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Horngren_SM_02财务会计第二章答案

Horngren_SM_02财务会计第二章答案
Horngren_SM_02财务会计第二章答案

CHAPTER 2

COVERAGE OF LEARNING OBJECTIVES

Chapter 2 Measuring Income to Assess Performance 25

CHAPTER 2

2-1 The operating cycle depends on the nature of the company. It is the time it takes the company to use cash to acquire goods and services, to sell those goods and services to customers, and to collect cash from the sales.

2-2 A fiscal year is the year used for financial reporting. It may be the same as a calendar year, but often it is not. Many companies elect to begin and end a fiscal year at the low point in their annual business activity.

2-3 Expenses are reductions in stockholders’ equity; thus they may be accurately described as negative stockholders’ equity accounts.

2-4 The cash basis fails to match accomplishments with efforts. In particular, the cash basis fails to match revenues and expenses properly. Inventory may be bought and paid for in one period, and sold in the second with the collection from customers in a third period.

Accrual accounting matches revenue and cost of goods sold in the second period, although the cash outlay was in the first and the collection was in the third.

2-5 The two tests of revenue recognition are earning and realization (realized or realizable).

2-6 Revenue recognition is delayed when a company sells a magazine subscription because the company does not recognize revenue until it is earned by delivery of the magazines.

Revenue recognition is also delayed if collection of the account receivable is not reasonably certain, which means that it is not realized or realizable. This may happen with speculative land sales.

2-7 Product costs are naturally linked to revenues, while period costs support a company’s operations for a given period. Product costs become expenses when the company recognizes the related revenue. Period costs become expenses in the period in which they are incurred.

2-8 In theory, all expenses are goods and services that were first purchased as assets and that have now been utilized (used up) in the conduct of operations.

2-9 Managers acquire assets (goods and services) that are then either used instantaneously or at a later time. When the assets are used, they become expenses.

2-10 The balance sheet is a financial picture of a company at one point in time, like a snapshot.

In contrast, an income statement shows activity over a period of time. It shows the series of events that take a company from one “snapshot” (balance sheet) to another, just as a moving picture shows movement from one position to the next.

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2-11 Synonyms for the income statement are statement of earnings, statement of operations, profit and loss (P&L) statement, and operating statement. A major reason to learn accounting is to be able to read real financial statements. Such statements contain a variety of terms that may differ from the one first leaned in an introductory accounting course. To be able to read and interpret the financial statements, users need to understand the terminology used, including synonyms used for the major accounting terms.

2-12 Managers are often optimistic and feel that things are bound to get better, so they do not like to report bad news. In addition, they may have bonuses or possible future promotions that depend on the financial reports, so they want the reports to be as good as possible. Finally, financial reports are often the “scorecard” for business success, and competitive managers want to report a high score.

2-13 Cash dividends are not necessary in the conduct of revenue-producing operations.

Therefore, they are not expenses but are distributions of assets to owners. These distributions are made possible because of profitable operations, but are not part of the profitable operations.

2-14 Retained earnings is a stockholders’ equity account (a residual claim against assets) not an asset account.

2-15 The statement of stockholders’ equity provides information on why the stockholders’ equity accounts changed during a given period. The three main items that affect stockholders’ equity are net income, transactions with s tockholders, and other comprehensive income—a catch-all category of all equity changes that are neither part of net income nor arise from transactions with owners.

2-16 No. An accounting entity can be a part of an organization, such as a division or department. It can also be an entire economy, such as national income accounting for the United States or another country.

2-17 Reliable data require convincing evidence that can be verified by independent auditors.

Accountants must make sure that data reported in the financial statements can be measured with enough accuracy to be useful to users of the statements.

2-18 Materiality means that items that are not large enough to influence users’ decisions can be omitted from the financial statements. Thus, you do not find pencils or paper clips listed among a company’s assets. Cost-benefit means, for example, that if the cost of measuring an item is greater than the value from knowing it, it can be omitted. Thus, the financial statements of a division of a company may not include an expense for any portion of the company president’s salary, even though the president spends time overseeing the division’s activities. It would simply be too costly for the president to account for each minute spent on each different activity he undertakes and there is no benefit to attempting to allocate the president’s salary to individual divisions. However, in the corporate financial statements, the president’s salary would be treated as an operating cost assigned to the corporation as a whole.

Chapter 2 Measuring Income to Assess Performance 27

2-19 No. One financial ratio, earnings per share (EPS), is presented on the income statement.

2-20 A high P-E ratio means that investors expect future earnings to significantly exceed current earnings. This is likely to be true for fast growing companies.

2-21 Two dividend ratios are as follows:

?Dividend-yield ratio—The amount of dividends paid per dollar invested in a stock at the current market price. The dividend-yield ratio is computed as Dividends per

share ÷ Market price per share.

?Dividend-payout ratio—The percentage of a company’s earnings that is paid out in dividends The dividend-payout ratio is computed as Dividends per share ÷ EPS.

2-22 No. A high dividend-payout ratio may be a bad sign. Companies with a high dividend-payout ratio tend to be slow-growing companies. They return a larger percentage of their income to shareholders because they do not have profitable investments for which to use the money.

2-23 Yes, accountants make many trade-offs between relevance and faithful representation.

Although both are desirable, sometimes it is necessary to sacrifice some of one to gain much of the other. A major trade-off is between market values, which are often more relevant but may raise questions about faithful representation, and historical costs, which faithfully represent an event but may be less relevant.

2-24 The two main characteristics that make accounting information relevant are predictive value—meaning that it helps users form their expectations about the future—and confirmatory value—meaning that it can confirm or contradict existing expectations.

2-25 These criteria support faithful representation. They help ensure that information truly captures the economic substance of the transactions, events, or circumstances it describes. 2-26 A year is a long time to wait for new information about a company’s performance.

Preparing full financial statements is time consuming and costly. Quarterly financial disclosures are less complete than annual ones, but they represent a balanced answer to how often and how complete information should be. Within companies, managers get financial reports daily, weekly, or monthly depending on their needs. In different countries the tradition and the identity of investors have led to different customs. The United States relies on public ownership of companies and needs a system to keep large numbers of investors adequately informed. In countries where more of the ownership is closely held and more of the liabilities are bank financed, there is less need for frequent public disclosure.

2-27 The real choice is not between the cash basis and the accrual basis. We can have either one, but they provide very different information. The accrual-basis income statement is a better measure of overall performance over an accounting period. The cash-basis income statement provides better information about the risks of running out of cash. In the end, our choice between the two would depend on the question we are trying to answer.

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2-28 The stock price should drop by the amount of the dividend per share. Just before the dividend, the stock is worth whatever it will be worth after the dividend plus the amount of the dividend. The chapter does not address details of exactly when rights to a dividend are created, when they accompany the sale of a share, or when they are retained by the seller. These issues are covered in the owners’ equity chapter (Chapter 10).

2-29 Many investors would say that it does not matter because the security markets are efficient and the P-E ratios reflect the expected growth rates of future earnings for each firm. High-growth firms have high P-E ratios and low-growth firms have lower ones.

Other investors would sort into two groups. Each group of investors believes the market tends to systematically misvalue firms, but they disagree on the nature of the market’s “error.” Value investors believe that the market undervalues good low-growth, low P-E firms and therefore buy them. Growth investors believe that the market undervalues good high-growth, high P-E firms and therefore buy them. Empirically, we can find periods of time when value investors have had better results from their investments than growth investors and vice versa. The bottom line is that investing based on P-E ratios alone is never a good idea, although they are an important descriptor of what the market perceptions of a company are at a moment in time.

2-30 (10 min.)

Balance Sheet Income Statement

3. Accumulated deficit 1. Sales

4. Unexpired costs—asset 2. Net earnings

5. Prepaid expenses—asset 7. Statement of earnings

6. Accounts receivable—asset 8. Used up costs—expense

12. Retained earnings 9. Net profits

14. Statement of financial condition 10. Net income

16. Statement of financial position 11. Revenues

13. Expenses—expense

15. Statement of income

17. Operating statement

18. Cost of goods sold—expense

2-31 (5-10 min.)

The dealer is confused. As used by accountants, revenue is a gross amount earned from sales to customers. For example, sales and revenues are synonyms. Revenue is not “the bottom line” in accountants’ minds. “The bottom line” is net income, that is, revenue minus all expenses. The dealer has $280,000 revenue per month, not income.

Of course, many people use “bottom line” in a nontechnical sense to mean the important or significant result—the result that really matters. For example, “the bottom line is not how much you earn but how much you keep.”

Chapter 2 Measuring Income to Assess Performance 29

2-32 (10 min.)

1. On the cash basi s, Yankton’s net income would be as follows:

Revenue (cash received) $190,000*

Expenses 175,000

Net income $15,000

* Beginning receivables + Credit sales – Cash collections = Ending receivables

$60,000 + 240,000 – Cash collections = $110,000

$60,000 + 240,000 – 110,000 = Cash collections = $190,000

2. On an accrual basis, Yankton’s net income would be as follows:

Revenue (sales) $240,000

Expenses 175,000

Net income $ 65,000

3. The $65,000 net income on the accrual basis is generally the most relevant for assessing

Yankton’s performance. It gives credit for all $240,000 of sales because, provided the

accounts receivable are likely to be received (which is one criterion for the accrual

recognition of revenue), Yankton has created value from all the sales, not just those for

which cash has been received.

2-33 (15-20 min.)

The theme of this solution is that retained earnings is not a pot of cash awaiting distribution to stockholders.

1. Cash $1,000 Paid-in capital $1,000

2. Cash $ 400 Paid-in capital $1,000

Inventory 600

Total $1,000

Note in both Requirements 1 and 2 that the ownership equity is fundamentally a claim against the total assets (in the aggregate). For example, none of the shareholders have a specific claim on cash, and none have a specific claim on inventory. Instead, they all have an undivided claim against (or interest in) all of the assets.

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3. Cash $1,150 Paid-in capital $1,000

Retained earnings 150

Total $1,150 Retained Earnings is part of stockholders’equity. Even though Cash and Retained Earnings have increased by identical amounts compared to number 1, the retained earnings is fundamentally a general claim against total assets (just as paid-in capital is a general claim). Retained earnings is the net rise in ownership claim attributable to profitable operations. However, the assets themselves should not be confused with the claims against the assets.

4. Cash $ 50 Paid-in capital $1,000

($1,150 – $300 – $800) Retained earnings 150 Inventory 300

Equipment 800

Total $1,150 Total $1,150

The same explanation applies here as in Requirement 3. However, Transaction 4 should clarify the lack of a specific link between retained earnings (and paid-in capital) and any particular assets. The ownership claims are general, not specific.

5. Cash $ 50 Account payable $ 500

Inventory Paid-in capital 1,000 ($300 + $500) 800 Retained earnings 150 Equipment 800

Total $1,650 Total $1,650

The meaning of retained earnings was explained above. Purchases on “open account”

usually create a general liability; that is, the trade creditors usually hold only general claims against the total assets, not specific claims against particular assets (such as mortgages on buildings). In sum, both the creditors and the owners hold general claims against the assets. Of course, if the corporation is liquidated (all assets converted to cash to be distributed to claimants), the creditors’ general claims must be satisfied before the owners get one dollar. Thus, the stockholders are said to have a residual claim or residual interest.

2-34 (15-25 min.)

See Exhibit 2-34 on the following page.

Chapter 2 Measuring Income to Assess Performance 31

2-35 (15-20 min.)

1. First calculate stockholders’ equity from the asset and liability amounts given.

Assets –Liabilities = Stockholders’ equity Dec. 31: £126,000 –£55,000 = £71,000

Jan. 1: 110,000 – 50,000 = 60,000

Change: £ 16,000 –$ 5,000 = £11,000

Note that the £16,000 asset increase less the £5,000 liability increase yields the increase in stockholders’ equity of £11,000.

2. We can use knowledge of what changes stoc kholders’ equity to “deduce” the amount of

net income. Net income increases stockholders’equity and dividends decrease stockholders’ equity.

Beginning stockholders’ equity + net income – dividends = ending stockholders’ equity £60,000 + net income – £5,000 = £71,000

net income = £71,000 + £5,000 – £60,000

= £16,000

3. Sales – Cost of goods sold – Operating expense = Net income

£354,000 –Cost of goods sold – £200,000 = £16,000

–Cost of goods sold = £16,000 + £200,000 –£354,000

Cost of goods sold = £138,000

2-36 (15 min.)

The cash balance on June 30 was $55,000, as shown in the balance sheet equation

transactions in Exhibit 2-36 on the next page. The cash balance is the only beginning or ending balance that is available from the data.

2-37 (10-15 min.)

1. The name of the statement is antiquated. It should be titled income statement (or

statement of earnings, statement of operations, or operating statement).

2. The line with the date should not be for an instant of time but for an indicated span of

time: a year, a quarter, or a month ending on December 31, 20X0.

3. Increases in market values of land and buildings are not recognized under U. S. GAAP.

4. Dividends are not expenses and are not deducted before net profit is computed.

5. The appropriate deduction is the cost of goods sold, not the cost of the cars purchased.

6. The bottom line should be titled net income or net earnings.

7. The cost of the products sold is usually listed right after revenue, not near the bottom of

the statement.

8. Although it is not the major point of the problem, the income statement has apparently

omitted some expenses; for example, neither rent nor depreciation is shown. As a minimum, one or the other would ordinarily be included.

Chapter 2 Measuring Income to Assess Performance 33

2-38 (5-10 min.) Amounts are in millions.

1.

Revenues $3,275.4

Expenses 3,462.1

Net income (loss) $ (186.7)

Beginning retained earnings $250.5

+ Net income (loss) (186.7)

– Dividends ?

Ending retained earnings $ 63.8

2. Dividends = $6

3.8 – $250.5 + $186.7 = $0

2-39 (20-30 min.) Amounts are in thousands of dollars.

The basic relations used in these problems are as follows:

Revenues – Expenses = Net income

Assets = Liabilities + Stockholders’ equity

Beginning retained earnings + Net income – Dividends = Ending retained earnings

Beginning paid-in-capital + additional investment = Ending paid-in-capital.

1. E = 165 – 125 = 40

D = 30 + 40 = 70

C = 15 because there were no additional investments by stockholders

A = 80 – 15 – 30 = 35; or 80 – (15 + 30) = 35

B = 95 – 15 – 70 = 10; or 95 – (15 + 70) = 10

2. K = 20 + 200 = 220

J = 60 + 20 – 7 = 73

H = 10 + 40 = 50

F = 60 + 10 + 90 = 160

G = 280 – 73 – 50 = 157

3. P = 280 – 250 = 30

Q = 120 + 30 – 130 = 20

N = 85 – 35 = 50

L = 105 + 50 + 120 = 275

M = 95 + 85 + 130 = 310

2-40 (10-15 min.)

This is straightforward. Computations are in millions of dollars:

A = 23,185 – 6,406 = 16,779

B = 11,203 – 646 = 10,557

C = 962 + 646 – 420 = 1,188

D = 17,890+ 7,069 = 24,959

Chapter 2 Measuring Income to Assess Performance 35

2-41 (10 min.)

1. Companies choose what details to report based partly on materiality. A $250,000

investment is definitely material to Dayton Service Stations. It is 27% of its total assets

before the investment. However, it is not necessarily material to ExxonMobil—it is a

very small fraction of 1% of its total assets and even a smaller fraction of its net income.

2. A key question a company must ask is whether a potential investor would find the

information relevant for assessing the position and prospects of the company. The

investment would certainly be an important factor in assessing Dayton Service Stations,

but it would be so small as to be insignificant for assessing ExxonMobil.

2-42 (10-15 min.)

1. Income statement or operating statement is used instead of statement of income and

expenses.

2. The end of the fiscal year is typically identified.

3. The terms income or profit are used rather than surplus (and net income rather than net

surplus).

4.The term loss is used instead of deficit.

5. A profit-seeking organization would not receive a subsidy.

2-43 (10-15 min.)

This problem demonstrates how financial statements provide information for investor decisions. These ratios are compared with other companies in the industry and with the company’s ratios through the years.

1. EPS = £364,000,000 ÷ 1,611,000,000 = £0.226

2. P-E = £6.000 ÷ £0.226 = 26.5

3. Dividend Yield = (£295 ÷ 1,611) ÷ £6.000 = 3.1%

4. Dividend Payout = (£295 ÷ 1,611) ÷ £0.226 = 81%

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2-44 (10-15 min.)

1. $23,931,000,000 ÷ $11.74 = 2,038,415,673 average shares

2. $11.74 × .2155 = $2.53; this is much less than the $11.74 EPS.

3. (a) $2.53 ÷ $76.50 = 3.3% dividend yield

(b) $76.50 ÷ $11.74 = 6.5 P-E ratio

2-45 (20-30 min.)

1 and 2. See Exhibit 2-45 on the following page.

3. R. J. SEN CORPORATION

Income Statement

For the Month Ended June 30, 20X0

Accrual Basis Cash Basis

Sales $115,000 Revenue (cash collected

from customers*) $ 45,000 Deduct: Cost of Expenses (cash disbursed

goods sold 60,000 for merchandise) 85,000

Net cash used by

Net income $ 55,000 operating activities $(40,000)

*The entire revenue is cash sales. If any cash had been collected from credit customers during June, it would be added here.

The accrual basis provides a better measure of the economic accomplishments and efforts of the entity. The cash basis is inferior because it fails to recognize revenue as earned (the sales on credit), and it often recognizes expenses before they help generate revenues (for example, inventory acquired but not sold). Note that the June 28 acquisition of inventory on open account is irrelevant under both the accrual and cash basis.

Chapter 2 Measuring Income to Assess Performance 37

1. The first two items in the first sentence of the footnote (i.e., reference to persuasive

evidence of an arrangement and delivery) relate to the earning of the revenue, and the last two (i.e., fee fixed and determinable and collectability probable) relate to its realization.

Microsoft used to recognize revenue on products licensed to OEMs when the OEMs

shipped product to customers, based on the assumption that Microsoft does not earn the revenue until the product actually is sent to a final customer. However, a change in

licensing earlier this decade made it possible to regard revenue as earned when Microsoft ships product to the OEMs. The licensing agreement may have been changed to make the OEMs more responsible for the products after Microsoft ships them. Microsoft decided not to wait until the OEM delivers product to customers to regard the revenue as earned;

instead, it is deemed earned at the time Microsoft ships it. This accelerates Microsoft’s recognition of revenues.

2. Multi-year licensing agreements are treated as a magazine publisher would treat a

subscription. The revenue is not earned until the customer uses the software for which it has a licensing agreement. Therefore, revenue recognition is spread over the life of the

license.

3. Revenue related to games published by third parties is recognized when the games are

manufactured, not when they are shipped to customers. Microsoft must believe that it

sells the right to manufacture the games, and as soon as the manufacturing process is

complete its revenue-earning process is complete.

Chapter 2 Measuring Income to Assess Performance 39

1. See Exhibit 2-47 on the following page.

Transactions 8 to 11 illustrate the culmination of the asset acquisition-asset expiration sequence: that is, most assets are “stored” as “unexpired” or “prepaid” costs that are expected to benefit future operations (inventory, prepaid rent, prepaid insurance and equipment). As these assets are “used up” or “expire,” they become expenses or “expired costs.”

2. MONTERO COMPANY

Income Statement

For the Month Ended July 31, 20X2

Sales $205,000

Deduct expenses:

Cost of goods sold $160,000

Rent 5,000

Depreciation 2,000

Insurance 1,000

Total expenses 168,000

Net income $ 37,000

3. MONTERO COMPANY

Balance Sheet

July 31, 20X2

Liabilities and

Assets Stockholders’ Equity

Liabilities:

Cash $ 126,000 Note payable $ 60,000 Accounts receivable 140,000 Accounts payable 110,000 Merchandise inventory 65,000 Total liabilities 170,000 Prepaid rent 55,000 Stockholders’ equity:

Prepaid insurance 23,000 Paid-in capital 300,000 Equipment 98,000 Retained earnings 37,000

Total stockholders’ equity 337,000 Total assets $507,000 Total liab. and stk. equity $507,000 40

2-48 (35-40 min.)

1. See Exhibit 2-48 on the following page.

2. BEKELE COMPANY

Balance Sheet

April 30, 20X2

Liabilities and

Assets Stockholders’ Equity

Liabilities:

Cash $106,000 Note payable $ 24,000 Accounts receivable 57,000 Accounts payable 5,000 Merchandise inventory 43,000 Total liabilities 29,000 Prepaid rent 4,000 Stockholders’ equity:

Equipment and fixtures 35,000 Paid-in capital $200,000

Retained earnings 16,000

Total stk. equity $216,000 Total $245,000 Total $245,000

BEKELE COMPANY

Income Statement

For the Month Ended April 30, 20X0

Sales revenue $100,000

Deduct expenses:

Cost of goods sold $37,000

Wages and sales commissions 34,000

Rent ($2,000 + $10,000) 12,000

Depreciation 1,000

Total expenses 84,000 Net Income $16,000 3. Most businesses tend to have net losses during their infant mont hs, so Bekele’s ability

to show a net income for April is impressive. Indeed, the rate of return on beginning

investment is ($16,000 ÷ $200,000) = 8% per month, or 96% per year. Bekele also has

high stockholders’ equity compared to its liabilities, quite a high cash balance, and

flexibility because most assets are either in cash or will be turned into cash relatively

quickly. Many other points can be raised, including the problem of maintaining an

“optimum” cash balance so that creditors can be paid neither too quickly nor too slowly.

See the next solution also.

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2-49 (5-10 min.)

Cash Inflows:

Cash sales $ 25,000

Cash collected from credit customers 18,000

Cash disbursements:* 43,000 Disbursements for merchandise $(75,000)**

Disbursements for rent, wages,

and sales commissions (50,000)***

Total cash disbursements 125,000

Net cash outflow for operations $(82,000) *Some students will also include the $12,000 cash paid to purchase equipment as a cash outflow. This is consistent with a strict cash-basis of accounting.

**$45,000 + $30,000

*** $6,000 + $10,000 + $34,000

The accrual basis provides a more accurate measure of economic performance. If the two revenue recognition criteria are met (earning and realization), the $100,000 measure of revenue on the accrual basis is preferred to the $43,000 measure of cash receipts for measuring economic performance, and the $84,000 measure of costs is preferred to the $125,000 measure of cash disbursements. The $16,000 net income is a more accurate measure of total accomplishments for April than is the $82,000 net cash outflow for operations.

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2016年10月全国自考《高级财务会计》试题及答案

2016年10月高等教育自学考试全国统一命题考试 高级财务会计试卷 一、单项选择题 1、某企业的记账本位币为美元,根据我国会计准则规定,下列说法中错误的是( C ) A.该企业日常核算使用的货币为美元 B.该企业的财务报表需要折算为人民币 C.该企业以美元计价和结算的交易属于外币交易 D.该企业以人民币计价和结算的交易不属于外币交易 2、根据我国会计准则规定,企业实际收到的外币投资额在折算为记账本位币时,应采用的汇率是( B ) A.合同约定汇率 B.交易发生日即期汇率 C.资产负债表日即期汇率 D.交易发生日即期汇率的近似汇率 3、甲、乙公司均为房地产开发企业,甲公司与乙公司进行合并,合并后的法人资格均保留,这种合并方式称为( A ) A.横向合并 B.新设合并 C.纵向合并 D.混合合并 4、企业集团内部甲子公司以发行股票方式对乙子公司进行吸收合并,在合并过程中为发行股票而发生的佣金等相关费用,应于发生时计入(C ) A.财务费用 B.管理费用 C.资本公积 D.投资收益 5、编制合并财务报表时,下列各项中不属于子公司必须提供的资料是(A ) A.子公司管理人员的薪酬 B.子公司与母公司不一致的会计期间的说明 C.子公司所有者权益变动和利润分配的相关情况 D.子公司采用的与母公司不一致的会计政策及其影响金额 6、非同一控制下的控股合并中,如果合并日被合并企业固定资产的公允价值高于其账面价值,在编制控制权取得日后首期合并财务报表时,正确的处理方法是( C ) A.在账簿中将固定资产的账面价值调整为公允价值并增加资本公积 B.在账簿中将固定资产的账面价值调整为公允价值并增加营业外收入

财务会计第二章 选择题及答案

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