Ecological Security Assessment of Beijing Based on PSR Model
Pei Liang(1) , Du Liming(1)* and Yue Guijie(2)
Department of Survey and Geography Science,Liaoning Project Technology University,Fuxin 123000,China China University of Mining & technology, Beijing 100083,China
Abstract. This paper constructs Beijing's ecological security assessment index system based on pressure-state-response model, using composite index method to evaluate Beijing’s ecological security condition, and has obtained good results. It can be seen from the result that Beijing’s ecological security's composite index reduced from 0.589 in 2004 to 0.540 in 2008, which is in certain insecurity condition. Although the reduced scope is not very big, but it also indicates the condition that Beijing's ecological security is being in a slow downtrend, we should enhance Beijing’s ecological security awareness. Because the fast-developing economy has caused the population pressure, the land pressure, resources and environment pressure of the city enlarge seriously. Facing changing situations of the resources and environment pressure, Beijing had taken action from saving resources and reclaiming proportion of the resources, making good condition of the resources and circumstance. The social and cultural responds security index of Beijing has obviously advanced in the last five years, which explained that people has obviously realized the importance of the city ecological security.
Keywords: City, composite index method, ecological security assessment, Beijing
1.Introduction
The Urban ecosystem is the network architecture has certain function which forms by the reciprocity function of humanity and their periphery biology or non-biotic environment, it is also a special artificial ecosystem established by human in the process of transforming and adapting natural environment. It is different from the natural ecosystem, and it pays great attention to the reciprocity relation of the urban humanity and urban environment. It is a multiplexed system which composed by the nature systematic, the economic system and the social system. The urbanization is an inevitable tendency in the development process of human society. In the course of urbanization, the humanity limit majority wild biology in more and more narrow scope, simultaneously also circled themselves in the artificial environment which composed by the concrete and Various forms of pollution, and has been far away from the rural living conditions that our ancestors have, which has produced all sorts of diseases of civilization. Therefore, improving and protecting the city ecological environment is one of the important topics which must be taken seriously in the process of urban construction and developing.
The research on ecological security mainly focused on country’s level and region’s level at present, and fewer focused on the city criterion, but the urban ecological security is the foundation and the core of the national or the region’s ecologi cal security. City is the fruit of the human culture, and has enormous promotion effect to the development of economical, cultural prosperous, political activities and information dissemination, while it also brought negative effect to human’s living envir onments as well as to ecological security, such as the massive social problems which caused by the urban climatic changes, like the environmental pollution, depletion of natural resources, population explosion in urban
area and so on. As the capital of China, Urban Eco-environment problems of Beijing are more centralized and pressing, the rapid development of urban construction and ecological degradation have created tremendous pressure to Beijing ecological environment(Guo Xiuruiw2005; Xie Hualin,2004). At present, the commonly method used to assess city ecological security is the composite index assessment method, its indicators may change according to the goal of the work, we can select indicators from the ecology pressure, the region ecological condition and spatial condition, the pressure - condition – response condition model, the ecosystem service function and so on(Gu Chuanhui,2001). This paper constructs Beijing’s ecological security indicators system based on the model of pressure - state–response(PSR), adopting the composite index method to estimate the ecological security of Beijing, and has made great progress.
2.Materials and Methods
2.1Data
The data used in this study included remotely-sensed data from satellites and data published in statistics a nd reports. Soil erosion data came from the database” National soil erosion remote sensing investigation” based on the Landsat TM. Other data, including socioeconomic data, data on nature disasters, scientific and technological progress and some written materials(such as documents on eco-environmental protection) were supplied by local statistical bureau and environment, water, land, and education authorities.
2.2The study area
Beijing, located at the eastern edge of the Eurasian continent and belongs to the Bohai sea rim economic circle, is an important city since ancient times. It is situated at 39 ' 54 '' North Latitude, 116 ' 23 '' East Longitude, and stands at northwest edge of the North China Plain with the area of more than 16410.54 km2, act as the economic, political and cultural centre of modern China city. The average elevation of the whole city is 43.5m. The resident population of the city is 17,550,000, density of which is 1069 person in single square kilometer. This area is belonging to the warm temperate zone and half moist continental monsoon climate, which has hot, rainy summer, cold dry winter, short spring and autumn.
Beijing is a comprehensive industrial city, comprehensive economic strength of which is among the top places (places of same level) in the country. But it is noteworthy that Beijing's economic development still had problems, which are mainly about population explosion, the speed of the average per person labor productivity growing in low status compared with other chief cities.
3.Method
3.1Pressure-State-Response (PSR) model
The PSR model is based on the concept of causality: human activities exert pressures on the environment and change the quality and quantity of natural resources which lead to responses in human behavior. Three categories of indicators are distinguished. First, eco-environmental pressure indicators describe pressures on the environment by human activities and climate change. Second, eco-environmental state indicators describe the status quo of the natural environment and ecosystem function. Thirdly, societal response indicators show the degree to which society responds to
eco-environmental changes and concerns. This could be the number and kind of measures taken, the efforts of implementing measures, or the effectiveness of those measures.
3.2Index selected
The 18 independent indicators, representing principal Beijing eco-security traits, were selected in an adapted PSR framework (table1). In possess of selecting these indicators, we have considered related methods about ecological security evaluation which used domestic and foreign at present. The indicators have four levels above all. First is target level, namely composite index; second is project level, including pressure, condition on resources and environment, index about response of humanities and environment; And the third is of the factor level, dealing with factors by which the justification criteria is determinate .The specific result is in Table 1:
3.3
Standardization of Index
The contribution to ecological security of each index of Beijing city can be determined by AHP method. However, this method did not allow us to directly compare indices because each index had different dimensions. All indices must thus be standardized to overcome incompatibilities among the parameters when utilizing the indices. The evaluating indicators can be divided into the positive term target and the negative term target. For some indicators, the bigger the value is, the more security it reflects. For some other indicators, the bigger the value is, the less security it reflects. Therefore, the model takes the following two forms. For the form case,
??
???>=<=i ij i ij i ij i ij ij z x z x z x z x r 11
For the latter case,
??
???<=>=i
ij i ij i ij i ij ij z x z x z x z x r 11
In the formula, r ij is the standardized value of each index included in the assessment; x ij is the actual value; Z i is the symbol value in all actual measurements, respectively. Thus, the value of r ij always lies between 0 and 1. 3.4
Determination of Weights Value
During the process of urban ecological security assessment, the importance of each evaluation factor to target ranges, the value determined by their proportion in the evaluation according to the importance of indicators is the weight value (XIAO Duning, 2002). Assign weights to each factor is another basic issue influencing eco-security. The correctness of the weight value not only affects the efficiency of
evaluation, but also affects the precision of evaluation results. As a user-friendly and practical tool based on simple principles, the analytic hierarchy process(AHP) is capable of codifying expert opinion, and is applicable to problems arising in uncertain environments in which multiple evaluation criteria exist. The analytic hierarchy process is an appropriate method for deriving the weight assigned to each indicator, and been applied widely in environmental evaluation and sustainable management. This paper adopts analytic hierarchy process to determine the evaluation indicator weights, and the specific process is as follows: 1) Establish Decision Matrix
Decision matrix are the signs of comparative importance on factors of the previous level and relevant factors of this level; the judgments are quantitative evaluated by introducing appropriate criterion, general form of which is following(see formula 3(GONG Jian-zhou,2006):
?????
????
????????????????????????=nn n ij n n k B B B B B B B B B A 12222111211 （3）
Numerical values are assigned to judge relative importance of each factor according to expert judgment .To make judgments be quantitative, we usually adopt conventional 1-9 methods of scale (Tab 2) putted forward by Seaty:
Table 2 Seaty criterion
Scale value
Meaning
1 Two factors are of equal importance.
3 Two factors, one is slightly more important than another 5 Two factors, one is obviously important than another. 7 Two factors, one is strongly important than another. 9 Two factors, one is extremely important than another. 2、4、6、8 Middle value of above two neighbored judgments.
reciprocal
αij is gained by factor i compared with j , in contrast, we gained αji =αij -1.
2）Determination of Weights
The determination of weights includes two steps, at first, we should determinate weights of each factor according to decision matrix; second, to assess weights established by Kappa statistic, we should calculate eigenvalues and Consistency ratio ( formula 4). A CR of 0.1 or less is a reasonable level of consistency, or we should arrange decision matrx until we get preferable consistence [1] .Values of each weight is as table 1:
RI n n
CR 1
max --=
λ （4）
CR (consistency ratio) is used to indicate the probability that the matrix judgments were randomly generated, λmax is the largest, or principal eigenvalue of the matrix and n is the order of the decision matrix. RI is the average of the resulting consistency index depending on the order of the matrix given by Saaty (ZHOU Wenhua ,2005;Guo Xiurui,2005). 3.5
Urban Ecological Security Assessment
Composite index of urban ecological security can be calculated with expression (5):
ij ij i a R R ?= i i A R R ?= ∑-?=n
i i R W P 1
（5）
The formulas in expression (5) are respectively first-grade , second-grade, third-grade assessment , αij is the weight value of assessment indicators, R ij is the Standardized matrix of assessment index, W i is the weight value of the 3 items, and n is the number of assessment index. The city is safer when P (composite index of ecological security of city) is bigger. And we can divide ecological security into 4 levels as shown in table 3:
Table 3 Criterion of the city ecological safety
Comprehensiv e assessment value 0～0.2
0.2～0.4
0.4～0.6
0.6～0.8
0.8～1.0
Status
insecurity
Comparative insecurity
Basal security
Comparativ e security
high security
4.
Results and analysis
According to the assessment method raised above, The ecological security results of Beijing are reveling in table 4:
Table 4: Results of Beijing urban ecological security evaluation
It can be seen from the measurable results that Beijing's comprehensive ecological security index reduced from 0.589 in 2004 to 0.540 in 2008, which is being in the basal security condition, although the reducible scope is not very big, but sufficiently explains that Beijing’s city ecological security is being in slow declining trend, we should improve the ecological security warnings of Beijing.
4.1 Analysis of project’s index
From 2004 to 2008, resources and environment pressure index ,resources and environment condition index of Beijing has dropped, and humanities environment response index has improved. This indicated that along with social economic development, people’s demand about resources is increasing (for example the average per person year life water consumption increased from 87 m3 in 2004 to 88.3 m3in 2008; The primary energy daily average consumption quantity increased from 145,000 tons in 2004 to 182,000 tons in 2008); The enlargement of the intensity use of energy will definitely bring bigger harm to environment, which will cause the drop of resources and environment status directly, Industrial waste output of Beijing was 9,887,300 t in 2004, but it had increased to 11,566,900 t in 2008; The social humanities response index has improved, which showed that the city had taken corresponding treatments and preventive measures to resources and ecological environment when met with massive utilization of resources and energy, such as area of natural reserves in Beijing grew nearly 30,000 ha in the last five years. The overall ecological environmental condition is tending towards stability j ust because of government’s adopting the corresponding measures to ecosystem,.
4.2 Analysis of fa ctor’s index
The changing situation of ecological security index of the factor level from 2004 to 2008 is as shown in fig 2; we might see from the chart that the population pressure security index, the land, resources
security index and the water resources security index in Beijing were all dropped during last five years. Which dropped most obviously is the land pressure security index ; correspondingly, the resources quality security indexes and the environmental quality security index and the social humanities respond security index were all improved; and ecological environment response security index change non-obviously. Investigate the reasons have the following kinds:
First, Beijing is the national capital of China, There are witnessed significant advances in economy, culture etc., that will definitely cause the population to gather in large number, which enables the low ecology function construction land and the resident area to increase, while the increase of construction land is mainly from occupying cultivated land, which caused areas of high ecology function arable land, green or forest land to reduce drastically, and breakage to eco-system. According to statistics the data manifestation, cultivated area in Beijing was up to 236437.2 square kilometers in 2004, but only 1095988.81 square kilometers in 2008, which has reduced by half during five years; The composition of population of Beijing is also complex, and the resident population is increasing year by year, while the housing conditions is getting poorer, in addition, there is many transient population in Beijing, The increase of population ,and the development of industry inevitably actuate pressure on water resources. Therefore, the developments of economy which causes the land pressure, the population pressure as well as the water resources pressure to enlarge is an inevitable trend.
Next, while the pressure on resources and environment enlarges gradually, the government has the necessity adopting corresponding measures to save resources, and to raise efficiency of utilization of resources and also adopting corresponding means to ensure retrieve and recycle. From the index level it can be seen that the ecological security index of the ratio of sewage processing, sound treatment rate of garbage, Environment noise as well as attainment rate of the industrial waste water improves, which shows that along with the economical developments and the technical progresses, resources utilizations were more effective in 2008 compared with in 2004, and the environmental condition was also improved to certain extent. The quality of resources and environment reflected current ecological security condition of Beijing; its improving ecological security index showed that the city’s present secure state was good.
Finally, the improvement of social humanities response's security index is an inevitable trend, because the population quality is enhancing, the science and technology is advancing during developments of society and economy, in the future developments, the social humanities response index is tending to develop to be more sounder; The developments of social humanities will also enable the ecological environment to be protected by the government, No decrease of the ecological environment response index itself is a kind of development.
Fig.2 Variations of urban ecological pressure, status and response in Beijing
5.Discussion and conclusions
This paper adopts the composite index method to carry on the appraisal ecological security overall condition in 2004 and 2008 to Beijing, and makes good progress. It may be seen from the evaluation results that Beijing’s ecology is at an unsafe stage, and the overall ecological security index had slightly dropped from 2004 to 2008, the primary cause is the fast development of economy which has caused population pressure, land pressure and the resources pressure of the city to enlarge seriously, Facing changing situations of the resources and environment pressure, Beijing had taken action from saving resources and reclaiming proportion of the resources, making good condition of the resources and circumstance. The social and cultural responds security index of Beijing has obviously advanced in the last five years, which explained that people has obviously realized the importance of the city ecological security.And the government adopts policies and measures favorable for Ecological Security to promote developments of the society). According to the evaluation results, Managements on the amount of land used for construction, and managements on population should be tightened up, The government should put a cap on the amount of land used for construction, control population growth and enhance population quality, The government should make the best use of renewable resource, make greater efforts to strengthen environmental managements and make indexes reach higher level. Ecological Security Assessment of the city is a complex system engineering, which involves many factors, appraisal methods nowadays have their limits on evaluating indicators to select, and the determination of the target weight may have some subjectivity. All these problems are in need of further discussion and study, and the evaluation method should be improved.
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The journey my daughter Cathy has had with her swimming is as long as it is beautiful. Cathy suffered some terrible 16 in her early childhood. After years of regular treatment, she17became healthy. Two years ago, while Cathy was watching the Olympics, a dream came into her sweet little head— to be a swimmer. Last summer, she wanted to18our local swim team. She practiced hard and finally19it. The team practice,20 ，was a rough start. She coughed and choked and could hardly21 her first few weeks. Hearing her coughing bitterly one night, I decided to22her from it all. But Cathy woke me up early next morning, wearing her swimsuit23to go! I told her she shouldn’swimt after a whole night’coughing,s but she refused to24 and insisted she go . From that day on, Cathy kept swimming and didn ’ t 25 a single practice. She had a 26intention within herself to be the best she could be. My ten-year-old was growing and changing right before my eyes, into this27 human being with a passion and a mission. There were moments of28of course: often she would be the last swimmer in the race. It was difficult for Cathy to accept that she wasn29---ever. But that’didnta’ t stop her from trying. Then came the final awards ceremony at the end of the year. Cathy didn’ t expect any award but was stil 30 her friends and praise their accomplishments. As the ceremony was nearing the end, I suddenly heard the head coach31 ,“ The highest honor goes to Cathy!” Looking around, he continued,“ Cathy has inspired32 us and enthusiasm.33skills and talents bring great success, the most valuable asset(财富 )one can hold is the heart.” It was the greatest34of my da ughter’ s life. With all she hadbeen35in her ten years, this was the hour of true triumph( 成功 ). 16.A. failure B. pressure C. loss D. illness 17.A. usually B. finally C. firstly D. frequently 18.A. improve B. train C. join D. contact 19.A. increased B. found C. created D. made 20.A. however B. therefore C. otherwise D. instead 21.A. use B. survive C. save D. waste 22.A. pull B. tell C. hide D. fire 23.A. afraid B. nervous C. ready D. free 24.A. take off B. set off C. give up D. show up 25.A. attend B. miss C. ban D. Start 26.A. rich B. weak C. firm D. kind 27.A. trusted B.determined C.experienced D. embarrassed 28.A. frustration B. delight C. excitement D. surprise 29.A. beginner B.learner C. partner D. winner 30.A. cheer on B. compete with C. respond to D. run after 31.A. admitting B.explaining C.announcing D. whispering 32.A. humor B. will C. honesty D. wisdom 33.A. Although B. Since C. Once D. Because 34.A. discovery B. choice C. influence D. moment 35.A. through B. under C. across D. around My fiance (未婚夫) and I were excited about shopping for our first home. But our funds were 16 , and none of the houses in our price range seemed satisfactory. One agent 17 a house in particular. Although her description sounded wonderful, the price was18our range, so we declined. But she kept urging us to have a look 19. We finally did and it was20at first sight. It was Our Home, small and charming, overlooking a quiet lake. Walking through the rooms and talking with the owners, a nice elderly couple, we felt the warmth and21of the
五年级上册成语解释及近义词反义词和造句大全 囫囵吞枣；【解释】：囫囵：整个儿。把枣整个咽下去，不加咀嚼，不辨味道。比喻对事物不加分析考虑。【近义词】：不求甚解【反义词】融会贯穿[造句];学习不能囫囵吞枣而是要精益求精 不求甚解；bùqiúshènjiě【解释】：甚：专门，极。只求明白个大概，不求完全了解。常指学习或研究不认真、不深入【近义词】：囫囵吞枣【反义词】：精益求精 造句；1；在学习上，我们要理解透彻，不能不求甚解 2；学习科学文化知识要刻苦钻研，深入领会，不能粗枝大叶，不求甚解。 千篇一律；【解释】：一千篇文章都一个样。指文章公式化。也比喻办事按一个格式，专门机械。 【近义词】：千人一面、如出一辙【反义词】：千差万别、形形色色 造句；学生旳作文千篇一律，专门少能有篇与众不同旳，这确实是平常旳练习太少了。 倾盆大雨；qīngpéndàyǔ【解释】：雨大得象盆里旳水直往下倒。形容雨大势急。 【近义词】：大雨如柱、大雨滂沱【反义词】：细雨霏霏牛毛细雨 造句；3月旳天说变就变，瞬间下了一场倾盆大雨。今天下了一场倾盆大雨。 坚决果断；áobùyóuyù：意思；做事果断，专门快拿定了主意，一点都不迟疑，形容态度坚决 近义词；不假思索斩钉截铁反义词；犹豫不决 造句；1看到小朋友落水，司马光坚决果断地搬起石头砸缸。2我坚决果断旳承诺了她旳要求。 饥肠辘辘jīchánglùlù【近义词】：饥不择食【反义词】：丰衣足食 造句；1我放学回家已是饥肠辘辘。2那个饥肠辘辘旳小孩差不多两天没吃饭了 滚瓜烂熟gǔnguālànshóu〔shú)【解释】：象从瓜蔓上掉下来旳瓜那样熟。形容读书或背书流利纯熟。【近义词】：倒背如流【反义词】：半生半熟造句；1、这篇课文我们早已背得滚瓜烂熟了 流光溢彩【liúguāngyìcǎi】解释；光影，满溢旳色彩，形容色彩明媚 造句：国庆节，商场里装饰旳流光溢彩。 津津有味；jīnjīnyǒuwèi解释：兴趣浓厚旳模样。指吃得专门有味道或谈得专门有兴趣。 【近义词】：兴致勃勃有滋有味【反义词】：索然无味、枯燥无味 造句；1今天旳晚餐真丰富，小明吃得津津有味。 天长日久；tiānchángrìjiǔ【解释】：时刻长，生活久。【近义词】：天长地久【反义词】：稍纵即逝 造句：小缺点假如不立即改掉, 天长日久就会变成坏适应 如醉如痴rúzuìrúchī【解释】：形容神态失常，失去自制。【近义词】：如梦如醉【反义词】：恍然大悟造句；这么美妙旳音乐，我听得如醉如痴。 浮想联翩【fúxiǎngliánpiān解释】：浮想：飘浮不定旳想象；联翩：鸟飞旳模样，比喻连续不断。指许许多多旳想象不断涌现出来。【近义词】：思绪万千 造句；1他旳话让人浮想联翩。2:这幅画饱含诗情，使人浮想联翩，神游画外，得到美旳享受。 悲欢离合bēihuānlíhé解释；欢乐、离散、聚会。泛指生活中经历旳各种境遇和由此产生旳各种心情【近义词】：酸甜苦辣、喜怒哀乐【反义词】：平淡无奇 造句；1人一辈子即是悲欢离合,总要笑口常开,我们旳生活才阳光明媚. 牵肠挂肚qiānchángguàdù【解释】：牵：拉。形容十分惦念，放心不下 造句；儿行千里母担忧，母亲总是那个为你牵肠挂肚旳人 如饥似渴rújīsìkě：形容要求专门迫切，仿佛饿了急着要吃饭，渴了急着要喝水一样。 造句；我如饥似渴地一口气读完这篇文章。他对知识旳如饥似渴旳态度造就了他今天旳成功。 不言而喻bùyánéryù【解释】：喻：了解，明白。不用说话就能明白。形容道理专门明显。 【近义词】：显而易见【反义词】：扑朔迷离造句；1珍惜时刻，好好学习，那个道理是不言而喻旳 与众不同；yǔzhòngbùtóng【解释】：跟大伙不一样。 〖近义词〗别出心裁〖反义词〗平淡无奇。造句； 1从他与众不同旳解题思路中，看出他专门聪慧。2他是个与众不同旳小孩
考点: 1. 掌握可数名词的复数 2. 学会表示不可数名词的量 3. 掌握构词法：名词变形容词 4. 掌握名词所有格的用法 5. 掌握名词做主语、定语的用法 冠词离开名词没有任何意义，因此在学习冠词前，首先要了解名词的分类: '个体名词：人或物所共用的名称 dog, chair 名词可分为：：可数名词v 丄集体名词：集体的名称 class, family, police, 物质名词：物质的名称 p aper, water 抽象名词：抽象的物的名称 happi ness 专有名词：人或物所特有的名称 Tom, China 考点一：可数名词的数 可数名词复数变化规则： (1) 规则变化：a.以-s,-x,-sh, -ch,结尾的名词，在词尾 +es,发音/-Is/ eg : classes, brushes, boxes, watches b. 以辅音字母+ -y 结尾，将y 变i ，再+es ， eg ： parties, stories (注意元音同y 结尾时+s boys ) c. 部分以f 或fe 结尾的词，将变 f/fe 为v+es , eg ： wife-wives 口诀：(妻见小偷加下藏，手拿小刀想杀狼，忽然飘下一片叶，砸在头上一命亡) d. 部分以o 结尾的词，(生物名词，包括动植物，口诀：黑人英雄爱吃土豆西红柿)后加 es , 女口： Negroes, heroes, potatoes, tomatoes, 以o 结尾的无生命的词，一般直接 +s eg : photos , pianos , kilos , tobaccos (2) 不规则变化： a.名词中所含元音字母发生变化 eg: foot-feet; tooth- teeth; man-men; woma n- wome n; b:名词词尾力口 en/ren : ox-oxen ; child-children ; c. 单复数同行： fish; sheep; deer; means; aircraft; d. 关于国家：中日不变，英法荷变，其他后面加 s two Chin ese; five Japa nese;/ En glishme n; En glishwome n; Dutchme n; /Germa ns; America ns e. 有些集体名词用单数形式表达事物总称 ，如hair, fruit,但在 表示"几根头发”，"若 干水果”时，则用复数形式 a few white hairs; several foreig n fruits f. 有些名词形式上是单数的，但实际上是复数的，这一类名词有：cattle 牛, 家畜；people 人 们；vermin 害虫；police 警察；staff 全体职员；clergy 僧侣，神职人员；youth ; mankind ； bacteria ； crew 等 g. 有些集体名词 表示整体时用单数，表示集体中的各个成员时用做复数 ，能这样用的 集体名词有： audienee , club , class, college , crowd , company , couple , department , enemy , family , firm , flock, generation, government, group, herd, navy, party, public, population, press 新闻界 /记者群, staff, team, university 等 (3) 复合名词的复数 a.由man 或woman 为前缀的复合名词，两者都变成复数 a man teacher/ men teachers ； a woman doctor/ women doctors 名词 I 不可数名词
完形填空高考真题解析 一、高中英语完形填空 1．阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，然后从各题所给的四个选项A、B、C、D四个选项中，选 出最佳选项。 I started volunteering at a soup kitchen several years ago. The original reason I was going was to 1 community service hours for school. My plan was to 2 go there a few times and get my service hours, but it taught me a lot. The typical volunteer there served 3 to people. Basically, I was 4 serving bread and juice to whoever wanted it, which was a simple task. Some of the people were homeless, and some of them were 5 families. All of them were people in need of a hot meal and a place to 6 for an hour or several minutes. 7 some of them looked like they weren't behaving well, we always took care of them. The first time I went there was right before Christmas. For the people coming to the soup kitchen, it was not exactly a 8 time. It made me think about my happy Christmas and made me feel how 9 I was. Unlike them, I have a home and I don't 10 cold or hunger. At that point, I decided that I 11 wanted to go back there. I couldn't offer them much, but I could always offer my time and 12 . The experience also gives me a feeling of 13 . Whenever I go there, people are 14 that I showed up again. They know my name and they know that I am more than happy to 15 them. It truly feels good to know that you can 16 someone's day. I've realized that the feeling of doing good for people can be a better 17 than any amount of money. You can't buy that feeling. I have never 18 a single second of my volunteering. It 19 me that dozens of cities have made it illegal to set up a soup kitchen. But I will continue my volunteer work and find more ways to show my 20 to people in need. 1. A. reduce B. avoid C. complete D. cancel 2. A. yet B. just C. even D. still 3. A. food B. work C. time D. money 4. A. tired of B. worried about C. responsible for D. free from 5. A. busy B. serious C. experienced D. struggling 6. A. hide B. rest C. live D. study 7. A. Although B. If C. Because D. Until 8. A. available B. strange C. pleasant D. painful 9. A. wise B. honest C. curious D. fortunate 10. A. turn down B. suffer from C. pass down D. learn from 11. A. definitely B. gradually C. equally D. hardly 12. A. reason B. effort C. chance D. patience 13. A. stability B. guilt C. loss D. appreciation 14. A. grateful B. confident C. proud D. shocked 15. A. change B. leave C. forget D. help
英语完形填空用法详解 一、高中英语完形填空 1．阅读下面的短文，从短文后各题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白 处的最佳选项。 Owura Kwadwo Hottish teaches computers in the school he works in. I think it is a 1 school except for the fact that the school didn't have 2 . Owura became famous after he posted photos of him on the Internet. In the picture, people could see he was teaching his students by 3 an entire computer on the blackboard. The photos showed the 4 level of education for children in Ghana. People were 5 that Owura made sure each button (按钮)was drawn correctly. Owura wanted the students to 6 what life with a computer could be like someday. He would come to school half an hour ahead of the 7 every day. He drew the computer on the blackboard, but at the end of his class, it was 8 off to start the next class, so he had to 9 it the next day! Owura's efforts were 10 when Microsoft (微软公司)took 11 of his act. They first took him to an international educators' meeting in Singapore. He made a 12 about his teaching methods at the meeting. He 13 a standing ovation (致敬)after the speech. 14 , Owura got the thing he always wanted for his students—some companies 15 computers to the school. Not a single child in the 16 had seen a real computer in their lives. Thanks to their teacher's 17 , the world took notice and responded with 18 to them. "Your work has really made us feel 19 about the world. At Microsoft, we believe that educators are heroes. They 20 influence the lifelong skills of their students." said Anthony Salcito, Vice president at Microsoft. 1. A. final B. dusty C. normal D. personal 2. A. computers B. playgrounds C. classrooms D. managers 3. A. operating B. drawing C. describing D. repairing 4. A. clear B. high C. ancient D. poor 5. A. worried B. disappointed C. afraid D. amazed 6. A. start B. imagine C. rebuild D. harm 7. A. line B. culture C. schedule D. judge 8. A. shown B. called C. cut D. rubbed 9. A. improved B. repeated C. ruined D. calculated 10. A. rewarded B. selected C. forgotten D. affected 11. A. care B. notice C. place D. charge 12. A. plan B. medal C. decision D. speech 13. A. received B. replaced C. decreased D. contained 14. A. Suddenly B. Hopelessly C. Importantly D. Strangely 15. A. gave B. sold C. lent D. applied
悲惨的近义词反义词和造句 导读：悲惨的近义词 悲凉(注释:悲哀凄凉：～激越的琴声。) 悲惨的反义词 幸福(注释:个人由于理想的实现或接近而引起的一种内心满足。追求幸福是人们的普遍愿望，但剥削阶级把个人幸福看得高于一切，并把个人幸福建立在被剥削阶级的痛苦之上。无产阶级则把争取广大人民的幸福和实现全人类的解放看作最大的幸福。认为幸福不仅包括物质生活，也包括精神生活;个人幸福依赖集体幸福，集体幸福高于个人幸福;幸福不仅在于享受，而主要在于劳动和创造。) 悲惨造句 1.一个人要发现卓有成效的真理，需要千百个人在失败的探索和悲惨的错误中毁掉自己的生命。 2.贝多芬的童年尽管如是悲惨，他对这个时代和消磨这时代的地方，永远保持着一种温柔而凄凉的回忆。 3.卖火柴的小女孩在大年夜里冻死了，那情景十分悲惨。 4.他相信，他们每个人背后都有一个悲惨的故事。 5.在那次悲惨的经历之后，我深信自己绝对不是那种可以离家很远的人。 6.在人生的海洋上，最痛快的事是独断独航，但最悲惨的却是回头无岸。 7.人生是艰苦的。对不甘于平庸凡俗的人那是一场无日无夜的斗
争，往往是悲惨的、没有光华的、没有幸福的，在孤独与静寂中展开的斗争。……他们只能依靠自己，可是有时连最强的人都不免于在苦难中蹉跎。罗曼·罗兰 8.伟大的心胸，应该表现出这样的气概用笑脸来迎接悲惨的厄运，用百倍的勇气来应付开始的不幸。鲁迅人在逆境里比在在顺境里更能坚强不屈。遇厄运时比交好运时容易保全身心。 9.要抓紧时间赶快生活，因为一场莫名其妙的疾病，或者一个意外的悲惨事件，都会使生命中断。奥斯特洛夫斯基。 10.在我一生中最悲惨的一个时期，我曾经有过那类的想法：去年夏天在我回到这儿附近的地方时，这想法还缠着我;可是只有她自己的亲自说明才能使我再接受这可怕的想法。 11.他们说一个悲惨的故事是悲剧，但一千个这样的故事就只是一个统计了。 12.不要向诱惑屈服，而浪费时间去阅读别人悲惨的详细新闻。 13.那起悲惨的事件深深地铭刻在我的记忆中。 14.伟大的心胸，应该用笑脸来迎接悲惨的厄运，用百倍的勇气来应付一切的不幸。 15.一个人要发现卓有成效的真理，需要千百万个人在失败的探索和悲惨的错误中毁掉自己的生命。门捷列夫 16.生活需要爱，没有爱，那些受灾的人们生活将永远悲惨;生活需要爱，爱就像调味料，使生活这道菜充满滋味;生活需要爱，爱让生活永远充满光明。
最新英语名词用法总结(完整) 一、单项选择名词 1．According to the bank rules released recently, you have to pay a 25% ________ on each cheque you cash. A．admission B．pension C．allowance D．commission 【答案】D 【解析】 【详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：根据银行最近公布的规定，你每兑现一张支票必须付25%的手续费。A. admission承认；B. pension抚恤金； C. allowance津贴；D. commission佣金；手续费。兑现支票必须付25%的手续费。故答案为D。 2．As an American living in-Tianjin for about 10 years, Chris says that it has been a ________ be a witness to China’s great progress. A．privilege B．preference C．priority D．principle 【答案】A 【解析】 【详解】 考查名词辨析。句意：作为一个在天津生活了大约10年的美国人，克里斯说，能够见证中国的巨大进步是一种荣幸。A. privilege 荣幸；B. preference偏爱；C. priority 优先；D. principle原则。privilege“荣幸”符合句意。故A选项正确。 3．We have found that a boy matching your entered the amusement park just now. A．instruction B．explanation C．description D．application 【答案】C 【解析】 【详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：我们发现一个符合你的描述的男孩刚才进入了游乐园。Ainstruction指示；Bexplanation解释；Cdescription描述；Dapplication申请。match description表示“匹配你的描述”，故C项正确。 4．It can’t be a(n) _______that four jewelry stores wer e robbed in one night. A．coincidence B．accident C．incident D．chance 【答案】B 【解析】 词义辨析。 A.巧合；一致 B. 事故；意外 C.事件；事变 D. 机会。句意：四家珠宝商店在
【英语】完形填空高考真题解析 一、高中英语完形填空 1．阅读下面短文，从短文后各题所给四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出可以填入空白处 的最佳选项。 Have you ever seen a miracle happen? Two winters ago, I did. It was 1 that day. The road was covered with snow. I asked my mom if we could go to our neighbor's hill and take my dog, Buddy. She said, "Sure. 2 don't go any farther than that." After a while, we walked over to another hill by a pond (池塘) not far away. Then suddenly I saw Buddy walk out onto the ice. I was 3 when he walked to the middle of the pond. The 4 was thin there. We 5 Buddy, but he didn't listen. Then 6 the ice broke, and my dog 7 into the water. I asked my friend if I should go in and get him out. She said, "NO!" 8 , I ran to my house to tell my mom. It was 9 for me to run on the snowy ground. I was tired, but I had to 10 Buddy. When my mom heard what 11 , she said, "Get in the car." When we got there, she told me to run home 12 and get her phone. But back at the pond, my mom 13 to get Buddy out of the water and fell in. 14 , my friend saw it happen. She ran to a neighbor's house for help. Soon they got my mom out of the water, but Buddy was still 15 for his life. The fire department (部门) put a ladder (梯子) out onto the ice to get him, but it didn't 16 . I was back again by then, and someone said I should 17 inside the neighbor's house. It didn't look 18 for Buddy. I went inside and 19 and hoped for a miracle. Then, my uncle walked into the house with Buddy in his arms! I was so 20 , I hugged Buddy and thanked the firefighters (消防员). 1. A. dry B. rainy C. warm D. cold 2. A. Unless B. Or C. So D. But 3. A. dissatisfied B. moved C. frightened D. excited 4. A. light B. air C. voice D. ice 5. A. looked for B. laughed at C. shouted at D. woke up 6. A. suddenly B. slowly C. naturally D. possibly 7. A. jumped B. fell C. ran D. walked 8. A. Still B. Besides C. However D. Instead 9. A. difficult B. fun C. wrong D. important 10. A. find B. watch C. help D. train 11. A. followed B. happened C. came D. appeared 12. A. again B. once C. too D. together 13. A. stopped B. agreed C. tried D. decided 14. A. Luckily B. Firstly C. Strangely D. Sadly 15. A. swimming B. dreaming C. hunting D. fishing
高中英语完形填空解题技巧大全 开篇练习 My son Joey was born with club feet. The doctors said that with treatment he would be able to walk， but would never run very well. The first three years of his life was 1 in hospital. By the time he was eight，you wouldn‘t know he has a problem when you saw him 2 . Children in our neighborhood always ran around 3 their play， and Joey would jump and ran and play，4 . We never told him that he probably wouldn‘t be 5 to run like the other children. So he didn’t know. In 6 grade he decided to join the school running team. Every day he trained. He ran more than any of the others， 7 only the top seven runners would be chosen to run for the 8 . We didn‘t tell him he probably would never make the team， so he didn’t know. He ran four to five mile every day - even when he had a fever. I was 9 ，so I went to 10 him after school. I found him running 11 . I asked him how he felt. “Okay，” he said. He has two more miles to go. Yet he looked straight ahead and kept 12 . Two weeks later， the names of the team 13 were caked. Joey was number six on the list. Joey had 14 the team. He was in seventh grade - the other six team members were all eighth graders. We never told him he couldn‘t do it … so he didn’t know. He just 15 it. 1. A. spent B. taken C. cost D. paid 2. A. talk B. sit C. study D. walk 3. A. after B. before C. during D. till 4. A. either B. too C. though D. yet 5. A. able B. sorry C. glad D. afraid 6. A. sixth B. seventh C. eighth D. ninth 7. A. so B. if C. then D. because 8. A. neighborhood B. familyC. school D. grade 9. A. excited B. tiredC. pleased D. worried 10. A. think about B. hear fromC. agree with D. look for 11. A. alone B. away C. almost D. already
名词的用法 一、概说 名词是表示人、事物、抽象概念等名称的词，如boy男孩，mother母亲，news消息，progress进步，computer计算机，Tom汤姆，Paris巴黎，Japan日本，furniture家具，等。 名词根据其词汇意义，通常分为专有名词和普通名词。专有名词主要指人、地方、组织、机构等的专有的名称，专有名词的第一个字母通常大写，如Mary玛丽，Mr Green格林先生，Beijing北京，等；普通名词通常指人、物、概念等的一般名称。根据普通名词的语法性质，它又可以细为个体名词、物质名词、集合名词和抽象名词四类：个体名词表示人或物的个体，如girl女孩，pen钢笔，等；物质名词表示无法分为个体的实物，如wood木头，meat肉，等；集合名词表示若干个体组成的集合体，如：family家庭，crowd人群，等；抽象名词表示性质、行为、状态、感情等抽象概念，如work工作，happiness幸福，等。 二、名词的数 1.名词复数的构成方法 (1)在一般情况下，加词尾-s： book/books书 pen/pens钢笔 face/faces脸 (2)以s,x,z,sh,ch等结尾的名词，通常加词尾-es： bus/buses公共汽车 box/boxes盒子 dish/dishes盘子 注：有些以ch结尾的名词，由于其发音不是[k]而是[tf]，那么其复数形式应加词尾–s，如stomach/stomachs胃。 (3)以y结尾的名词，其复数构成要分两种情况：以“辅音字母+y”结尾的名词，将y改为ies；以“元音字母＋y”结尾的名词，直接加词尾s： city/cities城市 boy/boys男孩 key/keys钥匙 注：以y结尾的专有名词，若在某些特殊情况下需要复数，通常加s构成： Mary/Marys玛丽 Germany/Germanys德国 (4)以o结尾的名词，有些加词尾-s，有些加-es，有些加-s或-es均可： piano/pianos钢琴 tomato/tomatoes西红柿 zero/zero(e)s零 注：有人对英语中所有以o结尾的名词作了统计，一共近200个，其中绝大部分的
（一）2012年全国卷一 Body language is the quiet, secret and most powerful language of all! It speaks 1 than words. According to specialists, our bodies send out more 2 than we realize. In fact, non-verbal communication(非言语交际) takes up about 50% of what we really 3 , And body language is particularly 4 when we attempt to communicate across cultures（文化）.Indeed, what is called body language is so 5 a part of us that it's actually often unnoticed. And misunderstandings occur as a result of it . 6 , different societies treat the 7 between people differently. Northern Europeans usually do not like having 8 contact(接触)even with friends, and certainly not with 9 . People from Latin American countries 10 , touch each other quite a lot. Therefore, it's possible that in 11 . it may look like a Latino is 12 a Norwegian all over the room. The Latino, trying to express friendship, will keep moving 13 . The Norwegian, very probably seeing this as pushiness, will keep 14 - which the Latino will in return regard as 15 . Clearly, a great deal is going on when people 16 .And only a part of it is in the words themselves. And when parties are from 17 cultures, there's a strong possibility of 18 . But whatever the situation, the best 19 is to obey the Golden Rule: treat others as you would like to be 20 . 1. A. straighterB. louder C. harder D. further 2. A. sounds B. invitations C. feelings D. messages 3. A. hopeB. receive C. discover D. mean 4. A. immediate B. misleading C. important D. difficult 5. A. well B. far C. much D. long 6. A. For example B. Thus C. However D. In short 7. A. trade B. distance C. connections D. greetings 8. A. eye B. verbal C. bodily D. telephone 9. A. strangersB. relatives C. neighboursD. enemies 10. A. in other words B. on the other hand C. in a similar way D. by all means 11. A. trouble B. conversation C. silence D. experiment 12. A. disturbing B. helping C. guiding D. following 13. A. closer B. faster C. in D. away 14. A. stepping forward B. going on C. backing away D. coming out 15. A. weakness B. carelessness C. friendliness D. coldness 16. A. talk B. travel C. laugh D. think 17. A. different B. European C. Latino D. rich 18. A. curiosity B. excitement C. misunderstanding D. nervousness 19. A. chance B. time C. result D. advice 20. A. noticed B. treated C. respected D. pleased (二)2012年全国卷二 Around twenty years ago I was living in York. 1 I had a lot of experience and a Master’s degree, I could not find 2 work. I was 3 a school bus to make ends meet and 4 with a friend of mine, for I had lost my flat. I had 5 five interviews (面试) with a company and one day between bus runs they called