一般现在时
主要用于下面几情况：
1) 描述当前时间内经常出现、反复发生的动作或存在的状态。
在这种情景中，句子常带有表示频率的时间状语：always , everyday , often , once a week (month , year , etc。) , sometimes , seldom , usually等等，以表示句中的动作或状态是习惯性的、经常性的。例如：
They raise ducks as a sideline 。他们以养鸭为副业。
She doesn't often write to her family, only once a month. 她不常给家里写信，仅一月一封而已。
I cycle to work every day 。我每天骑自行车上班。
It seldom rains here 。这儿很少下雨。
2)仅为了描述状态、性质、特征、能力等等。
这里的目的是为了"描述现阶段的动作或状态"，其重点"不是强调动作发生的时间、或进行的状态"。例如：
He can speak five foreign languages 。他能说五种外语。
That is a beautiful city 。那是座美丽的城市。
Changjiang River is one of the longest rivers in the world. 长江是世界上最长的河流之一。
She majors in music 。她主修音乐。
All my family love football 。我全家人都喜欢足球。
My sister is always ready to help others . 我妹妹总是乐于助人。
3) 陈述客观事实、客观真理。
顾名思义，客观的情况是"没有时间概念"的；也"不会在意动作进行的状态"。例如：
The sun rises in the east 。日出东方。
The earth goes around the sun 。地球绕着太阳转。
Ten minus two is eight。十减二等于八。
Light travels faster than sound 。光的速度比声音的速度快。
The United States lies by the west coast of the Pacific Ocean. 美国位于太平洋西岸。
4) 根据英文语法规定，当主句的谓语动词是一般将来时，那么时间或条件状语从句的谓语动词只能用一般现在时来表示将来要发生的动作。例如：
I'll tell him the news when he comes back. 他回来时，我将告诉他这个消息。
If you take the job , they will talk with you in greater details。
如果你接受这份工作，他们将和你谈谈细节。
用于一般现在时的副词，除了上面提到的一些表示频率的以外，常见的还有：now, today , nowadays等等。
一般过去时
主要是用来描述在过去某个时候发生的动作或存在的状态。它也可以用来表示在过去某段时间里经常发生的习惯性动作。这一点在表达意义上与一般现在时相同，只是所在的时间区域不同而已。由于它的主要作用如此，所以在使用一般过去时的句子里常常有一个意义较具体的过去时间状语。这也是它与现在完成时的最大区
别之一。
一般过去时由谓语动词的过去式表示，也就是说动词词末要加-ed(除不规则动词外)。常和一般过去时连用的过去时间状语有：last night (week ,
month , year , century , etc。) , yesterday , the day before yesterday , yesterday morning ( afternoon , evening ) , in 1999 , two hours ago ( one week ago , tree years ago , …)等等。
使用一般过去时，在某种意义上说就是要强调动作或状态发生或存在于过去的某个时候。"过去"的时间概念有两层意思：一是指"现在某个时间"以前的时间；二是指"说话、写文章的那个时间点"以前的时间，在这个意义上，"现在的那个时间点"是很小很小的，甚至于小到无法量化的程度。例如：
He got his driving license last month. 他上个月拿到了驾照。
--Where's Jim? 吉姆在哪里？
--He just went out。他刚刚出去。
一般将来时
概念：一般将来时表示将来某个时间要发生的动作或存在的状态，也表示将来经常发生的动作。
一、常见的将来时间状语：
tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, this afternoon, this year, before long, in the future, some day(将来的某一天)，next year, next Sunday, soon, in ten days(十天后) 等
二、一般将来时结构：
主语+ will (shall) + 动词原形~。动词一般将来时，表示将要发生事
(所有人称都可以用will，shall只用于I, We 后面)
如：肯定式：They will finish the work next week.
否定式：They won’t finish the work next week.
疑问式：Will they finish the work next week?
Yes, they will. / No, they won’t. (注意：不能用Yes, they’ll.)
特殊疑问句：How many books will you give us?
I’ll give you thirty books.
2. 主语+ be (am, is, are) going to + 动词原形~。
be going to, 表打算，准备计划将来干;表可能，有必然，通过现象来判断。
如：I’m going to see a film this evening. 今晚上我打算去看电影。
It’s going to rain. 天要下雨了。
We aren’t going to have any lessons next week. 我们下周不上课。
3. will/ shall 和be going to 结构的区别
(1) 对于事先经过考虑的打算、计划，应使用be going to 结构。
Why are you taking down all the pictures? I am going to repaint the wall.
(2) 对于事先未经过考虑的打算、计划，而是临时起意，则用will 结构。常见于会话时，乙听了甲的话做出的反应。
Where is the telephone book? I’ll go and get it for you .
(3) 表示即将发生某事时，两者区别不大，多可互换。
What is going to happen? -----What will happen?
be going to 一般指较近的将来，will则表示较远的将来。
(4) 正式的通知等多用will.
4. 其他一般将来时表达结构：
(1) 少数几个动词如go, come, start, arrive等，当表示根据规定时间
要发生的动作时，要用一般现在时来表示。
My train leaves at 6:30. 我乘的火车将在6：30开。
另外，时间、条件状语从句中，“主将从现”
I’ll let you know as soon as I hear from him.
He’ll go fishing if it is fine tomorrow.
(2) 现在进行时表将来。go, come, leave, arrive, start, stay, return 等表示动作的动词，可以用现在进行时表将来。
I’m going to the park with my parents on vacation.
(3) be about to + 动词原形, 表示即将发生的动作。
The concert is about to begin. 音乐会即将开始。
(4) be +动词不定式，表示安排或计划好的动作。
There is to be a sports meeting next week.
语法练习：
I. 用适当形式填空
1. It ______ be Wednesday tomorrow.
2. Betty _________ write to her grandma next week.
3. ________ you please give him this letter?
4. I ________ never do that again.
5. She has bought some cloth; she _____ make herself a dress.
6. ----Oh, what a heavy box! I can’t lift it.
----What! I _______ carry it for you. 7.In China, wherever you _____(go), you_____(see) friendly people.
8. Lao Zhao has saved some money and he _____ (buy) a TV set.
9. The express from Beijing to Shanghai ______ at 8:45.
II. 单选1 We _____go home until we finish the work.
A don’t
B won’t
C will
2 Tom _____ six years old next month. A will be B will is C is going to
3 Look at the clouds? It _____ rain. A is going B will be C is going to
4 We _____ go home until we finish the work.
A don’t
B won’t
C will
5 We must take the sick man to hospital. He ______.
A is dying
B is going to die
C will die
6 Could you tell me _______ the meeting.
A when shall we have
B when we would have
C when to have
7 I’ll talk to him when he______.
A come
B will come
C comes
D came
8 I don’t know if it______ tomorrow.
A rains
B will rain
C is rain
D is raining
9 There ______ a school three years ago.
A were
B use to have
C used to be
D will be
英语语法时态的几种转换
英语中的几种时态在一定情况下可以互相转换，以下是几种常见的转换形式：
一、一般过去时与现在完成时的转换
在现在完成时中，延续性动词能与表示一段时间的状语连用，瞬间动词却不能。但是，可用别的表达方式：
①瞬间动词用于“一段时间+ago”的一般过去时的句型中；
②瞬间动词可改成与之相对应的延续性动词及短语，与一段时间连用；
③瞬间动词用于“It is+一段时间+since+一般过去时”的句型中，表示“自从……以来有……时间”的意思，主句一般用it is来代替It has been；
④瞬间动词用于“Sometime has passed since+一般过去时”的句型中。
请看：A。He joined the League two years ago。
B。He has been in the League for two years。
C。It is two years since he joined the League。
D。Two years has passed since he joined the League。
二、一般现在时与现在进行时的转换
在一般现在时中，at加上名词表示“处于某种状态”，如at work（在工作），at school（上学、上课）等。此短语可与进行时态转换。请看：Peter is at work，but Mike is at play。
Peter is working，but Mike is playing。
三、现在进行时与一般将来时的转换
在现在进行时态中go，come，leave，start，arrive等动词常与表示将来的时间状语连用表示将要发生的动作。如：I am coming，Mum！
意为“我就来，妈妈！”请看：
The train is leaving soon。
The train will leave soon。
四、“be going to+动词原形”与“will（shall）+动词原形”结构的转换“be going to+动词原形”、表示打算、计划要做的事；将来时“will （shall）+动词原形”结构在书面语中，当主语为第一人称时，常用助动词shall。在口语中，所有人称都可以用will。请看：
We are going to visit the Great Wall next Sunday。
We shall visit the Great Wall next Sunday。
表示将来的五种非时态方式
1、“be+不定式”：表示命令、安排、倾向或必须、义务等。
如：She is to play Juliet。她扮演朱丽叶。
You are to make the necessary changes。你要做出必要的改变。2、“be about to+不定式”：表示即将发生的动作，有“即将”的意思，但不能和具体的时间状语连用。如：
The package is about to come unwrapped。那个包快散开了。
3、“be going+不定式”：表示按计划或安排打算去做某事，或表示有迹象表明要发生某事。如：
We are going to call her this evening。
我们打算今晚给她打电话。
My sister’s going to have a baby this summer。
我姐姐今年夏天要生孩子。
4、用现在进行时表示将来：主要表示按规定或时间预计要发生的事。
如：The students are leaving on Sunday。学生们星期日出发。
We’re having a party next week。
我们下星期将开一个晚会。
5、用一般现在时表示将来：表示按
规定或时间预计要发生的事。
如：We have a holiday
tomorrow。我们明天放假。
The train leaves at 10：04 this evening。
火车今晚10：04分开。
must表示推测
1) must用在肯定句中表示较有把握的推测，意为"一定"。
2) must表对现在的状态或现在正发生的事情的推测时，must 后面通常接系动词be 的原形或行为动词的进行式。
You have worked hard all day .You must be tired.
你辛苦干一整天，一定累了。(对现在情况的推测判断)
He must be working in his office. 他一定在办公室工作呢。
比较：He must be staying there.他现在肯定呆在那里。
He must stay there。他必须呆在那。
3) must 表示对已发生的事情的推测时，must 要接完成式。
I didn't hear the phone. I must have been asleep.
我刚才没有听到电话，我想必是睡着了。
4) must表示对过去某时正发生的事情的推测，must 后面要接不定式的完成进行式。
---Why didn't you answer my phone call?
---Well, I must have been sleeping, so I didn't hear it。
5) 否定推测用can't。
If Tom didn't leave here until five
o'clock, he can't be home yet.如
果汤姆五点才离开这儿，他此时一
定还未到家。
比较have to和must 1) 两词都是'必须'的意思，have to 表示客观的需要，must 表示说话人主观上的看法，既主观上的必要。
My brother was very ill, so I had to
call the doctor in the middle of the
night.
我弟弟病得很厉害，我只得半夜里
把医生请来。(客观上需要做这件
事)
He said that they must work hard.
他说他们必须努力工作。(主观上
要做这件事)
2) have to有人称、数、时态的变
化，而must只有一种形式。但
must 可用于间接引语中表示过
去的必要或义务。
He had to look after his sister yesterday。
3)在否定结构中：don't have to表
示"不必" mustn't表示"禁止"，
You don't have to tell him about it.
你不一定要把此事告诉他。
You mustn't tell him about it.
你一定不要把这件事告诉他。
比较may和might
1) 表示允许或请求；表示没有把
握的推测；may 放在句首，表示
祝愿。
May God bless you!
He might be at home。
注意：might 表示推测时，不表示时态。只是可能性比
may 小。
2) 成语：may/might as well，后
面接不带to 的不定式，意为"不妨
"。
If that is the case, we may as well try。
典型例题
Peter ___come with us tonight, but he isn't very sure yet。
A. must
B. may
C. can
D. will
答案 B. 表可能性只能用may.此句意可从后半句推出。
比较can 和be able to
1)can could 表示能力；可能(过去时用could)，
只用于现在式和过去式(could)。be able to可以用于各种时态。
They will be able to tell you the news soon. 他很快就能告诉你消息了。
2)只用be able to
a. 位于助动词后。
b. 情态动词后。
c. 表示过去某时刻动作时。
d. 用于句首表示条件。
e. 表示成功地做了某事时，只能用was/were able to，不能用could。
He was able to flee Europe before the war broke out。
= He managed to flee Europe before the war broke out。
注意：could不表示时态
1)提出委婉的请求，(注意在回答中不可用could)。
--- Could I have the television on?
--- Yes, you can. / No, you can't。
2)在否定，疑问句中表示推测或怀疑。
He couldn't be a bad man.
他不大可能是坏人。
比较so和such
其规律由so与such的不同词性决定。such 是形容词，修饰名词或名词词组，so是副词，只能修饰形容词或副词。so 还可与表示数量的形容词many，few，much，little连用，形成固定搭配。
so + adj. such + a(n) + n。
so + adj. + a(n) + n.such + n. (pl。)
so + adj. + n. (pl。) such +n. (pl。)
so + adj. + n. [不可数] such +n. [不可数]
so foolish such a fool
so nice a flower such a nice flower
so many/ few flowers such nice flowers
so much/little money. such rapid progress
so many people such a lot of people
so many 已成固定搭配，a lot of 虽相当于many，但a lot of 为名词性的，只能用such搭配。
so…that与such…that之间的转换既为so与such之间的转换。
动词不定式
动词不定式是初中英语的语法重点之一，也是每年中考英语试题的考点之一。它是动词的一种非谓语形式，没有人称和数的变化，不能单独作句子的谓语。其构成形式为"to+动词原形"，to为动词不定式的符号，本身无意义。动词不定式具有两大特点： 1.具有动词的特点，因此，后面可以跟表语、宾语或状语，构成动词不定式
短语。
2.具有名词、形容词或副词的特点，可以在句子中用作主语、宾语、宾语补足语、状语、定语、表语及同位语等。下面以近几年全国部分省市的中考英语试题为例，对不定式的难点以及它在中考英语中的考查点，作一简要的总结和分析，供同学们学习时参考。
一、动词不定式作主语
1. It's our duty _________ the room every day.
A. to clean
B. cleaned
C. clean
D. cleans(甘肃省)
2. It's hard for us _________ English well.
A. learn
B. learns
C. to learn
D. learning(江西省)
3.建造这座立交桥将花费工人们一年多的时间。
It will _________ the workers over a year _________ _________ the flyover.(北京市海淀区)
4. It's very nice _________ you to get me two tickets _________ the World Cup.
A. for，of
B. of，for
C. to，for
D. of，to(安徽省)
Keys：1. A 2. C 3. take，to，build 4. B
[简析]动词不定式作主语时，可以直接放在谓语动词前面的主语位置，也可以用先行词it作形式主语，而将真正的主语(不定式)置于后面。常见的句式有：(1)It is +形容词(of sb)to do sth.(2)It is +名词(for sb)to do sth.(3)It takes sb some time to do sth.(4)It is +形容词(for sb)to do sth.句式(1)中常用nice，kind，clever，good，right，wrong，foolish，careless 等形容词，与介词of搭配，这些形容词常表述不定式逻辑主语的属性或性质;句式(4)中常用hard，difficult，easy，important等形容词，与介词for 搭配，表示不定式表示的动作、行为的性质。
二、动词不定式作宾语
1. He wants ______ some vegetables.
A. buy
B. buying
C. to buy
D. buys (山西省)
2. Don't forget ______ your homework with you when you come to school.
A. to bring
B. bringing
C. to take
D. taking (福建省)
3. He found it very difficult ______.
A. sleeping
B. sleeps
C. slept
D. to fall asleep (湖南省)
Keys： 1. C 2. A 3. D
[简析]在want，like，agree，hope，wish，learn，begin，start，seem，decide，hate，choose，forget，remember等动词后面，可以接不定式作宾语。如果其后接形容词补足语时，则可以用it作形式宾语，而把作真正宾语的不定式放到后面。
三、动词不定式作宾语补足语
1. Robert often asks us ______ his Chinese, so his Chinese is much better than before.
A. help him
B. to help him with
C. to help with
D. helps him with (江苏省)
2. Mr Li often teaches his Japanese friends ______ Chinese food.
A. cook
B. cooks
C. to cook
D. cooked (甘肃省)
Key： 1. B 2. C
[简析]不定式可以用作宾语补足语。后面可以接不定式作宾语补足语的动词有：ask，teach，expect，tell，allow等。
四、动词不定式作状语
1. She went ______ her teacher.
A. to see
B. looks
C. saw
D. seeing (江西省)
2. Meimei likes English very much. She does her best ______ English well.
A. learn
B. learning
C. to learn
D. learns (四川省)
Key： 1. A 2. C
[简析]go，come，try，do
/ try one's best等动词或短语动词作谓语时，其后常常可以接不定式作目的状语。
3. I'm sorry ______ that.
A. hears
B. hearing
C. hear
D. to hear (河北省)
4. I'm sorry ______ you.
A. trouble
B. to trouble
C. troubling
D. troubled (吉林省)
5. My mother was very glad ______ her old friend.
A. to meet
B. meet
C. met
D. meets (甘肃省)
Keys： 3. D 4. B 5. A
[简析]"be +形容词+ to do sth"结构中的不定式作状语，常表示原因或方式。
6. The panda is so fat that it can't go through the hole.(改为意思相同的句子)
The hole ______ ______ ______ ______ such a fat panda to go through. (广东省)
7. The ice on the lake was so thin that people couldn't skate on it. (改为意思相同的句子)
The ice on the lake wasn't ______ enough ______ people ______ ______ ______. (广东省)
Keys： 6. is，too，small，for 7. thick，for，to，skate，on
[简析]在上述"too +形容词/副词(for sb)to do…"(太……而不能……)和"enough (for sb) to do…"(足以、足够……做……)结构中，不定式作结果状语。
五、动词不定式作定语
1. Would you like something ______?
A. drink
B. drinking
C. to drink
D. drinks (湖北省)
2. I have a lot of homework ______.
A. do
B. doing
C. did
D. to do (河南省)
3. He is not an easy man ______.
A. get on
B. to get on
C. get on with
D. to get on with (山东省)
Key： 1. C 2. D 3. D
[简析]不定式作定语时，常放在被修饰的词语之后，与被修饰的词语为逻辑上的主谓关系或动宾关系;如果不定式的动词是不及物动词，其后要加上必要的介词或副词，构成的短语动词相当于及物动词。
六、不带to的动词不定式
1. We saw him ______ the building and go upstairs.
A. to enter
B. enter
C. entering
D. entered (河南省)
2. So much work usually makes them ______ very tired.
A. to feel
B. feels
C. feeling
D. feel (吉林省)
3. Your father is sleeping. You'd better ______.
A. not wake up him
B. not to wake up him
C. not wake him up
D. not to wake him up (陕西省)
4. I was made ______ my homework in the afternoon.
A. do
B. doing
C. to do
D. did (贵州省)
Key： 1. B 2. D 3. C 4. C
[简析]1.在see，watch，hear，feel等感官动词和make，have，let等使役动词后面作宾语补足语的不定式不带to.但是在被动语态中，作主语补足语的不定式要带to(let没有被动语态)。2.在"had better"后面接不带to 的不定式。
七、动词不定式的否定形式
1. Mr Black asked the man ________ the queue.
A. not to jump
B. to not jump
C. didn't jump
D. not jump (广西壮族自
治区)
2. The old man told the child ______ noisy.
A. not be
B. not to be
C. to not be
D. be not (湖北省)
3. There is going to ______ an important meeting tomorrow. Please try ______ late.
A. have，not to be
B. have，not be
C. be，not to be
D. be，not be (内蒙古自治区)
Key： 1. A 2. B 3. C
[简析]动词不定式的否定形式通常是在不定式符号to的前面加上not，如果是不带to的不定式就直接在动词原形前面加上not.
八、某些动词后面接不定式和接动词-ing形式的区别
1. Please stop ______ a rest if you feel tired.
A. to have
B. having
C. have
D. has (广西壮族自治区)
2. ——Why didn't you buy some bread on your way home?
——Sorry, I forgot ______ some money with me.
A. take
B. taking
C. to take
D. took (湖北省)
3. ——Let's have a rest, shall we?
——Not now, I can't stop ______ the letters.
A. write
B. to write
C. writing
D. and write (湖北省)
4. Jim was badly hurt, so he had to stop ______ (walk). (用所给单词的正确形式填空)(四川省)
Key： 1. A 2. C 3. C 4. walking
[简析]一些常见的动词后面接不定式和接动词的-ing形式的区别如下："stop to do sth"意为"停止正在做的事情去做另外一件事"，"stop doing sth"意为"停止正在做的事"："remember to do sth"意为"记住去做某事"(事还未做)，"remember doing sth"意为"记得做过某事"(事已做)："go on to do sth"意为"接着做某事"(做完一事，接着做另一事)，"go on doing sth"意为"继续做某事"(一事未做完接着往下做)："forget to do sth"意为"忘了做某事"(事还未做)，"forget doing sth"意为"忘了曾做过某事"(事已做)。
5. When I was walking in the street I saw a plane ______ over my head.
A. flies
B. flying
C. flew
D. to fly (福建省)
6. A woman saw it ______ when she was walking past.
A. happen
B. happens
C. happening
D. to happen (黑龙江省)
Key： 5. B 6. A
[简析]在see，hear，watch，feel等感官动词后面可接不带to的不定式，也可接动词的-ing形式作宾语补足语，用不定式表示动作的全过程(动作已结束)，用动词的-ing形式表示动作正在进行(动作尚未结束)。
九、动词不定式的省略及其符号to的保留
1. Would you like to go to the cinema with us?
Yes, ______. What time are we going to meet?
A. I would
B. I would like
C. I like to
D. I'd like to (浙江省)
2. Would you like to go for a picnic with us?
______. What time are we going to meet?
A. No, I can't
B. Yes, I'm glad
C. Yes, I'd love to
D. I'd like (大连市)
Keys： 1. D 2. C
[简析]在口语中，动词不定式中的动词或短语动词在上下文中重复出现时，第二个动词不定式可以省略，
但是to不可省略。这种用法常见于"be glad to"，"would like (love) to"，"have to"等结构中。
十、动词不定式的被动式和其他形式
The new hospital ______ is near the factory.
A. build
B. builds
C. to build
D. to be built (青海省)
Key： D
[简析]当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者(宾语)时，用动词不定式的被动式，即：to be +过去分词;如果不定式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前，不定式用完成式，即：to have +过去分词;如果不定式表示的动作和谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，用不定式的进行式，即：to be +现在分词
比较and和or
1) 并列结构中，or通常用于否定句，and用于肯定句。
2) 但有时and 也可用于否定句。请注意其不同特点：
There is no air or water in the moon。
There is no air and no water on the moon。
在否定中并列结构用or 连接，但含有两个否定词的句子实际被看作是肯定结构，因此要用and。
典型例题
---I don't like chicken ___ fish.
---I don't like chicken, ___ I like fish very much。
A. and；and
B. and；but
C. or；but
D. or；and
答案C。否定句中表并列用or, but 表转折。
判断改错：
(错) We will die without air and water。
(错) We can't live without air or water。
(对) We will die without air or water。
(对) We can't live without air and water。
单词及词组分组辨析
1. clothes, cloth, clothing clothes 统指各种衣服，谓语动词永远是复数，cloth 指布，为不可数名词clothing 服装的总称
指一件衣服用 a piece of, an article of
2. incident , accident
incident 指小事件, accident 指不幸的事故He was killed in the accident.
3. amount, number
amount 后接不可数名词，number 后接可数名词 a number of students
4. family, house, home
home 家，包括住处和家人，house 房子，住宅，family 家庭成员。My family is a happy one.
5. sound, voice, noise
sound 自然界各种各样的声音，voice 人的嗓音，noise 噪音I hate the loud noise outside.
6. photo, picture, drawing
photo 用照相机拍摄的照片，picture 可指相片，图片，电影片，drawing 画的画
Let's go and see a good picture.
7. vocabulary, word
vocabulary 词汇，一个人拥有的单词量，word 具体的单词He has
a large vocabulary.
8. population, people
population 人口，人数，people 具体的人China has a large population.
9. weather, climate
weather 一天内具体的天气
状况，climate 长期的气候状况The climate here is not good for you.
10. road, street, path, way
road 具体的公路，马路，street 街道，path 小路，小径，way 道路，途径
take this road; in the street, Show me the way to the museum.
11. course, subject
course 课程(可包括多门科目)，subject 科目(具体的学科)a summer course
12. custom, habit
custom 传统风俗，习俗，也可指生活习惯，后接to do，habit 生活习惯，习惯成自然，后接of doing.
I've got the habit of drinking a lot.
13. cause, reason
cause 指造成某一事实或现象的直接原因，后接of sth./doing sth，reason 用来解释某种现象或
结果的理由，后接for sth./doing sth. the reason for being late
14. exercise, exercises, practice
exercise 运动，锻炼(不可数)，exercises 练习(可数)，practice(反复做的)练习。
Practice makes perfect.
15. class, lesson
作“课”解时，两者可以替换。指课文用lesson. 指班级或全体学生用class. Lesson 6; Class 5
16. speech, talk, lecture speech 指在公共场所所做的经过准备的较正式的演说，talk 日常生活中的一般的谈话，讲话，lecture
学术性的演讲，讲课 a series of lecture on …
17. officer, official
officer 部队的军官，official 政府官员an army officer
18. work, job
二者均指工作。work 不可数，job 可数 a good job。
19. couple, pair
couple 主要指人或动物，pair 多指由两部分组成的东西 a pair of trousers
20. country, nation, state, land
country 侧重指版图，疆域，nation 指人民，国民，民族，state 侧重指政府，政体，land 国土，
国家The whole nation was sad at the news.
21. cook, cooker
cook 厨师，cooker 厨具He is a good cook.
22. damage, damages
damage 不可数名词，损害，损失; damages 复数形式，赔偿金$900 damages
23. police, policeman
police 警察的总称，后接复数谓语动词，policeman 指某个具体的警察The police are questioning
everyone in the house.
24. problem, question
problem 常和困难连系，前面的动词常为think about, solve, raise，question 常和疑问连系，
多和ask, answer 连用。
25. man, a man
man 人类，a man 一个男人Man will conquer nature.
26. chick, chicken
二者均可指小鸡，chicken 还可以当鸡肉The chicken is delicious.
27. telegram, telegraph
当电报解时，telegram 指具体的，telegraph 指抽象的 a telegram, by telegraph
28. trip, journey, travel, voyage
travel 是最常用的，trip 指短期的旅途，journey 指稍长的旅途，voyage 指海上航行a three-day trip
29. sport, game
sport 多指户外的游戏或娱乐活动，如打球，游泳，打猎，赛马等;game 指决定胜负的游戏，通常有一套
规则His favorite sport is swimming.
30. price, prize
price 价格，prize 奖，奖品，奖金win the first prize The price is high/low
31. a number of, the number of a number of 许多，谓语动词用复数。the number of …的数目，谓语动词用单数。The number of
students is increasing.
32. in front of, in the front of
in front of 范围外的前面，in the front of 范围内的前面In the front of the room sits a boy.
33. of the day, of a day
of the day 每一天的，当时的，当代的，of a day 暂时的，不长久的a famous scientist of the day
34. three of us, the three of us
three of us 我们(不止三个)中的三个，the three of us 我们三个(就三个人)The three of us
--- Tom, Jack and I went to the cinema.
35. by bus, on the bus
by bus 表手段，方式，不用冠词，on the bus 表范围They went there by bus.
36. for a moment, for the moment
for a moment 片刻，一会儿，for the moment 暂时，一时Thinking for a moment, he agreed.
37. next year, the next year
next year 明年，将来时间状语，the next year 第二年，过去将来时间状语
He said he would go abroad the next year.
38. more than a year, more than one year
more than a year 一年多，more than one year 超过一年(两年或三年等)
39. take advice, take the(one's) advice
take advice 征求意见，take the advice 接受忠告He refused to take the advice and failed again.
40. take air, take the air
take air 传播，走漏，take the air 到户外去，散步We take the air every day.
41. in a word, in words
in a word 总之，一句话，in words 口头上In a word, you are right.
42. in place of, in the place of
in place of 代替，in the place of 在…地方A new building is built in the place of the old one.
43. in secret, in the secret
in secret 秘密地，暗自地，偷偷地，一般用作状语;in the secret 知道内情，知道秘密，
一般用作表语My mother was in the secret from the beginning.
44. a girl, one girl
a girl 可泛指所有女孩, one girl 一个女孩Can one girl carry such a big box?
45. take a chair, take the chair
take a chair 相当于sit down 坐下，take the chair 开始开会
50. in charge of, in the charge of in charge of 管理，负责照料，in the charge of 由……照料He is in charge of the matter.
The matter is in the charge of her.
51. in class, in the class
in class 在课上，in the class 在班级里He is the best student in the
class.
52. on fire, on the fire
on fire 着火, on the fire 在火上Put the food on the fire. The house is on fire.
53. out of question, out of the question
out of question 毫无疑问的，out of the question 不可能的
54. a second, the second
a second 又一，再一，the second 第……He won the second prize.
55. by day, by the day
by day 白天，by the day 按天计算The workers are paid by the day.
56. the people, a people
the people 指人，a people 指民族The Chinese is a peace-loving people.
57. it, one
it 同一物体，one 同类不同一I lost my pen. I have to buy a new one.
58. that, this
that 指代上文所提到的，this 导出下文所要说的I was ill. That's why ….
59. none, nothing, no one
none 强调有多少，nothing, no one 强调有没有，nothing 指物，no one 指人
--- How many …/ How much …? --- None.
60. anyone, any one
anyone 指人，不能接of，any one 指人物均可，可接of any one of you
61. who, what who 指姓名或关系，what 指职业或地位What is your dad? He is a teacher.
62. what, which
what 的选择基础是无限制的，which 在一定范围内进行选择
Which do you prefer, bananas or apples?
63. other, another
other 后接名词复数，another 后接名词单数other students, another student
64. not a little, not a bit
not a little 非常，not a bit 一点也不I'm not a bit tired. 我一点儿也不累。
65. many, much, a lot of
many 和可数名词连用，much 和不可数名词连用，a lot of 可数，不可数均可，但不用于否定句
I haven't many books.
66. much more …than, many more …than
much more …than 后接形容词或不可数名词，many more …than 后接可数名词many more
people, much more water, much more beautiful
67. no, not
no = not a/any no friend = not a/any friend no water = not any water
68. no more than, not more than
no more than 相当于only，仅仅，只有，not more than 至多，不超过
69. majority, most
majority 只能修饰可数名词，most 可数不可数均可the majority of people
70. by oneself, for oneself, to oneself, of oneself
by oneself 单独的，独自的，for oneself 为自己，to oneself 供自己用的，of oneself 自行的，
自动的The door opened of itself.
71. at all, after all
at all 根本，全然, after all 到底，毕竟After all he is a child.
72. tall, high
tall 常指人或动物，high 常指物体He is tall.
73. fast, quickly
fast 侧重于指人或物体具有运动速度快的特点，quickly 侧重指某事完成或发生的快
run fast, answer the question quickly
74. high, highly
high 具体的高，highly 抽象的高，高度的think highly of
75. healthy, healthful
healthy 健康的，健壮的，healthful 有益于健康的healthful exercise
76. sleeping, asleep, sleepy sleeping 正在睡觉，asleep 睡着，熟睡，只能做表语，sleepy 困的，有睡意的
a sleeping baby The baby is asleep. I'm sleepy.
77. gold, golden
gold 指真金制品，golden 指金色的，但金鱼用gold fish, a gold ring
78. most, mostly
most 用于表感受的肯定句中，相当于very，当大部分，大多数解时是形容词或名词，
mostly 大部分，是副词most people, the people are mostly …
79. just, very
just 表强调时是副词，作状语，very 表强调时是形容词，用作定语the very man, just the man
80. wide, broad
wide 侧重于一边到另一边的距离，broad 侧重于幅面的宽广broad shoulders
81. real, true
real 真的，真实的，指的是事实上存在而不是想象的，true 真的，真正的，指的是事实和实际情况相符合
real gold, a true story
82. respectful, respectable
respectful 尊敬，有礼貌，respectable 可敬的，值得尊敬的be respectful to the aged
83. outwards, outward
二者均可用作副词，表示向外，外面，outward 还可用作形容词an outward voyage
84. pleasant, pleased, pleasing
pleasant 常用作定语，pleased, pleasing 常用作表语，pleased 主语常为人，
pleasing 主语常为物 a pleasant trip The trip is pleasing.
85. understanding, understandable
understanding 明白事理的，能体谅的，understandable 可理解的，能够懂的
an understanding girl, an understandable mistake
86. close, closely
close 接近，靠近，closely 紧紧地，紧密地closely connected, stand close
87. ill, sick
ill 做表语，sick 定，表均可
a sick boy
88. good, well
good 形容词，well 副词，但指身体状况是形容词He is well again.
89. quiet, silent, still
quiet 安静的，可以发出小的声音，silent 不发出声音，但可以动，still 完全不动，完全无声响
He stand there still. 他站在那儿，一动不动，也不说话。
90. hard, hardly
hard 努力，hardly 几乎不work hard, I can hardly believe it.
91. able, capable able 与不定式to do 连用，capable 与of 连用He is capable of doing …
92. almost, nearly
二者均为“几乎,差不多”和否定词连用用almost almost nobody
93. late, lately
late 迟，晚，lately 最近，近来I haven't seen him lately.
94. living, alive, live, lively
living, alive, live 均为活着的，living 定表均可，alive 定表均可，定语后置，live 只能做
定语，lively 意为活波的all the living people = all the people alive
95. excited, exciting
excited 使人兴奋的，exciting 令人兴奋的I'm excited. The news is exciting.
96. deep, deeply
deep 具体的深，deeply 抽象的深，深深地deeply moved, dig deep
97. aloud, loud
aloud 出声地，loud 大声地read aloud (出声地读)
98. worth, worthy
二者均为值得，worth 后接doing，worthy 后接to be done126. care about, care for
care about 关心，计较，在乎，一般多用于否定句中;care for 关心，照料，喜欢，愿意
He doesn't care about his clothes. I don't care for movies.
99 catch a cold, have a cold
catch a cold 不能和表示“一段时间”的状语连用，而have a cold 可以
She has had a cold for a week.
100. change for, change into
change for 调换成，change into 变成
Change the shirt for a bigger one. Water changes into ice.
101. continue, last
二者均为持续，continue 主动，被动均可，last 只能用主动
The war continued/lasted five years. The story is to be continued.
102. feed, raise
feed 喂养，养活，饲养(to give food to)，raise 饲养，养育(cause to grow, bring up children)
raise the family
103. go for a doctor, go to a doctor
go for a doctor 去请医生，go to a doctor 去看病
104. notice, observe, catch sight of
notice 注意到，observe 观察，仔细地看，catch sight of 突然看到observe the stars
105. insist on, stick to
insist on 坚持要求，后常接doing, stick to 坚持, 后常接sth., stick to the plan
106. look, seem, appear look 指从外表上看，seem 指内心的判断，appear 指给人以表面的印象appear wise,
look like his father
107. gather, collect
gather 把分散的东西集中到一起，collect 指精心地、有选择地进行收集collect stamps
108. mean to do, mean doing
mean to do 打算，想要做某事，mean doing 意思是，意味着
By this I mean giving the students more practice.
109. die from, die of
die from 表示死于(枪)伤，虚弱，过度劳累，饮食过度等，die of 表示死于疾病，饥饿，
寒冷，年老，忧愁，失恋等精神因素die of hunger and cold
110. pay for, pay back, pay off
pay for 为…付钱，pay back 还钱，但不一定还清，pay off 还清pay for the book, pay off the debt
111. divide, separate
divide 把一个整体分成几部分，separate 把连在一起的个体分开
divide the apple, separate the houses
112. arrive, get, reach
arrive 不及物动词，后接in (大地点)，at(小地点)，get 不及物动词后接to，reach 及物动词
arrive in Beijing, get to Beijing, reach Beijing
113. grow, plant
grow 使某种植物在某地生长着或使其发展下去，plant 移植，移栽已经长成秧苗的植物
plant the trees, trees are growing
114. manage, try
manage to do 设法做成了某事，try to do 尽力去做某事但不一定成功
He tried to pass the exam, but he failed.
115. choose, select
choose 凭个人的判断力进行选择，select 有目的地仔细认真地选择choose the best answer
116. build, put up, set up, found
build 一般用语，建成，put up 临时搭建，set up 建成(内部的设施基本齐全)，
found 国家或组织的建成put up a tent, set up a school
117. be familiar to, be familiar with
be familiar to 某物对某人来说是熟悉的，be familiar with 某人熟悉某物
The book is familiar to me. I'm familiar with the book.
118. agree with, agree to, agree on
agree with 同意某人，agree to 同意某事，agree on 在……上达成一致意见，主语是复数
agree with you, agree to the plan
119. throw to, throw at
throw to 扔到……, throw at 朝……扔He throw a stone at me.
120. receive, accept
receive 收到某一东西，但不一定接受，accept 接受I received a gift, but I didn't accept it.
121. wear, put on, dress
wear 和dress 表状态, wear 接衣服等，可用进行时，dress 接人，be dressed in, put on 表动作
It's cold outside. Put on your warm clothes.
122. listen, hear
listen 强调动作，hear 强调结果I listened, but I heard nothing.
(一) 形容词和副词
I. 要点
A. 形容词
1、形容词的用法
形容词是用来修饰、描绘名词的，通常在句中作定语、表语或宾补，有时还可作状语。如：
He is honest and hardworking.
I found the book interesting.
某些形容词与定冠词连用表示一类人作主语时，谓语通常用复数形式。如：
The rich and the poor live in different parts of the city.
The English like to be with their families.
多个形容词作定语修饰名词的顺序：
冠词+序数词+基数词+性质状态(描述性)+形状大小+新旧老少+颜色+国籍+材料+名词。如：the second five interesting big new red Chinese wall papers.
2、形容词比较等级的形式
(1) 规则形式
一般说来，单音节词及少数双音节词在后加-er; --est 来构成比较级和最高级；其他双音节词及多音节词在前加more, most.如：
great-greater-greatest
busy-busier-busiest
important-more important-(the)most important
(2) 不规则形式
good (well)-better-best
bad (ill)-worse-worst
many (much)-more-most
little-less-least
(3) 形容词比较等级的用法
①表示两者的比较，用形容词的比较级+than. 如：
He is cleverer than the other boys.
This one is more beautiful than that one.
②表示两者以上的比较，用"the +形容词最高级(+名词)+of(in) …"如：He is the cleverest boy in his class.
③表示两者是同等程度，用"as +形容词原级+as". 如：
He is as tall as I.
I have as many books as you.
④越… 越…
例如：The more I learn, the happier
I am.
⑤You can never be too careful. 越小心越好
又如：You can never praise the teacher too highly.
你怎么赞扬这个老师也不过分。
⑥I have never spent a more worrying day.
那一天是最令我担心的一天。
I have never had a better dinner.
这是我吃过的最好的一顿饭。
⑦My English is no better than yours.
我的英语和你的英语都不怎么样。
B.副词
1、副词的种类
(1) 时间副词如：ago, before, already, just, now, early, late, finally, tomorrow等
(2) 地点副词如：here, there, near, around, in, out, up, down, back, away, outside等。
(3) 方式副词如：carefully, angrily, badly, calmly, loudly, quickly, politely, nervously等。
(4) 程度副词如：almost, nearly, much, greatly, a bit, a little, hardly, so, very等。
2、副词比较等级的用法
其用法与形容词相似，只是副词最高级前可省略定冠词。如：
Of all the boys he sings (the) most beautifully.
We must work harder.
3、某些副词在用法上的区别
(1) already, yet, still
already表示某事物已经发生，主要用于肯定句；yet表示期待某事发生，主要用于否定句和疑问句；still表示某事还在进行，主要用于肯定句和疑问句，有时也可用于否定句。如：
We've already watched that film.
I haven't finished my homework yet.
He still works until late every night.
(2) too, as well, also, either
too, as well和also用于肯定句和疑问句，too和as well多用于口语，一般放在句末，而also多用于书面语，一般放在句中与动词连用。either用于
否定句和否定的疑问句，往往放在句末。如：He went there too.
He didn't go there either.
I like you as well.
I also went there.
(3) hard, hardly
hardly意为"几乎"与hard在词义上完全不同。如：
I work hard every day.
I can hardly remember that.
(4) late, lately
lately意为"最近、近来"，late意为"晚、迟"。如：
He never comes late.
Have you been to the museum lately?
例 1 Tom's father thinks he is already ____
A high enough
B tall enough
C enough high C enough tall
解析：该题正确答案是B。修饰人高用tall, 而建筑物的高用high,并且enough修饰形容词要放在形容词后面。因此该题选B。
例2 ____ the worse I seem to be.
A When I take more medicine
B The more medicine I take
C Taking more of the medicine
D More medicine taken
解析：该题正确答案为B。"the+形容词比较级+… , the +形容词比较级+…"意为越…，越…。该句意为：吃的药越多，我的病越是加重。
例3"I haven't been to London yet".
"I haven't been there ____".
A too
B also
C either
D neither
解析：该题正确答案为C。A和B 都用于肯定句中。D-neither本身意为否定"两者都不"，而C-either则用于否定句中，意为"也"。
例4 Mr Smith was ____ moved at the news.
A deep
B deeply
C very deep
D quite deeply
解析：该题正确答案为B。A. deep 用于副词时，修饰具体的深，如dig deep,而B-deeply则修饰表示感情色彩的词，如该题为deeply moved.另如deeply regret等。而D-quite和deeply 均为副词，不能互相修饰。
(二) 介词
I. 要点
1、介词和种类
(1) 简单介词，常用的有at, in, on, about, across, before, beside, for , to, without等。
(2) 复合介词，如by means of, along with, because of, in front of, instead of等。
2、介词和其他词类的习惯搭配关系
(1) 和动词的搭配，如agree with, ask for, belong to, break away from, care about等。
(2) 和形容词的搭配，如afraid of, angry with, different from, good at
(3) 和名词的搭配，如answer to , key to, reason for, cause of, visit to等.
3、介词短语可以有自己的修饰语，这种修饰语通常有right, just, badly, all, well, directly, completely等少数几个副词。如：He came right after dinner.
He lives directly opposite the school.
4、某些介词的意义与用法举例
(1) at, on, in(表时间)
表示时间点用at,如at four o'clock, at midnight等；表示不确定的时间或短期假日也用at,如at that time, at Christmas等。
指某天用on, 如on Monday, on the end of November, 指某天的朝夕用on,如on Friday morning, on the afternoon of September lst等。
指长于或短于一天的时段用in,如in the
afternoon, in February, in Summer, in 1999等。
(2) between, among(表位置)
between仅用于二者之间，但说三者或三者以上中的每两个之间的相互关系时，也用between, 如
I'm sitting between Tom and Alice.
The village lies between three hills.
among用于三者或三者以上之间。如：
He is the best among the students.
(3) beside, besides
beside意为"在…旁边"，而besides意为"除…之外"。如：
He sat beside me.
What do you want besides this?
(4)in the tree, on the tree
in the tree 指动物或人在树上，而on the tree 指果实、树叶长在树上
(5)on the way, in the way, by the way, in this way
on the way 指在路上in the way 指挡道
by the way 指顺便问一句in this way 用这样的方法
(6)in the corner, at the corner
in the corner 指在拐角内at the corner 指在拐角外
(7)in the morning, on the morning
in the morning 是一般说法on the morning 特指某一天的早晨
(8)by bus, on the bus
by bus 是一般说法on the bus 特指乘某一辆车
II. 例题
例 1 Do you know any other foreign language____ English?
A except
B but
C beside
D besides
解析：A、B两项except等于but，意为"除了…"，C-beside意为"在…旁边"，不符合题意。而D-besides, 意为"除了…之外，还有"。所以该题正确答案为D。该题意为：除了英语外，你还知道别的语言吗？
例2 He suddenly returned ____ a rainy night.
A on
B at
C in
D during
解析：我们均知道，at night这一短语，但如果night前有修饰词，表具体的夜晚，则要用介词on来修饰，故该题正确答案为A。
例3 I'm looking forward ____your letter.
A to
B in
C at
D on
解析：该题正确答案为A。look forward to 为固定搭配，意为"期望、盼望"。
(三) 连词
I. 要点
1、连词的种类
(1) 并列连词用来连接并列关系的词、短语或分句，如and, for, or, both…and, either…or, neither…nor等。
(2) 从属连词用来引导从句，如that, if, whether, when, after, as soon as等。
除了从属连词(引导状语从句)外，还有其它可以用来引导从句的词类。它们是连接代词和连接副词(引导名词性从句)，关系代词和关系副词(引导定语从句)。
2、常用连词举例
(1)and 和，并且
They drank and sang all night.
(2) both…and 和，既…也…
Both my parents and I went there.
(3) but 但是，而
I'm sad, but he is happy.
(4) either…or 或…或…，要么…要么…
Either you're wrong, or I am.
(5) for因为
I asked him to stay, for I had something to tell him.
(6) however 然而，可是
Af first, he didn't want to go there. Later, however, he decided to go
(7) neither…nor 既不…也不
Neither my parents nor my aunt agrees with you.
(8) not only…but(also) 不但…而且…
He not only sings well, but also dances well.
(9) or 或者，否则
Hurry up, or you'll be late.
Are you a worker or a doctor?
(10) so 因此，所以
It's getting late, so I must go.
(11) although 虽然
Although it was late, they went on working.
(12) as soon as 一…就
I'll tell him as soon as I see him.
(13) because 因为
He didn't go to school, because he was ill.
(14)unless 除非，如果不
I won't go unless it is fine tomorrow.
(15)until 直到…
He didn't leave until eleven. (瞬间动词用于not… until 结构)
He stayed there until eleven.
(16)while 当…时候，而(表示对比)
While I stayed there, I met a friend of mine. (while后不可用瞬间动词)
My pen is red while his is blue.
(17)for 因为
He was ill, for he didn't come. (结论是推断出来的)
(18)since自从…
I have lived here since my uncle left.
(19)hardly… when 一… 就
I had hardly got to the station when the train left.
(20)as far as 就… 来说
As far as I know, that country is very small.
You may walk as far as the lake. (一直走到湖那里)
II. 例题
例1 John plays football ____, if not better than, David.
A as well
B as well as
C so well
D so well as
解析：该题意为：John踢足球如果不比David好的话，那也踢得和David一样好。和…一样好为as well as. 故该题正确答案为B。
例2 She thought I was talking about her daughter, ____, in fact, I was talking about my daughter.
A when
B where
C which
D while
解析：该处意为"然而"，只有while 有此意思，故选D。
例3 Would you like a cup of coffee ____ shall we get down to business right away?
A. and
B. then
C. or
D. otherwise
解析：该处意为"或者"，正确答案为C。
(四)动词时态、语态
I. 要点
1、一般现在时
(1) 表示经常发生的动作或现在存在的状态，常与sometimes, always, often, every day等时间状语连用。如：Sometimes, we go swimming after school.
(2) 表示客观真理、科学事实等。如：The earth goes round the sun.
2、现在进行时
(1) 表示说话时或现阶段正在进行的动作，常与now, at present等时间状语连用。如：
What are you doing now?
(2) 和always, continually等连用，表一种经常反复的动作，常含有某种情感。如：
He is always doing good deeds.
3、现在完成时
主要表示动作发生在过去，对现在仍有影响，或动作一直延续到现在，或可能还要继续下去，常与just, already, so far, once, never 等词连用。如:Have you ever been to
初中英语语法大全 最牛英语口语培训模式：躺在家里练口语，全程外教一对一，三个月畅谈无阻！太平洋英语，免费体验全部外教一对一课程：https://www.doczj.com/doc/c19137889.html, 1 (see 、hear 、notice 、find 、feel 、listen to 、 look at (感官动词)+do eg:I like watching monkeys jump 2 （比较级 and 比较级）表示越来越怎么样 3 a piece of cake =easy 小菜一碟（容易） 4 agree with sb 赞成某人 5 all kinds of 各种各样 a kind of 一样 6 all over the world = the whole world 整个世界 7 along with同……一道，伴随…… eg : I will go along with you我将和你一起去 the students planted trees along with their teachers 学生同老师们一起种树 8 As soon as 一怎么样就怎么样 9 as you can see 你是知道的 10 ask for ……求助向…要…（直接接想要的东西） eg : ask you for my book 11 ask sb for sth 向某人什么 12 ask sb to do sth 询问某人某事 ask sb not to do 叫某人不要做某事 13 at the age of 在……岁时 eg：I am sixteen I am at the age of sixteen 14 at the beginning of …… ……的起初；……的开始 15 at the end of +地点/+时间最后；尽头；末尾 eg : At the end of the day 16 at this time of year 在每年的这个时候 17 be /feel confident of sth /that clause +从句感觉/对什么有信心，自信 eg : I am / feel confident of my spoken English I feel that I can pass the test 18 be + doing 表：1 现在进行时 2 将来时 19 be able to (+ v 原) = can (+ v 原）能够…… eg : She is able to sing She can sing 20 be able to do sth 能够干什么 eg :she is able to sing 21 be afraid to do (of sth 恐惧，害怕…… eg : I'm afraed to go out at nigh t I'm afraid of dog 22 be allowed to do 被允许做什么 eg: I'm allowed to watch TV 我被允许看电视 I should be allowed to watch TV 我应该被允许看电视 23 be angry with sb 生某人的气 eg : Don't be angry with me 24 be angry with(at) sb for doing sth 为什么而生某人的气 25 be as…原级…as 和什么一样 eg : She is as tall as me 她和我一样高 26 be ashamed to 27 be away from 远离 28 be away from 从……离开 29 be bad for 对什么有害 eg : Reading books in the sun is bad for your eyes 在太阳下看书对你的眼睛不好 30 be born 出生于 31 be busy doing sth 忙于做什么事 be busy with sth 忙于…… 32 be careful 当心；小心33 be different from…… 和什么不一样 34 be famous for 以……著名 35 be friendly to sb 对某人友好 36 be from = come from 来自 eg ：He is from Bejing He comes from Bejing Is he from Bejing ? Does he come from Bejing ? 37 be full of 装满……的 be filled with 充满 eg: the glass is full of water the glass is filled with water 38 be glad+to+do/从句 39 be going to + v(原）将来时 40 be good at(+doing) = do well in 在某方面善长, 善于…… 41 be good for 对什么有好处 eg : Reading aloud is good for your English 42 be happy to do 很高兴做某事 43 be helpful to sb 对某人有好处 eg : Reading aloud is helpful to you 大声朗读对你有好处 Exercising is helpful to your bady 锻炼对你的身体有好处
英语语法大全 初中英语语法 学习提纲 一、词类、句子成分和构词法： 1、词类：英语词类分十种： 名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。 1、名词(n.)：表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如：boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange. 2、代词(pron.)：主要用来代替名词。如：who, she, you, it . 3、形容词(adj..)：表示人或事物的性质或特征。如：good, right, white, orange . 4、数词(num.)：表示数目或事物的顺序。如：one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth. 5、动词(v.)：表示动作或状态。如：am, is,are,have,see . 6、副词(adv.)：修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等。如：now, very, here, often, quietly, slowly. 7、冠词(art..)：用在名词前,帮助说明名词。如：a, an, the. 8、介词(prep.)：表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。如in, on, from, above, behind. 9、连词(conj.)：用来连接词、短语或句子。如and, but, before . 10、感叹词(interj..)表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如：oh, well, hi, hello. 2、句子成分：英语句子成分分为七种：主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。 1、主语是句子所要说的人或事物,回答是“谁”或者“什么”。通常用名词或代词担任。如：I’m Miss Green.(我是格林小姐) 2、谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态,回答“做(什么)”。主要由动词担任。如：Jack cleans the room every day. (杰克每天打扫房间) 3、表语在系动词之后,说明主语的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么样”。通常由名词、代词 或形容词担任。如：My name is Ping ping .(我的名字叫萍萍) 4、宾语表示及物动词的对象或结果,回答做的是“什么”。通常由名词或代词担任。如：He can spell the word.(他能拼这个词) 有些及物动词带有两个宾语,一个指物,一个指人。指物的叫直接宾语,指人的叫间接宾语。间 接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。如：He wrote me a letter . (他给我写了一封信) 有时可把介词to或for加在间接宾语前构成短语,放在直接宾语后面,来强调间接宾语。如： He wrote a letter to me . (他给我写了一封信) 5、定语修饰名词或代词,通常由形容词、代词、数词等担任。如：
初中语法大全 目录 词类介绍、句子成分和构词法 (3) 一、词类的介绍 (3) 二、句子的成分 (3) 三、构词法 (4) 第一章名词 (4) 一、名词的种类 (4) 二、名词的数 (5) 三、名词所有格 (6) 第二章冠词 (8) 一、不定冠词的用法 (8) 二、定冠词的用法 (9) 三、零冠词的用法 (9) 第三章代词 (10) 一、代词的分类及用法 (10) 1、人称代词 (11) 2、物主代词 (11) 3、反身代词 (12) 4、指示代词 (12) 5、关系代词 (12) 6、连接代词 (13) 7、不定代词 (13) 8、相互代词 (15) 9、疑问代词 (15) 第四章数词 (16) 一、分类 (16) 1、基数词 (16) 2、序数词 (16) 第五章形容词和副词 (17) 一、形容词 (17) 二、副词 (20) 三、形容词、副词的原级、比较级和最高级 (23) 第六章介词 (25) 一、介词的分类 (25) 二、介词用法辨析 (27)
一、动词的分类及词形变化 (29) 二、动词的时态 (32) 一般现在时 (33) 一般过去时 (33) 一般将来时 (34) 现在进行时 (34) 过去进行时 (34) 现在完成时 (35) 过去完成时 (35) 一般过去将来时 (36) 现在完成进行时 (36) 过去完成进行时 (36) 将来进行时 (36) 将来完成时 (37) 将来完成进行时 (37) 过去将来进行时 (37) 过去将来完成时 (37) 过去将来完成进行时 (37) 三、动词的语态 (38) 四、动词的非谓语形式 (40) 五、情态动词 (45) 六、动词用法辨析 (47) 七、连接词 (51) 第八章简单句 (53) 一、简单句的分类 (53) 1、陈述句 (53) 2、疑问句 (54) 3、祈使句 (55) 4、反意疑问句 (56) 5、感叹句 (58) 二、简单句五种基本句型 (58) 第九章句子 (58) 一、句子的成分 (59) 1、主语 (59) 2、谓语 (59) 3、宾语 (60) 4、表语 (61) 5、定语 (61) 6、状语 (62) 7、宾语补足语 (62) 二、并列复合句 (62)
初中英语语法大全(必备)
英语语法大全： 1 (see 、hear 、notice 、find 、feel 、listen to 、look at (感官动词)+do （例如:I like watching monkeys jump） 2 （比较级and 比较级）表示越来越怎么样 3 a piece of cake =easy 小菜一碟（容易） 4 agree with sb 赞成某人 5 all kinds of 各种各样a kind of 一样 6 all over the world = the whole world 整个世界 7 along with同····一道，伴随······（例如: I will go along with you我将和你一起去 the students planted trees along with their teachers 学生同老师们一起种树） 8 As soon as 一怎么样就怎么样 9 as you can see 你是知道的 10 ask for ……求助向…要…（直接接想要的东西）（例如: ask you for my book ） 11 ask sb for sth 向某人什么 12 ask sb to do sth 询问某人某事ask sb not to do 叫某人不要做某事 13 at the age of 在……岁时（例如：I am sixteen I am at the age of sixteen 14 at the beginning of …………的起初；……的开始 15 at the end of +地点/+时间最后；尽头；末尾（例如: At the end of the day 16 at this time of year 在每年的这个时候 17 be /feel confident of sth /that clause +从句感觉/对什么有信心，自信 （例如: I am / feel confident of my spoken English I feel that I can pass the test 18 be + doing 表：1 现在进行时2 将来时 19 be able to (+ v.原) = can (+ v.原）能够……（例如: She is able to sing She can sing 20 be able to do sth 能够干什么（例如:she is able to sing 21 be afraid to do (of sth 恐惧，害怕……（例如: I'm afraid to go out at night I'm afraid of dog 22 be allowed to do 被允许做什么（例如: I'm allowed to watch TV 我被允许看电视、I should be allowed to watch TV 我应该被允许看电视 23 be angry with sb 生某人的气（例如: Don't be angry with me 24 be angry with(at) sb for doing sth 为什么而生某人的气 25 be as…原级…as 和什么一样（例如: She is as tall as me 她和我一样高 26 be ashamed to感到羞愧 27 be away from 远离 28 be away from 从……离开 29 be bad for 对什么有害（例如: Reading books in the sun is bad for your eyes 在太阳下看书对你的眼睛不好 30 be born 出生于
名词 含义：表示人、事物、地方、现象或抽象概念等的名称的词。 注：1.专有名词是指人、地方、团体、机构等特有的名称。第一个字母必须大写。专有名词前一般不加冠词。 2、有普通名词构成的专有名词前要用定冠词―the‖，但它不大写。 3、有些不可数名词有时表示为具体的东西时，则变为可数名词，而且意思上也有了变化。 Eg：beer ----a beer 一杯啤酒 work--- a work 工厂，著作 glass---a glass 一个玻璃杯 room空间---a room一个房间 二、名词的数：表示可以计算数目的人或物称为可数名词。 可数名词有单、复数两种形式：可数名词的单数形式要在名词前加―a或an‖；复数形式是在名词后加―-s或-es‖。名词复数形式有规则变化和不规则变化两种 1 2. 可数名词复数的不规则变化 ①改变单数名词中的元音字母
eg. man--men, woman—women, tooth—teeth, foot—feet, mouse--mice ②单复数同形eg. Chinese-Chinese, deer-deer, fish-fish, sheep-sheep, ③由man 和woman构成的合成词, 每个名词都要变复数 eg. a man doctor— men doctors, a woman teacher--women teachers 注: 有些名词表示一种物体具有不可分割的相同的两部分,在使用时只有复数形式 eg. trousers, clothes, glasses, shorts, etc; 有些名词从形式上看是复数, 实际上是单数(其后的谓语动词要用单数). eg. maths , physics, politics, news 3. 不可数名词：表示不能计算数目的人或物，称为不可数名词。他们前面不能用a/an,没有复数形式。物质名词和抽象名词都属于不可数名词。不可数名词一般只有单数形式, 但有其特殊用法: (1)同一个词,变成复数形式, 意义不同。eg. food 食物--- foods 各种食物， time 时间--- times 时代，green 绿色---greens 青菜 (2)有些不可数名词用复数代指具体的事物 eg. hope ---hopes 希望hardship --- hardships 艰苦 (3)物质名词在表示数量时,常用某个量词+of来表示 eg. a cup of tea, seven pieces of bread, several bags of rice 三、名词的所有格 名词的所有格是表示名词之间的所有关系,有两种表示形式, 一种是在名词后+‘s；另一种是用of, 表示―……的‖。 1. (1) 一般词的所有格, 直接在词尾加‘s。eg. Mr. Mott‘s robot, children‘s clothes (2) 以s结尾的名词所有格只在词尾加‘ 。eg. teachers‘ books (3) 两人共有的物体, 则在第二个名词后+‘s; 如果分别是两人所有, 则在每个名词后面加‘s。eg. Lucy and Lily‘s room. (指两人共住一个房间) Mrs Green‘s and Mrs Brown‘s son. (指两人各自的儿子) (4) 表示某具体场所时, 所有格后面的名词可省略 eg. the doctor‘s (office) Mr. White‘s 2.(1) 没有生命的事物一般用of 短语来表示所属关系。 eg. the wall of the classroom，a picture of the bedroom， (2) 名词的的定语较长时,有生命的事物也可用of短语表示。 eg. a long story of a 50-year-old man (4)双重所有格eg. a friend of his, the big nose of Tom‘s (5)有些表示时间、距离、国家、城市等无生命的东西的名词，也可以加‘s来构成所有 格。 eg. ten minutes‘ walk, today‘s newspaper 例题解析：举一反三，学的更轻松！ 1. They got much _____ from those new books. A. ideas B. photos C. news D. stories 解析: much 是用来修饰不可数名词的, A B D三个选项均是可是名词的复数形式, C项为不可数名词, 因此选C. 2. I have two _______ and three bottles of _________ here. A. orange, orange B. oranges, oranges C. oranges, orange D. orange, oranges 解析: orange 有两种含义, 一种可数名词橘子, 另一种是不可数名词橘汁, 此题第一空应填
初中英语语法大全：英语五个基本句型1简单句、并列句、复合句 根据语法形式，即句子的结构，英语的句子可分为简单句、并列句和复合句。 1简单句 句型：主语+谓语 只包含一个主谓结构，而句子的各个结构都只由单词或短语表示。简单句有五种基本句型，详见第十七章。 They are playing baseball in the garden. 他们正在公园里打棒球。 Her brother and sister both are teachers. 她的哥哥和姐姐都是老师。 2并列句 句型：简单句+并列连词+简单句 （常见的并列连词有and，but，or） 并列句是由两个或两个以上的简单句连接而成。并列句中的各简单句意义同等重要，相互之间没有从属关系，是平行并列的关系。它们之间用连词连结。 My friend was at home，and we talked for along time. 我的朋友在家，我们谈了好长时间。 Her father is a doctor and her mother is a teacher.
她父亲是个医生，她母亲是个老师。I liked the story very much but Li Ming wasn't interested in it.我非常喜欢这个故事，可是李明却对它不感兴趣。 Hurry up，or you'll be late. 快点，否则你就会迟到的。 3复合句 句型：主句+连词+从句；或连词+从句+主句（包含一个主句、一个或一个以上的从句，或只包含一个从句，但有两个或两个以上的主句的句子叫复合句。） 句子的成分 组成句子的各个部分叫做句子的成分。句子成分包括：主语、谓语、表语、宾语（直接宾语、间接宾语）、宾语补足语、定语和状语。主语和谓语是句子主体部分（在英文中一般的句子必须有主语和谓语）。表语、宾语和宾语补足语是谓语里的组成部分。其他成分如定语和状语是句子的次要部分。下面我们分别讲述一下句子的各个成分： 1主语 主语是谓语讲述的对象，表示所说的“是什么”或“是谁”。一般由名词、代词、不定式或相当于名词的词或短语来充当。它在句首。 We study in No.1 Middle School.（讲述“谁”～） 我们在一中学习。 The classroom is very clean. （讲述“什么”很干净） 这间教室很干净。 Three were absent.（数词作主语）
初中英语语法——三大从句汇总 在英语中，主要有三大从句，即名词性从句（包括主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，同位语从句）、形容词性从句（即定语从句）、副词性从句（即 状语从句,包括时间、条件、结果、目的、原因、让步、地点、方式等）。以 下是一些基本的从句的语法知识点 A、定语从句专项讲解与训练 一、定语从句概念 定语从句（attributive clause），顾名思义，就是一个句子作定语从属 于主句。定语一般是由形容词充当，所以定语从句又称作形容词从句。另外， 定语从句是由关系代词或关系副词引导的，故又称作关系从句。 定语从句一般放在它所修饰的名词或代词之后，这种名词或代词被称作先 行词。请看示例： The woman who lives next door is a teacher. 先行词定语从句 在所有的从句中，算定语从句最难掌握，因为汉语里没有定语从句，汉语 里只有定语，而且总是放在名词之前来修饰名词。 二、关系代词引导的定语从句 关系代词代替前面的先行词，并且在定语从句中充当句子成分，可以作主语、宾语、定语等。常见的关系代词有：who, that, which。它们的主格、宾格和所有格如下表所示： 先行词主格宾格所有格 人 who whom whose 物 which which whose of which 人、物 that that — （一）关系代词who, whom和 whose的用法 who代替人，是主格，在定语从句中作主语。例如： An architect is a person who designs buildings. 建筑师是设计房屋的人。 I will never forget the teacher who taught us chemistry in the first
一、选择题 1．Here__________.You can see me in it. A．are two photos of my family B．is my family C．is a photo of my family D．are my family photos 2．I’m hungry. I want some _________. A．water B．bread C．toys D．homework 3．There are two________ near our school. A．shoe shops B．shoes shops C．shoe's shops D．shoes' shops 4．---- _________ is it from Nanjing to Beijing? --- It’s less than three ___________ flight. A．How long, hour’s B．How far, hour’s C．How long, hours’D．How far, hours’ 5．Look at the________on the ground, and it’s telling us autumn has come. A．leaves B．leaf C．leafs D．leafes 6．Some ________went to Japan to help when they knew that many ________ lost their homes in the earthquake. A．Germen; Japanese B．Frenchmen; Japaneses C．Germans; Japanese 7．—There are beautiful flowers everywhere to celebrate the National Day, and we have —________ holiday. That means we have seven days ________ for this public holiday. A．a seven-day; off B．a seven-days; away C．seven-day; over D．a seven-days’; off 8．—Tom likes soccer.What club can he join? —He can join the ______ club. A．sport B．music C．sports D．swimming 9．_______mother usually cooks for_______ at the weekend. A．Lily and Nick; their B．Lily's and Nick's; them C．Lily and Nick's; their D．Lily and Nick's; them 10．_____________ mother usually cooks for ___________ at the weekend. A．Lily’s and Nick’s; them B．Lily and Nick’s; them C．Lily and Nick’s; their D．Lily and Nick; their 11．It's about ten __________ walk from here. A．minutes' B．minute's C．minutes D．minute of 12．— Do you know all the names in your class, Mr King? —No, only part of them. A．student B．students C．student’s D．students’13．—Kate, what do you have ____________ dinner? —I have some____________, And I like them very much.
初中英语语法大全 语法网络图 一．名词 I. 名词的种类： II. 1. 规则名词的复数形式：名词的复数形式，一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es。现将构成方法与读音规则列表如下： leaf-leaves, thief-thieves, knife-knives, 2.
III. 名词的所有格： 名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。所有格分两种：一是名词词尾加’s构成，二是由介词of 加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西，后者多表示无生命的东西。 1. ’s 2. ’s
3. of所有格的用法： 用于无生命的东西：the legs of the chair, the cover of the book 用于有生命的东西，尤其是有较长定语时：the classrooms of the first-year students 用于名词化的词：the struggle of the oppressed 二．冠词 冠词分为不定冠词（a, an），定冠词（the），和零冠词。 I. That boy is rather a Lei Feng. II.
III. 三．代词： I. 代词可以分为以下七大类： II. 不定代词用法注意点： 1. one, some与any: 1) one可以泛指任何人，也可特指，复数为ones。some多用于肯定句，any多用于疑问句和否定句。One should learn to think of others. Have you any bookmarks? No, I don’t have any bookmarks. I have some questions to ask.
初一至初三全程英语知识点总结及练习 初一年级(上) 【知识梳理】 I. 重点短语 1. Sit down 2. on duty 3. in English 4. have a seat 5. at home 6. look like 7. look at 8. have a look 9. come on 10. at work 11. at school 12. put on 13. look after 14. get up 15. go shopping II. 重要句型 1. help sb. do sth. 2. What about ?? 3. Let's do sth. 4. It's time to do sth. 5. It's time for ? 6. What's ?? It is ?/ It's ? 7. Where is ?? It's ?. 8. How old are you? I'm ?. 9. What class are you in? I'm in ?. 10. Welcome to ?. 【名师讲解】 1.in/on 在表示空间位置时， in 表示在某个空间 的范围以内， 例如： There is a bird in the tree. 树上有只鸟。 2. this/that/these/those (1) this 常常用来指在时间、地点上更接近讲话 人的人和事， 时间、地点上离讲话人更远一点的 人和事， look in that one over there. 11. What's ?plus ?? It's ?. 12. I think ? 13. Who's this? This is ?. 14. What can you see ？ I can see ?. 15. There is (are) ?. 16. What color is it (are they)? It's (They're) ? 17. Whose ?is this? It's ?. 18. What time is it? It's ?. III. 交际用语 1. Good morning, Miss/Mr ?. 2. Hello! Hi! 3. Nice to meet you. Nice to meet you, too. 4. How are you? I'm fine, thank you/thanks. And you? 5. See you. See you later. 6. Thank you! You're welcome. 7. Goodbye! Bye! 8. What's your name? My name is ?. 9. Here you are. This way, please. 10. Who's on duty today? 11. Let's do. 12. Let me see. IV. 重要语法 those 时 that 的复数形式。 你看看这个盒子，我去看那边的那个盒 子。 on 表示在某一个物体的表面之上。 There is a picture on the wall. 墙上有张图。 these 是 this 的复数形式。 that 常常用来指在 例如： You look in this box and I'll
初中英语语法大全 一、词类、句子成分和构词法： 1、词类：英语词类分十种：名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词 动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。 1、名词(n.)：表人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如：boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange. 2、代词(pron.)：主要用来代替名词。如：who, she, you, it . 3、形容词(adj..)：表示人或事物的性质或特征。如：good, right, white, orange . 4、数词(num.)：表示数目或事物的顺序。如：one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth. 5、动词(v.)：表示动作或状态。如：am, is,are,have,see . 6、副词(adv.)：修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等。如：now, very, here, often, quietly, slowly. 7、冠词(art..)：用在名词前,帮助说明名词。如：a, an, the. 8、介词(prep.)：表示它后面名词或代词与其他句子成分关系。如in, on, from, above, behind. 9、连词(conj.)：用来连接词、短语或句子。如and, but, before . 10、感叹词(interj..)表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如：oh, well, hi, hello. 2、句子成分：英语句子成分分为七种：主、谓、宾、定、状、表、宾补。 1、主语是句子所要说的人或事物,回答是“谁”或者“什么”。通常用名词或代词担任。如：I‘m Miss Green.(我是格林小姐) 2、谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态,回答“做(什么)”。主要由动词担任。如：Jack cleans the room every day. (杰克每天打扫房间) 3、表语在系动词之后,说明主语的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么样”。通常由名词、代词 或形容词担任。如：My name is Ping ping .(我的名字叫萍萍) 4、宾语表示及物动词的对象或结果,回答做的是“什么”。通常由名词或代词担任。如：He can spell the word.(他能拼这个词) 有些及物动词带有两个宾语,一个指物,一个指人。指物的叫直接宾语,指人的叫间接宾语。 间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。如：He wrote me a letter . (他给我写了一封信) 有时可把介词to或for加在间接宾语前构成短语,放在直接宾语后面,来强调间接宾语。如：He wrote a letter to me . (他给我写了一封信) 5、定语修饰名词或代词,通常由形容词、代词、数词等担任。如： Shanghai is a big city .(上海是个大城市) 6、状语用来修饰动词、形容词、副词,通常由副词担任。如：He works hard .(他工作努力) 7、宾语补足语用来说明宾语怎么样或干什么,通常由形容词或动词充当。如：They usually keep their classroom clean.(他们通常让教室保持清洁) / He often helps me do my lessons.(他常常帮我做功课) / The teacher wanted me to learn French all by myself.(老师要我自学法语) ☆同位语通常紧跟在名词、代词后面,进一步说明它的情况。如：Where is your classmate Tom ?(你
中考英语语法总结 一、祈使句结构 1 祈使句结构 祈使句用以表达命令，要求，请求，劝告等。 1）祈使句有两种类型，一种是以动词原形开头，在动词原形之前加do (但只限于省略第二人称主语的句子)。 Take this seat. Do be careful. 否定结构： Don't move. Don't be late. 2）第二种祈使句以let开头。 Let 的反意疑问句 a. Let's 包括说话者 Let's have another try，shall we / shan't we = Shall we have another try b. Let us 不包括说话者 Let us have another try，will you / won't you = Will you please let us have another try
否定结构： Let's not talk of that matter. Let us not talk of that matter. 二、感叹句结构 感叹句结构 感叹句通常有what, how引导，表示赞美、惊叹、喜悦、等感情。 what修饰名词，how 修饰形容词，副词或动词，感叹句结构主要有以下几种： 掌握它的搭配，即掌握了感叹句的重点。 How +形容词+ a +名词+ 陈述语序 How+形容词或副词+ 陈述语序 What +名词+ 陈述语序 What+a+形容词+名词+ 陈述语序 What+ 形容词+复数名词+ 陈述语序 What+ 形容词+不可数名词+ 陈述语序 How clever a boy he is! How lovely the baby is! What noise they are making! What a clever boy he is!
资料收集于网络，如有侵权请联系网站删除 1 (see 、hear 、notice 、find 、feel 、listen to 、look at (感官动词)+do eg:I like watching monkeys jump 2 （比较级and 比较级）表示越来越怎么样 3 a piece of cake =easy 小菜一碟（容易） 4 agree with sb 赞成某人 5 all kinds of 各种各样a kind of 一样 6 all over the world = the whole world 整个世界 7 along with同……一道，伴随…… eg : I will go along with you我将和你一起去 the students planted trees along with their teachers 学生同老师们一起种树 8 As soon as 一怎么样就怎么样 9 as you can see 你是知道的 10 ask for ……求助向…要…（直接接想要的东西）eg : ask you for my book 11 ask sb for sth 向某人什么 12 ask sb to do sth 询问某人某事ask sb not to do 叫某人不要做某事 13 at the age of 在……岁时eg：I am sixteen I am at the age of sixteen 14 at the beginning of …… ……的起初；……的开始 15 at the end of +地点/+时间最后；尽头；末尾eg : At the end of the day 16 at this time of year 在每年的这个时候 17 be /feel confident of sth /that clause +从句感觉/对什么有信心，自信 eg : I am / feel confident of my spoken English I feel that I can pass the test 18 be + doing 表：1 现在进行时2 将来时 19 be able to (+ v 原) = can (+ v 原）能够…… eg : She is able to sing She can sing 20 be able to do sth 能够干什么eg :she is able to sing 21 be afraid to do (of sth 恐惧，害怕…… eg : I'm afraed to go out at night I'm afraid of dog 22 be allowed to do 被允许做什么 eg: I'm allowed to watch TV 我被允许看电视I should be allowed to watch TV 我应该被允许看电视 23 be angry with sb 生某人的气eg : Don't be angry with me 24 be angry with(at) sb for doing sth 为什么而生某人的气 25 be as…原级…as 和什么一样eg : She is as tall as me 她和我一样高 26 be ashamed to 27 be away from 远离 28 be away from 从……离开 29 be bad for 对什么有害eg : Reading books in the sun is bad for your eyes 在太阳下看书对你的眼睛不好 30 be born 出生于 31 be busy doing sth 忙于做什么事be busy with sth 忙于…… 32 be careful 当心；小心 33 be different from…… 和什么不一样 34 be famous for 以……著名
初中英语语法大全汇总 （一） 一.词类(Parts of Speech) 名词英文名称The Noun(缩写为n.) 表示人或事物的名称例词boy,clock,book等 冠词英文名称The Article(缩写为art.) 用在名词前帮助说明名词所指的人和或事物。例词a(an),the 代词英文名称The Pronoun(缩写为pron) 用来代替名词、形容词或是数词例词we,that,his,what 形容词英文名称The Adjective(缩写为adj.) 用以修饰名词,表示人或事物的特征 例词old,red,fine,good. 数词英文名称The Numeral(缩写为num.) 表示数量或是顺序。例词one,thirteen first 动词英文名称The Verb(缩写为v.) 表示动作或状态。例词sit,go,be(am,is,are) 副词英文名称The Adverb(缩写为adv.) 修饰动词、形容词或其他副词。例词not too,here,very 介词英文单词The Preposition(缩写为prep.) 表示名词、代词等和句中其他词的关系。例词in,on,of,to,under. 连词英文单词The Conjunction(缩写为conj.) 用来连接词与词、短语与短语或句与句。例词and,or,but. 感叹词英文单词The Interjection(缩写为interj.) 表示说话时的喜悦、惊讶等情感。例词oh,hello,hi,er. 二.名词(Nouns) 1.总的说来,名词分专有名词和普通名词两类。 专有名词: 表示具体的人,事物,地点或机构的专有名称。 Lucy China 中国Asia 亚洲Beijing 北京。 专有名词的第一个字母要大写。 普通名词: 表示某些人,某类事物,某种物质或抽象概念的名称。例如: teacher 老师tea 茶reform 改革 普通名词又可进一步分为四类 1) 个体名称: 表示单个的人和事物。 house 马car 汽车room 房间apple 苹果fun 风扇picture 照片 2) 集体名称: 表示一群人或一些事物的名称。 people 人们family 家庭army 军队government 政府group 集团 3) 物质名词:表示物质或不具备确定形状和大小的个体的物质。 fire 火steel 钢air 空气water 水milk 牛奶 4)抽象名词:表示动作,状态,品质或其他抽象概念。 labour 劳动health 健康life 生活friendship友情patience耐力 2.名词按其所表现的事物的性质分为可数名词和不可数名词。 可数名词(Countable Nouns)有复数形式,如: an apple two apples a car some cars 不可数名词(Uncountable Nouns)一般没有复数形式. 抽象名词, 物质名词和专有名词一般是不可数名词。 sand 沙sugar 糖 有少数名词即可作可数名词,也可作不可数名词,但含义不同。 glass 玻璃glass 玻璃杯paper 纸paper 报纸,文件 名词的功能 名词在句中作主语, 宾语,介词宾语,宾语补助语,表语以及名词短语作状语。 The bag is in the desk. bag 作主语。 书包在桌子里边。 I washed my clothes yesterday. clothes 作宾语。 昨天我洗了我的衣服。