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2011年高考各地语文试卷文言文阅读试题及翻译解析1 （全国新课标卷） (一)文言文阅读(19分) 阅读下面的文言文，文成4-7题。 何灌，字仲源，开封祥符人。武选登第，为河东从事。经略使韩缜语之曰：“君奇士也，他日当据吾坐。”为府州、火山军巡检。辽人常越境而汲，灌亲申画界堠，遏其来，忿而举兵犯我。灌迎高射之，发辄中，或著崖石皆没镞，敌惊以为神，逡巡敛去。后三十年，契丹萧太师与灌会，道曩事，数何巡检神射，灌曰：“即灌是也。”萧矍然起拜。为河东将，与夏人遇，铁骑来追，灌射皆彻甲，至洞胸出背，叠贯后骑，羌惧而引却。张康国荐于徽宗，召对，问西北边事，以笏画御榻，指坐衣花纹为形势。帝曰：“敌在吾目中矣。” 提点河东刑狱，迁西上阁门使、领威州刺史、知沧州。以治城鄣功，转引进使。诏运粟三十万石于并塞三州，灌言：“水浅不胜舟，陆当用车八千乘，沿边方登麦，愿以运费增价就籴之。”奏上，报可。未几，知岷州，引邈川水溉间田千顷，湟人号广利渠。徙河州，复守岷，提举熙河兰湟弓箭手。入言：“若先葺渠引水，使田不病旱，则人乐应募，而射士之额足矣。”从之。甫半岁，得善田二万六千顷，募士七千四百人，为他路最。陪辽使射玉津园，一发破的，再发则否。客曰：“太尉不能耶？”曰：“非也，以礼让客耳。”整弓复中之，观者诵叹，帝亲赐酒劳之。迁步军都虞候。金师南下，悉出禁旅付梁方平守黎阳。靖康元年正月二日，次滑州，方平南奔，灌亦望风迎溃。黄河南岸无一人御敌，金师遂直叩京城。灌至，乞入见，不许，而令控守西隅。背城拒战凡三日，被创，没于阵，年六十二。（节选自《宋史·何灌传》） 4.对下列句子中加点的词的解释，不正确的一项是（3分） A．辽人常越境而汲汲：取水。 B．灌迎高射之，发辄中迎：面对。 C．敌惊以为神，逡巡敛去敛：躲藏。 D．铁骑来追，灌射皆彻甲彻：穿透。 答案：C 解析：敛，退缩，收缩。
Although we focus on the needs of exceptional children, we find ourselves describing their environment as well. While the leading actor on the stage captures our attention, we are aware of the importance of the supporting players and the scenery of the play itself. Both the family and the society in which exceptional children live are often the key to their growth and development. And it is in the public schools that we find the full expression of society's understanding —the knowledge, hopes, and fears that are passed on to the next generation. Education in any society is a mirror of that society. In that mirror we can see the strengths, the weaknesses, the hopes, the prejudices, and the central values of the culture itself. The great interest in exceptional children shown in public education over the past three decades indicates the strong feeling in our society that all citizens, whatever their special conditions, deserve the opportunity to fully develop their capabilities. "All men are created equal." We've heard it many times, but it still has important meaning for education in a democratic society. Although the phrase was used by this country's founders to denote equality before the law, it has also been interpreted to mean equality of opportunity. That concept implies educational opportunity for all children — the right of each child to receive help in learning to the limits of his or her capacity, whether that capacity be small or great. Recent court decisions have confirmed the right of all children — disabled or not — to an appropriate education, and have ordered that public schools take the necessary steps to provide that education. In response, schools are modifying their programs, adapting instruction to children who are exceptional, to those who cannot profit substantially from regular programs. 59. In paragrah 2, the author cites the example of the leading actor on the stage to show that ________. [A] the growth of exceptional children has much to do with their family and the society [B] exceptional children are more influenced by their families than normal children are [C] exceptional children are the key interest of the family and society [D] the needs of the society weigh much heavier than the needs of the exceptional children 60. The reason that the exceptional children receive so much concern in education is that ________. [A] they are expected to be leaders of the society [B] they might become a burden of the society [C] they should fully develop their potentials [D] disabled children deserve special consideration 61. This passage mainly deals with ________. [A] the differences of children in their learning capabilities [B] the definition of exceptional children in modern society [C] the special educational programs for exceptional children [D] the necessity of adapting education to exceptional children 62. From this passage we learn that the educational concern for exceptional children ________. [A] is now enjoying legal support [B] disagrees with the tradition of the country [C] was clearly stated by the country's founders [D] will exert great influence over court decisions 重点词汇： denote （v.表示）即de+note，de-向下，note 记录，“记录下来”→表示。Wisdom denotes the pursuing of the best and by the best means.“明智”指的是以最好的方法追求最好的结果。 难句解析： ①Exceptional children are different in some significant way from others of the same age. For these children to develop to their full adult potential, their education must be adapted to those differences. ▲第一个短句结构很简单，第二句中For these children to develop to their full adult potential是一个表示目的的状语，也可以看成是一个从主句their education must be adapted to those differences后面提前了的介词结构。 △第一个短句中exceptional一词我们从文章后面的叙述中可以知道它不是我们一般理解的“杰出的，出类拔萃的”，而应指“反常的，有缺陷的”，其实此处的exceptional是一种“身有残疾”的委婉表达法；significant应理解为“重要的，关键的”，而第二句的develop to their full adult potential的develop是一个不及物动词，意为“发展，养成”，而potential是一个名词，意为“潜能”；be adapted to的意思是“被调整，适应”。 ②While the leading actor on the stage captures our attention, we are aware of the importance of the supporting players and the scenery of the play itself. ▲此句由一个while引导的让步状语从句the leading actor on the stage captures our attention和一个主句构成。 △要理解本句，重点是看到它是一个类比，把残疾儿童比喻为舞台上的主要角色，而他们的家庭和社会环境被比喻为配角和戏剧的布景。在考研的阅读理解中，当我们碰到作者使用各种比喻和类比时，最重要的一点就是要弄清其用比喻来说明的对象。 ③And it is in the public schools that we find the full expression of society's understanding — the knowledge, hopes, and fears that are passed on to the next generation.
2011年9月17日联考申论真题及解析 —————————————真题问题————————————— 1.根据给定材料请您分析1-3分析张悟本事件折射出哪些现实问题?(20分) 要求：问题全面明确，分析恰当透彻，表述简洁明了：250字左右 2.针对给定资料所反映的“大学学术浮躁”，请你以某高校学术主管部门负责人的身份，就如何治理这些问题，提出对策建议，供学校学术委员会研究讨论。(30分) 要求：问题全面明确，对策具体可行：350字左右。(含答案要点，不做具体展开) 3.根据材料4,9整理材料，写一篇总结性大纲给领导审阅。(20分) 要求：350字 4.结合给定资料，以“弘扬科学精神，提升科学素养”为题，写一篇文章。(50分) 要求：思想深刻，观点明确，结构完整，语言流畅：不少于1000字。(答题要点，不做展开) —————————————答题思路仅供参考————————————— 1.假定给定材料1~6是你在调查研究中获取的信息，请你依据这些资料归纳出一份情况汇报提纲，以供领导参阅。(20分) 要求：分条归纳、内容全面、表述准确、逻辑清晰。350字左右。 【解题思路】
一、阅读题干，审清题意 由题干可知，本题要求根据给定材料1~6进行概括归纳，这就提醒我们，本题的作答范围是“给定材料1~6”，需要我们重点研读，从中提取要点。同时题目将材料限定为“调查研究中获取的信息”，因此，我们应以调查者的身份去归纳概括这些信息。从作答要求来看，“分条归纳，内容全面”这条要特别注意，尤其是“内容全面”，这预示着我们要从材料反映的主要问题以及问题产生的原因等方面进行分析。 二、阅读材料，提取要点 作答这道题，我们首先要把握“给定材料1~6”中每一则材料的所反映的内容。 首先看“给定材料1”，这则材料包括五段，第一段主要说明了在科技项目研发中存在的抄袭造假现象;第二段反映了高校中的学术造假事件;第三段举了韩国的学术造假事例;第四段通过王某的事例说明由于体制的压力而影响了科研项目的理想验收;第五段通过数据表现了学术造假现象严重。 “给定材料2”中大体包含三方面的内容，一是记者小S的采访结果，即当前我国学术浮躁严重，如大专院校的学术造假，出版机构的书籍造假等;二是说明了学术造假出现的一些原因，如高校学位论文抄袭是由于老师对学生的指导甚少、要求不严格，又如现在职称评定体制存在问题，并由此出现“造假产业”，再如法律上对学术造假界定不力等;三是指出我国在科技领域的成果虽多，但开拓性和原创性的却颇少，科研在低水平重复现象严重。 “给定资料3”主要是通过浙江大学教授邹某涉案“瘦肉精”事件指出，由于利益诱惑以及缺少相应的规范之约，使得科研人员丢失了科研精神，忽视了社会责任。
英语真题阅读理解试题及名师解析（三） When a new movement in art attains a certain fashion, it is advisable to find out what its advocates are aiming at, for, however farfetched and unreasonable their principles may seem today, it is possible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal. With regard to Futurist poetry, however, the case is rather difficult, for whatever Futurist poetry may be―even admitting that the theory on which it is based may be right―it can hardly be classed as Literature. This, in brief, is what the Futurist says: for a century, past conditions of life have been conditionally speeding up, till now we live in a world of noise and violence and speed. Consequently, our feelings, thoughts and emotions have undergone a corresponding change. This speeding up of life, says the Futurist, requires a new form of expression. We must speed up our literature too, if we want to interpret modern stress. We must pour out a large stream of essential words, unhampered by stops, or qualifying adjectives, or finite verbs. Instead of describing sounds we must make up words that imitate them; we must use many sizes of type and different colored inks on the same page, and shorten or lengthen words at will. Certainly their descriptions of battles are confused. But it is a little upsetting to read in the explanatory notes that a certain line describes a fight between a Turkish and a Bulgarian officer on a bridge off which they both fall into the river—and then to find that the line consists of the noise of their falling and the weights of the officers: “Pluff! Pluff! A hundred and eighty-five kilograms.” This, though it fulfills the laws and requirements of Futurist poetry, can hardly be classed as Literature. All the same, no thinking man can refuse to accept their first proposition: that a great change in our emotional life calls for a change of expression. The whole question is really this: have we essentially changed? 19. This passage is mainly____. [A]a survey of new approaches to art [B]a review of Futurist poetry [C]about merits of the Futurist movement [D]about laws and requirements of literature 20. When a novel literary idea appears, people should try to_____. [A]determine its purposes [B]ignore its flaws [C]follow the new fashions [D]accept the principles 21. Futurists claim that we must____. [A]increase the production of literature [B]use poetry to relieve modern stress [C]develop new modes of expression [D]avoid using adjectives and verbs 22. The author believes that Futurist poetry is____. [A]based on reasonable principles [B]new and acceptable to ordinary people [C]indicative of basic change in human nature
2011年6月大学英语四级考试真题及答案详解 Part I Writing (30 minutes) Directions:For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the topic of Online Shopping. You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below: 1．现在网上购物已成为一种时尚 2．网上购物有很多好处，但也有不少问题 3．我的建议 Online Shopping 注意：此部分试题在答题卡1上。 Part II Read ing Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning) (15 minutes) Directions:In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on Answer Sheet 1. For questions 1-7, choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). For questions 8-10, complete the sentences with the information given in the passage. British Cuisine: the Best of Old and New British cuisine (烹饪) has come of age in recent years as chefs (厨师) combine the best of old and new. Why does British food have a reputation for being so bad? Because it is bad! Those are not the most encouraging words to hear just before eating lunch at one of Hong Kong's smartest British restaurants, Alfie's by KEE, but head chef Neil Tomes has more to say. "The past 15 years or so have been a noticeable period of improvement for food in England," the English chef says, citing the trend in British cuisine for better ingredients, preparation and cooking methods, and more appealing presentation. Chefs such as Delia Smi th, Nigel Slater, Jamie Oliver and Gordon Ramsay made the public realise that cooking - and eating - didn't have to be a boring thing. And now, most of the British public is familiar even with the extremes of Heston BlumenthaPs molecular gastronomy, a form of cooking that employs scientific methods to create the perfect dish. "It's no longer the case that the common man in England is embarrassed to show he knows about food," Tomes says. There was plenty of room for improvement. The problems with the nation's cuisine can be traced back to the Second World War. Before the War, much of Britain's food was imported and when German U-boats began attacking ships bringing food to the country, Britain went on rations (配给). "As rationing came to an end in the 1950s, technology picked up and was used to mass-produce food," Tomes says. "And by then people were just happy to have a decent quantity of food in their kitchens." They weren't looking for cured meats, organic produce or beautiful presentation; they were looking for whatever they could get their hands on, and this prioriti sation of quantity over quality prevailed for decades, meaning a generation was brought up wi th food that couldn't compete wi th neighbouring France, Italy, Belgium or Spain. Before star chefs such as Oliver began making cooking fashionable, it was hard to find a restaurant in London that was open after 9pm. But in recent years the capital's culinary (烹饪的) scene has developed to the point that it is now confident of its ability to please the tastes of any international visitor. With the opening of Alfie's in April, and others such as The Pawn, two years ago, modern
2020考研英语阅读真题解析 2016考研英语阅读真题解析 (1999年真题SectionIIIReadingComprehensionText4第4段第2句) Becausecurrentfederallawalreadyforbidstheuseoffederalfundstocreateembryos( theearlieststageofhumanoffspringbeforebirth)forresearchortoknowinglyendangerane mbryo'slife,NBACwillremainsilentonembryoresearch. 译文：因为现行的联邦法律已经禁止使用联邦基金克隆研究用的胚胎(人类出生前的最早阶段)或有意识地危及胚胎的生命，因此NBAC将在胚胎研究问题上保持沉默。 分析：在这个主从复合句中，前面是because引导的原因状语从句，这个从句的宾语是use，of短语说明了use的对象 (federalfunds)，随后是两个并列的不定式短语，表明的是用途(createembryos;toknowinglyendangeranembryo'slife)，其中括号里的内容是对embryos的解释，然后才是主句，注意介词on(关于)的用法。 【词汇指南】 摘自《十天搞定考研词汇》(王江涛、刘文涛) current['k?:r?nt](adj.)当前的,流行的;流通的,通用的(n.)流动;水(气/电)流;趋势,潮流(CET-4)(2007年-阅读4、2009年-阅读1)(cur=car-词根,跑,奔,流，r-无意义双写，ent-的→“跑”在时代尖端的、紧跟潮“流”的——即“当前的;流行的”，引申为“通用的,流通的”以及“趋势,潮流”。②流动(的东西)——即“流动;水流;气流;电流”。) 1个派生词： currently['k?r?ntli](adv.)当前,现在;普遍地,通常地(CET-6、考研词汇)(2013年-阅读3)(ly-副词后缀) stage[steid?](n.)舞台;戏剧,演戏;阶段,时期(高考词
2011年真题解析：法硕（非法学）基础课 来源：万学教育发布时间：2011-03-11 15:20:57 【阅读： 148次】 一、单项选择题：1～40小题，每小题1分，共40分。下列每题给出的四个选项中，只有一个选项是符合题目要求的。 23. 甲欲出售一辆汽车，乙向甲声称受丙委托购买该车，甲托人向丙核实，丙未予否认。甲遂将该车交给乙，乙将车开走后不知去向，甲向丙要求付款遭拒绝。此案的正确处理方法是（） A.由甲自行承担损失 B.由乙支付车款 C.由丙支付车款 D.由乙、丙承担连带付款责任 【参考答案】C 【考查知识点】代理 24. 根据法律规定，按份共有人转让其应有份额时，其它共有人享有（） A.禁止其转让的权利 B.解除共有关系的权利 C.同等条件下的优先购买权 D.对转让份额的追及权 【参考答案】C 【考查知识点】按份共有 25. 村民甲在自家院子里挖水沟，致邻居乙甲房屋地基下沉。依据物权法，甲侵害了乙的（） A.所有权 B.地上权
C.地役权 D.建设用地 【参考答案】A 【考查知识点】所有权 26. 依据物法权规定，下列财产中，可以抵押的是（） A.正在建造的船舶 B.宅基地使用权 C.被查封的财产 D.集体土地所有权 【参考答案】C 【考查知识点】抵押权的客体 27. 下列行为中，构成无因管理的是（） A.未受委托替朋友招待客人 B.未成年人抢救落水儿童 C.主动代同事值夜班 D.代替配偶放弃继承权 【参考答案】C 【考查知识点】无因管理 28. 工程师甲在本职工作范围内，利用单位的物质技术条件，创作完成了一项由单位承担责任的产品设计图。根据法律规定，下列表述正确的是（） A.该设计图的著作权由甲与其所在的单位共同享有 B. 该设计图的著作权归属甲与其所在单位协商决定 C. 该设计图的著作权由甲享有，甲的单位在业务范围内由两年优先使用权 D.该设计图由甲享有署名权，由甲的单位享有著作权的其它权利
1990年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题阅读 Section II R eading Comprehension Each of the two passages below is followed by five questions. For each question there are four answers. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Put your choice in the brackets on the left. (10 points) Text 1 ①In May 1989, space shuttle “Atlantis” released in outer space the space probe “Megallan,” which is now on her 15-month and one-billion-kilometer flight to Venus. ②A new phase in space exploration has begun. ①The planet Venus is only slightly smaller than Earth; it is the only other object in the solar system, in fact, that even comes close to earth’s size. ②Venus has a similar density, so it is probably made of approximately the same stuff, and it has an atmosphere, complete with clouds. ③It is also the closest planet to earth, and thus the most similar in distance from the sun. ④In short, Venus seems to justify its long-held nickname of “earth’s twin.” ①The surface temperature of Venus reaches some 900F. ②Added to that is an atmospheric pressure about 90 times Earth’s: High overhead in the carbon dioxide (CO2) that passes for air is a layer of clouds, perhaps 10 to 20 miles thick, whose little drops consist mostly of sulfuric acid (H2SO4). ③Water is all but nonexistent. ①Born with so many fundamental similarities to earth, how did Venus get to be so radically different: It is not just an academic matter. ②For all its extremes, Venus is a valuable laboratory for researchers studying the weather and climate of earth. ③It has no earth’s oceans, so the heat transport and other mechanisms are greatly simplified. ④In addition, the planet Venus takes 243 earth-days to turn once on its axis, so incoming heat from the sun is added and distributed at a more leisurely, observable pace. 一、词汇 1．shuttle n. 返汽车(列车，飞机)；航天飞机，航天器 2．release v. 放出，释放 3.probe n. 探测 4.phase n. 阶段 5.density n. 密度 6.approximately ad. 大概，大约 7.stuff n. 材料，东西 8.passes for被当成9.sulfuric a. 硫的 10. acid n. 酸性物质，酸11. axis n. 轴(线) 12.leisurely ad. 慢慢地，悠然地 二、长难句 1. In May 1989, space shuttle “Atlantis” released in outer space the space probe “Megallan,” which is now on her 15-month and one-billion-kilometer flight to Venus. 该句主干为space shuttle “Atlantis” released … the space probe “Megallan”，which引导的定语从句做后置定语，修饰先行词the space probe “Megallan”。 翻译：1989年5月，“亚特兰蒂斯”号航天飞机将“麦哲伦”号金星探测器释放到外太空，
2011年高考上海语文卷及试题详细解析 基础试题 06-14 0713 2011年高考上海语文卷及试题详细解析 一阅读 80分 （一）阅读下文，完成1-6题。（18分） 家园城市 ①如何建设人类美好家园，是城市建设中一个迫在眉睫的重要问题，城市建设不仅是指建造物质环境，而且是指营造人们的精神家园，后者是城市文化建设的核心。 ②相对于西方发达国家，我们城市化起步较晚，但从20世纪80年代改革开放开始，城市化进程加快，发展迅速，伴随着我国城市化建设的飞速发展，相应的问题也产生了。这些问题概括起来主要是两个：一是城市的雷同，二是文化的缺失。两者又有着直接的关系，也就是说，城市的雷同是因为文化的缺失，而文化的缺失又表现为城市的雷同。 ③近年来，人们对高品质城市的追求越来越迫切，出现了建设山水城市、生态城市、绿色城市、健康城市、家园城市等多种呼声。其中家园城市最具代表性，这是□□家园城市涵容了其他几种城市类型的物质性特点，□□突出了对以文化为基础的、把城市打造成人们精神家园的理想追求。 ④家园城市必须具有充足的公共活动空间。城市的各种文化、教育、休闲、娱乐设施应满足各方面的需要，所以，设计者在注重学校、博物馆、图书馆、运动场等大型公共设施建设的同时，还应注意提高方便舒适、有亲切感的小尺度公共空间，如社区和街道的小公园、小广场、咖啡馆、茶馆等，以便于人与人之间的交流。现代城市发达的通讯网络方便了人们远距离即时交流，但这种单一的联络方式，无法慰藉人们孤独的心灵，也不能满足人们面对面“全信息交往”的渴求。所以必须创造人与人能够近距离直接交流的公共空间和娱乐休闲场所，以增加人们当面交流的机会，减少城市人的心灵疾病。 ⑤一个家园城市，应该做到布局合理，恰当处理建筑的虚与实之间的关系。然而，我国今天的城市被高楼大厦的钢筋水泥和玻璃幕墙“填满”了，建筑与建筑之间缺乏有想象力的、开阔的空间，人们走在路上，会感到非常压抑和无助。一个家园城市应当使生活于其中的居民得到精神上的放松和愉悦，心灵安逸，而不是压抑与紧张。
2010年真题解析Passage One 1.bull: 1)牛2）（文中含义）牛市 2.run: 时期，一段时间 * bull run: 牛市期 3.dramatic: 戏剧化的 4.note: 1.（文中含义）气氛 2. 笔记 * on a dramatic note: 戏剧性地 5.all but （two pieces）: 除....之外的所有东西 6.to fetch: 1）. （文中含义）售得（若干价钱） *The painting is expected to fetch at least $20 million.人们认为这幅画可以卖到至少2000万美元。 2）去（某个地方）取回 *Shannon went upstairs to fetch some blankets.香农去楼上取来一些毯子。 7.auction：（名词）拍卖 * The house was sold at auction.房子拍卖出售。 auctioneer: 拍卖师 8.to call out bids; 喊出拍卖的报价 9.to file for sth：1）（文中含义）(法律上正式）提出申请 * The Morrisons have filed for divorce：莫里斯夫妇已经提出离婚。 # to file for bankruptcy: 提出破产的申请 # file a complaint/ lawsuit (against somebody)针对sb提出投诉/诉讼 Mr Genoa filed a formal complaint against the department. Genoa先生正式投诉了这个部门。 2）排队前行 * We began to file out into the car park. 我们开始排队进入停车场。* The mourners filed past the coffin. 吊唁者排队经过棺材。 The longest bull run in a century of art-market history ended on a dramatic note with a sale of 56 works by Damien Hirst, Beautiful Inside My Head Forever, at Sotheby’s in London on September 15th 2008. All but two pieces sold, fetching more than ￡70m, a record for a sale by a single artist. It was a last victory. As the auctioneer called out bids, in New York one of the oldest banks on Wall Street,