注意事项
Part 1 Skimming and Scanning (Multiple Choice + Blank Filling)
(每小题：2 分)
Directions: Read the following passage and then answer the questions. For questions 1-7, choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D. For questions 8-10, complete the sentences with the information given in the passage.
Questions 1 to 10 are based on the same passage or dialog.
Friedrich Nietzsche
Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (October 15, 1844-August 25, 1900), a German philosopher, produced criticisms of contemporary culture, religion, and philosophy. Beyond the unique themes dealt with in his works, Nietzsche's powerful style and subtle approach distinguish his writings. Although largely overlooked during his short yet astonishingly productive working life, which ended with a mental collapse at the age of 44, Nietzsche received recognition during the second half of the 20th century as a highly significant figure in modern philosophy. His influence was particularly noted throughout the 20th century by many philosophers.
Youth Life (1844-1869)
Friedrich Nietzsche was born on October 15, 1844 in the small town of Rocken, near Leipzig, in Saxony. His name comes from King Frederick William IV of Prussia, who celebrated his 49th birthday on the day of Nietzsche's birth. Nietzsche's parents were Carl Ludwig (1813-1849), a religious leader and former teacher, and Franziska (1826-1897). His sister, Elisabeth, was born in 1846, followed by his brother Ludwig Joseph in 1848. After the death of their father in 1849 and the young brother in 1850, the family moved to Naumburg, where they lived with his grandmother and his father's two unmarried sisters.
After the death of Nietzsche's grandmother in 1856 the family could afford their own house. During this time, the young Nietzsche
attended a boys' school and later a private school, where he became friends with Gustav Krug and Wilhelm Pinder, both of whom came from respected families. In 1854, he began to attend a school in Naumburg, but after he showed particular talents in music and language, the internationally recognized Schulpforta admitted him as a pupil, and there he continued his studies from 1858 to 1864.
After graduation, in 1864, Nietzsche commenced studies in religion and classical philology (语文学) at the University of Bonn. For a short time he and Deussen became members of the Burschenschaft Frankonia. After one semester and to the anger of his mother, he stopped his studies in religion, and concentrated on philology, with Professor Friedrich Wilhelm Ritschl, whom he followed to the University of Leipzig the next year. There, he became close friends with fellow student Erwin Rohde. Nietzsche's first philological publications appeared soon after.
In 1865, Nietzsche became acquainted with the work of Arthur Schopenhauer, and he read a book by Friedrich Albert Lange in 1866. He found both of these encounters stimulating; they encouraged him to expand his horizons beyond philology and to continue his schooling. In 1867, Nietzsche committed to one year of voluntary service with a Prussian military division in Naumburg. However, a bad riding accident in March 1868 left him unfit for service. Consequently Nietzsche returned his attention to his studies, completing them and first meeting with Richard Wagner later that year.
Professor at Basel (1869-1879)
Based on Ritschl's support, Nietzsche received an extraordinary offer to become professor of classical philology at the University of Basel before having completed his doctor's degree or certificate for teaching.
After moving to Basel, Nietzsche gave up his Prussian citizenship. For the rest of his life he remained officially stateless. Nevertheless, he served on the Prussian side during the Franco-Prussian War as a medical orderly. In his short time in the military he experienced much, and witnessed the terrible effects of battle. He also contracted illnesses.
With the publication of Human, All-Too-Human in 1878, a book of sayings on subjects ranging from spirit to morality and from religion
to the sexes, Nietzsche's departure from the philosophy of Wagner and Schopenhauer became evident. Also, Nietzsche's friendship with Deussen and Rohde cooled. Nietzsche in this time attempted to find a wife-to no success.
In 1879, after a significant decline in health, Nietzsche had to resign his position at Basel. Since his childhood, various illnesses had plagued him-moments of near-sightedness practically to the degree of blindness, headaches, and violent stomach attacks. A riding accident in 1868 and diseases in 1870 may have made these persistent conditions worse, and they continued to affect him through his years at Basel, forcing him to take longer and longer holidays until regular work became no longer practical.
Free philosopher (1879-1889)
Driven by his illness to find more compatible climates, Nietzsche traveled frequently, and lived until 1889 as an independent author in different cities. He spent many summers in Sils Maria, near St. Moritz in Switzerland, and many winters in the Italian cities of Genoa, Rapallo, and Turin, and in the French city of Nice. He occasionally returned to Naumburg to visit his family, and especially during this time, he and his sister had repeated periods of conflict and reconciliation. He lived on his pension from Basel, but also received aid from friends.
After cutting philosophical ties to Schopenhauer and social ties to Wagner, Nietzsche had few remaining friends. Now, with the new style of Zarathustra, today his most famous book but one that differed from his other writings, his work became even more distant from others and his readers received it only to the degree prescribed by politeness. Nietzsche recognized this and maintained his solitude, even though he often complained about it. He gave up his short-lived plan to become a poet in public, and was troubled by concerns about his publications. His books were as good as unsold. In 1885, he printed only 40 copies of the fourth part of Zarathustra, and only a fraction of these were distributed among close friends.
Nietzsche continued to have frequent and painful attacks of illness, which made doing much work impossible. In 1887, Nietzsche quickly wrote a book on morals. He also exchanged letters with Hippolyte Taine, and then also with Georg Brandes, who at the beginning of 1888 delivered in Copenhagen the first lectures on Nietzsche's philosophy. On 3 January 1889, Nietzsche had a
mental collapse. That day, two Turinese policemen approached him after he caused a public disturbance in the streets of Turin.
Mental breakdown and death (1889-1900)
On January 6, 1889, a friend of Nietzsche's showed a letter he received from Nietzsche to another friend. The following day the other friend received a similarly revealing letter, and decided Nietzsche must be brought back to Basel. He then traveled to Turin and brought Nietzsche to a psychological clinic in Basel.
By that time, Nietzsche appeared fully in the grip of madness, and his mother Franziska decided to bring him to a clinic in Jena under the direction of Otto Binswanger. From November 1889 to February 1890, Julius Langbehn attempted to cure Nietzsche, claiming that the doctors' methods were ineffective to cure Nietzsche's condition. Langbehn assumed greater and greater control of Nietzsche until Langbehn was discredited. In March 1890, Franziska removed Nietzsche from the clinic, and in May 1890 to her home in Naumburg.
On August 25, 1900 Nietzsche died after contracting pneumonia. Speculation continues as to the cause of Nietzsche's breakdown. Commentators early and frequently diagnosed an infection; however, some of Nietzsche's symptoms seem inconsistent with typical cases of infection. Some have diagnosed a form of brain cancer.
1.Friedrich Nietzsche's writing style is best described as
________________.
A. powerful
B. critical
C. short
D. distinguished
2.Nietzsche was named after ________________.
A. a teacher
B. a king
C. his father
D. a religious leader
3.During his studies in Naumburg, Nietzsche showed particular
talents in ________________.
A. philosophy
B. classical philology
C. music and language
D. religion
4.What directly caused Nietzsche to quit his studies in religion?
________________
A. His Professor didn't want him to do so.
B. His mother was angry with his studies.
C. His interest was not religion.
D. He transferred to another university.
5.With the support of Professor Ritschl, Nietzsche got an
extraordinary offer ________________.
A. to complete his doctor's degree
B. to finish his research on philology
C. to get a certificate for teaching
D. to become professor of classical philology
6.What became evident with the publication of Human,
All-Too-Human? ________________
A. Nietzsche's departure from the philosophy of Wagner and
Shopenhauer.
B. Nietzsche's attempts to find a wife would never be
successful.
C. Nietzsche's illnesses would have terrible effects for his life.
D. Nietzsche's opinions on topics including religion would
harm his friendships.
7.In what year did Nietzsche officially stop his work at Basel?
________________
A. In 1868.
B. In 1870.
C. In 1889.
D. In 1879.
8.Quite different from his other books, Zarathustra is considered
today as Nietzsche's
9.On the day that Nietzsche created a public disturbance in
Turin, he suffered a
10.Besides the infection, the other possible cause of Nietzsche's
Questions 11 to 20 are based on the same passage or dialog.
Swimming
Swimming is a technique to move unaided through water. This article concentrates on human swimming, a popular recreational activity and a competitive sport. There are many health benefits of swimming, but it also has risks.
Technique
Are you a good swimmer? Can you swim at all? With practice, technique can convert a slow or average swimmer to at least a moderately fast swimmer. Since speed converts directly into distance, the same techniques that improve speed also aid one to move farther with the same effort. The upper body and the legs should be kept as much as possible parallel to the surface of the water. Dropped legs or a lowered upper body dramatically increase drag. The hand should be extended forward of the head as much as possible. This increases the average length at the water-line, substantially increasing speed. This is an effect long used by boat designers, and unconsciously used by "naturally good swimmers".
Competitive swimming
Competitive swimming is swimming with the goal to maximize performance, usually the speed of swimming. Competitive swimming became popular in the 19th century, and currently comprises 32 events, 16 male events, and 16 female events, at the Summer Olympic Games. The Competitive international governing body of swimming events is the International Swimming Association. It is currently being debated whether or not to include the 1500m freestyle as part of the female events. Currently, the longest female event is the 800m freestyle.
Recreational swimming
The most common reason for swimming is probably recreation, where the swimmer enters the water merely for enjoyment. Swimming is a good way to relax. Many swimming styles are suitable for recreational swimming. Most recreational swimmers prefer a style that keeps their head out of the water and uses an underwater arm recovery. Most recreational swimming takes place in pools, where the water is calm. Therefore Freestyle (which does not work as well in rough water) is suitable. However, playing around in rough water is a common source of recreation, but is sometimes dangerous due to the risk of injury from rocks on the bottom of a lake or riverbed. Swimming pools are popular places for recreational swimming, as are beaches, lakes, swimming holes, rivers, and sometimes canals.
Occupational swimming
A number of people enter the water and swim as part of their work,
fishermen for example, who might dive into the water and swim for economic benefit.
Swimming is used to rescue other swimmers who are in distress. There are a number of specialized swimming styles specifically for rescue purposes. Such techniques are studied by lifeguards or members of the Coast Guard. The training of these techniques also evolved into competitions such as surf lifesaving.
Swimming is also done for scientific research. Swimming is studied to improve the performances of competitive swimmers. Swimming is also used in marine biology to observe plants and animals in their natural environment. Other sciences may also use swimming. Konrad Lorenz for example swam with geese as part of his studies of animal behavior.
Swimming also has military purposes besides the mere need to cross waters. A swimmer in the water or under the water can be difficult to detect, especially at night. Military swimming is usually done by Special Forces, especially ones in the Navy. Swimming is used to approach a location, gather intelligence, or combat, and to depart a location. This may also include dropping into water from an airplane or jumping in from a boat. Special equipment and techniques are also used to fight with others in and under water.
Swimming for exercise
Swimming is a good form of exercise. Because the density of the human body is approximately similar to that of water, the body is supported by the water and less stress is therefore placed on joints and bones. Furthermore, the resistance against movement depends heavily on the speed of the movement, allowing the fine tuning of the exercise according to one's ability. Therefore, swimming is frequently used as an exercise after injuries or for the disabled.
Resistance swimming is one form of swimming exercises. It is done either for training purposes, to hold the swimmer in place for stroke analysis, or to enable one to swim in a confined space for athletic reasons. Resistance swimming can be done either against a stream of water set in motion by a (usually) self-contained mechanical device (often termed a swimming machine) or by holding the swimmer in one place by means of elastic attachments.
Swimming is primarily an aerobic (有氧的) exercise due to the
relatively long exercise time, requiring a constant oxygen supply to the muscles, except for short sprints. As with most aerobic exercise it is believed to reduce the harmful effects of stress. While aerobic exercises usually burn fat and help with losing weight, this effect is limited in swimming, even though being in cold water burns more food energy to maintain body temperature.
The reason that swimming does not significantly reduce weight is still poorly understood, but seems to be related to the better heat conduction of water. A number of reasons are suspected. Firstly, water cools the body much faster than air, and most researchers believe that subsequently the body aims to maintain a layer of fat under the skin to keep the body's temperature at a stable level. Secondly, it is believed that appetite decreases as your body temperature increases, as for example during exercise. However, during swimming the body is cooled down almost instantly as the surrounding water is usually cooler than the body temperature, and some researchers believe that this may actually increase the appetite. This assumption is not yet proven by research. Thirdly, fast swimming requires a high level of effort, meaning sugars rather than fats are burned. Long-lasting exercise at lower intensity is better for fat-burning. Fourthly, some researchers also believe that the energy-burning systems of the body increase at higher body temperature, burning more food energy. Again, during swimming the body is cooled down by the surrounding water, reducing the activity of these energy-burning systems, and subsequently the amount of food energy burnt. This assumption is also not yet proven by research. Finally, there is also a theory that people with a genetically higher body fat content tend to be more successful as swimmers since the increased fat aids in keeping them on the surface of the water. Being fat may also help because rounder shapes offer less resistance to the water.
Swimming exercises almost all muscles in the body. Usually, the arms and upper body are exercised more than the legs. In competitive swimming, excessive leg muscles can be seen as a disadvantage as they consume more oxygen, which would be needed for the muscles in the arms, although this depends on the swimming style. While some swimming styles generate significant movement with the legs, some other methods employ mainly the arms.
11.From the first paragraph we know that swimming
________________.
A. is a technique with the help of water
B. has quite a lot of advantages but no risk
C. is a technique, a sport and a recreational activity
D. needs concentration and has health benefits
12.What is the practical function of technique according to the
passage?
A. It can help you improve your speed without any effort.
B. It can help your body and legs parallel to the surface of
water.
C. It can help your hand to be extended forward of the head.
D. It can help you change from a slow swimmer to a faster
one.
13.We learn from the passage that up to now
________________.
A. the 1500m freestyle of female event is under discussion
B. the 1500m freestyle of female event is under criticism
C. the 1500m freestyle of female event has been canceled
D. freestyle has been replaced by 8000m freestyle
14.Which of the following swimming styles is the most suitable
one in swimming pools because of calm water?
A. Recreational style.
B. Free style.
C. Underwater style.
D. Butterfly style.
15.One of the important roles of occupational swimming is to
________________.
A. save other people
B. jump into the water
C. surf on the water
D. guard against other swimmers
16.How did Konrad Lorenz use swimming?
A. In rescue operations.
B. In military purposes.
C. In animal behavior studies.
D. In competitive exercise.
17.Why is swimming a good form of exercise?
A. It can be used when fighting against others.
B. It uses special equipment and techniques.
C. It enables people to train in confined spaces
D. It places less stress on joints and bones.
18.
reason that swimming does not reduce weight much.
19.During swimming the body is cooled down by the surrounding
water, which reduces the activity of
20.It is a disadvantage for people to have excessive leg muscles
in
Questions 21 to 30 are based on the same passage or dialog.
Benjamin Franklin
Benjamin Franklin was born in Boston on January 17, 1706. He was the tenth son of soap maker, Josiah Franklin. Benjamin's mother was Abiah Folger, the second wife of Josiah. In all, Josiah would father 17 children.
Young Printer
When Benjamin was 15, his brother James started a New England newspaper, the first "newspaper" that truly belonged to Boston. Though there were two papers in the city before this one, they only reprinted news from abroad. James' paper carried articles, opinion pieces, advertisements, and news of ship schedules.
Before long, the Franklins found themselves at odds with Boston's powerful religious leaders, the Mathers. Disease was rather troublesome in those times, and the Mathers supported treatment; the Franklins' believed that the treatment of the day only made people sicker. And while most Bostonians agreed with the Franklins, they did not like the way James made fun of religious leaders during the debate. Ultimately, James was thrown in jail for his views, and Benjamin was left to run the paper for several issues.
Upon release from jail, James was not grateful to Ben for keeping the paper going. Instead he kept troubling his younger brother and giving him beatings from time to time. Ben could not take it and decided to run away in 1723.
Escape to Philadelphia
Running away was illegal. In early America, people all had to have a place in society and runaways did not fit in anywhere. Regardless, Ben took a boat to New York where he hoped to find work as a printer. He didn't, and walked across New Jersey, finally arriving in Philadelphia via a boat ride. After leaving by boat, he
used the last of his money to buy some rolls. He was wet and messy when his future wife, Deborah Read, saw him on that day, October, 6, 1723. She thought him odd-looking, never dreaming that seven years later they would be married.
Franklin found work as a printer. He did so well that the governor of Pennsylvania promised to set him up in business for himself if young Franklin would just go to London to buy printing equipment. Franklin did go to London, but the governor broke his promise and Benjamin was forced to spend several months in England doing print work.
Upon returning to Philadelphia, Franklin tried his hand at helping to run a shop, but soon went back to being a printer's helper. Franklin was a better printer than the man he was working for, so he borrowed some money and set himself up in the printing business. Franklin seemed to work all the time, and the citizens of Philadelphia began to notice the hard-working young businessman. Soon he began getting the contracts to do government jobs and started thriving in business.
A Newspaper in Pennsylvania
In 1729, Benjamin Franklin bought a newspaper in Pennsylvania. Franklin not only printed the paper, but often contributed articles to the paper under different names. His newspaper soon became the most successful in the colonies. This newspaper, among other firsts, would print the first political cartoon, authored by Ben himself.
During the 1720s and 1730s, the side of Franklin devoted to public good started to show itself. He organized a young working-man's group dedicated to self-improvement and community improvement. He joined a religious group. He was a very busy man socially.
Electricity
Franklin's printing business was thriving during the 1730s and 1740s. He also started setting up printing partnerships in other cities. By 1749 he retired from business and started concentrating on science, experiments, and inventions. This was nothing new to Franklin. In 1743, he had already invented a heat-efficient stove—called the Franklin stove—to help warm houses efficiently.
In the early 1750's he turned to the study of electricity. His observations, including his kite experiment which verified the nature
of electricity and lightning brought Franklin international fame.
The Political Scene
Politics became more of an active interest for Franklin in the 1750s. In 1757, he went to England to represent Pennsylvania in its fight with the Penn family over who should represent the Colony. He remained in England to 1775, as a Colonial representative not only of Pennsylvania, but of Georgia, New Jersey and Massachusetts as well.
Early in his time abroad, Franklin considered himself a loyal Englishman. England had many of the resources that America lacked. The country also had fine thinkers, theater, witty conversation—things in short supply in America. He kept asking Deborah to come visit him in England. He had thoughts of staying there permanently, but she was afraid of traveling by ship.
In 1765, Franklin was caught by surprise by America's overwhelming opposition to the Stamp Act. His speech before Parliament helped persuade the members to strike down the law. He started wondering if America should break free of England. Franklin, though he had many friends in England, was growing sick of the corruption he saw all around him in politics and royal circles. Franklin, who had proposed a plan for united colonies in 1754, now would earnestly start working toward that goal.
A New Nation
Franklin came home.
He started working actively for Independence. He naturally thought his son William, now the Royal governor of New Jersey, would agree with his views. William did not. William remained a loyal Englishman. This caused a break between father and son which was never healed.
Franklin was elected to the Second Congress and worked on a committee of five that helped to draft the Declaration of Independence. Though much of the writing is Thomas Jefferson's, much of the contribution is Franklin's, especially as an ambassador to the Court of Louis XVI.
The French loved Franklin. He was the man who had tamed lightning, the humble American who dressed like a man of the
woods but was a match for any wit in the world. He spoke French, though poorly. He was a favorite of the ladies. Several years earlier his wife Deborah had died, and Benjamin was free to have many girlfriends.
In part because of Franklin's popularity, the government of France signed a Treaty of Alliance with the Americans in 1778. Franklin also helped secure loans and persuade the French they were doing the right thing. Franklin was on hand to sign the Treaty of Paris in 1783, after the Americans had won the Revolution.
Now a man in his late seventies, Franklin returned to America. He became President of the Executive Council of Pennsylvania. He served as a delegate to the Constitutional Convention and signed the Constitution. One of his last public acts was writing against slavery in 1789.
Franklin died on April 17, 1790 at the age of 84. Twenty thousand people attended the funeral of the man who was called, "the harmonious human mass."
His electric personality, however, still lights the world.
21.Benjamin's brother created a newspaper that
________________.
A. reprinted news from abroad
B. was the first paper in the city
C. carried opinion pieces and more
D. contained no advertisements
22.Benjamin Franklin ran his brother's paper when James
________________.
A. ran away in 1723
B. went to jail
C. joined religious leaders
D. went to Boston
23.Ben was not successful in ________________.
A. taking a boat ride to Philadelphia
B. setting up business in Pennsylvania
C. finding a job in New York
D. getting a wife
24.Benjamin had to spend several months in England because
________________.
A. he loved dong printing work
B. he wanted to set up his business there
C. he bought too much equipment
D. he was lied to by the governor
25.Benjamin's Pennsylvania newspaper was the first to
________________.
A. include political cartoons
B. have his articles under different names
C. be successful in the colonies
D. organize a working-man's group
26.What did Benjamin devote himself to after his retirement in
1749?
A. Newspapers and printing.
B. Business.
C. Science, experiments, and inventions.
D. Self and community improvement.
27.What did Benjamin Franklin do in 1757?
A. He turned to the study of electricity.
B. He represented Pennsylvania in England.
C. He became representative for Georgia.
D. He went to Massachusetts.
28.Franklin was upset by corruption in politics and royal circles,
so he began working hard to achieve his goal for
29.Before Franklin helped to draft
member of the Second Congress.
30. A year before his death, and as one of his last public acts,
Franklin wrote against
注意事项
Part 2 Skimming and Scanning (True or False
Questions + Blank Filling)
(每小题：2 分)
Directions: Read the following passage and then answer the questions. For questions 1-7, choose Y (YES) if the statement agrees with the information given in the passage, choose N (NO) if the statement contradicts the information given in the passage, choose NG (NOT GIVEN) if the information is not given in the passage. For questions 8-10, complete the sentences with the information given in the passage.
Questions 1 to 10 are based on the same passage or dialog.
Space Exploration and Travel
For centuries, people have dreamed of leaving the Earth and traveling through space to visit the moon and explore other planets and stars. During the past 30 years, some of these dreams have become realities. Spacecraft have orbited the Earth and have sent back data to ground-based scientists. They have traveled to other planets and have transmitted images and information that have helped to expand our knowledge of the solar system. People have gone into space to orbit the Earth and even to visit the moon.
Space Shuttles (穿梭运输的交通工具) and Stations
Many space missions in the future will depend on a permanent station orbiting high above the Earth. In 1998, the United States, in partnership with 15 other countries—Russia, Canada, Japan, eleven European nations, and Brazil—began assembling the International Space Station, or ISS. It was the largest science project ever undertaken, costing $60 billion and taking an expected five years to complete. Plans called for a station powered electrically by several solar panels as wide as a football field, with living and working quarters as large as the combined cabin size of two 747 airplanes—enough for a crew of up to seven scientists and astronauts (宇航员).
The construction of an orbiting station will provide experience that can then be used in building moon landing bases or research stations on the moon or on another planet. A space station also will provide an opportunity for astronauts and scientists to live and work in space for long periods of time, testing the long-term effects of weightlessness and exposure to the environment of outer space.
This ambitious project is not the first space station to orbit the
Earth. The first experimental space station, Salyut 1, was launched by the former Soviet Union in 1971. Several teams of astronauts visited the station and conducted experiments. The Soviet Union put several other small space stations in orbit as well, including other Salyut stations and the Mir Space Station. Astronauts aboard the Mir set the record for the longest time human beings have remained in space. The first US space station to orbit the Earth was Skylab, launched in 1973. Several crews visited and worked in Skylab before it re-entered the Earth's atmosphere and disintegrated in 1979. Skylab provided information and experience that helped make many subsequent US space shuttle flights successful.
Future Space Explorations
One of the central quests of space exploration is to discover whether life exists anywhere else in the solar system. Life as we know it has evolved on Earth because the planet lies at just the right distance from the sun to allow water to remain liquid and temperatures to be moderate. Without these two conditions,
life-forms as we know them could not exist.
Search for Life on Other Planets
Among the planets, Mars appears to be the most likely to support life, although it is farther from the sun and much colder than Earth. Mars has some water, frozen in ice caps and perhaps in its soil, much like the frozen ground in some regions of Earth. Mars also has a thin atmosphere. Scientists think that long ago the planet may have had sufficient amounts of atmosphere and surface water to support life. Although studies of the planet's surface have not revealed any signs of life, future probes will no doubt look for signs of life at the sites of lakes on Mars that no longer exist.
Some scientists believe that signs of life on Mars may have already been found in several rocks thought to have come from Mars and crashed on Earth. In the late 1990s, American scientists discovered tiny wormlike features resembling fossilized bacteria in space rocks found in Antarctica, Egypt, and India. The rocks varied in age from 4 billion years to 165 million years, suggesting that life once existed—and perhaps still exists—on the red planet. Other researchers were not too sure, arguing that the features discovered might not be signs of life at all. The debate will no doubt continue until more convincing evidence can be found in samples of soil from
Mars brought back to Earth by future space probes.
Human Bases and Colonies in Space
Sometime in the future, it is possible that we will establish permanent bases on the moon or perhaps on Mars. The moon is the most likely site because it is close to Earth and its weaker gravity would allow spacecraft to use less fuel when taking off from its surface. The moon's surface also contains various mineral resources that could be used in building a base. In 1998, the space probe Moon Prospector, in orbit above the moon's poles, found signs of frozen water—the raw material from which hydrogen fuel and breathable oxygen could be obtained and used by future moon colonists.
If we establish bases on the moon, these bases will be excellent sites for space research. The far side of the moon, for example, would be ideal for telescopes because there would be no interference from the sun or the atmosphere. With near-perfect viewing conditions, researchers could search for planets around other stars in the universe, conduct long-term studies of stars and other distant objects, and look much farther into space than with any Earth-based telescopes. The moon would also be an ideal site to listen for radio signals that might come from intelligent life elsewhere in the universe.
Much farther in the future lies the possibility of voyages to other stars. With current methods of rocket power, however, a trip to the nearest star would take many more years than exist in a person's lifetime. Long-distance space travel, therefore, will probably require spaceships to be "colonies" with generations of inhabitants whose entire lives will be spent on board the space colonies as they travel on their journeys.
Given enough time and advances in technology, it might even be possible to colonize other worlds. In the 1990s, scientists began discovering evidence of planets orbiting other stars beyond our own. It may also be possible to build floating space colonies around nearby stars. These colonies would be located in regions of space near enough to a star so that there would be enough light, heat, and solar energy for human beings to survive.
More practical than colonies far out in space would be an orbiting space colony near the moon with room for 10,000 people. The colony could be built of moon material, which would be easy to
网络聊天英文缩写 121: one to one ADN: any day now ADR/addy: address AFAIK: as far as I know AFK: away from keyboard A/S/L: age, sex, location (or just "ASL") ASAP: as soon as possible B4: before B4N: bye for now BB: best boy BBFD: big bad forum discussion BBL: be back later BF: boyfriend or best friend BFF: best friends forever BFFL: Best Friends For Life BFN: bye for now BG: big grin / best girl BMA: best mate always BNR: but not really BRB: be right back BRT: be right there BTA: but then again BTW: by the way C: see? CID: crying in disgrace CNP: continued [in my] next post CP: chat post CU: see you CUL: see you later CY A: see you (later) CYO: see you online DBAU: doing business as usual DD, DH, DS, DW: dear daughter, dear husband, dear son, dear wife (often used on boards where you discuss personal things, but wish to keep private the names of your loved ones) DW: dont worry EIP: editing in progress FTW: for the win or f*** the world or For The World FUD: fear, uncertainty, and doubt
浅谈网络英语课堂的有效性及意义 【关键词】：网络环境英语课堂教学有效性意义 【摘要】：网络环境下的英语课堂教学是在传统英语教学的基础上，利用计算机网络技术开展的教学活动。在这种新的教学模式下，有助于丰富教学手段和教学资源，拓展教学空间和容量，活跃课堂学习氛围，增强学生学习兴趣。 网络作为一种现代高科技的教育教学媒体，在英语课堂教学中已成为一种教学信息的载体与传播工具。这种具有强大功能的高科技教学媒体使英语课堂教学变得更为活跃与高效。然而英语课堂教学是一种语言的教学与互动，语言的教学是有音、有形、有意、有情的，是具有交际性的，网络的功能再强大也不能替代教师在英语课堂教学中的位置与作用，其使用的目的是使英语的课堂教学更优化。因此在网络环境下的英语课堂教学并不是完全放任学生在网络中进行自主学习，而是运用网络优化英语课堂教学的结构，活化英语课堂教学的活动，使学生的学习更为自主、生动、活泼、高效。由于它的跨时空性、直观形象性、交互性、多种信息形态的表现形式等特点，能在教学中强化重点，化解难点，学生既可通过媒体进行学习，教师也可以利用多媒体辅助教学，提高课堂教学质量和效益。网络英语课堂的有效性 一、教材图文,引领学生合作互动 图文并茂，为学生学习英语提供了大量的信息，但是教材中的图文都是静态的，其内涵具有一定的内隐性。如果使用多媒体课件或其他如：电影、录像、幻灯片等电教手段来呈现，那么教材中的静态图文就会被激活，课堂容量就会增大，变得信息丰富，趣味昂然，从而极大地提高教学效率。 多媒体课件的制作尽量做到“活”、“美”、“广”三个字。所谓“活”是指图文的再创要灵活，既忠实于教材原有设计，又不受其束缚，其内容可以合理取舍，大胆增删，只要能更好地服务于教材与教学就行。所谓“美”是制作的课件要美观，让学生在学习知识的同时，受到美的熏陶。所谓“广”是指学生人人参与，个个动手，多设计一些discussion, action, report 等教学任务，引领学生互动、合作参与，真正使知识应用于行动中，从而更好地培养学生的创新精神和实践能力。 二、培养思维的独创性，营造自主学习的机会
新视野大学英语4网络答案 【篇一：新视野大学英语第二册第4册网络试题答案】ts. d. ones special abilities. 4. b. the man never thinks about acting. c. many people dont like acting. d. many people think the mans a good actor. 5. b. the man hasnt taught the woman anything. c. the woman is proud of winning the race. d. the woman believes she is a loser. 6. b. they are well-paid. c. they work outside homes. d. they have good jobs. 7. b. father and daughter. c. husband and wife. a. mother and son. a. they have rights. a. the man doesnt think second place is good. a. the man is a professional actor. c. the history of war. d. a battle station. 2. b. in 1978. c. in 1983. d. in 2005. 3. a. the last group of episodes coming out before the first group. b. a man, like the one in the movie, who wears a black suit. c. a battle station that has the ability to destroy a planet. d. a group of movies that seems confusing to peopl e. 4. b. han solo. c. princess leia. d. luke skywalker. 5. b. the man is exciting. c. the man likes star wars. a. the man was influenced by star wars. a. darth vader. a. in 1999.
论网络英语教学资源的版)
论网络英语教学资源的利用 1.机遇与挑战同在 现在,网络英语教学网站数量之多,内容之丰富让不少学校和教师都跃跃欲试,试图将网站上的英语教学移入课堂。网络英语教学的号召力可以给学校带来许多好处,比如,生源迅速增加,大大缓解优秀教师师资不足的压力,同时,多媒体网络给学生提供了一个真实的英语学习环境,提高了学生的学习兴趣。在交互式网络教室里,学生能自由地表达观点,这就大大提高了学生口语和书面表达能力。 然而,网络英语课堂给我们带来的挑战是不言而喻的。各种问题会扑面而来,给教学的顺利进行造成很大压力。我们许多教师却对此估计不足。看来我们必须赶在开展网络英语教学的尝试之前,对网络英语课堂这一新课题在诸方面给我们带来的挑战进行全面而深入的讨论,使其能够尽快地成为英语教学的有效手段。 2.对教师的挑战 网络英语教学是建筑在以“学”为中心的新理念上的一种学习模式。它的主要特点就是每个学生在教师的指导下,选择适合自己的内容,按照适合自己的节奏学习。有人将这种方式归纳为五个“任何”式,即“任何学习者可以在任何时间、任何地点,选择网络上的任何课程中的任何章节进行学习”。因此教师将自己的角色由“教”而转变为“咨询、指导”就显得十分重要。 但是,我们多数的教师对电脑知之不多,更不用说英特网和英语教学网站了。因此教师们显得信心不足,他们在网络课堂里失去了权威性和安全感。即便是那些有电脑和网络经验的教师也缺乏网络课堂教学的有效方法,生往往只是在电脑上点击这个,点击那个,除了了解了一些信息之外,我们很难说学生真正学到了什么语言知识。 这实际上暴露了网络英语的一个既是优点又是缺点的问题,即网站太多,网络上内容和信息的过于丰富刺激了学习者的浮躁感。他们总是期待着发现更好的,更适合自己兴趣和特点的网站和语言活动去不停地做网站搜索,而不愿静下心来把一个
网络时代下的大学英语教学 摘要：网络的出现对大学英语教学产生了一定冲击。新型网络课堂如微信、QQ、慕课的出现，对传统课堂教学产生一定影响，主要表现在：学习方式的转变;更好地因材施教，实现个性化教学;学习更加具有灵活性;学习效费比更高。但是网络课堂能否取代传统课堂则还有待于进一步观察。 关键词：网络;微信;慕课;大学英语 大学英语教学是一个双边活动，需要师生共同参与，所谓雨阳共织方现彩虹，就是这个意思。在大学英语教学中，无论哪一方缺乏积极性和活动性，教学效果都会大打折扣。而计算机和互联网信息技术普及，正在给几乎每一个领域带来历史性的巨大变化。从互联网产生至今几十年的时间，它已经覆盖全球。“作为一种可以变革教育的潜在强大工具，信息与通讯技术受到全世界几乎所有国家、政府、国际组织和越来越多的有识之士的广泛重视”（教育部全国高校教师网络培训中心，2014）。网络技术、社交媒体比如微信、QQ 平台则为大学英语教学效果的提高提供了更好、更多的平台。它开放了教育资源，让更多热爱学习的人们能够便捷地获取各种英语知识。 一、微信与大学英语教学
微信（wechat）是腾讯公司于2011年初推出的一款即时聊天软件，用户可以通过手机或者平板电脑上的微信客户端快速发送语音、视频、文字和图片。截止到2014年10月，微信用户已经突破了6亿，形势喜人。而大学英语课堂教学则可以很好利用高科技来为教学服务，提高教学效果。 具体做法是：首先，微信可以提供学习平台。教师需要自建一个微信号码，让所在班级学生全部加入该微信群。这是利用微信教学的前提，犹如QQ群一般。 其次，准备教学资源。教师需要将自制的教学视频编码，注明对应内容，粘贴在学生可以看得到的位置，学生们通过手机或平板电脑扫描后即可进入网页观看相关的视频;教师也可以通过关注一些微信公众号，与学生分享里面相关的学习资源。 再次，利用微信作为交流和监控平台。学生之间，学生和老师之间可以用语音或文字进行群聊、私聊，也可以进行视频聊天，还可以利用实时对讲机进行对讲以及通过朋友圈发状态和评论来沟通交流;同时教师也可以通过这些方式来监督和帮助学生，对学生进行学习效果的评价。 二、 QQ与大学英语教学 与微信相比较而言，QQ则具有自己独特的优势。微信往往需要准备手机、平板电脑，方便携带，方便师生交流，但是其不足在于无法满足大型在线同时交流，尤其是需要上
DARPA ：国防高级研究计划局 ARPARNET(Internet) ：阿帕网 ICCC ：国际计算机通信会议 CCITT ：国际电报电话咨询委员会 SNA ：系统网络体系结构(IBM) DNA ：数字网络体系结构(DEC) CSMA/CD ：载波监听多路访问/冲突检测(Xerox) NGI ：下一代INTERNET Internet2 ：第二代INTERNET TCP/IP SNA SPX/IPX AppleT alk ：网络协议 NII ：国家信息基础设施(信息高速公路) GII ：全球信息基础设施 MIPS ：PC的处理能力 Petabit ：10^15BIT/S Cu芯片: ：铜 OC48 ：光缆通信 SDH ：同步数字复用 WDH ：波分复用 ADSL ：不对称数字用户服务线 HFE/HFC：结构和Cable-modem 机顶盒 PCS ：便携式智能终端 CODEC ：编码解码器 ASK(amplitude shift keying) ：幅移键控法 FSK(frequency shift keying) ：频移键控法 PSK(phase shift keying) ：相移键控法 NRZ (Non return to zero) ：不归零制 PCM(pulse code modulation) ：脉冲代码调制nonlinear encoding ：非线性编程 FDM ：频分多路复用 TDM ：时分多路复用 STDM ：统计时分多路复用 DS0 ：64kb/s DS1 ：24DS0 DS1C ：48DS0 DS2 ：96DS0 DS3 ：762DS0 DS4 ：4032DS0 CSU(channel service unit) ：信道服务部件SONET/SDH ：同步光纤网络接口 LRC ：纵向冗余校验 CRC ：循环冗余校验 ARQ ：自动重发请求 ACK ：确认 NAK ：不确认
浅析网络对英语教学的积极影响 " ［论文关键词］网络英语教学影响 ［论文摘要］随着信息技术的不断发展，互联网在人们生活中起到了不可忽视的作用。网络影响着人们生活的各个领域，包括政治、经济、文化、教育等领域。在教育领域，特别是在英语教学中，网络自身的特点给英语教学带来了很多积极的影响。 英语是一门实践性很强的课程，语言学习的关键在于学，而不是在于教。学生能否进行自主学习对英语学习有着非常大的影响，而网络的快捷、资源的丰富以及网络的高科技，给当代学生的学习和生活带来了方便和乐趣，可以让学生主动地，有主见地，探索性地进行学习，即能有效地进行英语学习。网络自身的特点必将给现代英语教学带来很多积极的影响。 一、网络确保了英语学习者教育地位的平等性 网络具有开放性、自由性的特点。不论贫富贵贱，不分男女老少，任何人都可以通过网络搜寻到所需的有关于英语学习的各种信息。通过互联网，英语学习者有平等交流、互帮互学的权利，他们以平等的方式进入网络，共同分享网络资源。教育资源不再为教育者单独掌握，受教育者也不再被动地接受教育信息，每个人可以自由选择自己喜好的信息。网络给英语学习者提供多种交流的途径，例如：英语学习者可以通过电子邮件、MSN、英语聊天室等网络交流方式与别的国家的
学生进行远程交流。在聊天室里，教师可以采取问题教学、角色扮演、辩论等以学为中心的各种模式进行语言教学，促进和提高学生对语言知识的理解和领悟，培养学生的写作、听力和交际能力。无论通过上述哪种途径，任何一个英语学习者都可以不断地提高和改进自身的英语水平，最终达到每个英语学习者教育地位的平等性。 二、网络确保了英语教育内容、教学形式的丰富多样 网络的另一特点是网络资源的丰富性，这必将给英语学习者提供更加多样、全面、丰富的英语学习内容。网络内容覆盖面广，几乎无所不包，而且资源共享，英语学习者可以通过网络获得任何所需的英语知识。了解和掌握说英语国家的文化是学好英语的必要条件，网络为英语学习者了解其他国家的文化提供了极大的便利。同时，在网络的帮助下，学校可以给学生提供更多的英语学习的方式和资源。例如：学校可以建立英语学习网站，或者大面积搜索一些适合英语学习的网站，然后向学生进行推荐，让他们利用业余时间去浏览，选择自己喜欢的内容进行学习。有很多人喜欢听英文歌曲和看英文原版电影，这也是学好英语、练习英语听力和语感的最佳方式。教师可以抓住学生的这个爱好，选择一些适合学生的英文歌曲和电影，充分利用学校为班级配置的多媒体设备，使之真正起到辅助教学的作用。教师也可以在下班后，通过QQ、MSN等网络交流方式在家里跟学生用英语进行沟通，帮助学生解答英语学习方面遇到的困难，这样可以在不知不觉中提高学生英语的口语表达能力，并且学生能及时向老师请教英语学习中出现的问题，能更加有效地提高英语学习的效率。
Click ONCE on the speaker icon to start listening! 放音结束前请不要离开本页。否则就听不成啦! Part 1 Word Dictation (每小题： 分) Directions: Listen and write down the words you hear. You are going to listen to the recording twice. During the first time, write the word that you hear. Check your answers as you listen the second time. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13.
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A. The woman has an angel. B. The woman is a new mother. C. The woman is perfect. D. The woman is like a baby. Questions 2 to 2 are based on the following passage or dialog. 2. A. The baby has to worry a lot about little accidents. B. The man has baby-proofed his home. C. An unsafe home is good for a baby. D. The woman is more worried about her baby. Questions 3 to 3 are based on the following passage or dialog. 3. A. People are more similar than different. B. Chinese people seem different to Americans. C. Chinese people are very different from Americans. D. People all around the world try to be honest. Questions 4 to 4 are based on the following passage or dialog. 4. A. The sound of languages. B. The singing in different countries. C. The Chinese way of speaking.
网络环境下的英语教学 网络环境下的英语教学在这以计算机和网络通讯为核心的教育时代，网络在社会各个领域中得到了广泛的应用。同样在教育教学中网络环境也起了很重要的作用。因为网络环境在综合处理和控制符号、语言、文字、声音、图像等方面具有高超的能力,可使抽象的难以理解的知识具体化、实物化,从而化难为易。在教育教学中,正确合理地应用网络环境协作式学习、探究式学习、多维互动式学习研究可以更有效地提升课堂教学效果。就这一问题作了一些探讨。一、网络环境的定义网络环境是指将分布在不同地点的多个多媒体计算机物理上互联，依据某种协议互相通信，实现软、硬件及其网络文化共享的系统。环境总是与一定的空间或范围有关，有大有小。从小的角度看，网络环境可以理解为“学习者在追求学
习目标和问题解决的活动中可以使用多样的工具和信息资源并相互合作和支持的场所”；从大的方面去理解，网络环境可以包括整个虚拟的现实的世界，即赛伯空间。也就是说，网络环境不仅仅是指网络资源与网络工具发生作用的地点，还可以包括学习氛围、学习者的动机状态、人际关系，教学策略等非物理形态。从教学设计的角度看，网络环境更多的是指网络资源与网络工具的组合。这种学习环境具有信息显示多媒体化、信息传输网络化、信息处理智能化和教学环境虚拟化的特征，包括如下基本组成部分设施，如多媒体计算机、多媒体教室网络、校园网络、因特网等；资源，为学习者提供的经数字化处理的多样化、可全球共享的学习材料和学习对象；平台，向学习者展现的学习界面、实现网上教与学活动的软件系统；通讯，实现远程协商讨论的保障；工具，学习者进行知识建构、创造实践、解决问题的学习工具。对于教师和学校中处于学
大学英语网络教学现状及建议 摘要:目前,大学英语网络教学还存在着缺少必要的硬件保障、大多数网络课件不能适应网络学习的需求、传统教学模式仍然没有改变和教师对学生网络学习监督管理不到位等问题。为此,一要加强学习环境和硬件设施建设,保障学生自学效果;二要完善网络平台,满足学生需要;三要不断更新观念,促进教师角色转变。在英语网络教学过程中,要注意加强学生自主学习能力的培养提高,注意多媒体网络环境与人文环境的结合,还要注意不能忽视教师的介入作用。 关键词:英语;网络教学;现状;建议 伴随着计算机和全球网络技术的日益更新和普及,大多数高校在英语教学中已初步将传统的一块黑板、一本教材的教授方式逐步转变为多媒体课件的教学模式。这种图、文、声、像并茂的教学手段容易使学生产生浓厚的学习兴趣,但仍未完全建立以学生为中心的教学环境。教师基于自己对课程内容的分析和理解,通过现场翻译和课堂提问等方式对学生的英语学习和发展进行全盘的计划和安排,控制着整个课堂,而学生始终处于被动、接受地位,从而导致学生过分依赖教师的引导,缺乏自主学习能力。而基于网络的大学英语教学旨在将传统课堂教学与现代信息技术结合起来,实行网络课程和传统课堂的优势互补,针对不同起点的学生,加强自主学习能力的培养,注重个性差异,进行多样化、个性化教学,在学习过程中,学生可以利用巨大的网络资源库时空界限寻找自己需要的信息,并能够借助网络媒体进行师生及学生间的讨论以加深对知识的理解。同时教师也可以通过网络发布信息、布置任务、参与讨论、解答提问、接收作业和反馈信息等,给予学生相应的指导。 为了顺应高等教育的发展形势,新《大学英语课程教学要求》中明确指出,“各高等学校应充分利用现代信息技术,采用基于计算机和课堂的英语教学模式,改进以教师讲授为主的单一教学模式。新的教学模式应以现代信息技术,特别是网络技术为支撑,使英语的教与学可以在一定程度上不受时间和地点的限制,朝着个性化和自主学习的方向发展”。同时也指出,“教学模式改革成功的一个重要标志就是学生个性化学习方法的形成和学生自主学习能力的发展”。由此可看出,我国的大学英语教学将逐步过渡到基于网络的大学英语教学模式。 一、网络环境下大学英语教学的现状 1缺少必要的硬件保障 网络教学是基于计算机和网络的一种交互式教学手段,作为教学终端的一个重要环节——计算机,学生的个人拥有量不容乐观,大多数学生没有自己的电脑。虽然也可以通过网络中心或者网吧上网的方式弥补电脑拥有量的不足,然而在走访过程中发现,很少有同学愿意自己花钱去学习,上网也不过是为了满足娱乐需求,即使可以通过网络中心的英语学习平台来实现,又往往受限于时间和环境等客观因素,无法真正满足学生自主学习的要求。另外,调查显示超过67%的学生抱怨网
网络常用英语缩写A字头： ASL = Age/Sex/Location AFAIC = As Far As I’m Concerned AFAIK = As Far As I Know AFK = Away From Keyboard AIAMU = And I’m A Monkey’s Uncle AISI = As I See It AKA = Also Known As AMBW = All My Best Wishes AOTS = All Of The Sudden ASAP = As Soon As Possible ATST = At The Same Time AYSOS = Are You Stupid Or Something B字头： B4 = Before B4N = Bye For Now BBIAB = Be Back In A Bit BBIAF = Be Back In A Few BBL = Be Back Later BBN = Bye Bye Now BCNU = Be Seein’You BF = Boyfriend BFN = Bye For Now BIF = Basis In Fact BITD = Back In The Day Biz = Business BM = Byte Me BMOTA = Byte Me On The Ass BNF = Big Name Fan BOHICA = Bend Over Here It Comes Again BR = Bathroom BRB = Be Right Back BRT = Be Right There BS = Big Smile BT = Byte This BTDT = Been There Done That BTW = By The Way BTWBO = Be There With Bells On BWDIK = But What Do I Know BWO = Black, White or Other C字头： Cam = Web Camera
互联网背景下的英语学习 一.语言与文化之水乳交融 文化一词，含义极其宽泛。依社会学家和人类学家所言，文化，即一个社会所具有的独特的信仰、习惯、制度、目标和技术的总和，是人类创造的，经由历史积淀的物质和精神财富。语言为水，文化作舟，唇齿相依。Jesperson曾言“Learningaboutthecultureisthehighestpurposeoflanguagelearning.(了解文化是学习语言的最高目的)”。语言孕育了文化，文化又成就了语言的表达方式和内容的发展与丰富。语言是人类社会进化的产物，是该民族文化的重要体现。表达方式因人而异，语言的使用却有其一定的规则可循。 不同国家、不同地域的文化，因为各自异彩纷呈的鲜明个性必然会有所区别甚至大相径庭。“己所欲，施于人”是人类语言交流过程中的一种倾向性，人们总是习惯于以自己的表达方式诠释对方的话语，以至于对对方的话语得出不恰当的结论，进而产生文化碰撞。交谈双方若不能就所谈内容达到绝对的认同，误解或歧义随之而来。语法的错误显而易见，语用失误则不尽然。语法错误纵然令人不快，却不会被归结为粗鲁或敌意。
二.互联网之异军突起 英语，作为大不列颠王国的母语，在全球的扩张，皆因历史上大不列颠殖民强权和现而今美利坚合众国经济强权。互联网在我国乃至世界以迅雷不及掩耳之势飞速普及，其触角业已伸展到日常生活中衣食住行的方方面面。毫无疑问，互联网已成为当今世界影响面最广、时效性最强的媒体。而互联网自诞生之日起，和英语的关系就是血脉相连、浑然一体。美国学者海斯科拉在《因特网上的文化霸权》一文中写道，世界上90%的网站是一以英文注册，网络的搜索引擎更是英语的天下。以google为例，输入汉字“大学”出现的字条是11亿8千万，而输入“uni-versity”出现的字条为21亿9千万，天壤之别一目了然。 宛若一夜之间，地球之上芸芸众生都被internet这张无形的大网所裹挟，疏而不漏却又无所遁形。英语教学，作为传播英语言文化的前沿阵地，将互联网的优势与英语结合，责无旁贷。 三.英语教学之文化碰撞 语言，人际交往的重要手段。语言的表达作用，贯穿语言活动始终。不同的地域滋养了不同的文化，人们对外界事物的看法和认识注定会因文化相异而不同，最终带来了千差万别的思维模式。西方文化
江苏城市职业学院（高职） 商务英语专业毕业论文 论文题目：浅谈网络环境下商务英语的学习方法学号： 学生姓名： 学校： 指导教师姓名： 指导教师职称： 指导教师单位： 日期： 江苏城市职业学院印制 二○一三年四月二十日
浅谈网络环境下商务英语的学习方法 Brief Exposition on Leaning Method for Business English under the Network Environment 摘要：自上世纪50年代以来，随着网络技术的飞速发展，互联网给人们的生活和学习带来了革命性的、质的改变，极大的方便了人们交流和学习。互联网凭借优越的、丰富的手段与资源平台，越来越受到广大商务人士的青睐。同其他学习形式相比，网络环境下的商务英语学习将具有不可替代性。本文就网络环境下商务英语的学习方法进行简单阐述。 Abstract：From 1950s, with the rapid growth of network technique, the internet has changed people’s life and learning revolutionarily and fundamentally. By right of the advantageous and abundant means and resourceful platform, the internet has become more and more welcome to businessmen. Compared with other learning forms, the business English learning under the network environment will become irreplaceable. This article did some simple exposition on the learning method for business English in the internet. 关键词：网络技术，网络环境，革命性，商务英语 Key Words：Network technique, network environment, revolutionary, business English 随着市场经济的飞跃发展，涉外商务活动的更加繁荣，商务英语在现代商务活动中的作用越来越明显，所扮演的角色越来越重要，愈发受到广大企业和商务人士的重视。作为涉外交流的主要语种，商务英语是涉外企业职员及管理层等高级商务人士在工作中广泛使用的外语语种，与其他语种相比占有绝对的比例。拥有良好的商务英语水平可使商务人士在职场及各种国际商务社交场合中游刃有余地与他人交流、沟通，较好地完成各类工作和商务活动。 一、网络环境下学习的概念
1. A. The woman is a talented singer and impressed the man. B. The man would like to go to a talent show. C. The man liked the show better than the woman. D. The woman had no interest in the show at all. 2. A. He feels he isn't good enough. B. He feels he isn't a kid anymore. C. He can't make it on the 12th. D. He doesn't like trying. 3. A. One's own values. B. One's hard work. C. One's personal contacts. D. One's special abilities.
4. A. The man is a professional actor. B. The man never thinks about acting. C. Many people don't like acting. D. Many people think the man's a good actor. 5. A. The man doesn't think second place is good. B. The man hasn't taught the woman anything. C. The woman is proud of winning the race. D. The woman believes she is a loser. 6. A. They have rights. B. They are well-paid. C. They work outside homes. D. They have good jobs. 7. A. Mother and son.
网络环境下的中学英语教学 Abstract The 21st century is the information age, it symbolizes that the humanity stride in the epoch. But this time most remarkable characteristic is the network popular and the rapid popularity. The Internet is affecting and is changing people’s study way and the working by the unprecedented speed. With the development of information technology, the Internet is playing a more and more significant role in teaching and learning processes. The traditional Secondary School English teaching course does not provide students with a non-obstruction classroom communication environment. Students’ elaborative faculty has not been well developed. The Internet in secondary school has not been fully used. This paper focuses on the use of the Internet as an educational tool to instruct English teaching and learning in secondary schools. To show both the benefits and limitations and discussed the significance of the new method. Key word: network teaching network environment secondary school English 摘要 21世纪是信息时代，它象征着人类的时代跨越。但是，这一次最显着的特征是网络的迅速流行和普及。互联网正在以前所未有的速度影响和改变人们的学习式和工作方式。随着信息技术的发展，互联网正发挥着越来越重要的作用，互联网正在以前所未有的速度影响和改变人们的学习方式。传统的初中英语教学没有为学生提供一个无障碍的课堂交流环境。学生的思维能力并没有得到很好的开发。网络教学在中学教学中还没有得到充分利用。本文讨论的重点是利用因特网作为一种教育工具，来指导初中英语教学。同时还探讨了这种方法的优点和局限性，并讨论了新方法意义的。 关键词：网络教学网络环境初中英语 一、全面阐述网络教学 1.1网络教学的定义 1.2网络教学的特点 1.3为什么要进行网络教学 1.3.1中外网络教学的现状
asl是Age, sex and location 的所写，年龄，性别和地址（国籍）lol是laugh out loud的缩写，意思是大声笑,笑的很开心的样子 ppl=people bbs=be back soon=很快回来 thx=thanks ur=your asap=as soon as possible g2g = got to go ttyl = talk to you later brb = be right back bbl = be back later bio brb=上个厕所就回 afk = away from keyboard (away) u = you plz = please y = why w8 = wait l8er = later cya = see ya (later) nvm = nevermind nm = not much gl = good luck gf = girlfriend bf = boyfriend luv=love RUOK=are you ok? sp=support cu=see u cul8er= see you later ft=faint ic=i see soho=small office home officer btw=by the way gn=gn8=gnight=good night=晚安 nn=nite=晚安 说明：一般第一个人常说gnight/gn8,然后第二个人用nite,后面的用nn什么的都可以了。不要问我为什么，约定俗成而已。
hiho=hola=yo=hi=hey=hellow=ello你好，大家好 wuz up=sup=what's up=(原意：怎么样你？/有什么事儿嘛？)也可作为问好用(当然是比较熟的两个人之间的问候)，回答时有事说事，没事用"nothing/nothin much/not much/nm等回答就可以。 OMG=oh my god=我的天；我靠！ OMFG=oh my fucking god=我的老天；我靠靠； wtf=what the fuck=怎么会事！？；我日！； OMGWTFBBQSOURCE !!!表震惊到了极致. n1=nice 1=nice one=漂亮 pwnz=ownz=牛比！(例句：pwnz demo!;lefuzee ownz all the others!) rullz=强！(例句：lefuzee rullz!;you guyz rull!!!) you rock!=你牛比！ lmao=laughing my ass off=笑的屁股尿流 rofl=roll on floor laughing=笑翻天了 roflmao=rofl+lmao=笑到爆了! 语气强度排序:hehe 英语网络培训会学习心得 英语网络培训会学习心得 今天，葛天中学全体英语老师参加了人教版义务教育教科书网络培训会，通过这次培训活动，使每一位老师在思想和业务理论上都受益匪浅，同时也看到了差距。作为一名面临新课改的英语老师，为了能更好的跟上课改的潮流，适应新的课程改革，要不断的更新自己的教学理念，提高自己的教育教学水平。 上午吴萍老师讲解了阅读方面的问题，新课标对学生的阅读提出了循序渐进的要求，吴老师向我们介绍了阅读课的理解和设计，她建议学生多朗读课文，阅读字数达到四万词，相当于三级水平。吴老师又给出了阅读环节分析：Warming---up pre---reading while---reading and post ---reading 通过这些技巧，有助于我们英语老师在讲阅读课时提高教学效率，把课堂还给学生。培养学生的自主能力，养成良好的习惯和有效的学习方法。 下午庄力老师针对课本实际，对每一个环节都做了深入细致的讲解，解决了很多老师的困惑，真是如沐春风，受益匪浅。 会后，我们全体英语老师召开了一个座谈会，结合我们本校实际和学生状况制定了一系列务实、求真的英语教学方案及策略。 一、加强专业知识学习，做专业型教师。 每个不同年级的学生要规定不同的阅读量。作为一名教师要更爱好学习，充实自己，如果想给学生一碗水，自己必须有一桶水，甚至是 源源不断的活水，所以必须加强专业知识的学习。 二、认真备课，多创设问题情景，激发孩子学习英语的兴趣。 备课，备教材，备学生，备好课，是每一位老师的本职工作。听过报告之后，让我们更加认识到备好一节课需要做多个资料的收集，学生学习的积极性不高，教师要想法设法激发学生的兴趣，创设情境，设置层层入扣的游戏，达到“玩与学”相结合的目的，引导学生自主研究的学习，这将是我们以后工作的重中之重。 三、创设情境，多用直观教学。 由于初中生年龄较小，生活经验不丰富，知识范围有限，作为一名英语老师在课堂上需要更生动的表演、丰富的表情，使学生进入一个美丽的童话世界。 四、鼓励学生互相协作，对学生做有效的评价。 英语是一门实践性、操作性很强的学科，新课程核心理念就是参与、合作。通过合作性学习，使学生互相学习帮助，及时有效的评价可以使学生认识自我、树立自信，有助于反思及调整自己的学习过程。五、营造学习英语的氛围，使英语学习成为教师和学生的共同爱好。教师应该在潜心教学中的同时让学生尽可能多的使用英语，达到学以致用，营造浓厚的英语学习氛围，让学生体会英语的语言魅力。 总之，通过这次培训使每一位教师对新课标有了更深一步的理解，令人耳目一新，让我们更进一步理解和感悟了人教版教材编写的真谛，真切的感受到了新课程的精彩，在以后的教学中，转变自己的思维方式，走在英语新课改的最前列。英语网络培训会学习心得
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