平时记录考勤，提醒学生缺课三分之一以上的不得参加期末考试（下学期末进行），成绩计算办法：平时20%，期末80%。
Unit 1
4. Translation process A. Comprehension of words:句子译文（P4-5）
（1）人生历程就是从生到死。
(2)女孩很快摆好了桌子。
(3)他认为我够朋友/他认为我可交。
(4)她哭得很伤心。
(5)我们找过他，但一无所获。
(6)但是他的重大发明还在后头呢。
(7)你认为汤姆怎么样？他这个人一无是处。
(8)他那个人小气劲儿简直没法说。可不是吗！/没错。
(9) 哎哟! 人生如草芥.
(10) 哪里想到俺和这些高贵的德伯维尔一直是同宗共祖呐。
(11) 谁来都行，由我来对付。/兵来将挡，谁来我都不怕。
(12) 我死也不干。（不能译：那怕这样能救我的命也不干）
(13) 理论固然重要，实践更重要。（注意不定代词要译实）
(14)学英语，光学语法是不行的。
(15)“exaggerate”一词可以引出较广的含义，不能照字面理解为“被夸张了”，而应译为“他大发雷霞，未免小题大做”。
(16) 不能译为“我盼望遇到一个更老的人”(这样译不通顺)，应译为“我拜读过大作。没有想到你这么年轻有为，(我原来以为你是一个老人呢)。
(17) 每次出差回来，这儿都叫我感到耳目一新，精神一爽。(显然不能译成“使我成为一个新人”。)
(18) 他妈是他的两倍”或“他妈赛过他两个人”等，都会含混不清。应根据对其深层意思的理解译为“可是这个家里是他妈妈说了算(或他妈妈当家)，他们说，他连他妈妈的一半也顶不上”(他那样的人，两个也比不过他妈妈)。
(19) 如果将主语译成“他和她”就显得不顺。后半句如译成“他们各自与另一个人结婚了”则不够清楚。
全句宜译成：“他们再次相逢时，一个已经娶妻，一个也已经再嫁了”。
(20) 会去参加招待会的，那怕交几个新朋友也好。(这里不能理解为“只是为了……”) Free translation（P6）
(1) Last night I heard him driving his pigs to market.昨夜我听见他鼾声如雷。
[分析]如果直译，很可能是这样：“昨夜我听见他把他的猪赶到市场。”这样就闹出了大笑话。“To drive his pigs to market”在此就是一个“假朋友”，不小心就会上当。
(2) He is being a good boy now．他现在正在是一个好孩子。
[分析]这就叫做硬译，使译文读者不知所云。应改译为：“他现在正乖着呢。”
(3) Justice has long arms．天网恢恢，疏而不漏。
[分析]翻译思路是：法律的权力和威力是“鞭”长可及的，是无边的。或译为：罪犯难逃天罗地网
(4)关于增税的谈论激怒了许多选民。[分析]原文表层信息：关于增税的谈论对选民来说是一面红旗(红旗对中文读者来说意味着革命)。原文深层信息：a red flag是令人生气的
事物，源于西班牙的斗牛民俗。斗牛场上，人们用红布来激怒牛。译文表层表达：关于增税的谈论激怒了许多选民。
(5) Will a duck swim? 当然喽!或译成：还用说吗!
(6) They parted enemies．他们不欢而散，成了仇敌。[分析]译文如保持原文外形而译为“他们分手敌人”或者“他们作为敌人而分手”，那么“可读性”就较差，不如打破原文形式，译成上面那句比较流畅的汉语。
“意译法”的核心是灵活变通。但灵活变通是有根有据地灵活变通，不是置原文于不顾地乱译一气。吕叔湘先生曾经举了一个很典型的乱译例句。原文是这样：
(7)(A)理解正确
Literal translation and free translation
（2）[赏析]译文基本属于直译，但其中把couch potatoes译为“窝在沙发里长时间地看电视”，确实是传神的意译，把原文的深层信息用形象生动的译文传达了出来。一个“potato”既指人，又隐含“坐在沙发里的静态及时间之长”。如译为：“沙发土豆”或“坐在沙发里的人”就会形存神失。
5．Foreignization and Domestication归化和异化
翻译界有名的东西风之争就是一例。东风在中国人的概念中是和煦温暖的，代表着春天和美好事物。李商隐《无题》诗云：“相见时难别亦难，东风无力百花残。”东风是该是催开百花的使者，所以才有百花残而怨东风之感慨。有英译法为：
It’s difficult for us to meet and hard to part;
The east wind is too weak to revive flowers dead. (许渊冲《中诗英韵探胜》）这种译法在西方人眼中无疑失去了那种淡淡幽怨之韵。因为缘于英国的地理位置，东风在英国人的眼中是凛冽的刺骨寒风，而西风采温煦、和暖。这样的直译扭曲了中文的文化意境。
英国诗人John Mansfield也有一首Ode to the West Wind
（这是暖风哟，西风哟……也吹来了水仙。——余光中译）
对于中国读者来说,此译文中的西风无疑是个让人迷惑的意象, 与整诗抒情的怀乡基调不符，显得形容突兀。而在英国的文化环境下则恰到好处。
刘宓庆《文化翻译论纲》一书中指出“译文实际是原文+原文文化背景+译文+译文文化背景+原作者的气质和风格+译者的气质和风格的混合体。”
Unit 2
2.Word (P9-10)
This car is very heavy on oil.这部车耗油量很大。
The snow is falling heavier tonight than last night.今晚的雪下得比昨晚大。
He is a media heavy.他是新闻界重要人物。
There was a heavy fragrance of flowers and lemon trees.那里传来了浓郁的柠檬树和花的香味。
This is a heavy news to everyone that there will be a war next century.下个世纪将有一场战争，这对每个人来说都是一个令人忧虑的消息。
His father is a heavy drinker.他父亲酒瘾极大。
After school, she went home with a heavy heart.放学后，她心情沉重地回家了。
This dessert is not bad, but a little heavy.这种甜点心还不错，就是有点腻。
He is so heavy that he needs extra-large shirts.他太胖了，需要穿特大号的衬衫。
3.1 Subject (P14)
1. We built a house.
2. The house was built in the western compound (courtyard)/ The western compound witnessed/saw the building of another house.
3. Another house was built last year/Last year witnessed the building of another house.
4. 同2
5. The best learner will be given a reward./ Whoever learns (Those who learn)best will be given a reward.
6. “15” is an odd number. (even number偶数)
7. Jumping and running help our digestion.
8. We use chopsticks when we have meals./ Chopsticks are used for eating meals./ Having meals requires the use of chopsticks.
9.The members of the Presidium are sitting on the platform./ The platform is occupied by the members of the Presidium.
10. Our financial resources are limited, but expenses limitless.
11. To empty one’s purse to help people in need is a virtue./ It is a virtue for one to empty his purse to help people in need.
12. To be scolded and to be beaten (punished) is to be loved.(Scolding means loving, beating means affection). It will be strange (impossible) for a life without scolding and beating.
13. As for his business, you needn’t worry too much.
14. Wisdom/cleverness doesn’t necessarily mean success.
15. Exact calculation depends on a calm mind.
16. It doesn’t matter to be slow, but it is easy to make mistakes to be fast./ Being slow is no problem, while being fast may result in mistakes.
17. Where are we now? Where is it? Where am I?
18. There is no meeting today.
19. It is very exciting in the village./ The village witnesses an exciting scene.
20. There is plenty of meat in the kitchen; there are strong horses in the stable. But people looks hungry, and there are people who starved to death in the field.
21. It is ok (all right) for me (one person) to do it./ Let me do it, it is enough.
22. It is impossible for him to believe what you said/your words.
23. It is not strange that sometimes cats are more fierce than dogs./It sometimes happens that cats are more fierce than dogs. /That cats are sometimes more fierce than dogs does happen( in our life).
24. Small shops dot the way.
25. There are many people in the street.
26. From outside the window came a gust of laughter.
27. (You should) take one step and look around before taking another.
28. As you sow, so will you reap.
29. Be quiet.
30. One learns as long as one lives./ We learn as long as we live.
31. With a knowledge of natural sciences, one can go anywhere in the world./If one has a
knowledge of natural sciences, he /she can go anywhere in the world. /Whoever has (Those who have) a knowledge of natural sciences can go anywhere in the world.
32. The man is stubborn.
33. Many high buildings were built.
3.2 Predicate (P15)
1. I know that.
2. Who said/did that?
3. I feel very hot.
4. The melon is very sweet.
5. This pair of shoes is small and worn-out.
6. He is a good guy.
7. The girl has big eyes.
8. Each one gets one copy./one for each.
9. The boy is 16 years old.
10. We like/value old friends just as we like/value new clothes. /Old friends are as good as new clothes.
11. He is smelling of sweat. 12. He has a quick temper.
13. During the Moon Festival every family eats moon cakes.
14. The dish tastes salted.
15. It hasn’t rained for 2 months./It is 2 months since it rained last.
16. The child has a good memory.
17. China is rich/abound in land areas and resources.
18. What we owed to our party is far beyond the measure/can’t be measured.
19. The reeds on the wall are top-heavy, foot-light and root-shallow. The bamboo shoots in the hill are tongue-sharp, skin-thick, and stomach empty./ The reeds on the wall have heavy tops, light feet and shallow roots. The bamboo shoots in the hill have sharp tongues, thick skin, and hallow inside.
20. This conduct is immoral.
21. The problem remains to be solved by the labor union.
22. You’re making a fuss about nothing./You’re raising a storm in a teacup.
23. You scared me out of my senses.
24. It is not that I didn’t understand, but that I didn’t want to say anything.
25. We must not only concern ourselves with personal affairs but the affairs of the state and the world.
26. He often receives visitors and attends dinner parties.
27. One of my friends lives in Hong Kong./ I have a friend living in Hong Kong./ I have a friend who lives in Hong Kong.
28. Professor Li always stands there and gives his lectures./ Professor Li always stands there giving his lectures./ Professor Li always gives his lectures by standing in front of the classroom.
29. Let’s open the window and let in the fresh air./ Let’s open the window to let in the fresh air.
30. He often took his students to the factory for a visit/to visit the factory.
31. Taking a dictionary, he began to prepare his lessons./ He took a dictionary and began to prepare his lessons.
32. The children came running to greet us.
33. He is going to ask for leave to go home by air to see his relatives next week.
34. He is going to fix an appointment over the phone to meet her for a talk.
35. I remembered that he had been there.
练习：
I. 对于许多人来说，在当今计算机时代还需要由人来作翻译似乎不合情理。既然现代计算机能装入词典和语法，为什么不让计算机来作翻译呢?计算机是可以作一些非常简单的语际转换工作，条件是事前和事后都要进行大量的编辑。但是无论广告小册子还是抒情诗都绝不可能归结为计算机所要求的那种逻辑。计算机打印出来的译文常常是可以看懂的——如果有关人员早就知道原文的大概。但是机器翻译出来的东西，其语言形式通常是不自然的，而且有时候简直令人不可思议。再者，仅仅修改程序或者增加规则也不会使译文有真正的改观。人的大脑不仅具有数字功能和模拟功能，而且还有内存价值系统，这个系统在语言成分分析上比起计算机来有着不可估量的优势。对于任何文体引人入胜、语义复杂的文本——包括大多数值得在另一种语言中表达出来的东西，非得由人来进行翻译不可。
II．Put the following passage into English．
Translation means the conversion of an expression into another language．To say plainly it is an art to reproduce the exact idea of the author by means of a language different from the original. From the above definition of translation we know that the original thought of the expression must be kept as exactly as possible. Nothing should be added to or taken away from the original work. The duty of the translator is simply to change the vocabulary not the thought. In translation therefore, there are two essential elements: accuracy and expressiveness.
Accuracy is the first requisite of translation. The translator must stick to the author's idea. Words selected and sentences constructed must be of such nature as will convey the exact original thought. Expressiveness is to make the translation readily understood. In other words, the translator must express his author's idea as clearly and as forcibly as he can by the medium he employs. Accuracy is to make the thought definite and exact; while expressiveness is to make the translation vivid and attractive
II. (B)(C)(C)
Unit 3 Translation Skills (1): Diction
Judging from Different Contexts (P21)
work (1)Yesterday we did a good day’s work. 昨天我们干了一整天的工作。
(2) They often work in the factories．他们经常在工厂劳动。
(3) It is a work of art．那是一件艺术品。
(4) We have read through the works by Einstein．我们已经读完了爱因斯坦的著作。
(5)There was no automobile works in Hefei in 1950s．五十年代合肥没有汽车制造厂。
(6) The works of these watches are all home-produced and wear well．这些表的机件都是国产的，并且耐磨。
(7) If you push hard against something and move it，you have done work．
如果你用力推一个东西，并且移动它，那你就做了功。
(8) Some satellite relay stations do a different kind of work．有些卫星中继站有着一种不
同的功能。
(9) He knows how to work this machine. 他知道如何操作该机器。
(10) The electronic computer doesn’t work any more．这台电子计算机不再运算了。Judging from Different Collocations
make
(1) They are trying to make a new type of electric motors to meet the needs of production．
他们正在试制一种新型电动机来满足生产的需要。
(2) Hydrogen and oxygen make Water．氢和氧构成水。
(3) Female spiders make webs in trees and flowers．雌蜘蛛把网织在树上或花丛中。
(4) The new skin of the spider gets hard and makes a new skeleton蜘蛛的新皮逐渐变硬，就形成了一付新骨路。
(5) Most substances make an increase in volume when they are heated．大多数物质加热时，体积增大。
(6) We are determined to make greater contributions to the four modernizations of our country．
我们一定要为我国的四个现代化建设作出较大的贡献。
(7) Great advances have been made in China’s science and technology.中国在科技方面已经取得了很大的进展。
(8) We will make use of a number of new sources of energy in the future．将来我们要利用许多新的能源。
(9) Molecules are made up of atoms．分子由原子组成。
(10) The very abstractness of mathematics makes it useful．正是数学的抽象性使它大有用处。
(11) With electricity，radio communication is made possible．
有了电，才使无线电通讯成为可能(才可能进行无线电通讯)。
Translation Practices （P23-24）
I. Put the following sentences into Chinese, paying attention to the italicized words.
1. 接到来函后，不到十分钟，我骑马动身了。到达坎特布里，换乘四轮马车进镇，但一场雨把我浑身淋湿，患了重感冒，一时不能痊愈。大约中午到达财务委员会，要做的第一件事，就是刮脸换衣。不久，打听到在委员会前树碑的内情。可是我尚未接到通知，不过从送信者口里获悉翌日上午会有通知的。我一回到小旅馆就吃了晚饭，然后就上床睡觉。第2天一早，吃过早饭，换好衣服，我就及时出发去打听有关纪念碑的事情。一得到消息，我就坐上马车，在3点之前回到了坎特布里。没给你带来什么，再见吧。
2.独立宣言包括三个部分:第一部分阐明政治哲学—民主与自由哲学,内容深刻动人;第二部分列举若干具体的不平事例,以证明乔治三世破坏了美国的自由;第三部分宣布独立,并宣誓支持该项政策。
3. He got at the essence of matter by breaking through phenomenalism.
他突破了现象论，抓住了事物的本质。
4. Waterpower has become a matter of great economic importance．
水力已成为经济上的一个重大问题。
5. Nothing is the matter with the microscope．该显微镜没什么毛病。
6. It’s no matter whether you give me the data early or late．
不论你把数据／资料给我的早(或)晚，都无关紧要。
7. May I advance my opinion on the matter? 我可以提出关于这件事的意见吗?
8. The matter in the scientific writing is good but the style is deplorable．
这篇科技文章的内容很好，但是体裁太糟糕了。
9. Actually the more the physicists discover，the more utterly amazing the matter of
existence will be．
实际上，物理学家发现得越多，有关存在的实质就越令人惊奇。
10. All the phenomena of nature are shown to us in time and in space through matter.
自然界的一切现象都通过物质以时间和空间的形式展现在我们面前。
11. Men of science in their experiments claimed to have discovered what they believe to be
the ultimate structure of matter，the quarks．
科学家们经过实验宣告他们发现了他们相信（认为）是物质最终结构的东西即夸克。
12. By power is meant the rate of doing work.
功率指的是做功的速率。
13.Energy is the power to do work. 能是做功的能力。
14. Electric power can be transmitted over a long distance．电力能够输送到很远的距离。
15. Large quantities of steam are used by modern industry in the generation of power.
现代工业利用大量蒸汽来产生动动力。
16.The higher the speed of the space, vehicle，the greater its power consumption．
航天器(太空飞行器)的速度越快，它的能源消耗就越大。
17.The fourth power of two is sixteen. 二的四次方(幂)是十六。
18. The surfaces of ceramics must be checked by examining them under a 20 power binocular
microscope.
陶瓷表面必须用20倍的双筒显微镜加以检验。
19. The output power of a machine is always smaller than its input power.
机器的输出功率总是小于输入功率。
20. Accompanying the strong wish for overall reduction in weight and volume is the need to
reduce the power consumption of components and equipments．在强烈希望减少总重量和总体积(全面减少重量和体积)的同时，还需要减少元件和设备的动力消耗。
II. Put the following sentences into English, paying attention to the word “红”.
1. 他们的日子越过越红火。Their days are becoming better and better.
2. 喝了几杯酒，他脸上红扑扑的。After a few drinks his face flushed.
3. 她曾经是老板的红人。She was once a favorite with the boss.
4. 晚会开得红红火火。The evening party was a great success.
5. 三十年代他红得发紫，战后就默默无闻了。
He reached the height of his popularity in the thirties, and was all but forgotten after the war.
6. 他通宵没睡，眼睛都熬红了。
He stayed up all night and his eyes are bloodshot.
7. 学生们兴奋得满脸通红。The pupils glowed with excitement.
8. 一见别人收入比他多，他就眼红。
He is always jealous of people who can earn more than he does.
9. 姑娘脸颊红扑扑的，挂着微笑。The girl had rosy cheeks, brightened by a smile.
10. 他俩从未红过脸。
There has never been a cross word between the two of them.
11. 他的脸被火红的太阳得晒得黑黑的，一副健康的样子。
His face was healthily tanned by the flaming sun.
12. 他是个很红的歌星。He is a very popular singer.
13. 他年纪轻轻却已看破了红尘。
Though he is young, he has already seen through the world of mortals.
14. 今年我们厂是满堂红，各项指标都提前完成了。
Our factory has had all-round success this year. All our targets have been fulfilled ahead of schedule.
UNIT 4答案
TRANSLATION PRACTICE 1（P29-30）
1．他对数论的抽象性，对天文学的冗长的计算方法以及对应用物理学的实际应用问题都是同样精通的。
2．发电机的工作原理是以磁和电的这种相互作用为基础的。
3．经过金星的，还有经过火星的其它飞行方案也计划出来了。
4．导体内如果没有电压，便不会产生电子流动现象。
5．制造过程中的主要问题是如何控制污染和杂质，例如，药品的制造。
6．电可以在相隔一段距离的地方显示各种测量结果，这在许多场合都是很重要的。7．冶金学研究金属的提炼方法及其特性。
8. 我真替她担忧，但此时此地，既不宜教训她一番，也不宜与她争论一通。
9. 果断、坚毅、变通能力是人们在商场上取得成功的三个要素。
10. 一幢幢的楼房，都是她从未见过的。
11. 物价过去很高，现在仍然很高的真正原因是复杂的，不是两三句话就能圆满解释的。
12. 直至今日他还坚持说，他当时以为我只是开开玩笑罢了。
13.老师们现在发现学生们过去很容易教，是因为当时他们很容易地把所学到的东西运用到实践中去。
14.我可以说，我们两国之间的关系比我所知道的以往任何时期都好，其基本特点在于比以前更能坦率地交换意见。
15.我们不认为逃跑是不可能的。如果认为不可能，那就等于我们把自己仅存的一点希望也放弃了。
16. 要使一百五十万人有吃、有穿、有新地方住——这是必须要做的事，但困难之大令人伤透了脑筋。
17.A cat, whatever the color, is good if it catches mice.
18. What matters if we have to face some difficulties? Let them block us for 8 or 10 years, by that time all of China’s problem will have been solved.
19. It will take great pains to improve the financial situation of the factory.
II．（C）（A）（C）（A）
TRANSLATION PRACTICE 2（P34）
1.与人同乐才是真乐。
2．柯达321A型微胶片阅读器操作简便，功能齐全，结构紧凑，造型美观。
3．人类对科学的探索，对知识的寻求，其结果是使自己具有了躲避天灾人祸的能力。
4. 报考大学的人，有工作经验的优先录取。（over...not省译）。
5. 热塑料加热就会变软。(if省译)
6.穷人在没有政府资助的情况下，也能活得不错，这个事实对多数人来说本身就是个巨大胜利。（as they did with it省译）
7.给某些与当前目标无关但将来可能产生影响的科研以支持，看来通常能有效地解决这
个问题。（this省译）
8. 同过去一样，将来必然会出现的新的思维方式和新的思维对象，给完美以新的标准。(they have省译)
9. 他耸耸(他的)肩，摇摇(他的)头，抬起(他的)两眼看天，一句话也不说。
10. We must vigorously develop education and science and technology.
11.The Party and the government will rely on all quarters of society to increase its support for
the central and western parts.
12. In short, taking the country as a whole, I am confident that we can gradually bridge the gap between coastal and inland areas.
13. The big cities should press ahead with the reform of housing, and accelerate the establishment of a minimum standard of living for impoverished urban residents.
14. In a sense, China’s modernization is inseparable from her economic cooperation and trade ties with other nations.
15.The purposes of his journey were both military and political.（原序号有误）
16. The old man was wrinkled and black, with scant gray hair.
17. They were starting from scratch and needed men, guns, training.
18.This improves patient’s recovery time, discomfort and possibly dangerous side effects.
III. B CC
UNIT 5答案
TRANSLATION PRACTICE 1(P44)
1.美国真正摆脱了曾盛行于欧洲的所有不公正行为。(名词escape译为动词)
2.过了某一时刻，当大多数有关的事实到手时，你就会发现只能听凭收益递减律的摆布了。(介词in, at转译为动词)
3.然而全部历史告诫我们，否认这些基本原因，就会致使整个世界陷于瘫痪的、无处不有的自私自利之中。(名词denial转译为动词)
4.十九世纪八十年代的美国是一个贫富分化极为明显的国家。(动词divided转译成了名词“分化”；副词sharply也相应地转译成了形容词“极为明显的”)
5.把标准化测试作为抨击的目标是错误的，因为在抨击这类测试时，批评者不考虑其弊病来自于人们对测试不甚了解或使用不当。(名词users转译成动词“使用”，而形容词ill-informed，incompetent相应地转成了动词“不甚了解”或副词“不当”。)
6. 座位上的那个女孩正好奇的打量着他旁边的那位老妇人。(名词转副词)
7. 一位穿得考究，外表、谈吐像美国人的人上了出租车。(动词转名词)
8.我认识到，通过中间人跟他们打交道是愚蠢的。(名词转形容词)
9. 只要发现有可能反对他的人，他就本能地要用他的魅力和幽默将这个人争取过来。(名词转副词)
10.他善于听取别人的意见。
11、两国之间的贸易有很大的增加，这使双方都受益。
12、看到故乡，他想起了自己的童年。
13、他的话是无可辩驳的事实。
14、我第一次抓住《物种起源》的中心思想时，当时的想法是“我真笨，怎么连这个都没想到。”
15. The road to development is too long but we are on it. (介词转动词)
16. His sufferance of fools was short-lived. (名词转动词)
13. Xu Beihong’s drawings of horses are exceptionally good.
18.The mastery of language is not easy and requires painstaking efforts.
19.Socialist revolution aims at liberating the productive forces.
206.In his speech he laid special stress on raising the quality of the products.
21.They don’t know a thing about factory work, nor about farm work, nor about military affairs.
22. The circulation of air is necessary to the growth of plants.
23. A new nuclear power station is now in the process of construction in that area.
24. It is well known that western people think differently from Chinese people.
25.To prove the mysterious sth.—radium, the Curies worked very hard.
26. Li Siguang was an outstanding pioneer in the study of geomechanics.
II. ACB A
TRANSLATION PRACTICE 2（P50）
1. 不过这种事情很不平常，似乎不符合(违背)自然规律。(正extraordinary, against→反)
2.他们都很激动，所以这时我得故作镇静以免我的不安(担心)影响他们。(正worry→反)
3. 有必要就这个问题展开一项长期的、不带成见(坦诚)的、系统的探索研究。(正open－minded→反)
4. 你一打开电视准会看到一个女人在做产品演示。(反couldn't, without→正)
5. 在通常情况下，她还是能够忍受她那拥挤、寒酸的家庭生活的。(反inadequacy→正)
6. 假如他不发(保持)脾气，谈判很可能已成功了。(正kept→反)
7.地球上下一代智能生命将是类似于我们人类的一种动物：头颅硕大，肌肉不发达。(weak 正→反)
8.学生们现在面对大量生僻的英语词汇和惯用法犹豫起来，因为这些都是教材中未涉及到的内容。(untouched反→正，falls outside正→反)
9. 我们不应该听闲话。
10.从那天起，我就不穿鞋了。何况妈妈也没钱给我们三个孩子买鞋了。
11.约翰现同父母住在纽约市：他不担任乐队指挥已三年了。
12. 不懂的事，不要怕问。
13．这儿变化无常的天气使我适应不了。
14.这两部仪器并非都是精密仪器。
15. 这两部仪器都不是精密仪器。
16. 没有你的帮助，我不会在学习上取得这么大的进步。
17. 这个地方长期以来都是多灾多难。
18. 请暂时不要发这些材料。
19. 国立大学，在战前是教育制度上的骄傲，当时是不收女生的。
20. 我认为我们要求的事情他们都做到了。
21.令人吃惊的是他竟然跃跃欲试要把我打倒。
22. 我真不该重犯这样的错误！
23.他应该知道不擦净鞋进屋里去是不对的。
24. 我绝不同意!
25、这是一本很有价值的书。我认为，任何人，无论文章写得有多好，也可从中得到许多教益。
26.Remember to say “hello”to her for me when you go and see her next week.(正remember →反)
27.I went to the bus station to meet my classmate but missed her. (正miss→反)
28. The young men of the present day are beyond my comprehension.
(正beyond→反)
29. Slips are scarcely avoidable when you're new to your work.
30. His absence of mind during the driving nearly caused an accident.
31. That city and the areas around it ale an ice-free port and a nuclear-weapon free zone.
32. The days passed quickly, but she worked as hard as ever.
II.ABBCAB
UNIT 6答案（P56）
1. 应该教导儿童讲老实话。
2. 一个正常的人每天至少需要两夸脱的水。
3. 这里各阶层人民，从领导到老百姓，都热情地忠于祖国，这使我印象深刻。
4.我们对这种事实留下了极深的印象：即使是那些没有被据实告知严重病情的病人都很清楚其病情的可能结果。（增加“被”字）
5.教学一般被认为是不仅需要有官方认可的证书，而且还需要长期和复杂训练的一种职业活动。（增加“被”字）
6. 由于经常受到太阳、月亮以及地球引力的影响，卫星活动必须加以密切的观察。
7. 原矿石和原油必须加以精炼才能使用。
8.只有少数几位学者可称得上对笑话问题真正做过深入的研究。
9. 如果要在智力方面进行任何比较的话，那么对所有被比较的人来说，前两个因素必须是相同的。
10.科学研究的方法只不过是人类思维活动的必要表达方式，也就是对一切现象进行思索并给以精确的表达方式。(nothing but：只不过是。)
11.在这场争论中，赞成“天性”一方面的那些人认为，我们的性格特征和行为模式大多是
由生物因素所决定的。
12.工具和技术本身作为根本性创新的源泉，多年来在很大程度上被历史学家和科学思想家们忽视了。
13.这种趋势始于第二次世界大战期间，当时一些国家的政府得出结论：政府要向科研机构提出的具体要求通常是无法详尽预见的。
14. 总的来说，得出这种结论是有一定程度把握的，但是必须具备两个条件：能够假定这个孩子对测试的态度和与他相比较的孩子态度相同；他也没有因为缺乏其他孩子已掌握的有关知识而被扣分。
15. 必须找到新的能源，这需要时间，而过去我们感到能源价廉而充足的情况将不大可能出现了。
16. 许多人认为，普通人的思维活动根本无法和科学家的思维过程相比，他们并认为这些思维过程必须是经过某种专门训练才能掌握。
17.有些人听信谎言而误认为，人们总想保存精力，总想休息，尽可能地爱惜自己。其实情况正好相反。正是精力的消耗才使人感到满足。从某种意义上来说，精力消耗掉，自会有新的补充。正像水库里的水一样，不会越用越少。
分析：译文在尽量保留原文形式的同时，比较饱满地传达了原文的风采。试比较：有些人受了骗而误认为人们总想保存自己的精力，总想休息，尽可能地爱惜他们自己。在某种意义上来说，消耗精力会产生它的替代物，不存在精力的蓄水池的水越用越少的现象。
18. Potential energy is capable of being readily changed into kinetic energy.
19. It is well known that hydrogen is the lightest element.
20.All sorts of useful things are obtained from oil and coal.
21. All achievements in science and technology are founded on rational thinking, without which there would have been no science.
22．The supply of oil can be shut off unexpectedly at any time, and in any case, the oil wells will all run dry in thirty years or so at the present rate of use.
II．BABCC
Unit 7
Translation practice 1（P60）
1. 行为主义者坚信，人像机器一样，对环境的刺激作出反应，这是他们行为的基础。
2. 支持“天性”论的人坚持说，我们生来就具有一定的学习才能，这是由生物因素决定的。
3. 要知道需要多大力量才能克服重力，多大推力才能保持飞行，这很容易。
4.如今人们知道，如果食物中缺少了某些重要的成分，即使其中不含任何有害的物质。也会引起严重的疾病。
5.如果一个民族不能自由地决定其政治地位，不能自由地保证其经济、社会和文化的发展，要享受其基本权利，即使不是不可能，也是不容易的。这一论断，几乎是无可置辩的了。
6.这种理论的核心是，我们的环境同我们的才能、性格特征和行为即使有什么联系的话，也是微不足道的。
7. 伽利略的最光辉的业绩在于他在1609年第一个把新发明的望远镜对准天空, 以证实行星是围绕太阳旋转, 而不是围绕地球。
8．这些人用十分钟从我手里夺走的东西，我得花一个星期才能弥补。22. 令人遗憾的是，新闻记者很善于批评别人，而却很不善于接受别人的批评。
9. 问题不在一个人知道多少，而在他能否运用他的知识，问题不在他学的是什么，受怎样的教育，而在他的人品以及他的能力。9.此事说明了一个实实在在的真理：人类并不是
天生就适应于长期的高度警惕性工作。对于复杂的大脑来说。这些事情太烦倦无味了。
Translation practice II（P66）
1．他们建立起自己的国家，在那里他们可以随心所欲地把黑人当作奴隶。
2. 他想写一篇文章，以此来引起公众对这座城市空气污染的关注。
3.他们对我们的要求置之不理，这使我们大家都很气愤。
4.尽管南希小姐讨厌他，他却很喜欢她。
5. 他坚持要再造一幢房子，尽管他并无此需要。
6.如果一个人放弃自己的目的，就成为一个不堪造就的人了。
7．另外一个人似乎胸有成竹，那就是罗伯特·麦克纳马拉。
8. 你们英国女人每天狼吞虎咽地吃上三餐到五餐肉食，你们拿她来比她们，当然觉得她
是个窈窕仙女了。
9. 上个世纪末，美国所有大学已实行学分制，学生们从中受益匪浅。
10．参观博物馆时，常常可以租借一部小录音机，以便一面参观一面听有关展品的录音解说。
11．作为电脑的组合部件，集成电路现在已使电脑的尺寸减小了若干倍，从而创造出了新一代的提携式微电脑。
12. 在办公室里, 工作人员将各种数据、表格和信息加以汇编, 以便让经理或主管人员了解他们的商店或工厂目前正在发生的情况。
13.行为主义者认为，如果一个儿童在有许多刺激物的环境中成长，而这些刺激物能够发展其作出适当反应的能力，那么这个儿童将会有更高的智力发展。
14.电视机、宇宙飞船和核动力舰艇对今天的人们来说不是什么新鲜事物，但对于生活在本世纪二十年代以前的人来说，似乎都是不可思议的东西。考虑到达一点，科学发展的速度之快也就显而易见了。
15.最令女主人失望的是，她花了许多心神和费用来招待客人，可是这位客人只顾津津有味地与她丈夫谈政治，谈生意，却没注意到香喷喷的咖啡，松软的糕点，或房间内讲究的陈设，而这些却可能是她感兴趣并引以自豪的重要所在。
16. A scientist who braves all difficulties, keeps on working and perseveres to the end will surely achieve great successes in his work.
17. The treaty, in effect, consecrates the dictum laid down by Dutch Jurist Hugo Grotius in 1609 that the oceans of the world belong to everyone.
23. In the past, our enterprises, in general, pay little attention to their economic result. The number of workers needed for a job is not fixed. Production quota is not fixed. The quality of products is not checked and cost accounting is not earnestly practiced. All these phenomena have already incurred a big waste of manpower, material resources and money.
Translation practice 3(P69)
1. 电在我们的日常生活中所占的地位是如此重要, 而且现在人们认为电是想当然的事, 所以我们在开电灯或开收音机时, 就很少再去想一想电是怎么来的。
2. 除非人类终于意识到要把人口减少到地球能为所有人提供足够的饮食的程度，否则人们将不得不接受更多的“人造食品”。
3. 如果要从智力方面进行任何比较的话, 那么我们对所有被比较者来说, 前两个因素必
须是一致的。
4. 例如, 测试并不对社会总的不平等作出补偿, 因此, 测试不能告诉我们, 一个社会地位低下的年轻人如果生活在较为优越的条件下, 会有多大的才能。
5. Wise men love truth, though fools shun it.
6. Electricity is such an important energy that modern industry couldn't develop without it.
7. A new principle must be tested in practice before one can be certain that it is valuable.
8. Both reading and rereading are often necessary in studying science material. You should carefully refer to all diagrams and pictures while you go along.
II．CCBCAA
UNIT 8
Translation practice (p74)
1.一般地说，当所要测定的特征能精确地界定时，测试最为有效；而当所要测定或预测的东西不能明确地界定时，测试的效果则最差。
2. 60年代末期接连发生了一连串令人痛苦的事例：一群性情鲁莽、精力旺盛的年轻企业家将一批经营尚好的联合大企业合并起来，而又不懂如何去管理。
3.并不是说面包师或卖肉的人所用的磅秤在构造原理或工作方式上和化学家所用的天平存在差异，而是说与前者相比较，后者是一种更精密得多的仪器，因而在计量上必然更准确得多。
4.科学家与普通人的思维活动的区别，无非是面包师或屠夫的操作与化学师的操作的区别：前者用普通的秤来称货物，后者则用天平和分得很细的砝码来进行艰难而复杂的分析。
5.国际新闻界曾经把基辛格渲染成魔术师一般的人物，他也没有阻止人们制造这种错误印象，因为他自己也承认有一种自大狂的倾向。现在他不再像是这样的人了。这里面有几个原因。
6. 许多人常常宁愿牺牲比较高的工资以换取成为白领阶层的社会地位，这在西方倒是人之常情。
7. 50年代后期的美国出现了一个任何人都不可能视而不见的现象，穷知识分子以“垮掉的一代”这种颇为浪漫的姿态出现而成为美国的典型的穷人，正是在这个时候大批大学毕业生被赶进了知识分子贫民窟。
8．这种(科学)方法在很大程度上先是由物理学家、化学家和生物学家使用，后来为在教育学、心理学和社会学等领域内（其研究对象是人）工作的研究人员所采纳而发展起来的。
9．我们回首往事，总觉得某些事情我们本来可以不做，但我们却做了；而某些应该做的事，我们本来可以去做，但我们却没做。就这样我们常常责备自己或者宽恕自己，——我们的这种感觉事实上也几乎成了一种信念。
10．如果条件允许的话，我们还可以采取最后的手段。那就是身居国内而向国外求医进
行诊断和治疗。用专业术语来说，也就是电视卫星诊断。与面诊——比如说在一个设备不良，医务人员水平不高的医院进行诊断(特别是诊断那种急性、重症或是医师认为病因不明的病例)——相比，电视卫星诊断无疑是一种可以利用的非常有效的医疗手段。11．从20世纪初起，技术条件产生了深刻的变化。有了极大的改进。但在当时的技术条件下，燃料、材料、安全着陆、推力装置，特别是电子计算等一系列的问题过于复杂，难以解决，没有登月运载工具。因此直到20世纪后期才揭开了月球的秘密。12．History has proved that man’s understanding of natur al resources and his tapping and utilizing of them，as well as his capability of making tools of production to make use of these resources，are a milestone to the level of development of social productive forces．And they too，to some extent，have decided the basic structure and pattern of development of a given society.
13．Numerous choices have to be made in the course of ones life. They amount to so many chances for one to seize. A correct choice leads to splendid future in one's life, while a wrong one dashes one's fond dreams and brings bitter fruit of regret. To make a right choice needs deep thinking and realistic judgment. On the one hand one has to be very careful, which entails sufficient time; on the other hand one may have to decide resolutely on the spot.
II．BCC
给学生布置书面作业，可以是3-4人为一小组，课程结束时上交。注意不提供给他们正确答案，可以就作业稍微点评，指出问题。同时提醒他们下学期期末考试时可重点复习这些作业，会略有改变进行考试。
Unit 9
Translation Practice:（P79）
作为一种重要的知识储备手段，各类文献已成为宝贵的资源宝藏，大大促进了人类社会的进步。
专业文献一向被认为是全世界的“无形财产”。因为一方面它们是对前人的经验或研究成果的总结、概括和发展；另一方面，又是人类长期积累、世代相传的遗产。因此，从这种意义上讲，一切文献都是前人的研究发现和学术成就的宝贵记载，是人类文明的结晶。
UNIT 10
Translation practice （P82）
1．美国国家标准局是美国商业部的一个下属机构，1989年经国会法令批准，更名为国家标准技术局。它设在马里兰州的盖瑟斯堡(Gaithersburg)。该机构成立于1901年，旨在为美国的度量标准提供依据，并确保为整个政府部门、科技界、工业界、教育界及商界等提供淮确的物理度量标准和可靠的资料。它参与能源保护及研究、防火抢险、消费商品的安全性等各种有关方案的制定。1989年，其工作范围扩大了，除上述工作范畴以外，还负责帮助中小企业提高其制造技术的工艺水平。标准局的下属单位包括一个国家测量
实验室，一个国家工程实验室，以及一个计算机科学技术研究所。
2．Standard, in relation to computers, a set of detailed technical guidelines used as a means of establishing uniformity in an area of hardware or software development. Computer standards have traditionally developed in either of two ways. The first, a highly informal process, occurs when a product or philosophy is developed by a single company and, through success and imitation, becomes so widely used that deviation from the norm causes compatibility problems or limits marketability. This type of de facto standard setting is typified by such products as Hayes modems and IBM PCs. The second type of standard setting is a far more formal process in which specifications are drafted by a cooperative group or committee after an intensive study of existing methods, approaches, and technological trends and developments. The proposed standards are later ratified or approved by a recognized organization and are adopted over time by consensus as products based on the standards become increasingly prevalent in the market.
2．本发明的范围
本发明涉及一种补偿电路，用以补偿晶体振荡器的频率随温度而发生的变化。这种振荡器产生的载波足用调频方式发送信息的。
本发明的背景
为了补偿环境温度变化而造成的载频变化，通常在振荡器附近设一个电阻网络(其中含有一个或多个热敏电阻)，以便检测影响超频率控制元件作用的石英晶体的温度变化。电阻网络产生的校正电压馈送给石英晶体电路中的可调阻抗(例如变容二极管)、以便抵消载波频率的热变化。
UNIT 11
Translation practice （P88）
I．商标由美国联邦商业部的专利与商标局登记注册。当商标所有者申请注册时，该局对申请进行检查，看该商标是否符合联邦法律，其重要项目之一是该商标不能混淆于以前在美国已登记注册或使用过的类似商标。根据1996年的修订法案，名牌商标拥有者可以设法阻止他人使用类似的商标，即便是将其用于非相关产品也不行。政府在批准注册的同时，要将商标公布于官方报纸，以便能够听到各种不同的相反意见。商标一经正式注册，便可连续使用十年。而且只要该商标仍在继续使用，就可以每十年再次重新注册。商标拥有者一旦获得联邦正式注册，便可在自己的商标旁注上?符号。
任何人使用与注册商标类似的标记，并由此可能会混淆顾客识别力的做法叫做侵权，会受到州法院或联邦法院的起诉。法院在确定是否有侵权行为时，要对相关商标从声音、外形、以及意义等方面进行比较，还要比较其商品及服务的相似性。
其它相关因素还包括有争议的双方的商品是否通过类似的销售渠道售给类似的顾客，以及商标的知名度等。商标侵权不同于专利侵权或版权侵权。商标侵权的唯一界定标准是看它是否可能会混淆顾客的识别力。在法院判定某商标侵权之后，通常最好的处置办法是责令停止使用该侵权商标。
II. A trademark is often a valuable property of a seller or manufacturer, because it is the symbol of the company's goodwill and of its products and services. Thus, a trademark can be sold or assigned when a company and its assets are sold. It can also be licensed to others to use as long as quality control provisions are in effect. Most fast-food outlets, such as Kentucky Fried Chicken, or other franchised businesses are licensed to use the trademark of the parent company.
Translation practice 2 （P91）
I．版权是一种合法权力，旨在保护创造性作品在未得到允许的情况下不得加以复制、演出、展出或传播。版权拥有者具有这样一些专有权：复制版权受保护的作品；根据版权保护的作品制作其他作品将保护作品的拷贝出售、出租或借给公众使用在公众场合演出以及公开展出版权受保护的作品。版权拥有者的以上种种基本专有权也有例外的情况，这往往要根据作品的种类以及他人怎样使用作品而定。
版权法中“作品”一词指的是以固定形式存在于有形媒介的原作者的创作物。这样，能受版权保护的作品就包括文学作品、音乐作品、戏剧选集、舞蹈、照片、绘画、雕刻、图形、广播、地图、电影、电台和电视节目、录音以及计算机软件程序等。
版权不保护某种想法或概念，只对作者表达想法或概念的方法加以保护。例如，要是某科学家发表了一篇文章，阐述生产某种药品的新的制作过程，那么版权可以阻止他人抄袭该文章，但不能制止任何人用上述过程配备药品。要想保护上述制作过程，该科学家就必须获得专利。
II．Copyright is an intangible form of property. What is owned, as the word suggests, is a right. This right has two aspects-the right to copy and the right to control copying. Copyright is a legal protection extended to those who produce creative works. Originally only for books, copyright now extends to magazines, newspapers, maps, plays, motion pictures, television programs, computer program software, paintings, photographs, sculpture, musical compositions, choreographed dances, and similar works. Essentially a copyright protects an intellectual or artistic property.
This type of property is unusual because it is normally intended for public use or enjoyment. If an individual buys a copyrighted book, it belongs to him as an object. But making copies of it to sell or give away is illegal. This right belongs to the publisher，author, or whoever holds the copyright.
UNIT 12
Translation practice （P98）
I．中途终止合同。双方均不得无故提前终止合同。受聘方如中断合同，必须在离华前一个月向聘方提出书面申请，未经聘方同意，受聘方仍需照常工作。聘方自同意之日起的两周后，停发工资，并停止提供受聘方及其家属的有关待遇。回国的一切费用自理。
受聘方如违反中国法令，聘方有权提出解聘。自提出解聘之日起一个月内工资照发，但受聘方应在此期间安排回国。聘方负担受聘方及其家属在中国境内的旅费。国际旅费自理。
对渎职的受聘方，聘方有权提出解聘。自提出解聘之日起一个月内，安排受聘方回国。受聘方及其家属回国的旅费，由聘方负担，其它费用自理。……
受聘方因健康原因，经医生证明连续病休两个月后仍不能继续工作，聘方有权提前终止合同。聘方提供受聘方及其家属回国的飞机票。
本合同用中、英两种文字写成，两种文字具有同等效力。
II. Contract, in law, an agreement that creates an obligation binding upon the parties thereto. The essentials of a contract are as follows: (l) mutual assent; (2) a legal consideration, which in most instances need not be pecuniary; (3) parties who have legal capacity to make a contract;
(4) absence of fraud or duress; and (5) a subject matter that is not illegal or against public policy. In general, contracts may be either oral or written. Certain classes of contracts, however, in order to be enforceable, must be written and signed. These include contracts involving the sale and transfer of real estate; contracts to guarantee or to answer for the miscarriage, debt, or default of another person.
UNIT 13
Translation practice 1 （P101）
1、以上定义中提到的指定的管理计划通常称为“管理建议”。一般来说，管理建议向预期
的客户准准确确地解释整个项目将如何进行管理，以及管理人员的姓名等，并为完成该项目提出一个时间进度表。管理建议的重要目的之一是让客户相信，该项工作在每个阶段都将由能胜任的人员来完成，这就是说，如果是“硬件”项目，就要从原型设计研究到整个制造阶段，如果是“软件”项目。则要从初始的探索性研究到最终解决方案。
(“软件”一词在此上下文中指的是一份能解决某一基本问题或若干问题的可行性报告。)此外，建议中有关管理的部分应当在质量和可靠性问题上分清职责，措辞要尽量清晰果断，便于客户与供应商交换意见。
II．Jan 15, 1998
Dear Tom & Board of Directors of ILEC:
We have recently tried several times but failed to get in touch with your representative in Shanghai, therefore, we have to try to get direct contact with you by this letter. At the beginning of the new year, we consider it an urgent matter for our two parties to have the affair settled: whether ILEC and ORIENT are to be partners in a joint venture, or ILEC is to be established as "a foreign owned entity" that by acquiring the assets of ORIENT (which to our understanding, is an exclusive entity); or else, ILEC and ORIENT are to stop the resultless discussion on the prospective cooperation and then develop in their own respective ways. It would be in the interest of both parties if this suspension could be settled as soon as possible. In consideration of the above, we ORIENT put forward following suggestions which one expected to be submitted to the Board of Directors of ILEC before its session on Feb. 5, 1998.
Undoubtedly, ILEC is our first choice as a would-be partner. However, if we should fail to establish joint venture with ILEC, we'll try to find other potential partners instead.
If so, instead of a partner, you might find us a rival of ILEC (at least on the Chinese market). After all, who would like to expect a strong and powerful rival on the world market? A
nd what is more, both ILEC and ORIENT have projected the similar scheme for their respective future development.
After careful consideration and thorough comparison, we hold that it would be of the utmost benefit to both ILEC and ORIENT if the prospective joint venture (other than exclusive entity) should be established between our two parties. Our understanding of this concern is based on the following:
Sincerely yours,
XXX
President
ORIENT Technology Ltd.
In accordance with the instructions contained in your memorandum of June 29, I have made a survey to determine the advisability of establishing a warehouse in Chicago.
The results of my investigation, as well as my conclusion and recommendations, are embodied in the accompanying report.
In addition to the careful study given to our markets in the Middle West, the report has sought to embody the thinking of our major competitors who recently announced similar plans for branch warehouse.
Although the bibliography included in this report is self-explanatory, special acknowledgment should be made to Mr. Benjamin Petty of the Sales Department for the market information he supplied. The Trade Publishing Company of Chicago was also very helpful. This firm opened to us their news files which have for many years meticulously reported the activities of our competitors in the Chicago area.
Respectfully submitted
(Signature)
UNIT 14
根据课文描述的科技论文摘要的语言特点，4. Translation of Abstracts（P110）中的两个Sample 多少都有些不符之处，可以让学生指出：
Sample 1: 句子太长，远远超出12个单词，可考虑在which处断开，另组一句，改成It. Sample 2:
第1句罗嗦，其中in this paper可以去掉；
第2句太长，可在and to build up……前面断开，另起一句：加The purpose is to build up….. 第3句OK，最后一句以词组短语开始，在摘要中写作中不鼓励使用，可改为：不常见comparison shows that this……
Translation practice （P113）
I．本文主要讨论神经网络及其应用问题。神经网络迄今应用范围还不大，可是各种应用试验正在进行。神经网络是一种信息处理的方法，是通过识别模式进行工作的，其结构是模仿人脑编码和处理信息的方法，不过目前还不清楚哪一种网结构最适合某种任务，所以要用软件模拟神经网络。试验结果预示神经网络在各个领域的应用前景广阔。
关键词：神经网络，信息处理，识别模式，模拟
II．This paper aims at some obvious errors in the translation of current China's foreign economic laws and rules and probes into possibility of governing the C-E translation of those documents with a set of basic and specific principles proposed. It is also pointed out that translators of economic laws and rules should follow the particular principles based on the syntactic features and styles of legal English. The findings indicate that these principles are proposed after the analysis of many translation errors, and the induction of relevant domestic and foreign translation theories. It is hoped that they are somewhat a guideline to the translation of such documents.
UNIT 15
Translation practice (P115)
I. 1、亲爱的梁教授：
会议筹划指导委员会高兴地通知您，您以上述标题所写的摘要已列入美国工程教育学会第四届工程计算机制图和画法几何国际会议的大会发言。会议定于1990年6月11—15U在美国佛罗里达州迈阿密市举行。
希望您能接受我们的邀请参加会议。为了协助会议安排好规划，请填写好随信所附确认书及发言人通知表，并于1989年12月12日之前用传真发回，以便我们能在会议内容中填入准确的信息，必要时能及时通知替换者。
请马上开始撰写论文。您将收到另一单独邮件，内含有关稿件的准备须知。预计明年一月初您能收到这一邮件。完稿的期限为1990年3月1日。
最终排定的会议活动和注册须知将于1990年3月初寄您。我们期望能与您一道工作，期望在迈阿密会议安排上见到您的大名。
如果有什么问题。请随时打电话(305)554—2824与我联系。我们的电传号码是(305) 554—3582。
会议主席XXX
2、This journal only accepts papers in English. Keep the paper about 4000 words, with
an abstract of 200 words in Chinese and 100 words in English with at least 3 keywords. The following is the format of the text submitted: 1. Use font size 12 in English; 2. Write on double-space; 3. Leave margins at least 3.5 cm on the right and left sides; 4. Type on only one side of the paper. 5. Indent the first line of every new paragraph in the paper with 4 spaces; 6. Number the paper with the pages in the correct order. 7. Adopt the format of the academic paper made by APA for the quotations and references.
2019考研英语一真题翻译参考答案及解析 考研历年真题一定要用好，研究好。结合大纲和真题来选择辅导用书是最明智的。本文带大家回顾2019考研英语一真题翻译参考答案及解析： Part C Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) It was only after I started to write a weekly column about the medical journals, and began to read scientific papers from beginning to end, that I realised just how bad much of the medical literature frequently was. I came to recognise various signs of a bad paper: the kind of paper that purports to show that people who eat more than one kilo of broccoli a week were 1.17 times more likely than those who eat less to suffer late in life from pernicious anaemia. (46) There is a great deal of this kind of nonsense in the medical journals which, when taken up by broadcasters and the lay press, generates both health scares and short-lived dietary enthusiasms. Why is so much bad science published? A recent paper, titled “The Natural Selection of Bad Science”, published on the Royal Society’s open science website, attempts to answer this intriguing and important question. It says that the problem is not merely that people do bad science, but that our current system of career advancement positively encourages it. What is important is not truth, but publication, which has become almost an end in itself. There has been a kind of inflationary process at work: (47) nowadays anyone applying for a research post has to have published twice the number of papers that would have been required for the same post only 10 years ago. Never mind the quality, then, count the number. (48) Attempts have been made to curb this tendency, for example, by trying to incorporate some measure of quality as well as quantity int o the assessment of an applicant’s papers. This is the famed citation index, that is to say the number of times a paper has been quoted elsewhere in the scientific literature, the assumption being that an important paper will be cited more often than one of small account. (49) This would be reasonable if it were not for the fact that scientists can easily arrange to cite themselves in their future publications, or get associates to do so for them in return for similar favours. Boiling down an individual’s o utput to simple metrics, such as number of publications or journal impacts, entails considerable savings in time, energy and ambiguity. Unfortunately, the long-term costs of using simple quantitative metrics to assess researcher merit are likely to be quite great. (50) If we are serious about ensuring that our science is both meaningful and reproducible, we must ensure that our institutions encourage that kind of science. 46-50参考答案及解析：
考研英语翻译的基本方 法版 文档编制序号：[KK8UY-LL9IO69-TTO6M3-MTOL89-FTT688]
2013年考研英语翻译的基本方法（7月 版） 在解答考生关于考研英语真题学习中的具体问题时，我们发现，很多考生对英汉翻译所懂甚少。长期以来，一直有考生提问诸如“老师，这句英文中这个短语怎么没有翻译出来？”、“这半句汉语是从那里来的，英语中怎么没有对应语句？”以及“这个句子为什么翻译成汉语时，添加了否定词？”等等的问题。在很多时候，我们只能很笼统的告诉考生：基于英汉文化的差异，在翻译的过程中需要考虑语言模式的差异。在很多时候，英译汉必须按照汉语思维模式以及语境的需要，去增添或者省略一些信息、调整一下语序、转换表达方式。 为了让考生更深入地了解英译汉，我们选用一些真题中的句子，来做先关探讨。在此之前，我们先简单地阐述一下翻译的标准和过程。 翻译标准 在我国近现代，最有影响的翻译标准是严复的“信、达、雅”。就考研英语翻译而言，由于文章的题材大多是有关、经济、文化、教育、科普以及社会生活等方面的内容，并且文体以议论文为主，说明文为辅，结构严谨，逻辑性强，我们很难在“雅”这一标准上做文章。“达”，即通顺，译文必须通顺且符合汉语的语言习惯，这是一个重要的评分标准。“信”，即忠于原文，是翻译的最高标准。由于要翻译的5个句子
是从一篇文章中截取出来的，因而译文必须和上下文表达的意思一致。如果歪曲了原文的意思，那么该句的得分就会很低。 因此，翻译不能违背原文本身，这是考研翻译的最基本标准。 翻译过程 翻译一般分三个阶段：①找核心句；②译核心句；③译其修饰限定补充的句子。由于考研英语翻译大部分句型都是长难句，这一过程显得尤为重要。简而言之，考生首先要找出句子的主干，然后再处理其余的细枝末节，如修饰成分等。考试中，考生应该先通读全文，从大处着手，通篇把握文意，然后分析需要翻译的句子，找出主干，理分支，并翻译。最后是检查书写以及时态。 翻译策略 1．直译和意译 直译，既忠于原文意思又保留原文形式的翻译；意译，不受原文词语的限制，不拘泥于原文句子的结构，用不同于原文的表达方式，把原文意思表达出来。在考研英语翻译中，我们应遵循的方法是：尽量采用直译，不能直译才采用意译，必要时直译与意译相结合。 （1）能直译就直译
Unit 1 1.他相当足球明星的梦想随着时间的推移慢慢消退了。 His dream of becoming a football star faded out as time went by. 2.一架波音747飞机没有升到足够的高度以飞越那座高山，转瞬间一头撞向大山爆炸了。机上无人生还。 A Boeing 747 aircraft didn’t gain enough height to clear the mountain. In a twinkling, it crashed into the mountain and blew up. No one survived the accident. 3.学生们可以很容易地获得图书馆的资源，所以他们应该充分地利用好图书馆。 Students have easy access to the resources in the library, so they are supposed to make the best of it. 4.当时世界上最豪华的游轮泰坦尼克号在她前往美国的途中撞到了冰山，结果轮船沉没在大西洋中，成百上千的人死于这场海难。 Titanic, the most luxurious ship in the world at that time , hit an iceberg when she was under way to the US. Consequently, the ship sank into the Atlantic Ocean and thousands of people died in this shipwreck. 5.每天夏天，游客们都涌向这一著名的海滩。来此享受日光浴的游客像沙丁鱼一样挤满了海滩。 Every summer, all the tourists pour into this famous beach. They lie packed like sardines on the beach to enjoy the sunbathing. 6.他们曾经到圣路易斯去过一次，对于哪里的新奇事物稍微知道一个大概，可是现在他们的光荣时代已经成过去了。他们从此自知没趣，再也不说话了，而且每逢这个毫不留情的机匠走过来的时候，他们就知道赶快躲开。 The have been to St. Louis once and have a vague general knowledge of its wonders, but the day of their glory is over now. They lapse into humble silence and learn to disappear when the ruthless engineer approaches. Unit 2 1.有些网络专家认为因特网可以防止战争、减少污染，还能克服种种形式的不平等。Some cyber gurus claim that the Internet will prevent wars, reduce pollution, and combat various forms of inequality. 2.不可否认，因特网可以增进交流，但他却无法消除战争，因为战争的爆发并不仅仅是由于不同种族间缺乏充分理解而引起的。 Although the Internet undeniably fosters communication, it will not put an end to war, since wars are by no means caused simply by the failure of different peoples to understand each other adequately. 3.只有当网上的活动能够真正取代现实世界中的行为时，因特网才能帮助节约能源，减少污染。 The Internet can help reduce energy consumption and pollution only if doing things online genuinely displaces real-world activities. 4.穷人不用因特网并不是因为他们买不起，而是因为他们缺乏必要的技能来有效地利用它，所以提高老百姓的文化水平要比给他们提供上网机会更有意义。 The poor are not shunning the Internet because they cannot afford it. The problem is that they lack the skills to exploit it effectively. Therefore, it makes more sense to aim for universal literacy than universal Internet access. 5.因为有了因特网，在不同国家从事类似工作的人们之间收入上的不平等减少了，但是贫穷
0501 戒严与其说是个人的选择, 不如说是对自己毅力的考验, 因为人们普遍认为吸烟是上瘾的. 尽管专家的建议和药物疗法确实能增加永久戒严的可能性, 但是避免这种困境的最好的方法就是不要涉猎吸烟. 吸烟的负面影响在各个程度上是不同的, 它与吸烟的数量以及烟龄的长短, 还有开始吸烟的年龄有关. 这份报告向以下观点提出了质疑, 这种观点认为吸烟几年不会产生永久的危害性的后果. 我们希望阻止这种普遍的但是却是生死攸关的习惯, 并且提醒大家戒烟的时间越长, 和吸烟有关的健康问题就会大幅度地减少. It is increasingly realized that ( There is a growing realization /awareness that ) developing environment-protecting products really count. To fulfill the long-term and substantial development, developed countries should at all costs decrease the emission of greenhouse gases. If the speed of global warming nowadays continues, the probability of disappearance from the earth to such big cities as Tokyo and London will be 10 times as fast as that of 20 years ago. 0506 本书是在全国不同学校讲课几十年的结晶.它基于以下观
2020年考研英语一翻译真题及答案解析 2017年考研英语考试已经结束!出国留学考研网在考后第一时间 为大家提供2017年考研英语一翻译真题及答案解析，更多考研资讯 请关注我们网站的更新! 2017年考研英语一翻译真题及答案解析 英语1文章明显偏学术，今年考察英语语言发展情况，文章选的英国文化教育协会，是雅思出题组织者。它的主席叫大卫格兰多的 一本书，叫《英语下一步》，他讲到整本书意思是英语将走向何处。 很有意思的是主席曾经这本书里说到了中文将以后成为世界语言。英语1考题作为序言部分作为考题。 今年英语1总体难度和去年相比，刚刚过去2016年考研题稳中 有一点点上升，没有任何难句出现，只是长句。我认为稳中上升。 第一句话有一个单词难一点，(英文)，英语全球性主导地位。翻译里没有考过。(英文)主导地位考过，但是是阅读里经常出现，翻 译都是可以的。这句话基本意思说到了，说英语的人进一步扩大， 这是一个(英文)状语从句。后面跟着有迹象表明，是主句，表明的 迹象是什么呢?从句，英语全球性主导地位在可预见地位将减弱。 fade(英文)略微有难度。我对考研阅读没有那么熟，但是2000 年出现过。如果按照新东方老师关注的精读方法来学习有很好的效果。 第二句话讲到了大卫这个人分析，会终结一些人的(英文)，他们或许会认为英语全球性地位是如此稳定。他们有一次词，是(英语) 如此稳定，英国年轻一代不需要额外学习其他的语言能力。但是会 终结年轻一代的能力。 但是组织的时候要注意一下，有些人认为英语语言地位如此稳定，英国年轻人没有必要学习什么，但是大卫的观点会终结这些人的想法。语序颠倒一下会更好。
历年考研英语翻译常考词汇汇总 A Abstract n.摘要，概要，抽象adj.抽象的，深奥的，理论的 Accelerate vt.&vi.（使）加快，（使）增速，n.接受速成教育的学生 Achievement n.成就；成绩；功绩，达到；完成 Acquire vt.得到，养成，vt获得；招致，学得（知识等），求得，养成（习惯等），捕获，Action n.作用，动[操]作，行动，机械装置[作用]，（小说等中的）情节 Activity n.活动，活动的事物，活动性，机能，功能 Actually adv.现实的，实际的；目前的；明确的，有效的 Additional adj.增加的，额外的，另外的 Advance vt.&vi.（使）前进，（使）发展；促进，vt.提出 Advantage n.利益，便利，有利方面，有利条件；优点；优势， （网球等）打成平手（deuce）而延长比赛后一方先得的一分（攻方所得称advantage in，守方所得则称advantage out） Agree vi.一致；相合同意，赞成约定，允诺，答应，相宜，调和，符合，和睦相处 Almost adv.几乎，差不多，差一点；将近 Amount n.量，数量，数额，总额，总数vi.合计，共计 Approach vt.&vi.接近，走近，靠近；vt.接洽，交涉；着手处理；n.靠近，接近，临近 Appropriate adj.适当的，恰当的；vt.挪用；占用；盗用 Argue vt.&vi.争吵，辩论；vt.坚决主张，提出理由证明，说服，劝说 Arise vi.&link v.呈现；出现；发生；vi.起身，起来，起立 Aspect n.方面，方位，朝向 Assert vt.声称，断言，维护，坚持 Assume vt.假设，臆断，猜想，假装，担，担任，就职
考研英语自我介绍及各专业所对应英语翻译自我介绍(self-introduce) (1开场白)Good morning, my dear my dear professors. I feel so glad to meet all of you here.( 2.姓名，英文名，毕业院校，毕业专业，毕业学院) My name is ****, I am *** years old. I major in***** in the institute of****in china university of petroleum in Qingdao , My undergraduate period will be accomplished in July this year; and now, I am trying my best for obtaining a key to your university. (3．性格，爱好，实践经验)Generally speaking , I am a hard working student. I had an outstanding performance during my college life, and had won the scholarship for two times. When I decided to take part in The first National Petroleum Engineering Design Competition organized by your university, our group overcame several difficulties, we searched for information on the internet or in the library, used special software s such as petrel and Eclipse to create model and make analysis, we tried our best and had learned a lot in the process, and our hard work paid off , we won the Excellence Award . What’s more, i am a person with great perseverance. I will try my best to finish a thing no matter how difficult it is. i once used C programming language to write a application programs about “how to query personal information quickly ” in a competition .when i was sophomore(['s?f?m?:]), i found public elective course ****very interesting, so i persisted in studying it throughout the second semester while most of my schoolmates chose to give up. My**** name **** ,which means ****t, was given by my teacher. In my spare time, I like reading books, especially history books, I also like playing tennis and ping pang, I also like English very much, I am fond of watching English films, I do believe learning a foreigner language is a way to communicate with aliens, and maybe a tool to change one’s life. There is still a
Unit 2 III Translation Practice Exercise 1 A. 1. 麦当劳有很多让农民恼怒的事：千篇－律，平淡无味，还有其所代表的烹饪霸权 2. 至少有40种植物已经通过了政府审核。 3. 到目前为止，还没有任何迹象表明基因重组作物会对任何人造成任何伤害。 4. 即使还没有法律措施，公众舆论正以更加怀疑的态度看待基因改良技术。 5. 这种优质作物受到农民的欢迎是情有可原的，因为对他们来说，产量即使有一丁点 的增长也就意味着利润上的极大提高。 B. 1. In recent years Europeans have become increasingly jumpy about bad food – and with good reason. 2. This year the E.U. banned the importation of non-approved GM corn. 3. It is crucially important that we take stock of this technology’s probable effects on our planet’s ecosystems. 4. We should also take a sober look at the effect of genetic engineering in the social and political realms. 5. Nature is never idle. Through random mutations, nature constantly tests new genetic models of organisms. Exercise 2. A. 1. 全世界的人们都在密切地注视他们食品中的基因构成——并地为他们所看到的一切 越发感到不安。在过去的十年里，随着科学家们将无数的水果和蔬菜的基因重组，使平常的农作物变成了能抵御霜冻、经得起除草剂，甚至产生消灭自身害虫作用的超级作物，基因改良食品已日益成为普遍现象。就总数而言，超过4,500的基因改良植物已经过测试，其中至少有40种——包括13种玉米，11种西红柿和4种大豆——已经通过了政府的审核。 2. 但是，一个国家的禁令对另一国家而言就是一种贸易保护主义，美国对欧洲的举动 持怀疑态度。自从欧洲决定继续禁止进口助长荷尔蒙的美国牛肉以来，美国通过对欧洲某些出口食品征收100%的关税作为反击，欧美之间的关系近来变得越发紧张。在这种激烈的争斗中，转基因食品禁令的审慎态度与报复差不多/ 看似是报复行为，其实是一种审慎。此外，假如欧洲如此担忧转基因食品的话，为什么还要生产它们呢？法国生产的转基因粮食规模不大，而消费得却比其它欧洲国家多。 B. 1. Ready or not, the world is entering the age of genetic engineering. Altered environments and human-created life forms will be part of this new age. Plants may be transformed into miniature factories producing plastics, medicines, or perfumes. Animals may be given human genes to make their tissues compatible with humans, allowing animal hearts and other organs to be transplanted into critically ill people. 2. We should also take a sober look at the effects of genetic engineering in the social and political realms. Because the agricultural and medical benefits of genetic engineering are expensive, poor individuals and poor nations will not be able to afford them – at least not for years to come. As a result, the economic gap between rich and poor is likely to widen. In
2020年考研《英语一》翻译真题答案(跨考版) 文章来源于An Outline of American History，《美国历史纲要》，是一本历史学方面的专著。 46 We don’t have to learn how to be mentally healthy; it is built into us in the same way that our bodies know how to heal a cut or mend a broken bone. 【句子结构】分号连接的两个并列句，第一个并列句主干是 We don’t have to learn ，how引导宾语从句做learn的宾语，第二个 并列句主干是it is built into us in the same way，that引导定 语从句修饰先行词way，that定语从句中主干是our bodies know，how引导宾语从句做know的宾语。 【参考译文】我们无需刻意去了解学习才能让心理更健康，它正 如我们的身体知道怎样让伤口愈合和修复骨折一样，是根植于我们体 内的/是我们与生俱来的水平。 47 Our mental health doesn’t really go anywhere; like the sun behind a cloud, it can be temporarily hidden from view, but it is fully capable of being restored in an instant. 【句子结构】分号连接的两个并列句, 第一个并列句主谓结构， 很简单，第二个并列句中，like the sun behind a cloud是状语， but 连接两个并列分句，包括短语be hidden from 和be capable of. 涉及被动语态的翻译方法。 【参考译文】我们的心理健康并不是真的消失不见，就像云朵背 后的太阳，它也许暂时被遮挡，但是它也能够在瞬间重焕光芒。 48 Mental health allows us to view others with sympathy if they are having troubles, with kindness if they are in pain, and with unconditional love no matter who they are.
2017年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）试题 Section I Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) Could a hug a day keep the doctor away? The answer may be a resounding ―yes!‖ 1 helping you feel close and 2to people you care about, it turns out that hugs can bring a 3of health benefits to your body and mind. Believe it or not, a warm embrace might even help you 4getting sick this winter. In a recent study5 over 400 health adults, researchers from Carnegie Mellon University in Pennsylvania examined the effects of perceived social support and the receipt of hugs6 the participants’ susceptibility to developing the common cold after being 7 to the virus .People who perceived greater social support were less likely to come 8with a cold,and the researchers9that the stress-reducing effects of hugging10 about 32 percent of that beneficial effect. 11 among those who got a cold, the ones who felt greater social support and received more frequent hugs had less severe12. ―Hugging protects people who are under stress from the13 risk for colds that’s usually14 with stress,‖ notes Sheldon Cohen, a professor of psychology at Carnegie. Hugging ―is a marker of intimacy and helps15 the feeling that others are there to help16difficulty.‖ Some experts 17the stress-reducing , health-related benefits of hugging to the release of oxytocin, often called ―the bonding hormone‖18 it promotes attachment in relationships, including that between mother and their newborn babies. Oxytocin is made primarily in the central lower part of the brain, and some of it is released into the bloodstream. But some of it19 in the brain, where it 20 mood, behavior and physiology.
与其他不少考研热门专业一样，英语专业研究生招生的研究方向设置非常细，不同学校的方向设置类别不一，名称也各异。 比如上海外国语大学英语语言文学专业下设有语言方向、文学方向、教学法方向、翻译学方向、口译学方向、英语国家文化方向、跨文化交际方向7个方向。而同样是外语类专业院校，北京外国语大学该专业设置的研究方向明显不同，广东外语外贸大学该专业设置的8个研究方向更与前两所学校无一相同。 在这种情况下，不少备考英语专业的同学对“如何选择研究方向”这样的问题一头雾水，也就不足为怪了。 就英语专业考研而言，外国语言文学下设置的二级学科很多，包括英语语言文学、俄语语言文学、法语语言文学、德语语言文学、日语语言文学、印度语言文学、阿拉伯语语言文学、欧洲语言文学、亚非语言文学、外国语言学及应用语言学、翻译学11个学科。其中，涉及英语专业的二级学科主要有3个：英语语言文学、外国语言学及应用语言学、翻译学。 一般院校的英语专业多设置英语语言文学和外国语言学及应用语言学两个专业，所以，英语专业考研的专业设置其实比较简单，一般就是两大专业。不过，这两个专业被不同学校细化研究方向以后，就变得复杂了。如前面说到的上海外国语大学英语语言文学专业下设有7个方向，这7个方向进一步细分，小的研究方向达37个之多。 英语专业的研究方向虽名目众多，却也并非杂乱无章，其设置仍是遵循一定规律的。粗略分析，这些研究方向可分为传统研究方向和新兴研究方向两大类。 传统研究方向 传统研究方向，顾名思义，指的是设置多年的老牌研究方向，这些研究方向一般学校都有开设。 1. 文学方向 开设学校：全国绝大部分招收英语专业研究生的学校。据2007年的招生统计，仅有17所招收英语专业研究生的学校没有开设文学方向。 研究内容：主要研究英美文学研究领域中的重大问题，目的在于提高文学素养、理论水平和研究能力。 就业方向：此方向开设学校多，招生人数较多，就业范围非常广泛，一般为教师、研究人员。所学课程：西方文论、美国经典文学、美国现当代文学、英国经典文学、文学批评、英国文学选读、美国文学选读、17～19世纪英国文学研究、希腊戏剧研究、英国长篇小说选读、美国长篇小说选读、英国诗歌选读、美国诗歌选读、英美散文鉴赏、王尔德戏剧欣赏、英国短篇小说欣赏、美国短篇小说鉴赏、英美戏剧鉴赏、中国文学史、中国古典文学选读等。 2. 语言学 开设学校：全国绝大部分招收英语专业研究生的学校。据2007年的招生统计，仅有9所招收英语专业研究生的学校没有开设语言学方向。 研究内容：语言学是我国高校近年来普遍设置的一个综合性的语言研究学科。主要学习语言学理论及语言在各种学科中的应用，不同学校侧重点有所不同。 通过大量阅读有关文献、论文和最新的研究成果报告，使学生对于语言学的形成和发展有进一步的了解，并了解现代语言学的最新动向和最新发展。语言学特别强调和重视研究生的广泛阅读，包括专业的外语期刊和近几年的语言学相关论文。 就业方向：该专业理论性较强，主要面向大中专教师及研究人员。 所学课程：语言学概论、语用学与话语分析、应用语言学、现代语法学、语义学、语用学、英语语体学与文体学、语篇分析等。 3. 英美文化研究 开设学校：南京大学、上海外国语大学、天津师范大学等。
1.Visual cues from audience members can indicate that a speech is dragging , that the speaker is dwelling on a particular point for too long , or that a particular point requires further explanation 听众的眼神足以表明，演说过于拖沓，演讲者在某一点上讲得太多，或者在某一点上还需要做进一步的解释。 2.But art history focuses on much more than this because art reflects not only the political values of a people , but also religious beliefs , emotions , and psychology. 但是艺术史注意的不仅仅是这些，因为艺术不仅反映了一个民族的政治价值，也反应了他们的宗教信仰，感情和心理特点。 3.One widely held belief is that a sharp fright will end a troublesome bout of hiccups , but many people prefer just waiting for them to go away as this “cure” is often worse than the ailment itself . 一个普遍认同的观点是，猛然的惊吓会止住一阵讨厌的打嗝，但是很多人更愿意等待打嗝自然过去，因为这种“止隔得方法”往往比打嗝本身更加的糟糕。 4.That our environment had little, if anything, to do with our abilities, characteristics and behavior is central to this theory. 这种理论的核心是，我们的环境同我们的才能、性格特征和行为即使有什么关系的话，也是微不足道的。 5.And I take heart from the fact that the enemy, which boasts that it can occupy the strategic point in a couple of hours , has not yet been able to take even the outlying regions , because of the stiff resistance that gets in the way. 敌人吹嘘能在几个小时内就占领战略要地，由于受到顽强抵抗，甚至还没有能占领外围地带，这一事实使我增强了信心。 6. A physically mature female deer in good condition who has conceived in November and given birth to two fawns during the end of May or first part of June , must search for food for the necessary energy not only to meet her body’s needs but also to produce milk for her fawns. 一只成熟健壮的母鹿，在十一月怀胎，五月底或六月初生下两只幼鹿，这时，她必须寻找食物以获得必要的能量，这不仅是为了满足自身的需要，而且也是为了给幼鹿生产乳汁。 7.The president said at a press conference dominated by questions on yesterday’s election results that he could not explain why the Republicans had suffered such a widespread defeat, which in the end would deprive the Republican Party of long-held superiority in the House. 在主要问及昨天选举结果的记者招待会上，总统说他无法解释为何共和党遭到如此惨痛的失败,这最终会使共和党丧失在众议院长期以来享有的优势。 8.The second aspect is the application by all members of society from the government official to the ordinary citizen, of the special methods of thought and action that scientists use in their work. 第二个方面是，社会上的一切成员，从政府部门中任公职的官员到普通公民，都应运用科学家们在科研工作中所采用的专门的思维方法和工作方法。 9.The method was largely developed by physicists , chemists and biologists ; it was later adopted by people working in such areas as education, psychology and sociology , where the subjects of research were often people. 这种方法在很大程度上先是由物理学家、化学家和生物学家使用，后来为在教育学、心理学和社会学等领域内工作的研究人员所采纳而发展起来的。