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Discovery of a z=6.1 Radio-Loud Quasar in the NDWFS

Discovery of a z=6.1 Radio-Loud Quasar in the NDWFS
Discovery of a z=6.1 Radio-Loud Quasar in the NDWFS

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Discovery of a z =6.1Radio-Loud Quasar in the NDWFS Ian D.McGreer 1,Robert H.Becker 2,3,David J.Helfand 1,Richard L.White 4ABSTRACT From examination of only 4deg 2of sky in the NOAO Deep Wide-Field Survey (NDWFS)region,we have identi?ed the ?rst radio-loud quasar at a redshift z >6.The object,FIRST J1427385+331241,was discovered by matching the FLAMEX IR survey to FIRST survey radio sources with NDWFS counterparts.One candidate z >6quasar was found,and spectroscopy with the Keck II telescope con?rmed its identi?cation,yielding a redshift z =6.12.The object is a Broad Absorption Line (BAL)quasar with an optical luminosity of M B ~?26.9and a radio-to-optical ?ux ratio ~60.Two Mg II absorptions systems are present at redshifts of z =2.18and z =2.20.We brie?y discuss the implications of this discovery for the high-redshift quasar population.1.Introduction High-redshift quasars provide both interesting constraints on the growth of the ?rst supermassive black holes,and light sources with which to probe the ionization history of the Universe.The Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS)broke the z =6barrier after covering its ?rst 1550deg 2(Fan et al.2001)and has subsequently identi?ed a total of nine objects with z ≥6drawn from sky coverage of 6550deg 2(Fan et al.2001,2003,2004,2006).Owing to the relatively bright limiting z ′-band magnitude of the SDSS survey,all of these quasars are luminous,with M B

(6±2×10?10Mpc ?3for M 14505.7,concluding Ψ(L )~L ?3.2±0.7.This steep luminosity function suggests deeper surveys could locate large numbers of high-redshift objects.

All of the z >6quasars discovered to date are radio-quiet,with ratios of radio to optical ?ux <10.One source has been detected at 20cm with a ?ux density of 55μJy,

while a second has a measured value of26±12μJy(Carilli et al.2004).The most distant quasar known with a?ux density level of>1mJy is SDSS J083643.85+005453.3at z=5.82. However,based on semi-analytic models of dark halo formation,Haiman et al.(2004)predict high surface densities of high-redshift radio-loud quasars;in particular,they suggest roughly four z>6quasars per square degree should be found in the catalog constructed from Faint Images of the Radio Sky at Twenty-cm(FIRST–Becker et al.1995).Motivated by this suggestion,we have matched the FIRST catalog to the NOAO Deep Wide-Field Survey (NDWFS–Jannuzi&Dey1999)and the recently released FLAMINGOS EXtragalactic Survey(FLAMEX–Elston et al.2006),yielding a net survey area of4.1deg2.The result is the detection of the?rst z>6radio-loud quasar.

In Section2,we brie?y describe the catalogs used for this project.We then go on to present our search procedure which produced one good candidate object(§3).Section4 describes the spectroscopic con?rmation of this quasar,§5its continuum properties from rest UV to IR,and§6its absorption line systems.In§7we discuss the implication of this discovery for the high-redshift quasar population as well as for future searches for high-redshift objects. Magnitudes are reported in the Vega system unless otherwise noted.Photometry in the optical to near-infrared was obtained from SExtractor(Bertin&Arnouts1996)MAG 1https://www.doczj.com/doc/c914531177.html,/noao/noaodeep/DR3/dr3?descr.html

2.2.FIRST

We produced the FIRST survey(Becker et al.1995)from data collected between1993 and2004using the Very Large Array2in its B con?guration operating at20cm.Over 9000deg2of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey footprint was imaged to a sensitivity of1mJy, with astrometric accuracy better than1′′;all images and catalogs are available at the FIRST website3.The radio source surface density is~90deg?2;906sources fall within the NDWFS Bo¨o tes?eld.

2.3.FLAMEX

The FLAMEX Survey(Elston et al.2006)is the largest survey available in the near-IR to K~20.It was conducted on the KPNO2.1-m telescope between2001and2004, ultimately covering4.7deg2of the Bo¨o tes region;the net overlap with NDWFS is4.1deg2. The survey is50%complete at K s=19.5;the stated limit at J is~21.4.A catalog of ~157,000K s-selected sources was produced using SExtractor and was released through the FLAMEX website4.

3.Candidate Selection

In order to identify high-redshift quasar candidates,we searched the NDWFS Bo¨o tes survey region for compact FIRST sources,de?ned as having a?tted semi-major axis of less than2.5′′.There are394FIRST sources meeting this criterion in the NDWFS?eld,of which 168lie in the intersection of the NDWFS and FLAMEX survey regions.Roughly60%of the FIRST sources can be identi?ed with NDWFS counterparts;this fraction increases to~75%when FLAMEX is included.

The photometric redshift code hyperz of Bolzonella et al.(2000)was used to estimate redshifts for the entire sample of optical/IR radio-source counterparts.The composite radio-emitting quasar spectral template from the FIRST Bright Quasar Survey(FBQS,Brotherton et al.2001)was used to?t the optical/IR photometry.This template was treated as a

non-evolving model characteristic of radio-loud and radio-intermediate quasars.We?t the template to the NDWFS and FLAMEX photometry over a range of redshifts0

A set of four candidate z>4radio-loud quasars from the best-?t hyperz redshift estimates was then examined by eye,using the optical images from NDWFS;two of these had putative redshifts greater than six.Only the source FIRST J1427385+331241(F peak=

1.7mJy)had all of the expected properties of a bright z>6quasar:no emission in the

B w and R bands,detection in the I band with a high stellarity(I=22.1,SExtractor CLASS

5TIFKAM was funded by Ohio State University,the MDM consortium,MIT,and NSF grant AST96-05012.NOAO and USNO paid for the development of the ALADDIN arrays and contributed the array currently in use in TIFKAM.

?ux.The standard IRAF DAOPHOT routines were used to construct PSFs from the images and to?t simultaneously the quasar and the nearby source.From this process,we obtained J=19.68±0.05and K s=17.88±0.16from the FLAMEX images,in good agreement with the MDM observations.All photometric observations of FIRST J1427385+331241are shown in Table1.

The VLA European Large-Area ISO Survey(ELAIS–Ciliegi et al.1999)detected this source as ELAISR142738+331242,and reported a1.4GHz?ux density of1.816±0.021mJy, compared to the1.73±0.13mJy?ux density from FIRST.The source is also barely visible in the NRAO VLA Sky Survey(NVSS–Condon et al.1998)image of this region,where it is merged with a brighter nearby source;the sum of the?ux densities of the two resolved sources from FIRST is consistent with the reported NVSS?ux density.Thus,there is no evidence of large variations at radio wavelengths.

The source is not detected in the Chandra XBootes survey(Murray et al.2005),im-plying an upper limit in the0.5-7keV band of4×10?15erg cm?2s?https://www.doczj.com/doc/c914531177.html,ing the Galactic N H at this location of1.1×1020cm?2and a power law slope ofΓ=1.9yields a rest frame luminosity upper limit L(3.5?14keV)<1.0×1045erg s?1,only a factor of2?3below the X-ray luminosities detected for other high-redshift(albeit,radio-quiet)quasars(Brandt et al.2002).The evidence,presented below,that this object is a BAL could explain its modest observed X-ray?ux,since intrinsic column densities of up to4×1023cm?2have been seen in such objects(Gallagher et al.2002);in this case the luminosity upper limit increases by ~50%.

We obtained Spitzer IRAC archival images of the Bo¨o tes?eld,from a survey conducted by Eisenhardt et al.(2004).The source is detected in all four IRAC bands.Measured?uxes from analyzing the Post-BCD images with SExtractor are68±7μJy at3.6μm,77±7μJy at 4.5μm,93±8μJy at5.8μm,and72±7μJy at8.0μm.The Bo¨o tes?eld has also been surveyed at24μm by Houck et al.(2005).A catalog is not yet available,but examination of archival images reveals a possible detection of the source,based on a small?uctuation(~1.7σ)in the image at the quasar position.We adopt a rough upper limit of0.2mJy for the24μm?ux of this source.These mid-infrared?uxes are comparable to measurements of SDSS z>5.8 quasars from the Spitzer survey conducted by Jiang et al.(2006).From the24μm upper limit we see no evidence for a hot dust mass(see Figure2)as was found for11out of13of the quasars observed by Jiang et al.(see their Figure3).The ratio of rest-frame near-IR to optical luminosities for FIRST J1427385+331241is also low,log(νLν[3.5μm]/νLν[4400?A]) ?0.4.Jiang et https://www.doczj.com/doc/c914531177.html,pare the two quasars in their sample showing similarly weak NIR ?uxes to low redshift samples and?nd that such cases are very rare;they suggest that dust evolution at high redshift may explain why a signi?cant fraction(~20%)of z~6quasars

are NIR-weak.

5.Continuum Properties

In Figure2,we show the full optical to infrared spectral energy distribution(SED)of FIRST J1427385+331241.The SED does not resemble a simple power law,and the large ?ux ratio between the rest-frame ultraviolet and optical range suggests that dust extinction may be responsible for the observed optical and near-infrared colors(I?J=2.4and J?K=1.8).We derive the rest-frame luminosity of the quasar by?tting the redshifted FBQS template to the IRAC measurements,which are the least a?ected by dust.From this process we derive M B=?26.9and M1450=?26.4;only one known z>6quasar is less luminous:SDSS J1630+4012has M1450=?26.1(Fan et al.2003).Using a template to derive UV/optical luminosities ignores dust reddening;the?ux levels in our Keck spectrum at these wavelengths are much lower,most likely as a consequence of slit losses which render these data unreliable for deriving magnitudes.As none of the z~6SDSS quasars have shown signi?cant dust extinction,using the template to derive luminosities allows a direct comparison to that sample.

In order to compare the radio and optical properties of FIRST J1427385+331241,we adopt the de?nition of radio loudness from Ivezi′c et al.(2002),R m=0.4(m?t),where m is an optical AB magnitude and t is the“AB radio magnitude”at1.4GHz.This de?nition does not include a K-correction,and thus probes di?erent regions of the spectral energy distribution at di?erent redshifts.We consider two regions based on observations of z>6 sources.At z~6,the B band is redshifted to the near-infrared(~3μm),such that a comparison of the?ux at1.4GHz to the IRAC3.6μm?ux is an approximation to the usual de?nition of radio loudness in terms of the ratio of5GHz radio to B-band optical?ux (Kellerman et al.1989).Using an AB magnitude of19.32at3.6μm,the radio loudness for FIRST J1427385+331241is R3.6μm=1.4.We also consider the radio-loudness for z> 6sources in terms of the rest-frame ultraviolet;speci?cally,to compare with the SDSS quasars,we use the?ux at1450?https://www.doczj.com/doc/c914531177.html,ing the values of m1450obtained from template?tting as described above,the radio-loudness of the quasar is R1450=1.8.The quasar SDSS J1148+5251detected by Carilli et al.(2004)with a?ux density at1.4GHz of55μJy has R1450=?0.2and R3.6μm=?0.4,so FIRST J1427385+331241is truly the?rst z>6 radio-loud quasar.

FIRST J1427385+331241is a Broad Absorption Line Quasar(BALQSO),as is evident from the strong absorption features blueward of the N V and Si IV emission lines(see Figure1).BALQSOs are more intrinsically reddened than non-BALQSOs(Trump et al.

2006;Reichard et al.2003;Brotherton et al.2001).Figure2shows that a simple model using a power law with slopeα=?0.5reddened by a Small Magellanic Cloud(SMC,Prevot et al.1984;Pei1992)dust model with E(B?V)=0.1gives a good?t to the observed SED. This dust model agrees with the FBQS sample of low-redshift BALQSOs(Brotherton et al. 2001),where the spectral shape of the low-ionization BALQSO composite was consistent with the non-BALQSO composite reddened by SMC dust with E(B?V)~0.1.SDSS J1048+4637,at z=6.2,is also a BALQSO;thus the BAL fraction for known z>6quasars is~20%,similar to the low-redshift fraction(~10?15%,Trump et al.2006;Reichard et al.2003;Weymann et al.1991).

6.Mg II absorption

The high-S/N Keck spectrum reveals two strong Mg IIλλ2796,2803absorption systems (Figure3).The?rst is at observed wavelengths8894?A and8916?A,giving an absorber redshift of z=2.1804±0.0003.The second shows both the Mg II doublet and the Mg Iλ2852line, at observed wavelengths8948?A,8970?A,and9128?A respectively,yielding an absorber at z=2.1997±0.0002.The velocity separation of these systems is~5800km/s;they are unlikely to be part of a single cluster but may be associated with large-scale structure.

The presence of absorption systems in the line-of-sight raises the possibility that the quasar is being gravitationally lensed.By examining quasars in the2dF survey,M′e nard &P′e roux(2003)found evidence for gravitational magni?cation of sources with strong Mg II/Fe II absorbers.Murphy&Liske(2004)also detected magni?cation of SDSS quasars with intervening DLAs.M′e nard&P′e roux(2003)discuss how the absorption systems are responsible for competing e?ects:while the overall brightness of the source is increased by gravitational lensing,extinction e?ects in the absorber’s frame will redden the source.Mur-phy&Liske(2004)did not?nd evidence for systematic reddening of SDSS quasars by DLAs at z abs~3,but York et al.(2006)did?nd reddening as large as E(B?V)~0.1in SDSS quasars with Mg II absorbers in the interval1.0

7.Discussion

Approximately10%of the normal SDSS quasars are detected in the FIRST survey (White et al.2006).The fact that SDSS has found one z>6quasar(all radio quiet)per ~730deg2searched and we have found a radio-loud object in a4deg2survey requires exam-ination,6as a naive estimate would predict our chances of success to be4.1deg2/730deg2×0.1=6×10?4.Allowing for the possibility that the quasar is being gravitationally magni?ed, we might have reached~1mag deeper into the quasar luminosity function than Fan et al. Even with a steep luminosity functionΨ(L)~L?3.2,this would only increase the number density by a factor of~20;the number density of6×10?10Mpc?3from Fan et al.(2004) would predict~0.1quasars in4deg2in the redshift range6

In addition to the predictions of high surface densities of radio-loud quasars put forth by Haiman et al.(2004),we expected that the use of deep optical and infrared surveys would allow us to reach less luminous quasars at high redshifts.Figure4shows that the combination of NDWFS and FLAMEX should probe much deeper into the luminosity function of high-z quasars than the corresponding search conducted using the SDSS.We thus expected to?nd, if anything,a quasar too faint to fall within the SDSS program limits and identi?ed by the combination of deep optical/IR imaging with radio selection.

This quasar is just below the reach of the SDSS program,as shown in Figure4.The NDWFS I band,which essentially covers the combined wavelength range of the SDSS i′and z′bands,easily detected this source,as did the FLAMEX J.Thus we did not fully utilize the deep coverage of the Bo¨o tes region surveys in locating this particular source.In addition, while radio detection was the primary criterion for our quasar search,it was not essential in this case,as the quasar could have been identi?ed by its optical and infrared properties alone (as an R-band dropout);however,the use of radio detection does eliminate contamination from L and T dwarf stars.This quasar is not particularly underluminous relative to other z>5.8quasars(see Figure4);it is the object’s red optical colors that prevented it from being detected by SDSS.As at low-redshift,radio selection has located quasars that are redder than those found by optical criteria(White et al.2003).The improbable discovery of this quasar suggests that dust obscuration may be important at high redshift,and that current estimates for the quasar number density at z~6are too low.Radio searches such as this one,and mid-to far-IR searches such as that of Cool et al.(2006)are likely to?nd a new population of sources at high redshift.

The issue of the redshift dependence of quasar radio emission has been debated in the literature for decades.The consensus ten years ago appeared to be that“the fraction of radio-loud quasars decreases with increasing redshift”(Schmidt et al.1995and references therein).From observations of forty optically selected quasars with3.33.9)Schmidt et al.detected three objects at a20cm ?ux density threshold of0.2mJy,far below their expectation of9-18detections.However, all such studies relied on rather small and heterogenous samples of objects with di?erent selection criteria.Recently,we have studied the radio properties of the41,295quasars from the SDSS DR3catalog that fall within the FIRST survey area(White et al.2006).An important feature of our analysis is that we include all quasars–especially the~90%which fall below the radio detection threshold–by stacking the radio images.

White et al.(2006)?nd a very tight correlation of radio luminosity with absolute mag-

. nitude at all redshifts,but,importantly,the slope of the relation is not unity:L R~L0.72

opt Thus,the higher luminosity optical objects–inevitably those found in magnitude-limited high-z surveys–are underluminous in the radio when compared with the mean of the lower-redshift population.When normalized for this dependence on optical luminosity,we?nd a remarkably?at distribution of the radio-to-optical?ux ratio R for quasars with redshift: the mean value of R changes by less than0.1from z=0to z=5(White et al.2006,?gure11;see also Cirasuolo et al.2006and Petric et al.2003).The cumulative fraction of quasars above the Schmidt et al.(1995)limit of0.2mJy at6cm is~0.12in our SDSS sample(assuming a radio spectral slope ofα=?0.5between20and6cm).Correcting for the(high)mean optical luminosity of the Schmidt et al.sample(M B=?26.3)reduces the expected fraction by20%to0.10.Thus,we would expect four detections in their sample of forty;three objects were detected.We conclude that the expectation of discovering a radio-loud quasar at high z is not reduced signi?cantly by a decline in radio emission with redshift;indeed,the fact that two of nineteen quasars now known above z=5.7lie above the FIRST survey threshold is not unexpected.

Our discovery of a z>6radio-loud quasar in a4-deg2survey suggests that tractable wider-area surveys with deep K-magnitude(and deeper radio)limits would be highly pro-ductive.We have not yet exhausted the possibilities in the FLAMEX region,as the~200 radio sources showing extended emission have yet to be matched.The detection of more, higher-z objects could provide useful probes of the epoch of reionization through redshifted 21cm absorption measurements.

8.Acknowledgements

RHB and DJH acknowledge the support of the National Science Foundation under grants AST-05-07663and AST-05-07598,respectively.RHB also acknowledges support from the Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics(operated under the auspices of the US Department of Energy by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under contract W-7045-Eng-48).This work made use of images and/or data products provided by the NOAO Deep Wide-Field Survey(Jannuzi and Dey1999),which is supported by the National Optical Astronomy Observatory(NOAO).NOAO is operated by AURA,Inc.,under a cooperative agreement with the National Science Foundation.

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Table1.Photometric Observations of FIRST J1427385+331241 Survey Band mag error?ux density(mJy)

Note.—All magnitudes are in the Vega system.ND-

WFS,MDM,and IRAC magnitudes were all obtained from

SExtractor MAG

Fig.1.—The spectrum of FIRST J1427385+331241obtained on2006March5using the ESI spectrograph(R~4000)on the Keck II telescope.Prominent emission lines are indicated with vertical dashed lines.Strong absorption features blueward of the N V and Si IV emission

lines demonstrate that this is a BAL quasar.

Fig.2.—The rest-frame ultraviolet to infrared SED of FIRST J1427385+331241,compiled from multiple surveys.Points with error bars are:NDWFS I(cross),SDSS z′upper limit (circle),FLAMEX J,K s(diamonds),IRAC3,4,6,8μm(asterisks),and the MIPS24μm upper limit(square).A representative power law with a slope ofα=?0.5(dotted line)is ?t to the IRAC3?6μm data and the MIPS24μm upper limit.The steep drop in?ux in the rest-frame ultraviolet suggests that the quasar is reddened by dust extinction.Shown in dot-dashed lines is a power law with slopeα=?0.5extincted by SMC-like dust with

E(B?V)=0.09,using the values for SMC dust given in Prevot et al.(1984)and Pei(1992).

Fig.3.—A portion of the Keck spectrum of FIRST J1427385+331241,revealing the presence of Mg absorption systems at z abs,1=2.1804±0.0003and z abs,2=2.1997±0.0003.In both systems,the Mg IIλλ2796,2803doublet is present,while the higher redshift system also

shows the weaker Mg Iλ2852line.

Fig.4.—Detection limits of optical/IR photometric quasar searches obtained by redshifting the LBQS optical quasar template(Francis et al.1991).The upper two lines show the limits of the SDSS i′photometry and the magnitude cuto?z′<20.2used for selection of quasar candidates by Fan et al.The lower two lines show the faintest luminosities reached by the NDWFS I and FLAMEX J photometry.Note that the NDWFS I band covers nearly the same wavelength range as the SDSS i′and z′bands combined.Published z>5.8SDSS quasars are shown with crosses.The z=5.85quasar found by Cool et al.(2006)using IRAC selection is shown as a?lled circle.FIRST J1427385+331241is shown as a?lled triangle,showing that it is just below the nominal limit of the SDSS quasar search,but well above the NDWFS/FLAMEX detection limits.SDSS J1630+4012(z=6.05)is the faintest z>6quasar(M1450=?26.1),yet it was an8σdetection,z′=20.4(Fan et al.2003). The inferred luminosity for FIRST J1427385+331241is higher(M1450=?26.4),but its red

optical color put it below the SDSS z′detection limit.

Fig. 5.—30′′SDSS i′,z′,and NDWFS I cutout images of images of FIRST J1427+3312. The FIRST position is marked with vertical lines.A3σdetection limit of z′=20.8is derived from examination of the SDSS images.

Fig. 6.—30′′FLAMEX J and K s cutout images of FIRST J1427385+331241,with the FIRST position marked by vertical lines.The source3′′west has J=18.3and K s=18.2in the FLAMEX catalog,while the quasar has J=18.7and K s=https://www.doczj.com/doc/c914531177.html,ing PSF-?tting to simultaneously?t both sources yielded J=19.7and K s=17.9for the quasar.

TEMSDiscovery2.5操作指南概论

TEMS DISCOVERY DISCOVERY的几大功能: 一:数据展示(地理化窗口/layer 3/图形化显示)都是在project中可以直接打开显示的。二:出报告 三:地理化的差值分析/平均分析 Discovery和TI导入数据的想法不一样,TI是用logfile进行导入后分析,discovery是通过PROJECT形式导入各种数据(.cel/map/log这些数据是基于project) 第一步:新建一个project:点击project explorer---new

上图中我们需要给project定义一个project name。然后SAVE一下。(再导入cell/map之前GIS/CELL CONFIGATION是空的,导入之后这里会有相应的显示) UDR:uers defined region(用户自定义区域) 第二步: 导入数据 路测数据 地理化数据

小区数据 天线数据(天线的主瓣旁瓣) 覆盖图(planning tools导出来的)

在导入.cel(小区数据) 文件时的选项:要定义小区数据是属于哪一个project(define target project),然后Browse小区数据。 导入过程中,我们会在TASK WINDOW中看到相应的project/.cel导入信息。 导入好小区数据之后我们会在project Explorer中看到我们新建的project (20100801)中会出现Composite(组合)/datasets(数据组),现在这里还是空的,然后我们右键project(比如:20100801)—view/edit properties会看到我们cell configuration已经存在CELL文件了。 ,

Deep Learning for Human Part Discovery in Images

Deep Learning for Human Part Discovery in Images Gabriel L.Oliveira,Abhinav Valada,Claas Bollen,Wolfram Burgard and Thomas Brox Abstract—This paper addresses the problem of human body part segmentation in conventional RGB images,which has several applications in robotics,such as learning from demon-stration and human-robot handovers.The proposed solution is based on Convolutional Neural Networks(CNNs).We present a network architecture that assigns each pixel to one of a prede?ned set of human body part classes,such as head, torso,arms,legs.After initializing weights with a very deep convolutional network for image classi?cation,the network can be trained end-to-end and yields precise class predictions at the original input resolution.Our architecture particularly improves on over-?tting issues in the up-convolutional part of the network.Relying only on RGB rather than RGB-D images also allows us to apply the approach outdoors.The network achieves state-of-the-art performance on the PASCAL Parts dataset.Moreover,we introduce two new part segmentation datasets,the Freiburg sitting people dataset and the Freiburg people in disaster dataset.We also present results obtained with a ground robot and an unmanned aerial vehicle. I.INTRODUCTION Convolutional Neural Networks(CNNs)have recently achieved unprecedented results in multiple visual perception tasks,such as image classi?cation[14],[24]and object detection[7],[8].CNNs have the ability to learn effective hierarchical feature representations that characterize the typical variations observed in visual data,which makes them very well-suited for all visual classi?cation tasks.Feature descriptors extracted from CNNs can be transferred also to related tasks.The features are generic and work well even with simple classi?ers[25]. In this paper,we are not just interested in predicting a single class label per image,but in predicting a high-resolution semantic segmentation output,as shown in Fig.1. Straightforward pixel-wise classi?cation is suboptimal for two reasons:?rst,it runs in a dilemma between localization accuracy and using large receptive?elds.Second,standard implementations of pixel-wise classi?cation are inef?cient computationally.Therefore,we build upon very recent work on so-called up-convolutional networks[4],[16].In contrast to usual classi?cation CNNs,which contract the high-resolution input to a low-resolution output,these networks can take an abstract,low-resolution input and predict a high-resolution output,such as a full-size image[4].In Long et al.[16], an up-convolutional network was attached to a classi?cation network,which resolves the above-mentioned dilemma:the contractive network part includes large receptive?elds,while the up-convolutional part provides high localization accuracy. All authors are with the Department of Computer Science at the University of Freiburg,79110Freiburg,Germany.This work has partly been supported by the European Commission under ERC-StG-PE7-279401-VideoLearn, ERC-AG-PE7-267686-LIFENA V,and FP7-610603-EUROPA2. (a)PASCAL Parts(b)MS COCO (c)Freiburg Sitting People(d)Freiburg People in Disaster Fig.1:Input image(left)and the corresponding mask(right) predicted by our network on various standard datasets. In this paper,we technically re?ne the architecture of Long et al.and apply it to human body part segmentation,where we focus especially on the usability in a robotics context.Apart from architectural changes,we identify data augmentation strategies that substantially increase performance. For robotics,human body part segmentation can be a very valuable tool,especially when it can be applied both indoors and outdoors.For persons who cannot move their upper body, some of the most basic actions such as drinking water is rendered impossible without assistance.Robots could identify human body parts,such as hands,and interact with them to perform some of these tasks.Other applications such as learning from demonstration and human robot handovers can also bene?t from accurate human part segmentation.For a learning-from-demonstration task,one could take advantage of the high level description of human parts.Each part could be used as an explicit mapping between the human and joints of the robot for learning control actions.Tasks such as human-robot handovers could also bene?t.A robot that needs to hand a tool to its human counterpart must be able to detect where the hands are to perform the task. Human body part segmentation has been considered a very challenging task in computer vision due to the wide variability of the body parts’appearance.There is large variation due to pose and viewpoint,self-occlusion,and clothing.Good results have been achieved in the past in conjunction with depth sensors[22].We show that CNNs can handle this variation very well even with regular RGB cameras,which can be used also outdoors.The proposed network architecture yields correct body part labels and also localizes them precisely. We outperform the baseline by Long et al.[16]by a large

中国电视纪录片发展现状研究

中国电视纪录片发展现状研究 本文的目的在于研究中国电视纪录片发展现状。新中国成立以来电视纪录片的的发展经历了四个阶段新闻纪录、专题纪录、创新纪录、媒 介融合。从研究历史出发通过对当下纪录片生态环境、市场化问题、 话语权三大问题的现状分析归纳出体制内外纪录片发展中共同面临 的问题。世纪在新的传播环境和传播语境下中国当下的电视纪录片依 托传播学的理念从自身改造突破问题寻找出路。关键词电视纪录片市场化问题话语权传播过程引言引言研究缘起在年第届奥斯卡金像奖 提名名单中华人女导演杨紫烨凭借执导的环保题材纪录短片《仇岗卫士》成功入围最佳纪录短片提名。杨紫烨接受采访时说“现在是中国纪录片最好的时代。与“最好时代”不相称的是纪录片现状的尴尬局面翻阅电视报几乎找不到它的身影即使找到了也被安排在午夜等非黄 金时段相亲节目选秀节目竟猜节目……充斥于荧屏成为了老百姓茶 余饭后的谈资。与二十世纪九十年代的辉煌相比电视纪录片节目渐渐 冷清甚至已淡出人们的视线。纪录片遇到了怎样的困境把电视台的资源拱手让于其他节目电视纪录片在中国为何会有此境遇它的出路又 在哪里这就是笔者写作的缘起也是重点研究的问题。纪录得益于电 影。年月日法国卢米埃尔兄弟开创了电影的先河,工厂大门》、火车到站》、《婴儿进餐》等影片的公开收费放映使得电影真正走入了人类世 界展示出独有的光影魅力。这些影片就像一幅幅活动的相片带有很大程度的纪实性质。而就在年电影很快登陆中国。上海、北京、香港、

台湾陆续出现电影但放映的都是外国人的影片。直到年北京丰泰照相馆的老板任庆泰以著名京剧艺术家谭鑫培作为拍摄对象拍下了他表 演定军山》的几个片断观众反响热烈。这预示了中国纪录片的萌芽。 而国际上公认的第一部纪录电影是罗伯特?弗拉哈迪在年拍摄的北方的纳努克》这也是他的第一部电影。直到今天这部电影仍然充满着无穷的魔力被热爱纪录片的专家学者作为研究欣赏图本。原因就在于他开创了纪录片的拍摄手法。纪录片依托电影发展壮大在电影和电视界闯下了一番天地被全世界人民所认同。从年电视发明以后人们就可以足不出户了解世界新闻、博览社会百态。影视合流成了趋势。电视 纪录片应电视技术的成熟、媒体力量的聚合诞生了。美国国家地理频道、探索频道依托纪录片而崛起、发展英国的日本的在世界上在纪录片的专属领域中享有美誉。中国的电视杨紫烨现在是中国纪录片最好时代新浪网? 引言纪录片发从年起步至今已走过了五十三年的历史 现状又是如何呢研究的目的和意义选择中国电视纪录片的现状作为 论文的研究对象其目的和意义在于第一新千年已进入第十一个年头 科学技术日新月异中国电视纪录片自身在承载内容和外在形式上都 表现出个性化、丰富化的特点通过回顾半个世纪的电视纪录史分析出每个时期电视纪录片的共性站在历史的肩头才能更好的审视现在展 望未来。第二电视生态环境与纪录片发展息息相关在市场经济时代纪 录片面临着哪些问题又该如何把握自己的话语权这些问题的探讨是 纪录片现状生存必须面对的课题。第三电视纪录片是一个复杂动态的

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用STM32F4-Discovery套件自带调试器烧录STM32芯片 碧云天书 STM32F4-Discovery自带了SWD调试连接器,可以用来调试和烧录STM32芯片和开发板。一般STM32开发板上的调试接口为20脚的JTAG接口,而STM32F4-Discovery板载的SWD调试连接器为6教SWD接口,可以用一条20脚转6脚的连接线将SWD调试器连接到开发板的JTAG接口上。 一、硬件连接 下图是JLink接口的SWD端口配置图,可以作为连接参考。引脚编号为简易牛角座顶视图对应的编号。红线标识的引脚对应着ST-LINK/V2调试连接器CN2的6个引脚。 表1STM32F4-Discovery自带的ST-LINK/V2调试连接器CN2引脚定义(SWD) 引脚CN2说明 1VDD_TARGET来自应用的VDD 2SWCLK SWD时钟 3GND地线 4SWDIO SWD数据输入/输出 5NRST目标MCU的复位 6SWO保留(TRACESWO,连接目标MCU的PB3,可以不接) 由于使用ST-LINK/V2上的NRST就得断开SB11锡桥,因此不使用NRST线。需要连接剩下的5根线,分别是VCC,SWDIO,SWCLK,SWO,GND。其中SWO也可以不接,这样就只需要连4条线。下面的表2总结了连线方式。 表2连接STM32F4-Discovery自带的ST-LINK/V2调试连接器到开发板JTAG接口的连线 VDD SWCLK GND SWDIO SWO(可省略) 12346 ST-LINK/V2 (CN2) JTAG接口194713

连接线实物 使用STM32F4-Discovery自带的ST-LINK/V2调试连接器时,需要把CN3上的跳线拔掉,这时板载的ST-LINK/V2处于调试外部开发板状态。如下图:

Discovery纽约时代广场探索博物馆EB-5项目

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项目特点 独一无二的地理优势 纽约时代广场在2013年迎接了5340万次游客,游客总消费超过了400亿美金,旅游消费预计将会在未来4年每年以8.5%的速度增长。 良好的发展前景——纽约市的旅游统计表

足够的就业机会创造 依照Michael Evans所做出的就业人数计算(即RIMS Ⅱ计算方式,该计算方法为美国移民局比较推荐的就业机会计算方式),该项目预计产生593个新的就业机会。远远超过EB-5所需的240个就业机会空间高达60%。 银行专户还款 Discovery博物馆参观门票预计价格为22美元,娱乐产业一直以来都是现金流十分可观的产业,依照与其他时代广场相似项目比较并且保守评估推算,每年项目净利润预计高达一千万美元以上,项目承诺在营运方面将保留60%的现金存放至还款账户中,专款专户作为未来贷款五年还款准备。 资金结构

DAVID使用方法介绍

DAVID使用说明文档 一、DAVID简介 DA VID (the Database for Annotation,Visualization and Integrated Discovery)的网址是https://www.doczj.com/doc/c914531177.html,/。DA VID是一个生物信息数据库,整合了生物学数据和分析工具,为大规模的基因或蛋白列表(成百上千个基因ID或者蛋白ID列表)提供系统综合的生物功能注释信息,帮助用户从中提取生物学信息。 DA VID这个工具在2003年发布,目前版本是v6.7。和其他类似的分析工具,如GoMiner,GOstat等一样,都是将输入列表中的基因关联到生物学注释上,进而从统计的层面,在数千个关联的注释中,找出最显著富集的生物学注释。最主要是功能注释和信息链接。 二、分析工具: DAVID需要用户提供感兴趣的基因列表,在基因背景下,使用提供的分析工具,提取该列表中含有的生物信息。这里说的基因列表和背景文件的选取对结果至关重要。 1.基因列表:这个基因列表可能是上游的生物信息分析产生的基因ID列表。对于富集分析而言,一般情况下,大量的基因组成的列 表有更高的统计意义,对富集程度高的特殊Terms有更高的敏感度。富集分析产生的p-value在相同或者数量相同的基因列表中具有可比性。 DAVID对于基因列表的格式要求为每行一个基因ID或者是基因ID用逗号分隔开。基因列表的质量会直接影响到分析结果。这里定性给出好的基因列表应该具有的特点,一个好的基因列表至少要满足以下的大部分的要求: (1)包含与研究目的相关的大部分重要的基因(如标识基因)。

discovery软件在测井资料标准化中的应用

discovery软件在测井资料标准化中的应用 趋势而分析方法是依据物质的某一物理参数的测量值来研究幷空间分布特点及变化规律的方法。任何汕出实际地质参数在横向上差不多上具有某种规律性渐变,即可看作是趋势面变化。趋势而分析的差不多思路确实是对标准层的测井响应多项式趋势面作图,并认为与地层原始趋势而具有一致性。若趋势面分析的残差图仅为随机变量,则是测井刻度误差造成的,若存在一组专门残差值,则认为是岩性变化导致的0 1981年J H Doveton和E?Bomcman 进一步用趋势而分析来描述这一标准化过程,1991年石汕大学熊绮华教授在进行牛庄洼陷万全汕田油藏描述研究过程中采纳该方法对测井曲线进行标准化。 Discovery软件是应用较为广泛的油藏描述软件,该软件在用趋势面分析方法进行测井 曲线标准化方而具有操作简单、图形化输出及运算等特点,使得测井曲线标准化变得专门方便。 1 Discovery软件的趋势面分析方法 1.1趋势面分析方法的数学原理 若趋势而分析的残差图仅为随机变量,则是测井刻度误差造成的,若存在一组专门残差值,则认为是岩性变化导致的。它的数学方法概述如下: 设用z(x,y)表示所研究的地质特点,其中(x,y)是平面上点的坐标.则趋势值和剩余值用下式表示: z(x,y)= Z (x,y)+e 其中:2(xj)为趋势值,C为剩余值。 关于已知的数据:z,x\yiJH2 No 通常用回来分析求出趋势值和剩余值,即依照已知的数据求出回来方程f(x?y),使得: N 2 =乞忆一/(兀,片)] r-l 达到最小。实际上这确实是最小二乘意义下的曲面拟合咨询题,即依据运算值z(xj)用回来分析方法求出一个回来而: 对应于回来而上的值Z = 为趋势值,残差z,.名为剩余值。

体验营销之远交近攻

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的推销活动,对公众是保密的。这使得雀巢公司与公众之间的信息交流不通。所有这一切,都犯了公共关系的大忌,也就难怪误解、谣传遍起。 帕根根据调查分析的结果,制定出了一个详细周密的公共关系计划,呈报给雀巢公司。帕根的这一计划,把行动的重点放在了抵制最强烈的美国,虚心听取社会各界对雀巢公司的批评意见,开展大规模的游说活动,组织有权威的听证委员会,审查雀巢公司的销售行为等,使舆论逐渐改变了态度。在“近攻”取得初步胜利的基础上,帕根建议接任雀巢公司总经理之职的毛奇,开辟发展中国家的市场,把它作为雀巢产品的最佳市场。在开拓市场过程中,雀巢公司吸取了以往的教训,不是把第三世界的发展中国家单纯看作雀巢产品的市场,而是从建立互利的伙伴关系着手。 雀巢公司每年用60亿瑞士法郎,从发展中国家购买原料,每年拨出8000万瑞士法郎,来帮助这些国家提高农产品的质量。同时,还聘请100多名专家,在第三世界国家举办各种职业培训班。比如,在印度的旁遮普邦,雀巢公司进入莫加区建立了一个奶品工厂。由于那里的家庭所饲养的产奶水牛,不仅营养不良,而且很多都染有疾病。大多数农民只能生产仅够自己所需的牛奶,根本没有任何剩余牛奶可供出售。于是,雀巢公司设立了一个免费的兽医服务处,以批发价格向农民供应药品,并提供低息贷款支持开掘新水井,增加用水的供应。这样一来,使更多的草料长起来了,牛犊的存活率也从40%提高到75%。在这一计划开始时,那里只有4460户牛奶直接供应者,在计划实施之后,牛奶供应者超过了3.5万户,每年向雀巢公司售奶可达11.7万吨。牲畜疾病已基本绝迹。这个奶品工厂发展所创造的繁荣,已协助带来电力、电讯、农机,交通事业的发展。使昔日的贫瘠之一,今已欣欣向荣。 如此一系列的活动,使雀巢公司在发展中国家里树立起了良好的形象,因而销路大增。又取得了“远交”的胜利。 到1984年,雀巢公司的年营业额高达311亿瑞士法郎,雄居世界食品工业之首。 2、“情感式营销”诠释“梦想”文化 一、传播策略:“非奥运营销”战略强调“参与”精神 雪花啤酒近日对外公布了其在奥运期间的品牌推广战略—“非奥运营销”战略,并宣

纪录片制作机构

探索频道(Discovery Channel)是由探索传播公司(Discovery Communications, Inc./DCI;NASDAQ:DISCA,旗下拥有197多家全球性电视网,包括Discovery探索频道、动物星球频道、Discovery科学频道和Discovery高清视界频道等)于1985年创立的,总部位于美国马里兰州蒙哥马利县银泉市。探索频道主要播放流行科学、科技、历史、考古及自然纪录片。 探索频道自1985年在美国启播后、现今已成为世界上发展最迅速的有线电视网络之一、覆盖面遍及全国百分之九十九的有线电视订户、在全球145个国家和地区有超过14400万个家庭订户。探索频道是全球最大的纪录片制作及买家、它吸引全球最优秀的纪录片制作人、所以探索频道的节目均被认为是世界上最优秀的纪实娱乐节目。也是世界上发行最广的电视品牌,目前到达全球160多个国家和地区的30600多万家庭,以35种不同语言播出节目。 探索频道在世界主要国家地区均有落地,但探索频道会因应不同地区设立不同版本,加上字幕或配音。美国版本主要播放写实电视节目,如著名的流言终结者系列。亚洲探索频道除着重播放写实节目之外,也播放文化节目,如介绍中国、日本文化的一系列节目。 亚洲探索频道于1994年成立,总部在新加坡,为美国Discovery传播公司(DCI)的全资附属机构,提供二十四小时精彩的纪实娱乐节目。据2005年泛亚媒体调查(PAX)的结果显示,探索频道在富裕成人中连续9年被公认为亚洲地区收视人口最多的有线及卫星电视频道。在新加坡举办的2004年“亚洲电视大奖”评选中,探索频道还荣膺“年度最佳有线及卫星电视频道”。 中国国际电视总公司(中央电视台全额投资的大型国有独资公司,成立于1984年,是中国内地规模最大、赢利能力最强的传媒公司)境外卫星代理部接收探索频道信号,通过亚太6号卫星(东经134度)发射KU波段信号。该服务一般只提供给三星级或以上的涉外宾馆酒店,外国人居住区,领事馆及大使馆。中国大陆各省市的地方电视台会转播或播放探索频道制作的节目。同时,还与浙江华数集团成立合资公司,向由杭州电视台开办的四个面向全国播出的高清付费电视频道(求索纪录、求索生活、求索科学、求索动物)提供绝大多数的节目内容。

discover微波操作手册

微波合成仪标准操作手册 一、操作流程 1、例行检查:仪器开机前,首先检查仪器整体是否正常;反应腔及内衬溢出杯是否清洁;检查自 动压控装置APD是否清洁;自动进样器是否在正常位置;仪器电源线、数据线、气体管路连接情况是否正常。经检查一切正常方可开机。如内衬、APD不清洁或其它问题未经处理而运行仪器所造成的损害,属于非正常操作范畴。 2、开机顺序:先打开计算机电源,再打开Discover主机电源,然后运行Synergy软件(在计算机 桌面上)。最后打开空压机电源。 3、登记制度:检查、开机均正常,请认真按规定填写仪器使用记录,记录信息不全将承担后续使 用问题的责任。检查、开机、运行过程中,发现任何问题请及时联系管理员。 4、启动软件:运行Synergy软件,选择用户名并输入密码,进入软件操作界面后,可从屏幕右下 方工具栏察看Discover和Explorer的联机情况。 5、放入样品:按要求装配好微波反应管(详见第六部分),放入仪器衰减器。 6、选择方法:打开软件界面中相应用户的“M ethod”文件夹图标,选择所需方法,单击鼠标左键拖 拽到相应样品位置,如有需要,可新建方法或对方法进行修改(详见第四部分) 7、运行前检查:检查衰减器是否处于锁定状态;察看屏幕右侧温度、压力的显示是否正常。 8、运行方法:点击软件界面上部工具栏中的“P lay”按钮,仪器自动运行。 二、禁止的操作项 1、严禁频繁开关机;开机后1min内关机;关机后1min内开机。 2、严禁修改电脑系统设置如注册表项等内容。 3、严禁使用破损的、有裂痕的、划痕严重的反应瓶。 4、严禁使用变形的样品盖。 5、反应瓶盖必须严格按要求装配,禁止未经过检查就放置于自动进样器架上。 6、严禁将标签纸粘贴在反应瓶的任何部位。 7、严禁将文献中多模微波仪器(特别是家用微波炉)的反应条件直接用于该仪器。 8、严禁长时间无人值守,仪器运行过程中,必须每2小时进行巡视查看,并做好检查记录。 9、微波程序运行过程中,严禁非仪器管理员在线修改反应参数。 10、仪器登陆用户只有管理员的权限可以设置为“Admin”其他均设置为“User”。 11、仪器各登陆用户的参数设置应符合仪器要求(详见第三部分),禁止修改。

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美国探索教育视频资源服务平台

1、美国探索教育视频资源服务平台 平台内容及意义 大众文化的流行,娱乐学习一体化的浪潮席卷全球。同时随着社会发展,多学科交叉融合,使得社会对大学生综合能力要求颇高。在某一个方面出类拔萃的复合型人才,越来越受到企业社会的青睐。综合性人才在当今社会炙手可热,因此学校在重视专业课的同时,加强对课外知识的普及符合当今教育时代的发展需求。 美国探索教育视频资源服务平台坚持以“科教兴国”为总方略,以提高在校师生综合素质、开拓师生眼界为宗旨;以教育、科学、文化、历史、探险等为题材的多学科交叉融合的教育视频资源服务平台。平台始终坚持科学研究与教学理论相统一,历史知识和文化教育相结合,以求达到师生即使足不出户,亦能知大千世界之神奇、能知世界各地前沿性科学技术,能解世间万物之疑惑。此平台已经成为西安数图网络科技有限公司一个独具特色的教育资源服务平台。 平台特色 美国探索教育视频资源服务平台,结合高校科学教育及科普知识所需,精选整合美国探索频道(Discovery)和美国国家地理频道(National Geography)两大世界知名频道近年来的最新节目,精心制作而成。 1、美国探索频道(Discovery) 1985年开播 使用客户在全球达到160多个国家,3亿零6百多万家庭。 通过15颗卫星用36种语言、24小时播放来源于全球不同地方摄制的精彩高品质纪实节目 2、美国国家地理频道(National Geography) 遍布全球达171个国家及地区 通过48种语言收看 荣获1次奥斯卡金像奖和2次金像奖提名,129座艾美奖 平台分类 自然科学,历史人文,科学发现,生命科学,旅游风光,体育探索,军事侦探,交通机械,工程建筑

BBC一百多部记录片

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