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高二英语Unit13 The water planet知识点总复习教案_1

高二英语Unit13 The water planet知识点总复习教案_1
高二英语Unit13 The water planet知识点总复习教案_1

高二英语Unit13 The water planet知

识点总复习教案

高二英语Unit13Thewaterplanet知识点总复习教案

SectionII

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7.99%percentofthelivingspaceonearthisintheoceans.

地球上百分之九十九的生存空间是在海洋里。

▲百分数作主语时,即percent后有数词时,应注意两点:一是percent不能用复数形式;二是谓语动词的单复数。如果percentof后的名词为单数,谓语动词用单数;其后的名词为复数,谓语动词则用复数。如:①About70percentofthesurfaceoftheearthiswater.地球表面大约百分之七十是水。②Eightpercentofthestudentsareabsenttoday.今天有百分之八的学生缺席。

【注】percent可作为副词用,在句中作状语。如:①Inoticeyoudon'tsaythatyou'reahundredpercentconvince dyourself.我注意到你没有让你自己完全信服。②Priceshaverisen5.5percentinthepastyear.过去一年物价上涨了5.5%。③Ithinkit'sninetypercentprobable.我想有

百分之九十的可能性。

【注】percent也可作形容词用,在句中充当定语。如:Ipaidhimsixpercentinterest.我付给他百分之六的利息。

【注】percentage意为“百分比”,多与of连用。如果连用的名词是复数,后面的动词就用复数形式,否则用单数形式。如:①whatpercentageofbabiesdieofthisdiseaseeveryyear?每年婴儿死于这种疾病的百分率是多少?②whatpercentage0fhisincomeispaidinincometax?他的收入有多大比例用来交所得税?

8.marinelifeisincrediblyrichandvaried.海洋生物极其丰富多样。

▲varied是由动词vary变化而来的过去分词,在句中作定语或表语。如:①Themenuisvariedandcheap.菜单上的菜花样很多也很便宜。②Theymadevariedeffortstobringaboutapeacefulsolutiono ftheproblems.他们做了种种努力来和平解决这些问题。③Theyarerichincontentandvariedinstyle.它们内容丰富、风格多样。④Hehadhadvariedtrainingandhadheldmanyoffices.他受过多种训练并担任过多种职务。

▲动词vary意为“有差异”“有变化”时,是不及物动词。如:①coursesvaryaccordingtotheneedsofthestudents.

课程根据学生的需要而不同。②Peoplevaryverymuchintheirideas.人与人的想法差别是很大的。③Theanswersgivenbydifferentpeoplevarygreatly.不同人作出的回答,差别非常大。

▲vary可作及物动词,意思是“使……有变化”“变换”。如:①youshouldvaryyourdiet.你的饮食应经常变换花样。

②Shevariesherdressasfashionchanges.她的衣着随潮流而变化。

【注】vary充当及物动词时,可用现在分词作定语。如:varyingprices不断变化的价格。

9.Thereareaboutfivemillionspeciesintheoceansandweha veyettolearnmuchaboutthem.海洋里大约有500万种生物有关这些种群的情况,我们还有许多东西要了解。

)species

▲species意为“种”“类”。单复数同形,主要指生物学上有相同特征的动植物品种、种类。如:①Theagri-culturalextorthasdevelopedaproductivespecie sofrice.这个农业专家培育出一种高产水稻品种。②Pandasareanendangeredspecies.熊猫是一种濒临灭绝的动

物。③Somespeciesofanimalshavebecomeextinctbecausetheycou ldnotadapttoachangingenvironment.有一些动物已经灭绝了,因为它们不能适应环境的变化。

【注】species可用来表示“人类”。如:①Theuseofnuclearweaponsisahorriblethreattothespecies.核武器的使用对人类是一个严重的威胁。②Theprotectionofourenvironmentwillbenefitthehumanspe cies.保护环境有益于全人类。

【注】species在口语中表示“种类”,相当于akind,atype,asort。如:①Variousspeciesofbusinessadvertise-mentsonthetelevis ionsometimesmakeTVprogramsratherdull.电视上五花八门的商业广告有时使电视节目十分乏味。②Astrangespeciesofcarattractedtheattentionofpeople.

一种形状奇特的轿车引起了人们的注意。

【注】英语中还有specie这个词,不要把它误认为是species的单数,这是两个完全不同的词。specie意为“硬币”。

2)yet在肯定句中的意思和用法。

▲yet一般用于否定句和疑问句,意为“还”“已经”。如:

①Idon'twanttogoawayyet.我现在还不想离开。②Themoonhadnotyetrisen.月亮还没有升起。③Iwonderifshe'sstartedyet.不知她开始了没有。

“又”。

▲在个别情况下yet也可用在肯定句中,意为“还”

如:①Itwastooearlyyettotellanything.现在要说什么还为时过早。②Ihaveafewmorepagestoreadyet.我还有几页书要看。③muchyetremainstobedone.还有很多事等着去做。

▲yet可用来表示将来还可能发生某事,意为“迟早”“终归”。如:①Theplanmayyetsucceed.这个计划还可能成功。②Itwillbecolderyetbeforespringcomes.

春天到来之前还可能更冷一些。③Thethiefwillbecaughtyet.小偷迟早会被抓住的。

▲yet可作连词用,意为“但是”“然而”。如:①janesaidshewasill,yetIsawherinthestreetjustnow.简说她病了,但我刚才还看到她在街上。②Igavehimallheaskedfor,yetheisstillnotsatisfied.我给了他所要的一切,但是他仍然不满意。

▲yet也可以和and连用,表示“但是”。如:He'splea-santenough,andyetIdon'tlikehim.他够招人喜欢的,但我不喜欢他。

【注】still,already和yet都有“还”“仍然”之意,但是有差别。still暗示对某事件持续时间比预料的长而感

到惊讶。如:Thecoffeeisstillhot.already用于表达对某事物发生时间比预料的时间早而感到惊讶。如:Thecoffeeiscoldalready.yet一般用于否定句和疑问句中,在正式语体中有时可代替still。如:Ihavestill/yettohearthetruth.

0.Lifeintheoceanrangesfromthetiniestplanktonallthew ayuptogiantslikesharksandwhales.海洋里的生物中从微小的浮游生物到巨大的动物如鲨鱼和鲸鱼都有。

▲range在本单元中作不及物动词用,意为“在一定范围、幅度内变动”。range的此种用法无进行时态,常与介词from…to…或between连用。如:①Sentencestodayrangefrom5or6wordsto70,withthemajorit ynotfarfrom20.现在的句子长度从五、六个词到七十个词不等。不过大多数句子的长度在二十个字左右。②Hisinterestsrangedfromchesstosurfing.他的爱好从下棋到冲浪,无所不有。③Theiragesrangedfrom25to50.他们的年龄在二十五岁到五十岁之间。④Thetemperaturerangesbetween0℃and30℃.气温在摄氏零度到30度之间。

*range后接介词over时表示“漫游…”“涉及”“包括”。如:①werangedoverthehillsandvalleys.我们在山上和山

谷中漫游。②ourconversationrangedovermanytopics.

我们的谈话涉及许多话题。

【注】range作“漫游”解释时,可作为及物动词用。如:Hespentthesummerrangingthecountryside.他在乡间漫游,度过了夏天。

“始终”,也可以用thewholeway。

▲alltheway意为“一直”

如:①Therebeingnobus,hehadtowalkallthewayhome.没有公共汽车,他不得不一直步行到家。②

I'llsupporthimallthewaywhateverhappens.不管发生什么事,我将始终支持他。③Thedoghasbeenwithmealltheway.

这条狗一直跟着我。

▲upto此处是与from连用的。upto单独使用时有“直到”“至多”之意。如:①Itcouldbeuptotwoyearsbeforetheprojectiscompleted.可能需要两年时间这项工程才能完成。②Shewashereuptoafewminutesago.她直到数分钟前还在这里。

③ourminibuscanholduptoeightpeople.我们的小车能容纳

8人。④UptonowI'venevermethim.一直到现在,我还没见过他。

【注】upto有很多意思,常见的还有“忙于…”“由……决定、负责”。如:①whathaveyoubeenuptoalldaywhileI'vebeenbusy?我整天忙

着的时候你在干什么?②Goandseewhatthesegirlsareupto.去看看这些女孩子在干什么。③It'suptoyouwhetheryoudecidet0takethejob.要不要这份工作由你自己决定。④It'suptoyoutobreakthenewstohim.该由你把这消息告诉他。

【注】upto还可作“及得上”“可以与……相比较”解。如:①ThisnewbookofGreen'sisn'tuptohislast.格林的这本书不如上一本好。②Heisnotuptohisfatherasascholar.作为学者他不如他父亲。

1.whatmakestheoceansuchagreatplacetolive?究竟是什么东西使海洋成为如此优越的生活场所呢?

▲make的用法归纳

make+n.+n.使…①In1849,marxwenttoEnglandandmadeLondonthebaseforhisr evolutionarywork.1849年马克思到了英国,把伦敦作为从事革命工作的基地。②wemadehimmonitor.我们选他当班长。

▲注意:当表示独一无二的职位名词作宾补时,例如:president,chairman,manager等,名词前不加冠词。

make+n.+adj.使…They'vemadetheirhometownrich.他们已使家乡富有了。

make+n.+dosth.使某人做某事Thebossmadehimwork10hoursaday.老板让他每天工作10小

时。

▲注意:此句型若变成被动语态,后面的动词前要加“to”,构成“bemadetodosth.”。Hewasmadetowork10hoursaday.他被迫一天工作10小时。

make+n.+过去分词Shecouldn'tmakeherselfheard.别人听不到她的话。

2.waterisactuallyquitesimple,butthewaythewatermolec uleisformedgiveswateritsuniqueproperties.水实际上很简单,但是水分子组成的方式赋予它独特的特性。

▲way在此处表示“方式”,其后的定语从句的关系代词that或inwhich均可省去。如:①That'sthewayIlookatit.这就是我对此的看法。②Idon'tlikethewayyoulaughather.我不喜欢你那样嘲笑她。③Peoplelikethewayhewrote.人们喜欢他写作的方式。④Thewayyouaredoingitiscompletelycrazy.你这么个干法,简直是疯了。

【注】way后面除了跟省去关系代词的定语从句外,还可以跟不定式或动名词,两者之间没有重要的区别。如:①Hehadnowaytocommunicatewiththem.他没有办法和他们取得联系。②Thereisonlyonewayofdoingthisproperly.只有一种办法能把这事办好。③what'sthewaytoaddressher?应

以怎样的方式称呼她?④Ihavenowayoffindingoutwhethertheyarecompetent.我没办法弄清楚他们是否胜任。

【注】在in…way作状语时,in也可以省掉。如:①Theybothansweredthesameway.他们都以同样的方式回答。

②I'mgoingtodoitmyway.我要按我自己的办法去做。③youcan'tdoitthisway.你不能这样做。

▲unique意为“独特的”“独一无二的”。如:①Shewasawomanofuniquetalentanddetermination.她是个具有无与伦比的才能和决心的女人。②Thestampisunique;therearenootherslikeit.这邮票是独一无二的,再也没有像这样的了。③Theareahasitsownuniquelanguage.这个地区只有一种自己的语言。④Asawriterhehashisownuniquestyle.作为作家他有其独特的风格。

⑤Theyoungauthorwroteauniquebookaboutlifewithcity.那位青年作家写了一本独特的关于这座城市生活的书。

3.Thewatermoleculeismadeupoftwohydrogenatomsandoneo xygenatom.水分子由二个氢原子和一个氧原子构成。

▲makeupof常用被动式,意为“由……所组成”。如:

①Thetrainwasmadeupof15coaches.这列火车有15节车厢。

②Alllivingmatterismadeupofcells.一切有生命的东西都由细胞组成。③Paper,forinstance,ismadeupoftransparentfibers.例如纸就是由透明纤维构成的。④NewEnglandismadeupofsixstates.新英格兰包括6个州。

▲makeup可作“弥补…”“赔偿”“补足”解。如:①we'lldoallwecantomakeuptheeconomiclosses.我们要尽一切力量弥补这些经济损失。②Thiswillmakeupforwhathelackedinbookknowledge.这就可以补足他所缺少的书本知识。③Thenewteachermadeupforhisinexperiencebycarefulprepa rationforeachlesson.这位新教师每节课都认真准备,以此弥补自己的经验不足。

▲makeup亦可作“编选”“虚构”解。如:①Thesedancesweremadeupbythestudentsthemselves.这些舞蹈都是学生们自己编排的。②Shemadeupanexcusetoexplainherabsence.她编了一套理由来解释自己为什么缺席。③Heaskedeachofustomakeupadialogue.他让我们每人编一段对话。

▲makeup还有“和解”“言归于好”之意。如:①

Shetoldusabouttheirquarrelsandhowtheymadeup.她给我们讲到了他们的争吵以及他们怎样又和好。②whenaquarrelhasoncebeenmadeup,thebestthingistoforge tit.一场争吵和解后,最好是把它忘掉。③Theyadvisedhimtomakethingsupwithhiswife.他们劝他和妻子言归于好。

▲makeup亦有“做成”“铺好”之意。如:①Thentheymadethemupintotablets.然后他们把它们制成了药。②Theymadeuptheirbedsimmediatelyaftergettingup.他们一起身就把床铺好。

4.Becausewaterispolar,itcanbreakdownordissolvebothsolidsandgases.因为水是带正电的,所以它能分解固体和气体。

▲breakdown是个常用词组,我们在高二上册同步讲解中已作过解释,但此处breakdown作“分解”解。如:

①chemicalsinthebodybreakourfooddownintousefulsubstan ces.人体里的化学元素把食物分解成有用的物质。②Thefiguresonlivingexpensesmustbebrokendownintofood, shelter,education,medicalbillsandsoon.生活消费的数字必须细分为食物类、住房类、教育类、医疗费类等等。③Aftermanyyears,rocksbrokedownintodirt.

岩石经年累月之后分化成尘土。

▲breakdown还有很多解释,常见的有“垮了”“失败”“支持不住了”。如:①Hishealthbrokedownbecausehehadstrainedhimselftoomuc hinhiswork.他因工作劳累过度而把身体搞垮了。②marcbrokedowntearfullywhenshewastoldthedeathofherhu sband.玛丽听到他丈夫的死时痛哭流涕。③Theirplanhasbrokendown.他们的计划失败了。

▲breakdown可作“坏了”解。如:①ThenthecarIwasinbrokedown.那时我乘坐的汽车坏了。②whenthepumpsbrokedown,theywouldrepairthemforus.水泵坏了,他们就帮我们修。③Thewashingmachineseemstohavebrokendownagain.洗衣机好像又坏了。

▲breakdown有“中断”之意。如:①Hebrokedowninthemiddleofhisspeech.他讲到一半儿停了下来。②Telephonecommunicationwithothercitieshasbrokendown.和其他城市的电话联系中断了。③Thatishowthetalksbrokedown.谈判就是那样中断的。

▲breakdown还“打破”“摧毁”“制服”之意。如:①Firemenhadmbreakdownthewalltosavethechild.为了救孩

子,消防队员不得不把墙推倒。②wehavebrokendowntheresistanceoftheenemy.我们已经打垮了敌人的顽抗。③Thepolicetriedtobreakdowntheprisoner'sopposition.警察试图压制囚犯的反抗。

5.Densityistherelationshipbetweenmassandvolumeandis measuredinkilogrammespercubicmetre.密度是指质量和容量的相关程度。它的测量单位是每立方米的公斤数。

▲measure的用法:

有……之大小Thisroommeasures6metresby4.这个房间有6米长4米宽。

测量Thetailormeasuredmeforasuit.裁缝给我量尺寸做好西装。

措施;办法①Theytookstrongmeasuresagainstrecklessdrivers.他们对于鲁莽的驾驶员采取强硬的手段。②Ifasubstancehasahigherdensity,say5000kg/m3,itwillnotfloatonwater.如果一种物质的密度比水的大,比如5000kg/m3,那它就不能浮在水上。

6.marineanimalsandplantstakeadvantageofthedensityof

water.海洋动物和植物利用了水的密度的特性。

▲takeadvantageof意为“利用”“占便宜”。如:①Theyoftentookadvantageofhislackofexperience.他们常常利用他缺乏经验这个弱点。②Hetookadvantageofhisfriend'skindness.他利用了他朋友的好心肠。③Hedidn'twanttotakeunfairadvantage.他不愿意占人便宜。④janetookadvantageofthelunchhourtofinishherhomework.

珍利用午饭时问完成家庭作业。⑤wetookadvantageofthefineweathertoairquilts.我们趁好天气晾晒被褥。⑥Theytookfulladvantageoftheschool'sfacilities.他们充分利用学校的设施。

【注】takeadvantageofsb.意为“欺骗某人…”“利用某人”。如:①He'stakingadvantage0fhergoodnature.他在利用她秉性善良的弱点。②Shetookadvantageofhimevenaftertheyweredivorced.即使在离婚后,她还在欺骗他。

【注】takeadvantageof意为“利用”,而havetheadvantageof则意为“胜过……”“对……具有优势…”“具有……的优点”。试看下列例句:①Hehastheadvantageofmeinexperience.他在经验方面胜过

我。②cerealshavetheadvantageofbeingrichiniron.麦片粥具有富含铁质的优点。

【注】表示“利用”或“利用”还可以用taketheopportunity,take,time。如:①Helikestotakehistimeoverbreakfast.他喜欢不紧不慢地吃早饭。②Someofthesoldierstooktheopportunitythenextdaytogoas hore.第二天有些士兵利用这机会上岸去了。

7.mostanimalsandplantsaresensitivetolargeorsuddench angesintemperature,…大多数的动物或植物对温度大的或突然的改变非常敏感,…

▲besensitiveto意为“对……敏感”。如:①Theeyeissensitivetolight.眼睛对光敏感。②Photographicpaperishighlysensitivetolight.照相纸对光十分敏感。③Anartistissensitivetobeauty.艺术家对美是敏锐的。

▲sensitive有“神经质的”“神经过敏的”意思。如:①youreallymuststopbeingsosensitiveaboutyouraccent.你实在不必为自己的口音感到烦燥不安。②Don'tmentionshe'sputonweight—she'sverysensitiveaboutit.

不要说她胖了—她对此非常敏感。

▲sensitive可引申为“善解人意的”。如:Heisverysensitivetohispupils'needforencouragementan dknowswhentopraisethem.他非常理解学生对鼓励的需要,并知道何时表扬他们。

【注】另一个词sensible和sensitive一样都是形容词,但意思不同。sensible意为“明智的”“合情合理的”。如:①She'sverysensibleaboutmoney.她在金钱方面是非常理智的。②whydon'tyoudosomethingsensibleinyoursparetime?你为什么不在业余时间干些有意义的事情呢?

③youaresensibletotakehisadvice.你听从他的劝告是明智的。

8.Thewaterintheoceansalsokeepsthetemperatureoftheea rthsteadybyabsorbingandgivingoffheat.由于海水的吸热和释热的作用,从而使地球的温度保持稳定。▲keep的几种用法

keep可用于复合结构,其宾语补足语可以是介词短语、现在分词、过去分词、形容词、副词等。如:①I'llkeeptheboxintheshade.我将把盒子保存在阴影处。

②Thebadcoldkepthiminbedforthreedays.他得了重感

冒,只得卧床三天。③I'msorrytohavekeptyouwaiting.对不起,让你久等了。④It'scoldinside.Let’skeepthefireburning.屋里很冷,咱们让炉子烧下去吧。⑤Don'tkeepthedoorclosedalldaylong.不要整天把门关着。

⑥Shekeepsthewindowscoveredwithcurtains.她总是把窗帘拉着。⑦Sportsandgameshelptokeeppeoplehealthy.体育活动有助于健康。⑧It'sblowinghard.andIcanhardlykeepmyeyesopen.风刮得很大,我简直睁不开眼。⑨

weshouldkeepthechildrenawayfromthedangerousanimals.我们不能让孩子们靠近那些危险的动物。⑩

There'salotofairinloosesnow,andthishelpstokeeptheco ldout.松散的积雪里有大量空气,这有利于御寒。

keep表示“保存”“保管”。如:①HowlongcanIkeepthisbook?这本书我可以借多久?②willyoukeeptheseboxesformewhileI'maway?我不在时,请你替我保管这几个箱子,行吗?③Thisbuildingisabout100yearsold,butithasbeenwellkept.这幢建筑有一百年左右的历史了,迄今还保存完好。

keep用作连系动词,后面接形容词作表语。①

Ihopeyou'rekeepingwell.我希望你身体健康。②keepcoolandlistentome.冷静点,听我说。

keep表示“养活”“饲养”。如:①mrFordhasabigfamilytokeep.Ford先生要养活一大家人。②Hisjobistokeeppigsonafarm.他的工作是在一个农场上养猪。

注意:raise表示“从小养到大”,因此我们可以说:①Shewasraisedbyhergrandmother.②Hehasthreechildrentoraise/keep/support.在下面句子中不能用raise:Hehasawifeandtwochildrentokeep/support.因为这里raise不适用于wife。

keepondoingsth.表示“继续做某事”“坚持不懈地,不间断地做某事”“反复地做某事”。Goondoingsth.有时也可表示这些意思。例如:①Thefarmerskeptonworkinginthefieldswhenitbegantorain.下雨的时候,农民们还不停地在地里劳动。②Don'tgiveup,keepontrying.

不要半途而废,要坚持努力。③Don'tkeepdoingsuchsillythings.不要老是做这样的傻事。

▲注意:重复性较强的时候,多用keepdoing。

Shekeptcoughingallnight.她整夜咳嗽。

▲注意:keep后面接行为动词,不能接sitting,

standing,lying,sleeping等表示静态的动词。如:不能说Hekeptonsitting.这时应用keep。如:可以说keeplying /standing/sittingthere;

▲keep和keepon后均不可接意识性动词如knowing,realizing,understanding等。

①Thereusedtobeasoldieratthegatetokeepwatch.过去大门口通常有一士兵警戒。②Theykeptclosewatchonthechild'shealth.他们密切关注着孩子的健康。③Thepolicehadtokeepthecrowdback.警察只好挡住人群。④Shecouldhardlykeepbackhertears.她忍不住哭了。⑤onceyougetintouchwithher,youshouldkeepintouchwithhe r.一旦你与她取得联系,你应与她保持联系。⑥

I'llkeepmypromise/wordandcometohelpyou.我会信守诺言来帮助你。⑦Therainkeptonseveraldays.雨一连下了好几天。⑧Ihopetheweatherwillkeepup.我希望这样的天气会持续下去。⑨keepupyourcourageandnevergiveup.鼓起勇气,千万不要灰心。⑩Hecouldhardlykeepupwiththeclassthoughheoftenworksde epintonight.他尽管常用功到深夜但仍很难跟上。⑪keepoffthedoor.It'swetpainted.别碰门,刚油漆过。⑫Shutthedoorandkeepthecoldout.把门关上,不

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