并非 每个人都能欣赏这首曲子。
小学五年级英语必须掌握的一些英语语法知识 一、时态 1、一般现在时： 概念：经常、反复发生的动作或行为及现在的某种状况。 时间状语：often （经常）,usually （通常）,always （总是）, sometimes （有时），every week （day, year, month ...）, on Sundays,… 基本结构：①be动词；②行为动词 否定形式：①am / is / are + not;②此时态的谓语动词若为行为 动词，则在其前加don't，如主语为第三人称单数，则用doesn't,同时还原行为动词。 一般疑问句：①把be动词放于句首；②用助动词do提问， 如主语为第三人称单数，则用does,同时，还原行为动词。 2、现在进行时： 概念：表示现阶段或说话时正在进行的动作及行为。 时间状语：now, look, listen, … 基本结构：am/is/are ＋doing 否定形式：am/is/are ＋not＋doing 一般疑问句：把be 动词放在句首
第三人称单数 一般现在时的肯定句中，主语为第三人称单数的动词变化主 要体现在词尾的变化上，其规律大体有三点： 1. 一般情况下，直接在动词词尾+s，例如：get —gets; take — takes 2. 以s, sh, ch, x, o结尾的动词，在词尾+ es,例如：teach —teaches; wash —washes; go —goes 3. 以辅音字母+ y结尾的动词，变y为i，再+ es, 如: study —studies; try —tries 除上述规律外,还应注意下面三点： 1. 动词have，遇到主语是第三人称单数时，要用has;动 词be 的第三人称单数形式是is。 2. 含有动词第三人称单数形式的句子变否定句时,要用 doesn't + 动词原形,如： He goes to school at six in the morning. （变否定句）—He doesn't go to school at six in the morning. 3. 对含有动词第三人称单数形式的句子提问时, 要用助动词does,如： She goes home at five every day. （对划线部分提问）—When /
初二英语语法总结 1) leave的用法 1.“leave+地点”表示“离开某地”。例如： When did you leave Shanghai? 你什么时候离开上海的？ 2.“leave for+地点”表示“动身去某地”。例如： Next Friday, Alice is leaving for London. 下周五，爱丽斯要去伦敦了。 3.“leave+地点+for+地点”表示“离开某地去某地”。例如： Why are you leaving Shanghai for Beijing? 你为什么要离开上海去北京？ 2) 情态动词should“应该”学会使用 should作为情态动词用，常常表示意外、惊奇、不能理解等，有“竟会”的意思，例如：How should I know? 我怎么知道？ Why should you be so late today? 你今天为什么来得这么晚？ should有时表示应当做或发生的事，例如： We should help each other.我们应当互相帮助。 我们在使用时要注意以下几点： 1. 用于表示“应该”或“不应该”的概念。此时常指长辈教导或责备晚辈。例如： You should be here with clean hands. 你应该把手洗干净了再来。 2. 用于提出意见劝导别人。例如： You should go to the doctor if you feel ill. 如果你感觉不舒服，你最好去看医生。 3. 用于表示可能性。should的这一用法是考试中常常出现的考点之一。例如： We should arrive by supper time. 我们在晚饭前就能到了。 She should be here any moment. 她随时都可能来。 3) What...? 与 Which...? 1. what 与 which 都是疑问代词，都可以指人或事物，但是what仅用来询问职业。如：What is your father? 你父亲是干什么的？ 该句相当于： What does your father do?
2017年考研英语重点语法解析 2017考研英语语法重难点精解(真题) 一般将来时(Simple Future Tense) 一般将来时表示将来的动作或状态，其形式和用法如下所述。 1. will/shall+动词，表示单纯的将来含义。 例句：Some day software will translate both written and spoken language so well that the need for any common second language could decline. (2001年第23题) 分析：该句是复合句。written and spoken作定语修饰language;that后是一结果状语从句。 译文：有朝一日，软件既能用来做文字翻译又能做口头翻译，而且能翻译得很好，以至于对任何通用的第二语言的需求都会下降。 例句：Hilton is building its own hotel there, which you may be sure will be decorated with Hamlet Hamburger Bars, the Lear Lounge, the Banquo Banqueting Room, and so forth and will be very expensive. (选自2006年Text 2) 分析：该句是复合句。which引导的定语从句修饰its own hotel;从句中you may be sure 是插入语，从句的主干部分为which will be decorated with...and will be very expensive。 译文：希尔顿正在那儿建立自己的酒店，你或许可以肯定它将配有(以莎士比亚剧中人物的名字命名的)哈姆雷特汉堡包店、李尔王休息室、班柯宴会包间等，而且价格非常昂贵。 2. be going to+动词，表示按计划或打算在最近的将来做某事，也可表示对未来的预测。 例句：As long as poor people, who in general are colored, are in conflict with richer people who in general are lighter skinned, there is going to be a constant racial conflict in the world. (1999年第18题) 分析：该句是复合句。定语从句who in general are colored和who in general are lighter skinned分别修饰poor people以及richer people;从句的主干部分为poor people are in conflict with richer people。 译文：一般来说，只要穷人与富人(也就是一般的有色人种和白色人种)之间有冲突，那么这个世界上的种族冲突就不会停止。 例句：Clearly, only the biggest and most flexible television companies are going to be able to compete in such a rich and hotly?contested market. (选自2005年Part C) 分析：该句是简单句。 译文：显然，只有规模最大、应变能力最强的电视传媒集团才能够在这个精彩纷呈而又竞争激烈的市场中生存。 3. be to+动词，表示按计划或安排将要发生的动作或要求别人去做的事，常用来表示官方的命令、决定、禁止、许可等。 例句：If Gilbert and the Philharmonic are to succeed，they must first change the relationship between America?s oldest orchestra and the new audience it hopes to attract. (选自2011年Text 4) 分析：该句是复合句。其中，在主句中，定语从句it hopes to attract修饰audience。 译文：如果吉尔伯特和纽约爱乐乐团想获得成功，他们首先必须改变美国最古老的交响乐团和其想要吸引的新一批观众间的关系。 例句：But his primary task is not to think about the moral code, which governs his activity, any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of
一、选择题 1．He was advised to eat fewer hamburgers and drink cola to keep fit. A．much B．more C．fewer D．less 2．I'm surprised that Jenny is 42. I thought she was , for she seems to be in her thirties. A．younger B．older C．young D．old 3．-- What do you think of the film you saw yesterday? -- Oh, it's than the movies I have ever seen. A．interesting B．more interesting C．the most interesting D．most interesting 4．- I’m very tired these days because of this exam. - Why not listen to music? It can make you ______. A．relaxed B．sad C．scared D．bored 5．—Good news! We will have a ________ holiday. —I’ve heard of it. But it’s coming in ________. A．three days; three days’ time B．three days’; three days’ C．three-day; three days D．three days; three-day time 6．Going for a drive sounds really _______. A．happy B．excited C．boring D．interested 7．All of us are ______ about the ______ news that Beijing will hold the Winter Olympics in 2022. A．excited; exciting B．exciting; excited C．excited; excite D．exciting; excite 8．—Sonia, do you think you are different from Linda? —Yes. I'm ______ at drawing than her. A．better B．good C．well D．best 9．With the development of modern science, it’s ________for us to get information from all over the world. A．slower B．easier C．harder D．busier 10．Mr. Black’s memory is getting . As a result, he often leaves his keys at home. A．older B．poorer C．greater D．better 11．The sky in Zhengzhou these days is even , so we don’t have to wear the masks. A．more clearly B．more clearlier C．fresher D．more fresher 12．Rowan was listed in the top 50 ________ people ever by a group of comedians. A．funny B．funnier C．funniest D．the funniest 13．—More and more cities in China begin to build subways! —That’s right! It will make ou r lives than before. A．the busiest B．busier C．the easiest D．easier
1) leave的用法 1.“leave+地点”表示“离开某地”。例如： When did you leave Shanghai? 你什么时候离开上海的？ 2.“leave for+地点”表示“动身去某地”。例如： Next Friday, Alice is leaving for London. 下周五，爱丽斯要去伦敦了。 3.“leave+地点+for+地点”表示“离开某地去某地”。例如：Why are you leaving Shanghai for Beijing? 你为什么要离开上海去北京？ 2) 情态动词should“应该”学会使用
should作为情态动词用，常常表示意外、惊奇、不能理解等，有“竟会”的意思，例如： How should I know? 我怎么知道？ Why should you be so late today? 你今天为什么来得这么晚？ should有时表示应当做或发生的事，例如： We should help each other.我们应当互相帮助。 我们在使用时要注意以下几点： 1. 用于表示“应该”或“不应该”的概念。此时常指长辈教导或责备晚辈。例如： You should be here with clean hands. 你应该把手洗干净了再来。 2. 用于提出意见劝导别人。例如： You should go to the doctor if you feel ill. 如果你感觉不舒服，你最好去看医生。
3. 用于表示可能性。should的这一用法是考试中常常出现的考点之一。例如： We should arrive by supper time. 我们在晚饭前就能到了。 She should be here any moment. 她随时都可能来。 3) What...? 与Which...? 1. what 与which 都是疑问代词，都可以指人或事物，但是what仅用来询问职业。如： What is your father? 你父亲是干什么的？ 该句相当于： What does your father do? What is your father's job? Which 指代的是特定范围内的某一个人。如：
考研英语十二大基础语法体系 对于任何英语句子，要分析其结构，这样才能找到英语语言的规律。每种语言都有它的难点，汉语的难点在于汉语不是拼读语言，汉字很难写，而且有四种声调。其实，许多接触过多种外语的人都认为，英语的语法比法语、德语、俄语、日语等都简单，是最容易学的。著名语言学家乔姆斯基说过，语法是内生的、也就是随着语言的诞生而诞生的。因此，学习语法和学习语言是相辅相成的。 一、英语动词的时态 （一）英汉两种语言在时态表达方式上的差异： 英语的词类与汉语的不同。汉语词类形态稳定，比如“书”这个字，“一本书”、“三本书”都一样，没有词形变化。英语就不同了，book, books仅从词形上就能知道是单数还是复数。 动词是英语中变化最多、最复杂的词类。有人说，学好英语就是学好动词，此言甚是。同一个动作或状态分别在不同时间发生或存在，表达这个动作或状态的动词就要用不同的形式，这就是时态。 （二）英语动词的形式： 英语的时态是通过动词的变化来体现的。因此，了解动词的形式及其变化规律非常重要。英语的实义动词有以下五种形式： (1)动词原形：动词原形在句子中形式不变。主要用于主语为非第三人称单数的一般现在时，情态动词之后， 或根据语法规定必须用动词原形的其他情况。 (2) 一般现在时第三人称单数形式（简称现单三）：主要用于主语为第三人称单数的一般现在时。 (3) 过去式：主要用于一般过去时。 (4) 现在分词：主要用于进行时态，或语法规定的其他情况。 (5) 过去分词：主要用于完成时态，或语法规定的其他情况。 动词一般现在时第三人称单数（现单三）的构成，见下表：
即某些字母组合的不规则动词有一定的规律。如：weep→wept, sleep→slept, sweep→swept 以上每个时间段中分别有四种状态：一般、进行、完成和完成进行。因此我们便有了四四一十六个时态。 态（一般、进行、完成、完成进行）。 比如在“They are doing their exercises.”这个句子中，动词由原形do 变成are doing 的形态，说明这个事情是发生在现在、并处于正在进行的状态当中，所以叫现在进行时； 在“They have done their exercises.”这句中，动词由原形do 变成have done的形态，说明这个事情是发生在现在、并处于完成的状态，所以叫现在完成时； 在“They always do their exercises.”中，动词用原形do 的形态，说明这个事情是发生在现在、并且是一般情况下永远如此，所以叫一般现在时。 在这三句话中，动词do 虽然用了不同的形态，其意义没有变化，而是事情发生的时间和状态变了。其余类推。 （三）时态详解 16个时态中，常用的有12个：一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、过去将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、将来进行时、现在完成时、过去完成时、将来完成时、现在完成进行时和过去完成进行时。其他时态很少单独使用。 下面把各种时态的构成和用法做一个全面的介绍。
中考英语语法填空知识点梳理及经典练习(超详细) 一、初三中考语法填空（含答案详细解析） 1．阅读下面短文，在空白处填入一个适当的词，或填入括号中所给单词的正确形式。Today almost everyone knows computers and the Internet. If I ask you" What is the most important in your life? ", maybe you will say" Computers and the Internet". The________（one）computer was made in 1946. It was very big but it worked________（slow）. Today computers are getting smaller and smaller. But________work faster and faster. What can computers do? A writer has said, "People can't live________computers today." The Internet came a little later than computers. It is about twenty-three years later than computers. But now it can________（find） almost everywhere. We can use it to read books, write letters, do________（shop）, play games or make friends. Many students like the Internet very much. They often surf the Internet as soon as they are free. They make friends on the Internet and maybe they have never seen these friends. They don't know their real________（name）, ages, and even sex（性别）. They are so________（interest） in making the "unreal friends" that they can't put their hearts into study. Many of them can't catch up with others on many subjects________of that. We can use computers and the Internet to learn more about the world. But at________same time, we should remember that not all the things can be done by computers and the Internet.【答案】first；slowly；they；without；be found；shopping；names；interested；because；the 【解析】【分析】文章大意：文章介绍了电脑的发明时间，以及电脑的用途。还有电脑对我们生活的影响。 （1）句意：第一台电脑是在1946年制造的。根据定冠词the，可知应使用序数词first，故答案是first。 （2）句意：它很大，但是工作得很慢。slow修饰动词worked，应使用副词slowly，故答案是slowly。 （3）句意：但是他们工作的越来越快了。空缺处指代前文的computers，因此使用they，故答案是they。 （4）句意：现在没有了电脑人们不能生活。因为电脑在我们日常生活中越来越重要。所以没有电脑就不能生活，没有without，故答案是without。 （5）句意：但是现在到处都可以发它。主语it 和find是被动关系，应使用被动语态，含有情态动词的被动语态是：情态动词+be+过去分词，故答案是be found。 （6）句意：我们可以用电脑读书、写信和购物，购物do shopping，固定搭配，故答案是shopping。 （7）句意：他们不知道他们真正的名字。name名字，可数名词，根据their可知应使用复数形式，故答案是names。 （8）句意：他们对于结交不真实的朋友那么感兴趣，以致于不能把心思用在学习上。be interested in，对……感兴趣，故答案是interested。 （9）句意：因为这个原因，他们中的许多人在许多课程山上跟不上其他学生。because of
考研英语：语法长难句
目录 第一课奋斗的开始-简单句 (3) 一什么是英语句子？ (3) 二英语句子的基本结构 (3) 三句子的成分 (4) 四简单句的考点分析 (6) 第二课难点稍露尖尖角并列句 (9) 一什么是并列句？ (9) 二并列连词及与其同义的逻辑关系词 (9) 三并列句的考点分析 (9)
第一课奋斗的开始-简单句一什么是英语句子？ 英汉句法结构的差异 举例： ?北京机场就要到了。 ?我要去剪头。 二英语句子的基本结构 1.主谓 2.主谓宾 谓语：实义动词 3.主谓表 谓语：系动词 系动词主要分为以下六类： ?be ?感官动词：look, smell, taste, sound, feel ?变化：become, get, turn, grow, fall ?保持：keep, stay, remain, stand ?表象：seem, appear
?终止：prove 4.主谓双宾 5.主谓宾宾补 举例： ?I bought him a dog. ?You should keep the room clean and tidy. ?We made him our monitor. ?His father told him not to play in the street. 三句子的成分 1.谓语 1）谓语的成分： 举例： ?Your mother must very beautiful. 2）动词能不能多？ 举例 ?Laugh at others is my hobby. ?I enjoy see movies. ?My dream is become a rich lady. 练习 ?他穿上外衣，锁上门，离开了家。 ?大熊猫是熊科中最罕见的成员，主要生活在中国西南部的森林里。 ?长江流经不同的生态体系，是诸多濒危物种的栖息地，灌溉了中国五分之一的土地。 ?我爱你，你爱我。 ?冬天来了，春天就不远了。
《英语语法》教学大纲 执笔人：王燕 一、课程性质、地位和作用： 英语语法是英语教育专业的一门基础课，属A类（理论）课，为专业必修课程。 课程的地位和作用：该课程作为英语教育专业的主干课程之一，让学生通过系统地学习英语语法知识，并将其和大量的语言素材结合达到能举一反三，触类旁通的效果，从而提高综合运用英语的能力，为英语水平的整体提高打下坚实的基础。 二、课程教学对象、目的和要求： 本课程的教学对象是三年制“英语教育”专业的学生。入学时，学生已有一定的语音、语法知识，领会式掌握了约1600单词，并在听、说、读、写几方面受过初步的训练。学生通过对比较系统和完整的英语语法知识的学习，对教材中所讲授的英语语法的基本结构与规律有一个明确完整的概念；能较熟练地运用这些语法的基本规则分析解释各种语法现象，从而学会运用语法规则指导语言实践，提高实际运用英语的能力。 在课程教学中要求坚持贯彻“以学生为中心”的自主学习模式，充分发挥学生的主观能动性，调动学生积极地参与到教师的教学辅导、并投身于自学过程中。在教学过程中处理好语言（语法）知识和语言运用之间的关系，前者是后者的基础；组织各项基本技能活动，使学生更好地开展语言实践活动，培养运用英语进行交际的能力。 本课程侧重于英语语法各个知识板块系统全面的讲解，重视理论与实际运用的结合。充分体现精讲多练的原则，采用教师讲解理论，学生
练习习题和师生共同分析理解的巩固模式。 三、课程的相关课程及其关系： 学习本课程前的相关课程包括：英语精读、英语泛读、英语听力、英语口语。通过学习这些课程，学生可以掌握一定的语法知识，积累一定的词汇，并能运用一定的语法知识进行听说读写译等实践。 学好本课程，也为以后相关课程的学习奠定基础，促进学生学习专业的其他课程。这些后续相关课程包括：英语翻译基础、英语写作基础、英语泛读等。 四、课程内容及学时分配: 本课程教学总时数为64学时，全部为理论课时。 第一章语法概论 教学时数：4学时。 教学重点：词类；句子。 教学难点：各类句子的结构。 教学内容：1.语法的内容 2.词类 3.句子 4.单词、短语和从句。 第二章名词 教学时数：4学时 教学重点：了解名词由单数变复数的规则和一些特殊的变法。 教学难点：特殊的名词单复数变形。 教学内容：1.名词的种类 2.名词所有格 3.名次的性 4.名词在句中的作用 第三章限定词
大学英语语法 学习提纲 一、词类、句子成分和构词法： 1、词类：英语词类分十种： 名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。 1、名词(n.)：表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如：boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange. 2、代词(pron.)：主要用来代替名词。如：who, she, you, it . 3、形容词(adj..)：表示人或事物的性质或特征。如：good, right, white, orange . 4、数词(num.)：表示数目或事物的顺序。如：one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth. 5、动词(v.)：表示动作或状态。如：am, is,are,have,see . 6、副词(adv.)：修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等。如：now, very, here, often, quietly, slowly. 7、冠词(art..)：用在名词前,帮助说明名词。如：a, an, the. 8、介词(prep.)：表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。如in, on, from, above, behind. 9、连词(conj.)：用来连接词、短语或句子。如and, but, before . 10、感叹词(interj..)表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如：oh, well, hi, hello. 2、句子成分：英语句子成分分为七种：主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。 1、主语是句子所要说的人或事物,回答是“谁”或者“什么”。通常用名词或代词担任。 如：I‘m Miss Green.(我是格林小姐) 2、谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态,回答“做(什么)”。主要由动词担任。如：Jack cleans the room every day. (杰克每天打扫房间) 3、表语在系动词之后,说明主语的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么样”。通常由名 词、代词或形容词担任。如：My name is Ping ping .(我的名字叫萍萍) 4、宾语表示及物动词的对象或结果,回答做的是“什么”。通常由名词或代词担任。如： He can spell the word.(他能拼这个词) 有些及物动词带有两个宾语,一个指物,一个指人。指物的叫直接宾语,指人的叫间接 宾语。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。如：He wrote me a letter . (他给我写了 一封信) 有时可把介词to或for加在间接宾语前构成短语,放在直接宾语后面,来强调间接宾 语。如：He wrote a letter to me . (他给我写了一封信) 5、定语修饰名词或代词,通常由形容词、代词、数词等担任。如： Shanghai is a big city .(上海是个大城市) 6、状语用来修饰动词、形容词、副词,通常由副词担任。如：He works hard .(他工作努力) 7、宾语补足语用来说明宾语怎么样或干什么,通常由形容词或动词充当。如：They usually keep their classroom clean.(他们通常让教室保持清洁)/ He often helps me do my lessons.(他常常帮我做功课)/ The teacher wanted me to learn French all by myself.(老师要我自学法语) ☆同位语通常紧跟在名词、代词后面,进一步说明它的情况。如：Where is your classmate Tom ?(你的同学汤姆在哪里？) 3、构词法：英语构词法主要有：合成法、派生法和转换法。 1、合成法：如：spaceship, headache, basketball, playground等等。 2、派生法： (1)派生名词：①动词+er/or②动词+ing③动词+(t)ion④形容词+ness⑤其他,如： inventor, learner, swimming, congratulation, kindness, carelessness, knowledge (2)派生形容词：①名词+y②名词+ful③动词+ing/ed④friendly⑤dangerous⑥ Chinese; Japanese⑦English⑧French⑨German⑩国名+(i)an如：snowy, sunny,
八年级下册英语语法知识点归纳总结 He said I was hard-working. 重点语法：宾语从句 结构：主语 + 谓语动词 + 宾语从句(主语 + 谓语动词 + 宾语/表语) 例句：----Im good at English. He says. (改为加宾语从句的复合句) ----He says Im good at English. 注意：①主句是一般现在时态，宾语从句的时态不受其影响。 例句：He says Im good at English now. He says I was good at mathematics when I was young. ②主句是过去时态，宾语从句也要用过去时态。 例句：He said I was good at mathematics when I was young yesterday. He said I was good at English now yesterday. ③宾语从句是客观真理时永远用一般现在时态。 例句：Our teacher says 24 hours make a day. Our teacher said the sun gives us so many energy yesterday. ④动词原形不能作主语，必须用其 -ing 形式。 例句：She said helping others changed her life. 重点短语：direct speech 直接引语
reported speech = indirect speech 间接引语 first of all = at first 首先 pass on 传递 be supposed to do sth. 应该做某事 be good at = do well in 在某方面做得好 in good health 身体健康 get over 克服 open up 打开 care for = take care of = look after 照料;照顾 not any more = not any longer = no longer 不再 have a cold 感冒 end-of-year exam 年终考试 get nervous 变得紧张 forget to do sth. 忘记做某事(该事未做) forget doing sth. 忘记做某事(该事已做) its + adj. + [for sb.] + to do sth. 做某事[对某人来说](加形容词) context 上下文 Reading Strategy(阅读方法) First read for meaning， not for detail. (首先理解文段的大致意思，不在于文段的细节部分。) You can understand the meaning of a word you dont know from
考研英语语法重难点精解(6)：副词（一） 副词可修饰动词、形容词、副词、介词短语及整个句子。 例句：Andrew, my father s younger brother, will not be at the picnic, much to the family s disappointment. （1997年第3题） 分析：该句是简单句，其中副词much修饰介词短语to the family s disappointment。 译文：我父亲的弟弟安德鲁不会参加野餐，这令全家人非常失望。 一、副词的分类 1. 时间副词，如now, yesterday, today, ago, then, lately, soon, shortly, immediately, finally, recently, before, tomorrow。 例句: Americans today don t place a very high value on intellect. （选自2004年Text 4）分析：该句是简单句。 译文：现在美国人不重视智力。 2. 地点副词，如here, there, above, below, downstairs, upstairs, home, somewhere, everywhere, elsewhere, down, up, anywhere等。 例句：Here is an example, which I heard at a nurses convention, of a story which works well because the audience all shared the same view of doctors. （选自2002年Text 1）分析：该句是复合句，两个which引导的定语从句分别修饰an example和a story，前 一个which引导的定语从句为非限制性定语从句，起补充说明作用。 译文：比如说，在一次护士大会上，我听到了一个能很好地发挥幽默效果的故事，因为所有的听众都对医生持有相同的看法。 3. 程度副词，如fairly, rather, very, almost, too, quite, enough, so, much。 例句: She had clearly no intention of doing any work, although she was very well paid.（1997年第34题） 分析：该句是复合句，although后面跟的是让步状语从句。 译文：虽然付给她的报酬丰厚，但她无意去工作。 4. 频率副词，如sometimes, often, usually, always, frequently, constantly, rarely, seldom, never, occasionally。 例句：In addition, the designer must usually select furniture or design built in furniture, according to the functions that need to be served. 分析：该句是简单句，其中built in意为“内嵌式的”。在方式状语中，that need to
C o l l e g e E n g l i s h G r a m m a r by Wang Yang 2012-2013 语法简介 语法的涵义、特点及分类 语法的三个层面：形式、意义、用法 掌握语法的重要性及语法教学的目标 英语语法的构成和特点 大学英语语法教学的重难点 如何更有效地掌握大学英语语法 语法是语言的规则 语法是词的构成、变化和用词造句的规则 语法包括词法和句法 语法是语言学的一个分支,研究按确定用法来运用的词类、词的屈折变化或表示相互关系的其他手段以及词在句中的功能和关系 语法具有高度的抽象性 语法具有强大的递归性 语法具有严密的系统性 语法具有相对的稳固性
语法还具有民族性 从历时角度，可分为传统语法和现代语法 （以结构主义语言学出现为界） 从描写目的，可分为理论语法和教学语法 （英语语法属教学语法的范畴）语法的三个层面:形式、意义、用法 形式：某个语法结构怎样构成的。 比如“现在完成进行时”的结构形式是 have been doing 这是使用语法规则的起点，即首先要做到能够准确地构造某个语法结构，这是语法结构的准确性问题。 意义：某个语法结构表达的意义。比如“现在完成进行时”可以表示“一个活动从过去一直延续到现在说话时刻”这样的含义，这就是现在完成时态这一结构所具备的语法意义。 由此可以看出，特定意义一般是对应于特定的结构形式的，或者说，特定的结构形式能够表达特定的意义（Particular forms will express their particular meanings）。对于一个句子，它的含义不仅仅是来自于句中所使用的词汇的含义，而是还有来自于其中特定语法结构所含有的语法意义。 用法：关于何时/为什么使用某一语法结构的问题。 这与在实际交流中的语境有关系，即什么样的语境中，采用何种语法结构来表达特定的意义才合适，这是有关语法结构的合适型问题。意义和用法是密切相关的，有时难以严格界定。 某一特定的语法结构的形式、意义和用法这三者之间是相互联系的，图示如下：