第一部分：词汇选项(第1～15题，每题1分，共15分)
下面共有15个句子，每个句子中均有1个词或短语划有底横线，请从每个句子后面所给的4个选项中选择1个与划线部分意义最相近的词或短语。答案一律涂在答题卡相应的位置上。
1 The ability to react to environmental stimuli is a basic and general characteristic of living organisms. D
A reject
B repeat
C return to
D respond to
2 All living organisms, regardless of their unique identity, have certain biological, chemical, and physical characteristics in common. D
A as a result of
B considering
C cognizant of
D whatever
3 After Emily Dickinson retreated from the world at the age of twenty-six, she wrote more than one thousand poems. B
A received praise from
B withdrew from
C rebelled against
D traveled around
4 Thomas Fuller was so skilled at mathematics that he was known in the eighteenth century as the “Virginia Calculator. ” C
A fascinated by
B articulate about
C proficient in
D suspicious of
5 Didn't you know that the naughty girl used to skip classes? B
A attend classes in time
B miss classes
C cheat in classes
D be unhappy about classes
6 Marxism doctrine was spelled out in the Communist Manifesto. B
A evaluated
B detailed
C supported
D mentioned
7 The megaphone makes the voice sound louder because it points sound waves in one direction and keeps them from spreading out in all directions. B
A slithering
B radiating
C interfering
D murmuring
8 The exploits of the legendary miner, John Henry, have come to symbolize the manual laborer stand against mechanization. D
A contrast with
B interaction with
C ignorance of
D defiance of
9 In arithmetic, a number stands for the size of a set of things. D
A measures
B estimates
C cancels
D represents
10 Some species of bacteria and fungi thrive on simple compounds such as alcohol. B
A mix with
B do well on
C exist in
D float on
11 Why do you want to throw away those books? D
A imitate
B discuss
C extract
D discard
12 The Pullman Strike of 1894 tied up transportation and was finally ended only by government intervention. B
A relied upon
B hindered
C linked with
D imitated
13 Although a herd of African elephants may have up to one thousand members, Asiatic elephants live in bands of five to sixty animals. A
A as many as
B more than
C fewer than
D at least
14 Prohibition in the United States us
hered in an era of crime and corruption. A
A introduced
B caused
C used
D upset
15 The Spanish, French, Dutch, and English all vied for North American territory. B
A arrived on
B competed for
C disposed of
D sailed for
第二部分：阅读判断(第16～22题，每题1分，共7分)
阅读下面这篇短文，短文后列出7个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断。如果该句提供的是正确信息，请在答题卡上把A涂黑;如果该句提供的是错误信息，请在答题卡上把B涂黑;如果该句的信息在文章中没有提及，请在答题卡上把C涂黑。
Television Is Doing Irrearable Harm
“Yes, but what did we use to do before there was television?” How often we hear statements like this! Television hasn't been with us all that long, but we are already beginning to forget what the world was like without it, Before we admitted the one-eyed monster into our homes we never found it difficult to occupy our spare time. We used to enjoy civilized pleasures. For instance, we used to have hobbies, we used to entertain our friends and be entertained by them, we used to go outside for our amusements to theatres, cinemas, restaurants and sporting events, We even used to read books and listen to music and broadcast talks occasionally. All that belongs to the past. Now all our free time is regulated by the “goggle box”. We rush home or gulp down our meals to be in time for this or that programme. We have even given up sitting at table and having a leisurely evening meal, exchanging the news of the day. A sandwich and a glass of beer will do anything, providing it doesn't interfere with the programme. The monster demands absolute silence and attention. If any member of the family dares to open his mouth during a programme, he is quickly silenced.
Whole generation are growing up addicted to the telly. Food is left uneaten, homework undone and sleep is lost, The telly is a universal pacifier. It is now standard practice for mother to keep the children quiet by putting them in the living room and turning on the set. It doesn't mater that the children will watch rubbishy commercials or spectacles of sadism(性虐狂)and violence—so long as they are quiet.
There is a limit to the amount of creative talent available in the world, Every day, television consumes vast quantities of creative work, That is why most of the programmes are so bad：it is impossible to keep pace with the demand maintain high standards as well. When millions watch the same programme, the whole world becomes a village, and society is reduced to the conditions which obtain in pre-literate communities (有文字之前的时期 ). We become utterly dependent on the two most primitive media of communication: pictures and the spoken work.
Television encourages passive enjoyment. We become content with second-hand experie
nces. It is so easy to sit in our armchair watching others working. Little by little “television” cuts us off from the real world. We get so lazy, we choose to spend a fine day in semi-darkness, glued to our sets, rather than go out into the world itself, Television may be a splendid medium of communication, but it prevents us from communicating with each other. We only become aware how totally irrelevant television is to real living when we spend a holiday by the sea or in the mountains, far away from civilization, In quiet natural surroundings we quickly discover how little we miss the hypnotic (催眠)tyranny of King Telly.
16 This article is about the disadvantages of television.
A Right
B Wrong
C Not mentioned
17 We often go outside for our amusements now.
A Right
B Wrong
C Not mentioned
18 We rush home to be in time for a programme.
A Right
B Wrong
C Not mentioned
19 “The one-eyed monster”refers to the TV set.
A Right
B Wrong
C Not mentioned
20 One harm of telly is to consume quantities of creative work.
A Right
B Wrong
C Not mentioned
21 This article implies that all the TV sets in the world should be destroyed.
A Right
B Wrong
C Not mentioned
22 Watching too much TV may not only results in the laziness but also the low ability to do things.
A Right
B Wrong
C Not mentioned
第三部分：概括大意与完成句子(第23～30题，每题1分，共8分)
阅读下面这篇短文，短文后有2项测试任务：(1)第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第1、3、4、6段每段选择1个正确的小标题;(2)第27～30题要求从所给的6个选项中选择4个正确选项，分别完成每个句子。请将答案涂在答题卡相应的位置上
Screen Test
1 Every year millions of women are screened with X-rays to pick up signs of breast cancer. If this happens early enough, the disease can often be treated successfully. According to a survey Australia, Canada, the US and Spain, screen women under 50.
2 But the medical benefits of screening these younger women are controversial, partly because the radiation brings a small risk of inducing cancer. Also, younger women must be given higher doses of X-rays because their breast tissue is denser.
3 Researchers at the Polytechnic University of Valencia analysed the effect of screening more than 160,000 women at 11 local clinics. After estimating the women's cumulative dose of radiation, they used two models to calculate the number of extra cancers this would cause.
4 The mathematical model recommended by Britain's National Radiological Protection Board (NRPB) predicted that the screening programme would cause 36 cancers per 100,000 women, 18 of them fatal. The model preferred by th
e UN Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation led to a lower figure of 20 cancers.
5 The researchers argue that the level of radiation-induced cancers is “not very significant” compared to the far larger number of cancers that are discovered and treated. The Valencia programme, they say, detects between 300 and 450 cases of breast cancer in every 100,000 women screened.
6 But they point out that the risk of women contracting cancer from radiation could be reduced by between 40 and 80 percent if screening began at 50 instead of 45, because they would be exposed to less radiation. The results of their study, they suggest, could help “optimize the technique” for breast cancer screening.
7 “There is a trade-off between the diagnostic benefits of breast screening and its risks,” admits Michael Clark of the NRPB. But he warns that the study should be interpreted with caution. “On the basis of the current data, for every 10 cancers successfully detected and prevented there is a risk of causing one later in life. That's why radiation exposure should be minimized in any screening programme.”
23 Paragraph 2 ___________
24 Paragraph 3 ___________
25 Paragraph 4 ___________
26 Paragraph 5 ___________ A Harm Screening May Do to a Younger Woman
B Investing the Effect of Screening
C Effects Predicted by Two Different Models
D Small Risk of Inducing Cancers from Radiation
E Treatment of Cancers
F Factors That Trigger Cancers
27 Early discovery of breast cancer may ___________.
28 Advantages of screening women under 50 are ___________.
29 Delaying the age at which screening starts may ___________.
30 Radiation exposure should be ___________.
A be costly
B harmful
C save a life
D still open to debate
E reduce the risk of radiation triggering a cancer
F reduced to the minimum
第四部分：阅读理解(第31～45题，每题3分，共45分)
下面有3篇短文，每篇短文后有5道题，每题后面有4个选项。请仔细阅读短文并根据短文回答其后面的问题，从4个选项中选择1个最佳答案涂在答题卡相应的位置上。
第一篇
Putting Plants to Work
Using the power of the sun is nothing new. People have had solar-powered calculators and buildings with solar panels for decades. But plants are the real experts: They've been using sunlight as an energy source for billions of years.
Cells in the green leaves of plants work like tiny factories to convert sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water into sugars and starches, stored energy that the plants can use. This conversion process is called photosynthesis. Unfortunately, unless you're a plant, it's difficult and expensive to convert sunlight into storable energy. That's why scientists are taking a closer look at exactly how plants do i
t.
Some scientists are trying to get plants, or biological cells that act like plants, to work as miniature photosynthetic power stations. For example, Maria Ghirardi of the National Renewable Energy Laboratory in Golden, Colo., is working with green algae. She's trying to trick them into producing hydrogen instead of sugars when they perform photosynthesis. Once the researchers can get the algae working efficiently, the hydrogen that they produce could be used to power fuel cells in cars or to generate electricity.
The algae are grown in narrow-necked glass bottles to produce hydrogen in the lab. During photosynthesis, plants normally make sugars or starches. “But under certain conditions, a lot of algae are able to use the sunlight energy not to store starch, but to make hydrogen.” Ghirardi says. For example, algae will produce hydrogen in an airfree environment. It's the oxygen in the air that prevents algae from making hydrogen most of the time. Working in an airfree environment, however, is difficult. It's not a practical way to produce cheap energy. But Ghirardi and her colleagues have discovered that by removing a chemical called sulfate from the environment that the algae grow in, they will make hydrogen instead of sugars, even when air is present.
Unfortunately, removing the sulfate also makes the algae's cells work very slowly, and not much hydrogen is produced. Still, the researchers see this as a first step in their goal to produce hydrogen efficiently from algae. With more work, they may be able to speed the cells' activity and produce larger quantities of hydrogen.
The researchers hope that algae will one day be an easy-to-use fuel source. The organisms are cheap to get and to feed, Ghirardi says, and they can grow almost anywhere: “You can grow them in a reactor, in a pond. You can grow them in the ocean. There's a lot of flexibility in how you can use these organisms. ”
31 What does the writer Say about plants concerning solar energy?_______
A Plants are the real experts in producing solar energy.
B Plants have been used to produce solar energy.
C Plants have been using solar energy for billions of years.
D Plants have been a source of solar energy.
32Why do some scientists study how plants convert sunlight carbon dioxide, and water into sugars and starches? _______
A Because they want algae to produce sugars and starches.
B Because they want green plants to become a new source of energy.
C Because they want to turn plant sugars to a new form of energy.
D Because they want to make photosynthesis more efficient.
33 According to the fifth paragraph, under what conditions are algae able to use solar energy to make hydrogen? _______
A When there is a lot of oxygen in the air.
B When there is no oxygen in the air.
C When photosynthesis is taking place.
D When enough sta
rch is stored.
34 Researchers have met with difficulties when trying to make algae produce hydrogen efficiently. Which one of the following is one such difficulty? _______
A It is not possible to remove sulfate from the environment.
B It is not possible to work in an airfree environment to produce hydrogen.
C It is not easy to make sugars instead of hydrogen.
D It is too slow for algae to produce hydrogen when the sulfate is removed.
35 What is NOT true of algae? _______
A They are easy to grow.
B They can be a very good fuel source.
C They are cheap to eat.
D They can be used in many ways.
第二篇
Human Ingenuity
Since the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty. That compulsion has resulted in robotics—the science of conferring various human capabilities on machines. And if scientists have yet to create the mechanical version of science fiction, they have begun to come close.
As a result, the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor. Our factories hum to the rhythm of robot assembly arms. Our banking is done at automated teller terminals that thank us with mechanical politeness for the transaction. Our subway trains are controlled by tireless robo-drivers. And thanks to the continual miniaturization of electronics and micro-mechanics, there are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracy—far greater precision that highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone.
But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselves—goals that pose a real challenge. “While we know how to tell a robot to handle a specific error,” says Dave Lavery, manager of a robotics program at NASA, “we can't yet give a robot enough ' common sense' to reliably interact with a dynamic world. ”
Indeed the quest for true artificial intelligence has produced very mixed results. Despite a spell of initial optimism in the 1960s and 1970s when it appeared that transistor circuits and microprocessors might be able to copy the action of the human brain by the year 2010, researchers lately have begun to extend that forecast by decades if not centuries.
What they found, in attempting to model thought, is that the human brain's roughly one hundred billion nerve cells are much more talented—and human perception far more complicated—than previously imagined. They have built robots that can recognize the error of a machine panel by a fraction of a millimeter in a controlled factory environment. But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly chan
ging scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd. The most advanced computer systems on Earth can't approach that kind of ability, and neuroscientists still don't know quite how we do it.
36 Human ingenuity was initially demonstrated in _______.
A the use of machines to produce science fiction
B the wide use of machines in manufacturing industry
C the invention of tools for difficult and dangerous work
D the elite's cunning tackling of dangerous and boring work
37 The word “gizmos” (line 1, paragraph 2) most probably means _______.
A programs
B experts
C devices
D creatures
38 According to the text, what is beyond man's ability now is to design a robot that can _______.
A fulfill delicate tasks like performing brain surgery
B interact with human beings verbally
C have a little common sense
D respond independently to a changing world
39 Besides reducing human labor, robots can also _________.
A make a few decisions for themselves
B deal with some errors with human intervention
C improve factory environments
D cultivate human creativity
40 The author uses the example of a monkey to argue that robots are _________.
A expected to copy human brain in internal structure
B able to perceive abnormalities immediately
C far less able than human brain in focusing on relevant information
D best used in a controlled environment
第三篇
The Rising Oil Price
Could the bad old days of economic decline be about to return? Since OPEC agreed to supply-cuts in March, the price of crude oil has jumped to almost $ 26 a barrel, up from less than $10 last December. This near-tripling of oil prices calls up scary memories of the 1973 oil shocks resulted in double-digit inflation and global economic decline. So where are the headlines warning of gloom and doom this time?
The oil price was given another push up this week when Iraq suspended oil exports. Strengthening economic growth, at the dame time as winter grips the northern hemisphere, could push the price higher still in the short term.
Yet there are good reasons to expect the economic consequences now to be less severe than in the 1970s. In most countries the cost of crude oil now accounts for a smaller share of the price of petrol than it did in the 1970s. In Europe, taxes account for up to four-fifths of the retail price, so even quite big changes in the price of crude have a more muted effect on pump prices than in the past.
Rich economics are also less dependent on oil than they were, and so less sensitive to swings in the oil price. Energy conservation, a shift to other fuels and a decline in the importance of heav
y, energy-intensive industries have reduced oil consumption. Software, consultancy and mobile telephones use far less oil than steel or car production.For each dollar of GDP(in constant prices)rich economics now use nearly 50%less oil than in 1973.The OECD estimates in its latest Economic Outlook that。if oil prices averaged$2 2 a barrel for a full year，compared with$13 in l998。this would increase the oil import bill in rich economies by only 0.25%～0.5%of GDP.That is less than one-quarter of the income loss in l974 0r 1980.On the other hand，oilimporting emerging economies--to which heavy industry has shifted--have become more energy-intensive，and SO could be more seriously squeezed.
One more reason not to lose sleep over the rise in oil prices is that，unlike the rises in the 1970s，it has not occurred against the background of general commodity-price inflation and global excess demand.A sizable portion of the world is only just emerging from economic decline.The Economist’s commodity price index is broadly unchanging from a year a90.In 1973 commodity prices jumped by 70%，and in l979 by almost 30%.
41 The main reason for the latest rise of oil price is _________.
A global inflation
B reduction in supply
C fast growth in economy
D Iraq’s suspension of exports
42 It can be inferred from the text that the retail price of petrol will go up dramatically if _______.
A price of crude rises
B commodity prices rise
C consumption rises
D oil taxes rise
43 The estimates in Economic Outlook show that in rich countries _______.
A heavy industry becomes more energy-intensive
B income loss mainly results from fluctuating crude oil prices
C manufacturing industry has been seriously squeezed
D oil price changes have no significant impact on GDP
44 We can draw a conclusion from the text that _______.
A oil—price shocks are less shocking now
B inflation seems irrelevant to oil-price shocks
C energy conservation can keep down the oil prices
D the price rise of crude leads to the shrinking of heavy industry
45 From the text we can see that the writer seems _______.
A optimistic
B sensitive
C gloomy
D scared
第五部分：补全短文(第46～50题，每题2分，共10分)
阅读下面的短文，文章中有5处空白，文章后面有6组文字，请根据文章的内容选择5组文字，将其分别放回文章原有位置，以恢复文章原貌。请将答案涂在答题卡相应的位置上。
Looking to the Future
When a magazine for high-school students asked its readers what life would be like in twenty years, they said: Machines would be run by solar power. Buildings would rotate so they could follow the sun to take maximum advantage of its light and heat. Walls would “radiate light” and
“change color with the push of a button.” Food would be replaced by pills. School would be taught “by electrical impulse while we sleep.” Cars would have radar. Does this sound like the year 2000? Actually, 46 and the question was, “what will life be like in 1978?”
The future is much too important to simply guess about, the way the high school students did, so experts are regularly asked to predict accurately. By carefully studying the present skilled businessmen, scientists, and politicians are supposedly able to figure out in advance what will happen. But can they? One expert on cities wrote: 47, but would have space for farms and fields. People would travel to work in “airbuses”, large all-weather helicopters carrying up to 200 passengers. When a person left the airbus station he could drive a coin-operated car equipped with radar. The radar equipment of cars would make traffic accidents “almost unheard of”. Does that sound familiar? If the expert had been accurate it would, because he was writing in 1957. His subject was “The city of 1982.”
If the professionals sometimes sound like high-school students, it's probably because 48 But economic forecasting, or predicting what the economy will do, has been around for a long time. It should be accurate, and generally it is. But there have been some big mistakes in this field, too. In early 1929, most forecasters saw an excellent future for the stock market. In October of that year, 49, ruining thousands of investors who had put their faith in financial foreseers.
One forecaster knew that predictions about the future would always be subject to significant errors. In 1957, H. J. Rand of the Rand Corporation was asked about the year 2000, “Only one thing is certain,” he answered. “Children born today 50.”
A the stock market had its worst losses ever
B will have reached the age of 43
C the article was written in 1958
D Cities of the future would not be crowded
E the prediction of the future is generally accurate
F future study is still a new field
第六部分：完型填空(第51～65题，每题1分，共15分)
阅读下面的短文，文中有15处空白，每处空白给出了4个选项，请根据短文的内容从4个选项中选择1个最佳答案，涂在答题卡相应的位置上。
Wonder Webs
Spider webs are more than homes, and they are ingenious traps. And the world's best webspinner may be the Goldern Orb Weaver spider. The female Orb Weaver spins a web of fibers thin enough to be invisible to insect prey, yet 51 enough to snare a flying bird without breaking.
The secret of the web's strength? A type of super-resilient 52 called dragline. When the female spider is ready to 53 the web's spokes and frame, she uses her legs to draw the airy thread out through a hollow nozzle in her belly. Dragline is not sticky, so the spider can race back and forth along 54 t
o spin the web's trademark spiral.
Unlike some spiders that weave a new web every day, a Golden Orb Weaver 55 her handiwork until it falls apart, sometimes not for two yearsl. The silky thread is five times stronger than steel by weight and absorbs the force of an impact three times better than Kevlar, a high-strength human-made 56 used in bullet-proof vests. And thanks to its high tensile strength, or the ability to resist breaking under the pulling force called tension, a single strand can stretch up to 40 percent longer than its original 57 and snap back as well as well as new. No human-made fiber even comes 58
It is no 59 manufacturers are clamoring for spider silk. In the consumer pipeline: high-performance fabrics for athletes and stockings that never run. Think parachute cords and suspension bridge cables. A steady 60 of spider silk would be worth billions of dollars-but how to produce it? Harvesting silk on spider farms does not 61 because the territorial arthropods have a tendency to devour their neighbors.
Now, scientists at the biotechnology Nexia are apinning artificial silk modeled after Goldern orb dragline. The 62 step: extract silk-making genes from the spiders. Next, implant the genes into goat egg cells. The nanny goats that grown from the eggs secrete dragline silk proteins in their 63 "The young goats pass on the silk-making gene without 64 help from us," says Nexia president Jeffrey Turner. Nexia is still perfecting the spinning process, but they hope artificial spider silk will soon be snagging customers 65 the real thing snags bugs.
51
A tough
B soft
C large
D smooth
52
A cloth
B silk
C nylon
D wool
53
A repair
B pull
C move
D weave
54
A him
B her
C it
D those
55
A refixes
B reproduces
C remakes
D reuses
56
A metal
B mass
C material
D model
57
A bredth
B length
C height
D strength
58
A close
B well
C open
D awake
59
A hurry
B worry
C wonder
D use
60
A shipment
B supply
C run
D exchange
61
A run
B go
C deal
D work
62
A previous
B foremost
C first
D front
63
A milk
B meat
C lungs
D muscle
64
A no
B any
C some
D many
65
A as fast as
B as gently as
C as fully as
D as little as
第一部分：
1 D 2 D 3 B 4 C 5 B 6 B 7 B 8 D 9 D 10 B 11 D 12 B 13 A 14 A 15 B
第二部分：
16 A本文题目告诉我们：电台给我们带来了无法挽回
的伤害，也就是讲它的坏处。
17 B文中第一段提到：we used to go outside for our amusements…也就是说我们过去常常出去娱乐，而不是现在常常出去娱乐
18 A文章第一段中间部分提到：我们匆匆忙忙地赶回家或狼吞虎咽地吃完饭就是为了能准时地观看这样或那样的电视节目。
19 A文章第一段提到：在我们接纳the one—eyed monster进入我们的家庭之前，我们从未发现难消磨自己的业余时间。根据上下文the one-eyed monster在这里应指television。
20 A从文章的第二段可断定Telly在这里指television。文章第三段第二句说：每天电视占据了大量的创造性工作时间。
21 C作者虽然说电视给我们带来许多害处，但并不意味着要摧毁电视。
22 A文章最后一段提到：we get so lazy…;it prevents US from communicating with each other说明人们因为电视变得懒惰和低能。
第三部分：
23 A A说的是：用X射线检查可能对年轻女人不好。下面是第二段讲的意思：但是，用x射线检查年轻女人，就医学上的好处而论，是有争议的，部分原因是辐射有诱发癌症的小小的危险。另外，年轻女人乳房组织紧密，给予的X射线的剂量要多一些。
24 B B说的是：调查用X射线检查的结果。第三段的第一句话是这么说的：Valencia理工大学的研究人员分析了11个社区诊所用X射线检查16万以上女人的结果。可以看出，这句话为真，B必须为真。
25 C C说的是：两种不同的模型预测的结果。第四段讲的是，两种不同的数学模型在预测用X射线检查女人诱发癌症的结果是不一样的。C概述这段话。
26 D D说的是：辐射诱发癌症的危险是很小的。第五段的第一句话是这么说的：The researchers argue that the level of radiation-induced cancers is “not very significant” compared to the far larger number of cancers that are discovered and treated.研究人员争辩说，与发现后接受治疗的癌症数字相比，由辐射诱发癌症的数字是很小的。
27 C C与题干生成：Early discovery of breast cancer may save a life.乳癌发现得早也许能挽救生命。答案可以从第一段中找到。
28 D D与题干生成：Advantages of screening women under 50 are still open to debate.对50岁以下的女人用X射线检查的好处仍然是有争议的。第二段的第一个句子是这么说的：But the medical benefits of screening these younger women are controversial…但是，用X射线检查年轻人，就医学上的好处而论，是有争议的……这两个句子用词有些差别，基本意思是相同的。
29 E E与题干生成：Delaying the age at which screening starts may reduce the risk of radiation triggering a cancer.延缓用X射线检查的年龄也许能
减少辐射诱发癌症的危险。答案在第六段。
30 F F与题干生成：Radiation exposure should be reduced to the minimum.应把接受辐射降低到最小的程度。答案在文章的最后一句。