KEY TERMS
Chapter 1
Currency flows: Transfer of capital across national boundaries.
Exchange rates: Price of a currency expressed in units of another currency.
Chapter 2
Household: All the persons, both related and unrelated, who occupy a housing unit. Urbanization: The concept has different meanings depending on where one operates; descriptions of urbanization range from a densely-populated city’s built-up areas to small towns with proclaimed legal limits.
Purchasing Power Parities (PPP): A measure of how many units of currency are needed in one country to buy the amount of goods and service that one unit of currency will buy in another country.
Inflation: The increase in consumer prices compared with a previous period; it affects the ability of both industrial customers and consumers to buy and also introduces uncertainty into both the marketer’s planning process and consumers’ buying habits.
Physical Quality of Life Index (PQLI): A composite measure of the level of welfare in a country, including life expectancy, infant mortality, and adult literacy rates. Maquiladoras: Mexican plants that make goods and parts or process food for export to the United States.
Import substitution: A policy that requires a nation to produce goods that were formerly imported.
Microfinance: A program which allows consumers without collateral property to avail loans averaging $100 to make purchases and utilize retail banking services.
Chapter 3
Economic Blocs: Groups of nations that integrate economic and political activities.
Born Global: Newly founded firm that, from its inception, is established as an international business.
Trade Deficit: A trade deficit occurs when a country imports more goods and services than it exports.
Economies of Scale: Production condition where an increase in the quantity of the product results in the decrease of the production per unit; firms may achieve lower costs and higher profits both at home and abroad.
Foreign Direct Investment: Capital funds flow from abroad; company is held by noncitizens; foreign ownership is typically undertaken for longer-term participation in an
economic activity.
Nontariff Barriers: Barriers to trade that are more subtle than tariff barriers, for example, these barriers may be government or private-sector “buy domestic” campaigns, preferential treatment of domestic bidders over foreign bidders, or the establishment of standards that are not common to foreign goods or services.
Protectionistic Legislation: An important bargaining tool; however, legislated protectionism can result in the destruction of the international trade and investment framework.
Multilateral Negotiations: Trade agreements carried out among a number of nations.
Chapter 4
Acculturation: Adjusting and adapting to a specific culture other than one’s own.
High Context Cultures: Cultures in which the context is at least as important as what is actually said, for example, Japan and Saudi Arabia have cultures in which what is not said can carry more meaning than what is said.
Low Context Cultures: Cultures in which most information is contained explicitly in words; for example, North American cultures.
Cultural Imperialism: A charge indicted on international marketers if their marketing approach does make culture specific adaptations.
In-Depth Studies: A comprehensive study of a subject matter.
Infrastructures: The basic economic, social, financial, and marketing support systems, from housing to banking systems to communications networks; it is also an indicator of potential demand.
Cultural Convergence: The growing similarity of attitudes and behaviors across cultures. Social Stratification: The division of a particular population into classes.
Self-Reference Criterion: The unconscious reference to one’s own cultural values in comparison to other cultures.
Ethnocentrism: The belief that one’s own culture is superior to others.
Area Studies: Environmental briefings and cultural orientation programs which provide factual preparation for living or working in another culture
Cultural Assimilator: A program in which trainees must respond to scenarios of specific situations in a particular country.
Chapter 6
Triad: The megamarkets of North America, Europe, and Asia-Pacific; which are treated by marketers as a single market with similar consumption habits.
Diversification: A market expansion policy characterized by growth in a relatively large number of markets.
Glocalization: Building in organizational flexibility to allow for local/regional adjustments
in global strategic planning and implementation; uniformity is sought in strategic elements such as positioning of a product care is taken to localize tactical elements, such as distribution.
Cross-subsidization: The use of resources accumulated in one part of the world to compete for market share in another part of the world.
Not-invented-here syndrome (NIH): Local resistance or decline in morale resulting from the perception that headquarters are not sensitive to local needs.
Dodger: A local company which sells off its assets to a global player or becomes part of an alliance on account of a pressure to globalize in the industry.
Defender: A local company that has assets that give it a competitive advantage only in its home market.
Contender: A local company which upgrades its capabilities to compete the established global players worldwide.
Extender: A local company that possesses assets which allow them to exploit their success at home as a platform for expansion elsewhere.
Chapter 7
Budgets: Short-term financial guidelines in such areas as investment, cash, and personnel. Plans: Formalized long-range financial programs with more than a one-year horizon.
Chapter 8
Proxy variable: A substitute for a variable that cannot be measured directly.
Qualitative data: Data gathered through interviews, focus groups, and observation used to better understand situations, behavioral patterns, and underlying dimensions. Quantitative data: Data is amassed to assess statistical significance; surveys are appropriate research instruments.
Structured questions: Typically allow the respondents only limited options in reply. Social desirability: Degree of sensitivity to certain questions.
Data equivalence: One of the qualities of question format which ensures that the categories used in questionnaires are comparatively structured.
Realism check: Checking the data quality by comparing it with secondary information and with analogous information from a similar market.
Content analysis: A research technique used for investigating the content of communication in a society; by literally counting the number of times preselected words, themes, symbols, or pictures appear in a given medium.
Scenario analysis: Evaluating corporate plans under different configurations of key variables, such as economic growth rates, import penetration, population growth, and political stability over medium-to long-term periods.
Chapter 9
Safety-valve activity: Stimulating export sales with short term price cuts in order to balance inventories or compensate for overproduction in the short term.
Psychological distance: The lack of symmetry between growing international markets with respect to cultural variables, legal factors, and other societal norms; a market that is geographically close may seem to be psychologically distant.
Born global: Firms which are founded for the explicit purpose of marketing abroad since the domestic economy is too small to support their activities.
Innate exporters: Exporting firms which embark on their export activities within two years of establishment.
Adaptation: An experienced export firm which is able to adjust its activities to keep pace with changing exchange rates, tariffs, and other variables in the international market. Sogoshosha: Large Japanese trading companies, such as Sumitomo, Mitsubishi, Mutsui, and C. Itoh.
Export trading company (ETC): Legal construct designed to encourage small and medium-sized companies that are encouraged to participate in the international marketplace; aimed to reduce the antitrust threat to joint export efforts.
Licensing: An agreement where one firm, the licensor, permits another to use its intellectual property in exchange for compensation designated as a royalty.
Opportunity costs: Costs resulting from the foreclosure of other sources of profit, such as exports or direct investment; for example, when licensing eliminates options.
Trademark licensing: Permission for using the name or logo of a designer; literary character; sports team; or movie star on merchandise such as clothing.
Franchising: A parent company (the franchiser) grants another, independent entity (the franchisee) the right to do business in a specified manner.
Portfolio investment: The acquisition of stocks and funds internationally.
Resources seekers: Firms that search either natural resources or human resources in their foreign direct investment strategy.
Efficiency Seekers: Firms that attempt to obtain the most economic sources of production in their foreign direct investment strategy.
Derived demand: Business opportunities resulting from the move abroad principle established by customers and suppliers.
Financial incentives: Special funding legislated by government to attract foreign investment, by providing land and building loans, loan guarantees and wage subsidies. Brain drain: Foreign direct investors attracting the best and brightest employees from a domestic firm; said to be depriving domestic firms of talent.
Profit repatriation: Transfer of business gains from a local market to another country by foreign direct investor.
Joint ventures: Collaboration of two or more organizations for more than a transitory period who share ownership and control over property rights and operations.
Strategic alliances: Cooperative arrangements between two or more companies with a common business objective.
Complementary strengths: When one firm’s strengths (product, geographic or functional) complement another firm’s strengths and satisfy a joint objective.
Piggyback: One firm making use of another firm’s strength, rather than joining that firm as equals.
Research consortia: Joint industry efforts in the research and development of new products to combat the high costs and risks of innovation; often supported by governments.
Chapter 10
Core product: Product or service in its simplest, generic state; other tangible and augmented features may be added to distinguish a core product or service from its competitors.
Augmented features: Elements added to a core product or service that serve to distinguish it from competing products of services.
Mandatory/discretionary product adaptation: Conforming a product or service to meet prevailing environmental conditions related to legal, economic, and climatic conditions in the market.
Positioning: the presentation of a product or service to evoke a positive and differentiate mental image in customers’perception of brand; position should change to reflect the differing lifestyle of the target markets.
Backward innovation: Simplifying a product or service to make it capable of operating in harsh environments; required in markets which lack purchasing power or usage conditions. Generalized System of Preferences (GSP): A program designed by many developed foster economic growth in developing nations by providing for the duty-free importation of a wide range of products
Chapter 11
Skimming: Offering a product at an initial high price to achieve the highest possible sales contribution in a short time period; as more market segments are identified and more products are available, the price is gradually lowered.
Penetration Pricing: Introducing a product at an initial low price to generate sales volume and achieve high market share, which would compensate for a lower per-unit return. Standard worldwide price: A price-setting strategy in which a product is offered at the same price regardless of the geographic buyer, or based on average unit costs of fixed, variable, and export-related costs.
Dual pricing: Differentiation of domestic and export prices.
Cost-plus method: A pricing strategy based on the true cost of a product (inclusive of domestic and foreign marketing costs); ensures profit margins but lowers the firm’s competitiveness.
Marginal cost method: A pricing strategy that considers only the direct cost of producing and selling products for exports as the floor beneath which prices cannot set; overhead costs are disregarded, allowing an exporter to lower prices to be competitive in markets that otherwise might not be accessed.
Market-differential pricing: Export pricing based on the dynamic, changing conditions of each marketplace; the marginal cost reflects the basic price level, which can change due to changes in competition, exchange rate changes, or other environmental changes.
Price escalation: An increase in export price, over and above the domestic price, brought about by clear-cut as well as hidden costs of exporting.
Duty drawbacks（退还进口税）: A refund up to 99 percent of duties paid on imports when they are re-exported or incorporated into articles that are subsequently exported within five years of the importation; an additional benefit to lower cost accrued by the exporter through foreign sourcing.
Incoterms（国际贸易术语）: The internationally accepted standard definitions for terms of sale set by the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) since 1936.
Letter of credit: A method of payment for exported goods; an instrument used by a bank at the request of a buyer; the bank promises to pay a specified amount of money on the presentation documents stipulated in the letter of credit, usually the bill lading, consular invoice, and a description of the goods.
Draft: A method of payment for exported goods; similar to a personal check; an order by one party to pay another; “documentary” drafts must be accompanied by specified shipping documents; “clean” drafts do not require documentation; also known as “bill of exchange”. Documentary collection（跟单托收）: A method of payment for exported goods: The seller ships the goods and the shipping documents and the draft demanding payment are presented to the importer through a bank acting as the seller’s agent; the draft, also known as the bill of exchange, may be a sight draft or a time draft.
Banker’s acceptance（银行承兑汇票，银行信用证）: A method of payment for exported goods;
a time draft, with a specified term of maturity, which is drawn on and accepted by a bank; it is sold in the short-term money market.
Discounting: Selling a time draft to the bank before its maturity at an amount lower than its face value.
Open account（赊销）: A method of payment, also known as open terms; whereby an exporter removes both real and psychological barriers to importing; however, no written evidence of the debt exists and there is no guarantee of payment.
Consignment selling（寄售）: A method of payment that allows the importer to defer
payment until the imported goods are actually sold.
Forward exchange market（远期外汇市场）: A method used to counter challenges in currency movements; the exporter enters into an agreement with a bank for selling its foreign exchange on a future date at a pre-specified rate of exchange; the rate is expressed as either a premium or a discount on the current spot rate.
Option（期权）: A method used to counter challenges in currency movements; gives the holder the right to buy or sell foreign currency at a prespecified price on or up to a prespecified date.
Futures（期货）: A contract between a buyer and seller, whereby the former agrees to buy a specified currency at a certain date in the future at a prespecified price from the latter; a method used to counter problems of currency movements.
Pass-through: A price adjusting mechanism where making no change in the currency would result in a less favorable price in foreign currencies and, most likely, lower sales, especially if no corrective marketing steps are taken.
Absorption: A price adjusting mechanism where the export price could be decreased in conjunction with increases in the value of the currency to maintain stable export prices in foreign currencies.
Pricing-to-market（市场定价）: Destination-specific adjustment of mark-ups in response to exchange-rate changes.
Price manipulation（价格操纵）: Adjusting prices of exported goods to compensate for changing exchange rates.
Forfaiting（福费廷，也称包买、买单信贷或是无追索权的贴现）: A trade financing technique; the importer pays the exporter with bills of exchange or promissory notes guaranteed by a leading bank in the importer’s country; the exporter can sell those to a third party at a discount from their face value for immediate cash.
Chapter 12
Encoding（编码）: The process by which the sender converts a message into symbolic form that will be properly understood by the receiver.
Decoding（解码）: The process by which the receiver of a message transforms “encoded” messages from symbols into thought.
Feedback: Responses to communications necessary to analyze the success of communication efforts.
Promotional mix（促销组合）: The tools an international marketer has available to form a total communications program for use in a targeted market; consists of advertising, personal selling, publicity, sales promotion, and sponsorship.
Push strategies（推式策略）: Promotional strategies in a targeted market relying primarily on
personal selling; appropriate tools for international marketing of goods which have shorter channels of distribution and smaller target populations than consumer goods.
Integrated marketing communications（整合营销传播）: Coordinating various promotional strategies according to target market and product characteristics, the size of budget, the type and length of international involvement, and control considerations.
Telemarketing（电话推销）: A promotional tool that is growing worldwide as customers become more accustomed to calling toll-free numbers and more willing to receive calls from marketers; includes sales, customer service, and help-desk-related support. Database marketing（数据库营销）: A promotional tool combining telemarketing with data on the purchasing habits of a customer; allows the creation of an individual relationship with each customer or prospect.
Trade missions: A promotional event aimed at expanding the sales of goods and services, and the establishment of agencies and representatives abroad; may be a country-specific, industry-organized, or a government approved event.
Seminar missions（研讨代表团）: A promotional event in which eight to ten firms are invited to participate in a one- to four-day forum during which the team members conduct generic discussions on technological issues, following a soft -sell approach.
Solo exhibitions（个展）: Promotional events generally limited to one or a few product themes and held only when market conditions warrant them.
Virtual trade shows（虚拟贸易显示）: An electronic promotional tool enabling exporters to promote their products and services over the Internet and to have electronic presence without actually attending an overseas trade show; aimed at expanding U.S. sales abroad.
Chapter 13
Intermediaries（中间商）: Independent distributors of goods, operating primarily at a local level.
Distributor: An intermediary that purchases goods for resale through its own channels; they exercise more independence compared to agencies.
Indirect exporting: A distribution channel that requires dealing with another domestic firm that acts as a sales intermediary for the marketer; often taking over the international side of the marketer’s operations.
Integrated exporting: Requires the marketer to make an investment in the foreign market for the purpose of selling its products in that market or more broadly. Commissionario: An intermediary for the distribution of goods who may sell in its own name (as a distributor would), but for an undisclosed principle (an agency concept).
Del credere agent（信用担保代理人）: An intermediary for the distribution of goods who guarantees the solvency of the customer and may therefore be responsible to the supplier for payment by the customer.
Facilitating payments(“疏通费): Small fees paid to expedite paperwork through customs; also called “grease”; not considered in violation of Foreign Corrupt Practices Act or OECD guidelines.
Parallel importation（平行进口）: Authentic and legitimately manufactured trademark items that are produced and purchased abroad but imported or diverted to the markets by bypassing designated channels; also called “gray market.”
Chapter 15
Intangibility: Cannot be seen, touched, or held; a key difference between goods and services.
Perishability: The rapidity with which a service or good loses value or becomes worthless; unused capacity in the form of an empty seat on an airplane, for example, quickly becomes nonsaleable.
Service consistency: Uniformity or standardization in the offering of a service; unlike products, services are often subject to individual influences and the need to customize to satisfy unique customer interactions.
Quality perception: An intuitive judgment based on personal experience, heuristics and available information.
Deregulation: Reduction of governmental involvement and control in the service industry. Discriminatory regulations: Rules and laws that impose larger operating costs on foreign firms than on local competitors, that provide subsidies to local firms only, or that deny competitive opportunities to foreign suppliers.
Regulatory practices: A rule or law posing formidable barriers to potential entrants from abroad; usually found in the fields of banking, insurance, and accounting.
Chapter 16
Physical distribution(物流配送): The movement of a firm’s finished products to its customers.
Supply chain management(供应链管理): Integrates the supply and demand management within and across companies; it is an integration of the three major concepts of logistics and encompasses the planning and management of all activities involved in sourcing and procurement, conversion, and logistics; also includes coordination and collaboration with channel partners, which can be suppliers, intermediaries, third party service providers, and customers.
Currency variation（汇率变化）: Changes in exchange rates which can affect the purchases and profitability of the international firm.
Chapter 17
Arm’s-length price（正当交易价）: A basis for intra-company transfer pricing: The price that unrelated parties would have arrived at for the same transaction.
Arm’s-length standard（公平独立核算标准，公平交易定价原则）: A principal basis for transfer pricing favored by governments to stop companies from shifting their income to foreign subsidiaries in low- or no-tax jurisdictions.
Countertrade（对应贸易，易货贸易）: A sale that encompasses more than an exchange of goods, services, or ideas for money; transactions which have as a basic characteristic a linkage legal or otherwise, between exports and imports of goods or services in addition to, or in place of, financial settlements
Barter（易货贸易）: Exchange of goods for other goods of equal value. Counterpurchase（互购）: A parallel barter agreement in which the participating parties sign two separate contracts that specify the goods and services to be exchanged.
Buyback（回购）: A form of countertrade arrangement under which one party agrees to supply technology or equipment that enables the other party to produce goods with which the price of the supplied products or technology is repaid.
英语国家概况（1）（2）问题库答案 1. "British history has been a history of invasion". Please illustrate this point with the examples from the text. How did each of the invasions influence English culture ? 1. British history has been a history of invasions. Before the first century AD Britain was made up of many tribal kingdoms of Celtic people: a powerful culture originating in central Europe. Then in 43AD Britain was invaded by the Roman empire, and England and Wales (though not Scotland or Ireland) became a part of the Roman empire for nearly 400 years.Two more groups of invaders were to come after the English: from the late 8th century on, raiders from Scandinavia, the ferocious Vikings, threatened Britain's shores…. 2. What are some general characteristics of Scotland ? 2. Scotland is the second largest of the four nations, both in population and in geographical area. It is also the most confident of its own identity because alone amongst the non-English components of the UK it has previously spent a substantial period of history as a unified state independent of the UK. Thus it is not a big leap for the Scottish to imagine themselves independent again. Physically, Scotland is the most rugged part of the UK, with areas of sparsely populated mountains and lakes in the north (The Highlands), and in the south (The Southern Uplands). Three-quarters of the population lives in the lowland zone which spans the country between these two highland areas. The largest city is Glasgow, in the west of this zone. Scotland's capital city is Edinburgh, on the east coast forty miles away from Glasgow. It is renowned for its beauty, and dominated by its great castle on a high rock in the centre of the city. Both cities have ancient and internationally respected universities dating from the 15th century. 3. Describe Wales' unification with Great Britain. 3. Wales was always under pressure from its English neighbours, particularly after the Norman conquest, when Norman barons set up castles and estates in Wales under the authority of the English Crown. Some brief campaigns are the only times in history when Wales has existed as a unified independent nation. 4. Are there any differences between England and Wales in terms of cultural tradition ? 4.Yes, there are. The close long-standing relationship means that modern Wales lacks some of the outward signs of difference which Scotland possesses—its legal system and its education system are exactly the same as in England. Often official statistics are given for "England and Wales". However, Wales is different, and one of the key markers of that difference is the Welsh language—the old British Celtic tongue which is still in daily use. 5. Why is Northern Ireland, according to the author, so significant in the United Kingdom? What is the political problem there? 5. Until 1921 the full name of the UK was "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland", not only "Northern Ireland", because the whole island of Ireland was politically integrated with Great Britain, and had been since 1801, while Britain's domination of the Irish dated back centuries even before that date. But Irish desires for an independent Irish state were never lost, and one of the key issues in late nineteenth century British politics was a campaign in parliament for what was called "home-rule"—Irish political control of Irish affairs. The Home Rule Bill was finally passed in 1914, but the process was overtaken by the First World War and was suspended for the duration of the war.
Exercises Part one: choose the correct answer: 1.The highest mountain peak in Britain is in ____. A. England B. Scotland C. Wales D. Northern Ireland 2.The longest river in Britain is ___ A. River Severn B. River Thames C. River Mercy D. River Humber 3. The largest lake in Britain is located in ____. A. England B. Scotland C. Wales D.Northern Ireland 4. The highest mountain peak in Britain is called ___. A. Ben Nevis B. Cross Fell C. Snowdon D. Scafell 5. Which of the following is not the feature of British climate? A. coldness B. more rainy days C. changeability D. more fogs 6. The leading anthracite coalfield in Britain are in ____. A. Scotland B. England C. Wales D. the North Sea 7. The English people are descendant of ___. A. Celts B. Romans C. Anglo-Saxons D. Danes 8. London dialect was once disseminated throught the country Not because London was ____. A. a commercial center B. a political center C. a printing center D. a linguistic center 9. The established church of Britain is ____ A. The Church of England B. The Church of Scotland C. Free churches D. The United Reformed Church 10. British economy in the 1970s was characterized by ____ A. stagnation B. inflation C. recovery D. stagflation 11. Britain is the ____ largest country invested and the investor abroad. A. second B. third C. fourth D. fifth 12. The British beef industry has been hit badly by ____. A. SARS B. BSE C. AIDS D. None of the above 13. The central bank in Britain is ____. A. Lloyd B. Barclay C. Midland D. the Bank of England Part Two Fill in the blanks: 1. The total area of Britain is about ____ square kilometers. 2. The chief ranges in England are the ____ and the ____ Mountains. 3. The English people are the descendant of ____, while the Scots, Welsh and Irish are the descendants of the ____. 4. The major languages spoken in Britain are ___，____ and ____. 5. The fishing industry provides ____ % of the UK demand for fish. 6. The British company Glaxo-wellcome is the biggest ____ company in the world. 7. The German company named ___ recently bought Britain’s last major independent car company, Rover. Part Three: Match: 1. Liverpool a, the steel manufacturing center of Britain 2. Hull b, the former center of textile industry of Britain 3. Sheffield c, the fishing port in Hunberside 4. Manchester d, the largest city in Britain 5. Glasgow e, the second largest city in Britain 6. London f, the district of Merseyside 7. Birmingham g, the largest city in Scotland 8. Belfast h, the capital of Wales 9. Edindurgh I, the capital of Northern Ireland 10. Cardiff j, the capital of Scotland Part Four Explain the following terms: 1.the backbone of England 2.the English Channel 3.invisible trade 4.the development areas
英语国家概况（谢福之主编）课后答案 一、选择题（答案在下面） I. Choose the one that best completes each of the following statements. 1.The two main islands of the British Isles are . A. Great Britain and Ireland B. Great Britain and Scotland C. Great Britain and Wales D. Great Britain and England 2.is the capital city of Scotland. A. Belfast B. Edinburgh C. Aberdeen D. Cardiff 3.According to a 2005 estimate, Britain now has a population of over million. A. 160 B. 600 C. 60 D. 16 4.Among the four parts of the United Kingdom, is the smallest. A. England B. Scotland C. Wales D. Northern Ireland 5.Almost a quarter of the British population lives in England. A. northeastern B. southeastern C. northwestern D. southwestern 6.English belongs to the group of Indo-European family of languages. A. Celtic B. Indo-Iranian C. Germanic D. Roman 7.The introduction of Christianity to Britain added the first element of words to English. A. Danish and Finnish B. Dutch and German C. French and Italian D. Latin and Greek 8.The evolution of Middle English was reinforced by the influence. A. Norman B. Dutch C. German D. Danish 9.Samuel Johnson’s dictionary was influential in establishing a standard form of . A. grammar B. handwriting C. spelling D. pronunciation 10.At present, nearly of the world’s population communicate in English. A. half B. a quarter C. one third D. one fifth 11.The attack on Rome ended the Roman occupation in Britain in 410. A. Norman B. Danish C. Celtic D. Germanic 12.By the late 7th century, became the dominant religion in England. A. Celtic Christianity B. Anglo-Saxon Christianity C. Germanic Christianity D. Roman Christianity 13.Westminster Abbey was built at the time of . A. St. Augustine B. Edward the Confessor C. William the Conqueror D. Alfred the Great 14.The marked the establishment of feudalism in England. A. Viking invasion B. signing of the Magna Carta C. Norman Conquest D. Adoption of common law 15.The end of the Wars of the Roses led to the rule of . A. the House of Valois B. the House of York C. the House of Tudor D. the House of Lancaster 16.The direct cause for the Religious Reformation was King Henry VIII’s effort to . A. divorce his wife B. break with Rome C. support the Protestants D. declare his supreme power over the
《最新英美概况》 练习参考答案 （本答案不包括练习中的开放性习题、思考题和讨论题） ==================================================== PART TWO The United States Chapter Eight The Land P. 209—210 I Fill in the blanks with proper words or expressions. 1. the Star-Spangled Banner, Defense of Fort McHenry, 181 2. 2. the Stars and the Stripes, Old Glory, the Star-Spangled Banner. 3. The White House, The Capitol, The Pentagon. 4. June, 14th, June 14th. 5. the Potomac, no state, the Federal government. 6. 36, 36 states. 7. Amerigo Vespucci, American War of Independence. 8. Pierre L’Enfant, light, service. II Choose the answer that best completes the sentence. 1. C 2. D 3. C 4. A B C D 5. C D III Decide which of the following statements is TRUE: 1. F 2. F 3. T 4. F 5. T IV Answer the following questions. 1. (1) At first the Continent was named as “America” after explorer Amerigo Vespucci. (2) During the American War of Independence, the former British colonies first used “the thirteen united States of America” in the Declaration of Independence. (3) The official name of America was adopted on November 15, 1777, when the Second Continental Congress passed the Articles of Confederation. 2. The 50 stars represent the 50 States, while the 13 stripes represent the original thirteen colonies. White indicates purity and innocence; red indicates valour and bravery, and blue symbolizes vigilance, perseverance and justice; it is also a symbol of respect to God. 3. The stars and strips have different meanings. Each star represents each state in America, while strips represent the original thirteen colonies before the independence of America.
套期保值经典案例十个 案例一（成功） 棕榈油的套期保值 棕榈油在国内完全是依赖进口的植物油品种，因此，国内棕榈油的消费完全依赖于贸易商进口棕榈油到国内销售。国内贸易商在采购棕榈油的时候，就面临着很大的不确定性。因此，在国内棕榈油期货推出之后，国内贸易商就可选择在国内卖出相应的棕榈油期货合约进行卖出保值。 2007年10月10日，国内某棕榈油贸易商，在国内棕榈油现货价格为8270元/吨的时候与马来西亚的棕榈油供货商 签定了1万吨11月船期的棕榈油定货合同，棕榈油CNF价格为877美元，按照当日的汇率及关税可以计算出当日的棕榈油进口成本价在8223元/吨，按照计算可以从此次进口中获得47元/吨的利润。由于从定货到装船运输再到国内港口的时间预计还要35天左右，如果价格下跌就会对进口利润带来很大的影响。于是，该贸易商于10月10日在国内棕榈油期货市场卖出12月棕榈油合约1000手进行保值，成交均价为8290元/吨。到11月15日，进口棕榈油到港卸货完备，该贸易商卖到10000吨棕榈油现货，价格为7950元/吨；同时在期货市场上
买入1000手12月棕榈油合约进行平仓，成交均价为7900元/吨。 通过此次保值，该贸易商规避了棕榈油市场下跌的风险，保住了该贸易商的47元/吨的进口利润并从期货市场额外获得了70万元赢利。但这里需要强调的是，卖出套期保值关键在于销售利润的锁定，其根本目的不在于赚多少钱，而在于价格下跌中实现自我保护。如果企业没有参与套期保值操作，一旦现货价格走低，他必须承担由此造成的损失。因此，卖出套期保值规避了现货价格变动的风险，锁定了未来的销售利润。 案例二（失败） 铝套期保值 郑州第二电缆厂客户 该客户是郑州市第二电缆生产企业，是制造电线电缆的专业厂家，集科研、生产于一体的大型股份制企业，主要生产高、中、低压交联聚乙烯绝缘电力电缆、PVC绝缘电力电缆、安全清洁电缆（环保型）、耐火和阻燃电缆等十多个品种。为了避免铝价上涨导致生产成本增加，该企业长期在期货市场进行买期保值，并在我郑州营业部期货账户上持有期铝多头头
1. What is the full name of the U.K.? ----United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 2. Why do tourists from all over the world like to go to Scotland? ----They like to enjoy the beautiful Scottish scenery, to drink Scotch whisky and to see Scotsmen wearing kilts and playing bagpipes. 3. How many periods can the development of the English language be divided into and what are they? ----The development of the English language can be divided into three periods: Old English, Middle English and Modern English. 4. Why did English become more important after Black Death? ----The laboring and merchant classes grew in economic and social importance after the Black Death, so English also grew in importance compared to French. 1. Who are the British People? ----The first known inhabitants in Britain were Celts who are the ancestors of the Welsh, Scottish and Irish people. Then came the Anglos, the Saxons and the Jutes who brought with them the English language. Many people from other European countries came later, and in modern times there are a lot of immigrants from many former Commonwealth countries from every part of the world. Britain is a country of mixed cultures, and the Britain people are also composed of people from different ethic and culture backgrounds. 2. What is Standard English? ----Standard English is based on the speech of the upper class of southeastern England. It is widely used in media and taught at schools. It is preferred by the educated, middle-class people. It has developed and has been promoted as a model for correct Britain English. It is also the norm carried overseas. Today, Standard English is codified to the extent that the grammar and vocabulary are much the same everywhere in the world where English is taught and used. 1. What are the two components of the British Parliament? ----the House of Commons and the House of Lords. 2. What were some of Queen Victoria's major achievement? ---- Queen Victoria made tremendous achievements in almost every aspect.
1. The highest mountain in Britain is __B__. A. Scafell B. Ben Nevis C. the Cotswolds D. the Forth 2. The longest river in Britain is __C___. A. the Clyde B. the Mersey C. the Severn D. the Thames 3. The largest lake in Britain is ___A__. A. the Lough Neage B. Windermere Water C. Coniston Water D. the Lake District 4. The first inhabitants in Britain were __C___. A. the Normans B. the Celts C. the Iberians D. the Anglo-Saxons 5. British Recorded history began with __A___. A. Roman invasion B. the Norman Conquest C. the Viking and Danish invasion D. the Anglo-Saxons invasion 6. In 829, __C___ actually became the overlord of all the English. A. John B. James I C. Egbert D. Henry I 7. Christmas Day __B__, Duke William was crowned in Westminster Abbey. A. 1056 B. 1066 C. 1006 D. 1060 8. In __B___, a small group of Puritans sailed from _____ in the Mayflower to be the first settlers in the North America. A. 1620, London B. 1620, Plymouth C. 1720, London D. 1720, Plymouth 9. With regard to its size, the USA is the __D___ country in the world. A. largest B. second largest C. third largest D. fourth largest 10. Among the following rivers, __C___ forms a natural boundary between Mexico and the U.S. A. the Potomac B. the Columbia C. the Rio Grande River D. the Colorado 11. The Declaration of Independence was drafted by ___B__. A. James Madison B. Thomas Jefferson C. Alexander Hamilton D. GeorgeWashington 12. On July 4, 1776, ___B__ adopted the Declaration of Independence. A. the First Continental Congress B. the Second Continental Congress C. the Third Continental Congress D. the Constitutional Convention 13. President Jefferson bought __B___ from France and doubled the country’s territory. A. New Mexico B. the Louisiana Territory C. Kansas D. Ohio 14. The first known settlers of Britain were ___D____.
国际公法案例 第一章导论 A国宪法规定，条约非经将其纳入本国法律的立法或行政行为，不约束国内机关和个人。A国与B国签订了一项通航航海条约，其中第3条规定，双方承诺各依本国宪法程序，采取必要立法或其他措施，以实施本条约的规定；第5条规定，双方从事邮件运输的船舶 享有豁免权。条约生效后，第三年，B国一艘邮船在A国领海内与A国一艘渔船相撞，导 致渔船沉没和一名船员死亡。邮船达到A国A1港口后，该港口地方法院扣留了邮船，并 对船长提起刑事诉讼。B国指责A国违反通商航海条约，侵犯了邮船的豁免权，要求立即 释放及其船长。A国法院坚持管辖权，认为通商航海条约不能适用，因为国会或联邦政府 没有颁布实施该条约的法令。A国政府则称，该国实行三权分立制度，政府不能干预法院 的独立审判活动。 根据以上案情，分析A国扣留B国邮船邮船和起诉船长的做法是否合符国际法? 1、因涉案的船舶不属于A国“国内机关和个人”，所以，本案不适用“A国宪法规定，条约非经将其纳入本国法律的立法或行政行为，不约束国内机关和个人”的规定。 2、由于两国有通航航海条约，且其中第3条规定，双方承诺各依本国宪法程序，采取必要立法或其他措施，以实施本条约的规定，本案是适用此通航航海条约的。 3、既然该通航航海条约第5条规定，“双方从事邮件运输的船舶享有豁免权”，那么，此涉案船舶属于B国的邮船，则应当享有豁免权，因此，A国扣留B国邮船和起诉船长的 做法是不合法的。 4、A国的“三权分”立属于该国国内法律制度，不能对抗与其他国家签署的国际条约。 第二章国家法的基本原则 A国是一个发展中国家，该国由于军事政变而陷入内战。B国以保卫边境安全为由出兵支持A国反政府武装，在B国支持和直接参与下，反政府武装控制了A国领土一半的地区，并宣布成立临时中央政府。B国还在A国的几个重要港口布设水雷，出动飞机袭击A国港 口和石油设施。 根据以上案情，分析B国违反了哪些国家法原则？ （美国侵犯尼加拉瓜的军事行动案） 禁止使用武力原则。不干涉原则。尊重国家领土和主权完整原则。 A国出兵支持B国反政府武装，直接攻击B国的港口、石油设施等．在B国港口布设水雷，以及上述判决中认定的包括使用武力在内的干涉行动．不仅违反了禁止使用武力原则，亦违反了尊重国家领土和主权完整原则。 第三章欧盟经济国际法上的国家 甲出生在香港，其父母是中国人。1997年7月1日前，他取得“英国属土公民护照” 。7月1日后，他经常持此护照到A国进行商业活动，在那里建立了商业活动中心。 2003年，A国政府向甲订购军服30万套，约定：交货2个月后第三个工作日以美元结清货款，甲放弃外交保护。甲交货后，A国发生金融危机。到付款之日，A国政府以不可抗力的理由拒绝付款。甲要求与它达成付款和补偿协议，也被拒绝。于是，中国政府驻A国使馆 向A国外交部过问此事，但被指责为干涉内政。其理由是，中国物权介入此事，因为甲不 是中国人，而且他放弃了外交保护。 A国的主张能否成立，为什么？
英美国家概况课后题及答案 Chapter 2 1.The British history before 55BC is basically undocumented.(T) 2.The Celts became the dominant group in Britain between the 8th and 5th centuries BC.(T) 3.The name of Britain came from a Celtic tribe--- the Britons.(T) 4.The Anglo--Saxons came to Britain in the mid--5th century.(T) 5.The chief or king of the Anglo--Saxon tribes exercised power at their own will.(F) 6.The Vikings began to attack the English coast in the 8th century.(T) 7.Henry II built up a large empire which included England and most of France.(T) 8.The Magna Carta was designed to protect the rights of both the privileged class and the townspeople.(F) 9.The Hundred Years' War was a series of wars fought between England and Normans foe trade and territory.(F) 10.In an effort to make a promise between different religious factions,Queen Elizabeth I actually defended the fruit of the Religious Reformation.(T)
英语专业考研英美概况自测题（一） British Survey Test Part I Geography 1. The total area of the U.K. is _____. A. 211,440 B. 244,110 C. 241,410 D. 242,534 2. England occupies the _____ portion of the U.K. A. northern B. eastern C. southern 3. The most important part of the U.K. in wealth is _____. A. Northern Ireland B. England C. Scotland 4. _____ is on the western prominence between the Bristol Channel and the Dee estuary. A. Wales B. Scotland C. England 5. Wales was effectively united with England in the _____ century. A. 14th B. 15th C. 16th 6. By the Act of Union of _____ Scotland and the kingdom of England and Wales were constitutionally joined as the Kingdom of Britain. A. 1707 B. 1921 C. 1801 7. Physiographically Britain may be divided into _____ provinces. A. 13 B. 12 C. 14 8. Mt. Ben Nevis stands in _____. A. the Scottish Highlands B. Wales C. England 9. The main rivers parting in Britain runs from _____. A. north to south B. south to north C. east to west 10. Cheviot hills lie along the border between _____ and England. A. Scotland B. Wales C. Vale of Eden 11. The longest river in Britain is _____. A. Severn B. Clyde C. Bann 12. London is situated on the River of _____. A. Parret B. Thames C. Spey 13. Edinburgh is the capital of _____. A. England B. Scotland C. Wales 14. The rivers flowing into the _____ are mainly short. A. North Sea B. English Channel C. Dee estuary 15. Mt. Snowdon stands in _____. A. Scotland B. Wales C. England 16. The source of the important River Thames is in the _____. A. Cotswolds B. Oxford Clay C. Pennines 17. About _____ of the water requirements are obtained from underground sources. A. 50% B. 38% C. 42% 18. Gaelic is mainly spoken in _____. A. Scotland B. England C. Northern Ireland 19. The Bank of England was nationalized in _____. A. 1964 B. 1946 C. 1694