Outline on the development and Policies of China Rare Earth industry
Chen Zhanheng, PH.D., Director
Academic Department, the Chinese Society of Rare Earths
No. 76, Xue Yuan Nan Lu, Zip Code 100081 Beijing China
Email: Zhanheng@https://www.doczj.com/doc/d92217816.html,
Remark: I noticed that there was misunderstanding on China rare earth industry. You can find the real situation in China. This article prepared for those who care about rare earths.
China Rare Earth Industry st arted in 1950’s, after 50 years of development and construction, remarkable achievements in resource utilization and science & technology have been made. China has become the largest country of rare-earth deposits, producer, consumer and exporter.
1. Resources
Up to now, China is still the largest country of rare-earth deposits. Rare earth mines distributed widely in China and about 88% of rare earth deposits concentrated in Baotou, Sichuan, and Jiangxi. Figure 1 shows rare earth proportion in different region.
Figure 1 shows that Rare earth mines distribute widely in China, from the north to the south. About 88% of rare earth deposits concentrated in Baotou, Sichuan, and Jiangxi.
we can find that about 83% located in Baiyunebo, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, 8% in Shandong province, 3% in Sichuan province, featured as light rare earth deposits(La, Ce, Pr, Nd Sm, Eu,). 3% of the deposits located in the south of China, represented by Jiangxi province, featured as middle and heavy rare earth deposits(Middle: Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Heavy: Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, Sc, Y).
Fig.1 Rare earth proportion and distribution in China
Up to now, China is still the largest country of rare-earth deposits. According to related data, in 2005, the proved reserves in China are 67.80 million tons, namely 55% of the world total rare earth reserves. But in my opinion, with the discovery of new rare earth deposits worldwide and consumption of the proved rare earth reserves in China, this ratio is declining, is estimated as 35%, and will continue to decline. Fig. 2 shows proportion change of China rare earth reserves against the whole world.
2. Production
Most of the rare earth enterprises locate around the large rare earth mines, such as Baotou city, Sichuan province and Ganzhou city. There are about 24 enterprises for rare earth concentrate production, and 100 rare earth enterprises for smelting separation production in China. Conservative
estimate, the rare earth production capacity has reached 170 thousand tons per year, and might surpass 200 thousand tons per year. Surrounding rare earth deposits, three major producing areas formed, and characterized as the North and the South production systems.
The three major producing areas:
A. North producing area based on raw materials from Baotou, with separation capacity of 80 thousand tons.
B. Middle and heavy rare earth producing area with separation capacity of 60 thousand tons based on raw materials from the seven provinces in the south of China, mainly in Jiangxi province, Ganzhou city.
C. The refined bastnaesite concentrates producing area with separation capacity of 30 thousand tons.
Two producing systems of light and heavy rare earths are:
The north technical system, characterized as light rare earth products, the main products are rare earth concentrates, alloys, mixed rare earth compounds, metals and single rare earth compounds, and other extension products，such as polishing powder, permanent magnetic materials and hydrogen storage alloys.
The south technical system, characterized as heavy rare earth products, the main products are all kinds of high purity single rare earth compounds and metals, concentrates, mixed metals and alloys.
2.1 Product Structure：
Fig.3, Fig4, Fig.5, Fig.6shows outputs of rare earth concentrates, smelting separation products, metals, and oxides respectively. It can be noticed that before 2006, the outputs of all kinds of rare earth products increased steadily in general. But a sharp decrease occurred in 2007 in all kinds of rare earth products. Compared with 2006, the outputs of concentrates and smelting and extracting products in 2007 decreased 8.8% and 19.8 % respectively. This should be attributed to the implement of mandatory planning of rare earth production for total quantity control.
2.2 Consumption:
Figure 7 shows the consumption from 1988 to 2008. It can be noticed that the consumption of rare earths in China increased rapidly since 2004. During the 29 years from 1978 to 2007, China annual consumption increased from 1 thousand tons to 72.6 thousand tons, it was a tremendous increase of 72.6 times. The consumption was 67.68 thousand tons in 2008, a slight decrease compared with that in 2007.
Figure 8 shows consumption comparison between China and the world. From 2005 on, the consumption of China surpassed 50% of the world total consumption.
Figure 9 shows consumption structure of China from 1988 to 2008. In China, rare earths were mainly consumed in traditional areas of metallurgy, machinery, petroleum industry，chemical industry，light industry, textile industry, agriculture, in new materials like magnets, phosphors, hydrogen storage, catalysts for automobile exhaust and polishing powder. There was a dramatic change in the consumption structure, the consumption of rare earths in new materials increased very fast since 2004. In 1987, the consumption of rare earths in new materials
was only 1%, but in 2007, it was 53%. In 2008, it was claimed that about 60% of rare earths was consumed in new materials in China.
By the year of 2015, it is estimated that the demand of rare earths is expected to reach 210 thousand tons; China's domestic demand will be 138,000 tons. By 2020, china’s domestic demand is expected to reach 190,000 tons, including 130,000 tons consumed in high-tech fields, account for 68% of global total consumption. It can be concluded that Rare Earth New Materials has become a major growth point of China rare earth industry.
2.3 Exportation:
Figure 10 and figure 11showed the gross volume and gross value of exports from 1979 to 2008 respectively. It indicated that the gross volume of exports had been in a growth trend and reached a record of 57,400 tons in 2006, and then declined in 2007 and 2008. Although China began to control exports of rare earth products with quota administration since 1999, the total exports did not decrease generally until 2007.
Figure 12shows the average prices from 1979 to 2008. From 1998 to 2005, the annual average of gross value for exports was about 420 million
US$, the annual average of gross volume for exports was about 46946.63 tons, namely 8.98 US$/Kg, isn’t it underpriced? In 2007, the price was about 16.83US$/Kg, this price might be reasonable.
3. Tendency and activities of China rare earth industry.
3.1 Tendency:
In recent two years, there was a tendency of regional integration. Through asset restructuring, merger and integration, there will be 20 rare earth enterprises left after 2015. The strategy of regional integration will improve the situation of scatter, disorder, and small scale of China rare earth enterprises in the past. It will play an important role in keeping a steady production, balancing the demand and the supply, and protecting the environment.
3.2 Activities:
The regional integration represented by the establishment of some larger scale companies:
A. In Baotou: Inner Mongolia Baotou Steel Rare Earth International Trade Co., Ltd. established in December 2008. It is based on Inner Mongolia Baotou Steel Rare-Earth Hi-Tech Co., Ltd, and some other rare earth enterprises using raw materials from Baotou. It has been given
government approval to build a strategic reserve for those surplus products of rare earths.
B. In Jiangxi: China Minmetals Rare Earth Co. Ltd. established in October 2008. It will invest 2 billion RMB in the next 5 years to reorganize enterprises in Ganzhou city, Jiangxi province.
C. Early in December 2004, Ganzhou Rare Earth Mineral Industry Co. Ltd. was established to reunite the original 88 enterprises of rare earth mining company.
D. In Sichuan: In 2009, Jiangxi Copper Co., Ltd. established a joint venture with Sichuan Province Mining Investment Group Co., Ltd. to develop Sichuan rare earth deposits.
E. In Guangdong: Guangdong Rising Nonferrous Metals Group Co. Ltd. restructuring rare earth mines and enterprises in Guangdong province and is the only legal mining company in Guangdong Province.
F. Establishment of China Rare Earth Industry Association. Despite China's rare earth industry occupies an important position in the world, but there is no association with rare earth enterprises as the core members
until now. Preparation has been made to establish China Rare Earth Industry Association in 2009. Its main role should be to regulate the market activities, to keep the market in order, to monitor the rare-earth industrial economic operation, and to create a fair competitive environment for all enterprises, to promote enterprises in self-restraint and self-management, to develop international cooperation and exchange, to protect the common interests of its members.
3.3 Policies
We all pay many attentions on China rare earth industrial policies. I will present a brief introduction here. I must declare that what I am talking here is just for your reference, all information is not official one, but a compiled one according to public information on the Medias. If you want to know the official one, please attend China Rare Earth Summit to be held in August in Beijing.
In order to standardize the management of rare earth enterprises and promote the healthy development of rare earth industry in China, a series policies and regulations have been or will be released. The upcoming Policy covers rare earth mining, smelting separation, new materials, and
industrial applications. It is aimed at effectively developing China's rare earth resources, enhancing the concentration of rare earth industry, protecting the environment, and promoting the application of rare earths in high-tech fields.
The new policies lie in 7 aspects mainly:
A. License for mining: All mining enterprises must have Rare Earth Mining Permit conferred by the government; the outputs of rare earth products must obey the mandatory plan, and the plan will be adjusted according to market changing; the investment of rare earth resources out of China are encouraged for China enterprises.
B. Access conditions: before 2015, no project on rare earth smelting separation could be approved, and no production capacity could be increased. A higher requirement on production scale, equipment, environment protection, technical and economic indicators, consumption indicators of resources and energy will be obliged. All present rare earth enterprises must increase investment in research, development, technique and equipments so as to improve product quality and to achieve cleaner production. Applications of rare earth products in high-tech are encouraged, especially application in information technology,
environmental protection, energy, and rare earth recycling economy should be developed.
C. Exportation: It is known to all that exports of rare earth products are controlled by quotas. Besides, all kinds of rare-earth minerals, mixed rare earth salts, such as mixed rare earth chlorides, mixed rare earth carbonates are prohibited to export. In early 2009, there was news on the internet to claim that china will prohibit the export of terbium and dysprosium metals, soon after an officer from China's Ministry of Industry and Information Technology (CMIIT) announced that China won’t prohibit but will limit the export of terbium and dysprosium metals.
D. Importation: rare earth products complied with the relevant provisions could be imported, all radioactive or polluting rare-earth minerals and rare earth scrap materials are prohibited to import.
E. Tax policy on rare earth export: In 1985, China began to implement the export tax rebate policy for rare earth products.
from January 1, 2004, export tax rebate for rare earth metals was adjusted from 13% to zero, the export tax rebate rate for yttrium metal, scandium
metal and its compounds, inorganic or organic compounds was adjusted from 17%, 13% to 5%.
From May 1, 2005, the export tax rebates for rare earth metals, rare earth oxides, rare earth salts were abolished
On November 1, 2006, the regulation of imposing export tariffs on rare earth products was released and would implement by June 1, 2007, the tax rate was 10%.
F. Foreign Investment: Prohibiting foreign investment in rare-earth mine, allowing foreign joint ventures, cooperation, investments of rare earth smelting and separation projects, encouraging foreign capitals to invest projects of intensive processing, new materials and applications of rare earths.
G. Environmental protection: Environmental problems are critical problems facing all countries of the world. The government of China attaches great importance to the protection of the environment. It is also a serious problem facing China rare earth enterprises. In some areas of China, the rare earth mining led to the destruction of vegetation, water loss and soil erosion. During Rare earth smelting, extraction process, a
large number of chemical raw materials, such as acid and alkali, extraction agent were used, producing a large amount of waste (exhaust) gas.., waste water, and waste residue. For most of the rare earth enterprises, there were no sufficient treatment facilities; as to some small rare earth smelting separation factories, there were even no facilities for environmental protection. The three kinds of wastes led to a tremendous problem, heavy pollution of the atmosphere, water and land. In order to protect the environment, the government of China has formulated more stringent (strict) emission standards for rare earth industry. The implement of new standards will force rare earth production enterprises to upgrade its technology, to increase costs, and might lead to the closure of some small and medium rare earth enterprises. Its main purpose is to protect the environment, to prohibit production behaviors of polluting the environment. The government will support projects on energy saving, environmental protection, low consumption and pollution free technique.
4. Conclusion
In this section, some immature ideas on the future of rare earths were described.
The tightening of China Rare Earth export policy is bound to stimulate
the change of the world's rare earth industry. It is time to invest projects on rare earths world. But there are some kinds of risks.
Considering China's huge production capacity of rare earth products, the investment in rare-earth projects outside of China must bear considerable risks.
The costs are the main problem. The prices of rare earth products from China is really too cheap to buy. How could they? Anyone knows that it is mainly because of the low costs of labor force and environmental protection. With the implement of new environmental standards on rare earth smelting separation production from China government, with the enhancement of technique and equipments requirement, the costs for rare earth production will surely increase, the investment risks will gradually decline. But it will be a long time to form a stable supply worldwide. Whenever there are profits, there is greed. Illegal mining and smuggling are the two main kinds of risks facing all investment of rare earths. Illegal mining will always undermine not only China rare earth industry, but also the development of world rare earth industry; illegal mining will put all investment on rare earths into a very dangerous situation. Smuggling is another threat to for rare earth investment. It is estimated that there were about 30 to 40 thousand tons of rare earth products smuggled from China every year.
In order to ensure the effects of the new policy, the government will have
to struggle with illegal mining and smuggling hardly and continuously. The government is trying to curb illegal mining and smuggling.
Two sides to any coin, in an age of the global economic integration, or say globalization economy. Any regional changes may have a significant impact on the world. Considering the dependence of modern high-tech on the rare earths, I think the Government of China will give serious consideration to the rare earth export policy. The main purpose of China Rare Earth Industry Policy is to protect the environment, to change the situation of scatter, disorder, and small scale of China rare earth enterprises, so as to elevate the prices of rare earth products to a reasonable range.
As to exportation, I think China will moderately control but will not prohibit the export of rare earth products, China will also take care of the demand for rare earths worldwide by adjusting the quotas of rare earth supply to an appropriate range. Though consumption of rare earth products in China has reached 60% of her total production, the development of China's rare earth industry will still rely on the international market to a large extent.
In my opinion, from the view of humanity, rare earth elements are treasures given to all human beings by nature, wherever they are located, we all have the responsibilities to protect them, to develop them reasonably, to make them benefit the peaceful development of the world.
Why rare earths are paid so many attentions? It is because rare earth elements are critical to development modern green energy technologies, high-tech and defense systems, such as electric cars, wind generators, lighting and displays, hard disk drives, mobile communication , missile guidance, smart bombs. No technically viable alternatives to these Rare Earth materials are currently known for these applications. Rare earths have been the indispensable strategy materials for developing high-tech, defense and renovation of traditional industry.
We always claim that China is abundant with rare earth deposits, and has been the largest producer, consumer, and exporter of rare earth products. China has contributed too much rare earth products to the world. But with rare earth deposits lower than 40%, how can China support a demand of 95% of the world continually?
In fact，China is not definitely the only supplier of rare earth products. There are abundant rare earth deposits besides China, such as the United States, Australia, Russia, Brazil, Canada, and India, all are very rich in rare earth resources. Vietnam has discovered a large rare earth deposits in recent years. In addition, other countries and regions, such as South Africa, Malaysia, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Mongolia, North Korea, Afghanistan, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, Norway, Greenland, Nigeria,
Kenya, Tanzania, Burundi, Madagascar, Mozambique, and Egypt found to have a certain quantity of rare earth deposits.
The discovery and development of those large or super large rare earth deposits will be candidates of rare earth sources.
1. Australia Weld Hill carbonatite weathering crust, the monazite
sand deposits lies in the East and the west coast of Australia;
2. The carbonatite and Bastnaesite deposits in Mountain Pass,
California mine of the US;
3. Rare earth deposits of the carbonatite weathering crust in Araxa,
Pitinga Mine, and another place of Brazil;
4. Russia Tomtor rare earth deposits of carbonatite weathering crust;
5.Mau Xe North and South and Dong Pao deposits located in the Fan
Si Pan Mountains in Vietnam;
6. Rare earth deposits in Thor Lake and Hoidas Lake in Canada;
7. Rare earth deposits in Kazakhstan
【摘要】黄自先生是我国杰出的音乐家，他以艺术歌曲的创作最为代表。而黄自先生特别强调了钢琴伴奏对于艺术歌曲组成的重要性。本文是以黄自先生创作的具有爱国主义和人道主义的艺术歌曲《天伦歌》为研究对象，通过对作品分析，归纳钢琴伴奏的弹奏方法与特点，并总结黄自先生的艺术成就与贡献。 【关键词】艺术歌曲；和声；伴奏织体；弹奏技巧 一、黄自艺术歌曲《天伦歌》的分析 （一）《天伦歌》的人文及创作背景。黄自的艺术歌曲《天伦歌》是一首具有教育意义和人道主义精神的作品。同时，它也具有民族性的特点。这首作品是根据联华公司的影片《天伦》而创作的主题曲，也是我国近代音乐史上第一首为电影谱写的艺术歌曲。作品创作于我国政治动荡、经济不稳定的30年代，这个时期，这种文化思潮冲击着我国各个领域，连音乐艺术领域也未幸免――以《毛毛雨》为代表的黄色歌曲流传广泛，对人民大众，尤其是青少年的不良影响极其深刻，黄自为此担忧，创作了大量艺术修养和文化水平较高的艺术歌曲。《天伦歌》就是在这样的历史背景下创作的，作品以孤儿失去亲人的苦痛为起点，发展到人民的发愤图强，最后升华到博爱、奋起的民族志向，对青少年的爱国主义教育有着重要的影响。 （二）《天伦歌》曲式与和声。《天伦歌》是并列三部曲式，为a+b+c，最后扩充并达到全曲的高潮。作品中引子和coda所使用的音乐材料相同，前后呼应，合头合尾。这首艺术歌曲结构规整，乐句进行的较为清晰，所使用的节拍韵律符合歌词的特点，如三连音紧密连接，为突出歌词中号召的力量等。 和声上，充分体现了中西方作曲技法融合的创作特性。使用了很多七和弦。其中，一部分是西方的和声，一部分是将我国传统的五声调式中的五个音纵向的结合，构成五声性和弦。与前两首作品相比，《天伦歌》的民族性因素增强，这也与它本身的歌词内容和要弘扬的爱国主义精神相对应。 （三）《天伦歌》的伴奏织体分析。《天伦歌》的前奏使用了a段进唱的旋律发展而来的，具有五声调性特点，增添了民族性的色彩。在作品的第10小节转调入近关系调，调性的转换使歌曲增添抒情的情绪。这时的伴奏加强和弦力度，采用切分节奏，节拍重音突出，与a段形成强弱的明显对比，突出悲壮情绪。 c段的伴奏采用进行曲的风格，右手以和弦为主，表现铿锵有力的进行。右手为上行进行，把全曲推向最高潮。左手仍以柱式和弦为主，保持节奏稳定。在作品的扩展乐段，左手的节拍低音上行与右手的八度和弦与音程对应，推动音乐朝向宏伟、壮丽的方向进行。coda 处，与引子材料相同，首尾呼应。 二、《天伦歌》实践研究 《天伦歌》是具有很强民族性因素的作品。所谓民族性，体现在所使用的五声性和声、传统歌词韵律以及歌曲段落发展等方面上。 作品的整个发展过程可以用伤感――悲壮――兴奋――宏达四个过程来表述。在钢琴伴奏弹奏的时候，要以演唱者的歌唱状态为中心，选择合适的伴奏音量、音色和音质来配合，做到对演唱者的演唱同步，并起到连接、补充、修饰等辅助作用。 作品分为三段，即a+b+c+扩充段落。第一段以五声音阶的进行为主，表现儿童失去父母的悲伤和痛苦，前奏进入时要弹奏的使用稍凄楚的音色，左手低音重复进行，在弹奏完第一个低音后，要迅速的找到下一个跨音区的音符；右手弹奏的要有棱角，在前奏结束的时候第四小节的t方向的延音处，要给演唱者留有准备。演唱者进入后，左手整体的踏板使用的要连贯。随着作品发展，伴奏与旋律声部出现轮唱的形式，要弹奏的流动性强，稍突出一些。后以mf力度出现的具有转调性质的琶音奏法，要弹奏的如流水般连贯。在重复段落，即“小
我国艺术歌曲钢琴伴奏-精 2020-12-12 【关键字】传统、作风、整体、现代、快速、统一、发展、建立、了解、研究、特点、突出、关键、内涵、情绪、力量、地位、需要、氛围、重点、需求、特色、作用、结构、关系、增强、塑造、借鉴、把握、形成、丰富、满足、帮助、发挥、提高、内心 【摘要】艺术歌曲中，伴奏、旋律、诗歌三者是不可分割的重 要因素，它们三个共同构成一个统一体，伴奏声部与声乐演唱处于 同样的重要地位。形成了人声与器乐的巧妙的结合，即钢琴和歌唱 的二重奏。钢琴部分的音乐使歌曲紧密的联系起来，组成形象变化 丰富而且不中断的套曲，把音乐表达的淋漓尽致。 【关键词】艺术歌曲；钢琴伴奏；中国艺术歌曲 艺术歌曲中，钢琴伴奏不是简单、辅助的衬托，而是根据音乐 作品的内容为表现音乐形象的需要来进行创作的重要部分。准确了 解钢琴伴奏与艺术歌曲之间的关系,深层次地了解其钢琴伴奏的风 格特点,能帮助我们更为准确地把握钢琴伴奏在艺术歌曲中的作用 和地位，从而在演奏实践中为歌曲的演唱起到更好的烘托作用。 一、中国艺术歌曲与钢琴伴奏 “中西结合”是中国艺术歌曲中钢琴伴奏的主要特征之一，作 曲家们将西洋作曲技法同中国的传统文化相结合，从开始的借鉴古 典乐派和浪漫主义时期的创作风格，到尝试接近民族乐派及印象主 义乐派的风格，在融入中国风格的钢琴伴奏写作，都是对中国艺术 歌曲中钢琴写作技法的进一步尝试和提高。也为后来的艺术歌曲写 作提供了更多宝贵的经验，在长期发展中，我国艺术歌曲的钢琴伴 奏也逐渐呈现出多姿多彩的音乐风格和特色。中国艺术歌曲的钢琴
写作中，不可忽略的是钢琴伴奏织体的作用，因此作曲家们通常都以丰富的伴奏织体来烘托歌曲的意境，铺垫音乐背景，增强音乐感染力。和声织体，复调织体都在许多作品中使用，较为常见的是综合织体。这些不同的伴奏织体的歌曲，极大限度的发挥了钢琴的艺术表现力，起到了渲染歌曲氛围，揭示内心情感，塑造歌曲背景的重要作用。钢琴伴奏成为整体乐思不可缺少的部分。优秀的钢琴伴奏织体，对发掘歌曲内涵，表现音乐形象，构架诗词与音乐之间的桥梁等方面具有很大的意义。在不断发展和探索中，也将许多伴奏织体使用得非常娴熟精确。 二、青主艺术歌曲《我住长江头》中钢琴伴奏的特点 《我住长江头》原词模仿民歌风格，抒写一个女子怀念其爱人的深情。青主以清新悠远的音乐体现了原词的意境，而又别有寄寓。歌调悠长，但有别于民间的山歌小曲；句尾经常出现下行或向上的拖腔，听起来更接近于吟哦古诗的意味，却又比吟诗更具激情。钢琴伴奏以江水般流动的音型贯穿全曲，衬托着气息宽广的歌唱，象征着绵绵不断的情思。由于运用了自然调式的旋律与和声，显得自由舒畅，富于浪漫气息，并具有民族风味。最有新意的是，歌曲突破了“卜算子”词牌双调上、下两阕一般应取平行反复结构的惯例，而把下阕单独反复了三次，并且一次比一次激动，最后在全曲的高音区以ff结束。这样的处理突出了思念之情的真切和执著，并具有单纯的情歌所没有的昂奋力量。这是因为作者当年是大革命的参加者，正被反动派通缉，才不得不以破格的音乐处理，假借古代的