简单学习网课程讲义
学科：英语
专题：必修2：Unit1 Tales of the unexplained 语法主讲教师：林斌北京八十中学英语高级教师
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开篇语
现在完成时
现在完成时的基本概念和形式：
1、肯定式：have/ has+ V.过去分词
He has played in several games.
Some fans have written signs in Yao's native language.
2、否定式：have /has ＋not 或者have/ has+ never
Yao has not disappointed his coaches.
Some people have never watched a game.
3、缩写式：have / has = 've/ 's
That is the way it's been.
I've never seen the Great Wall.
现在完成时的基本用法：
表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。可以表示最近完成的动作，也可以表示经历或经验，经常译为“…过”。常与just, recently, so far, up to now, till now, in the past, ever, never等连用。
I have spent all of my money.（现在我没有钱花了)
Jane has laid the table.（简已经摆好了桌子）
Michael has been ill.（迈克尔现在仍然很虚弱）
He has returned from abroad. （他现在已从国外回到此地）
题一：
Prices _______ sharply in the past few years.
A. have raised
B. have been raised
C. have been risen
D. have risen
题二：
He has _______ been to Shanghai, has he ?
A. already
B. never
C. ever
D. still
题三：
--Who will go to the station to meet Lorry?
--I will. I _____ her several times.
A. met
B. have met
C. had met
D. will meet
题四：
--What a nice dress! How long _____ you _____ it?
--Just 2 weeks.
A. will, buy
B. did, buy
C. are, having
D. have, had
表示过去已经开始，持续到现在（可能还会继续进行下去）的动作或状态，常与表示一
段时间的状语连用。
如：for, since, these days, this year等。
题五：
The house is dirty. We _______it for weeks.
A. didn’t clean
B. hadn’t cleaned
C. don’t clean
D. haven’t cleaned
题六：
--Do you know Lydia very well?
--Yes, she and I _____ friends since we were very young.
A. have made
B. have become
C. have been
D. have turned
题七：
We ______ Xiao Li since she was a little girl.
A. know
B. had known
C. have known
D. knew
for和since
表过去开始的动作一直延续到现在的，用时间状语连词for或者since。
for表示一个时间段，since表示一个时间点。
I have been here for just over two years．
我到这里才两年多。
He has worked here since 1989.
自从1989年以来，他就在这里工作。
常用瞬间动词变延续性动词表
常用短暂性动词变延续性动词表+相应的介词：
1. have arrived at/in sw. got to/reached sw. come/gone/moved to sw. ——have been in sw./at…
2. have come/gone back/returned ——have been back
3. have come/gone out ——have been out
4. have become ——have been
5. have closed / opened ——have been closed/opened
6. have gotten ——have been up；
7. have died ——have been dead；
8. have left sw. ——have been away from sw.
9. have fallen asleep/gotten to sleep ——have been asleep
10. have finished/ended/completed ——have been over
11. have married ——have been married
12. have started/begun to do sth. —— have done sth
13. have begun ——have been on
14. have borrowed/bought ——have kept/had
15. have lost ——haven’t had
16. have put on ——have worn
瞬间动词：
也叫短暂性动词或中止性动词，是指动作的开始也就是动作的结束，所以不能跟表示一段时间的时间状语(如for/since)连用。
这类词有：arrive, buy, borrow, come, die, sell, begin, start, leave, go, lend, return, join等。如：火车已离开半小时了。
误：The train has left for half an hour．
正：The train has been away for half an hour．
正：The train left half an hour ago．
正：It has been half an hour since the train left．
正：It is half an hour since the train left．
正：Half an hour has passed since the train left．
yet与already
完成时的肯定式常用already，而否定式和疑问句常用yet，但若already用于疑问句时，表示一种出乎意外的惊讶。
如：Have you read it already? 你竟然已经看完了？
题八：
He promised us that he _______ early but he _______yet.
A. would be; hasn't arrived
B. is; hasn't been arriving
C. should be; isn't arriving
D. will be; hadn't arrived
现在完成时可以表示刚刚结束的事情。
如：The police have just finished searching the area.
现在完成时和一般过去时的区别
一般过去时和现在完成时
一般过去时的谓语动词用过去式，而现在完成时的谓语基本构成是“主语+ have/ has + 动词（V.）的过去分词”。
过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作；
现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。
一般过去时：常与表示过去的时间状语连用。如：yesterday, last week, two years ago, just now, in 2002 等；
现在完成时：常与just, already, ever, never等副词和these days, this week, since......, for...... 等表示一段时间的状语连用。
试比较以下几组句子，有什么区别：
A: Have you seen the film？
B: Did you see the film？
分析：你看过这部电影吗？
A句强调的是被问者对剧情是否了解；
B句强调的是看这部电影的动作是否发生过，并不强调是否知道其内容。
现在完成时强调过去发生的动作对现在的影响和结果，而一般过去时与现在没有联系，只是说明某个动作发生的时间是在过去。
She has watered the flowers.
她已经浇了花。（不需要再浇了）
She watered the flowers yesterday.
她昨天浇的花。
I have written the letter but I haven't posted it yet.
信我已经写好了，但还没有寄出。
I wrote the letter last week and I posted it three days ago.
我上周写的那封信，3天前寄出的。
题一：
-Where _______ my book ? I can't see it anywhere.
-I _______ it on this table. But now it's gone.
A. were you putting; have put
B. had you put; was putting
C. have you put; put
D. did you put; have put
现在完成时的"未完成用法"
现在完成时的"未完成用法"指的是动作开始于过去某一时刻，一直延续到现在，或可能还要继续下去。
He has lived here since 1978.
自从1978年以来，他一直住在这儿。（动作起始于1978年，一直住到现在，可能还要继续住下去。）
I have been in the army for more than 5 years.
我在部队已经待了五年多了。（动作开始于5年前，一直延续至今，有可能还要继续下去。）此种用法的句中常需一个表示一段时间的状语（由since或for引导），或表示与现在时刻相连的时间状语（如：up to now，so far）等。
例如：I have heard nothing from him up to now.
到目前为止我没有他的任何消息。
现在完成时表将来：
表示过去的动作不发生在过去但可能发生在将来，要使用否定式not 或者never 。在时间和条件状语从句中，表示将来某时已经完成的动作用现在完成时。
Yao hasn't returned to China since joining the Rockets.
have / has gone to
表示“到了某地或正在去某地的途中”。说话时该人不在现场，一般不用第一、第二人称代词
作句子的主语。
Mr. Li is not at home. He has gone to Shanghai.
李先生不在家，他去上海了。
have/has been to
意思是“曾经到过某地（多少次）”，表示现在已经不在那里了。可与just, ever, never等连用。He has been to Canada, but now he is working in our company.
他去过加拿大，现在在我们公司工作。
Miss Brown has just been to Japan twice.
布朗小姐就去过两次日本。
have been in
意思是“在某地呆过（多久）”，常与表示一段时间的since 或for 连用。
Mr. Brown has been in Shanghai for three days.
布朗先生来上海已经三天了。
I have been here since I began to work.
我工作以来一直待在这儿。
题二：
My parents ______ Shandong for ten years .
A. have been in
B. have been to
C. have gone to
D. have been
题三：
--Hello, this is Mr. Green speaking. Can I speak to Mr. Black?
-- Sorry. He ______ the Bainiao Park.
A. has been to
B. has gone to
C. went to
D. will go to
题四：
--____ you ever ____ to the US?
-- Yes, twice.
A. Have, gone
B. Have, been C . Do, go D. were, going
现在完成时与so far，up to now和till now 等短语连用。
现在完成时常和短语"up to now /till now", "so far" （意思是从过去某一确定的时间一直延续到现在)连用。
Up to/till now he's read many story books.
至今他已读过好多故事书。
I've been to New York three times so far.
至今我已去过三次纽约。
题五：
—Our country ______ a lot so far.
—Yes. I hope it will be even ______ .
A. has changed; well
B. changed; good
C. has changed; better
D. changed; better
讲义参考答案开篇语
现在完成时
题一：答案：D
题二：答案：B
题三：答案：B
题四：答案：D
题五：答案：D
题六：答案：C
题七：答案：C
题八：答案：A
现在完成时和一般过去时的区别
题一：答案：C
题二：答案：A
题三：答案：B
题四：答案：B
题五：答案：C