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Selecting vocabulary: Academic word list Academic Word List Coxhead (2000). The most frequent word in each family is in italics. There are 570 headwords and about 3000 words altogether. For more information see The Academic Word List. For more practice see: Schmitt & Schmitt (2005), or the Compleat Lexical Tutor.
*Definitions linked to: Cambridge Learner's Dictionary (Used with permission)
Headwords Other words in the family.Definition* abandon abandoned, abandoning, abandonment, abandons, e.g.abandon abstract abstraction, abstractions, abstractly, abstracts, e.g.abstract
academy academia, academic, academically, academics, academies, e.g.
academy
access accessed, accesses, accessibility, accessible, accessing, inaccessible
access
accommodate accommodated, accommodates, accommodating, accommodation
accommodate
accompany accompanied, accompanies, accompaniment, accompanying, unaccompanied
accompany
accumulate accumulated, accumulating, accumulation, accumulates
accumulate
accurate accuracy, accurately, inaccuracy, inaccuracies, inaccurate
accurate
achieve achievable, achieved, achievement, achievements, achieves, achieving
achieve
acknowledge acknowledged,acknowledges, acknowledging, acknowledgement, acknowledgements
acknowledge
acquire acquired, acquires, acquiring, acquisition, acquisitions acquire
adapt adaptability, adaptable, adaptation,adaptations, adapted, adapting, adaptive, adapts
adapt
adequate adequacy, adequately, inadequacies, inadequacy, inadequate, inadequately
adequate
adjacent adjacent
adjust adjusted, adjusting, adjustment,adjustments, adjusts, readjust, readjusted, readjusting, readjustment, readjustments, readjusts
adjust
administrate administrates, administration,administrations, administrative, administratively, administrator, administrators
administrate
adult adulthood, adults adult advocate advocacy, advocated, advocates, advocating advocate
affect affected, affecting, affective, affectively, affects, unaffected
affect
aggregate aggregated, aggregates, aggregating, aggregation aggregate aid aided, aiding, aids, unaided aid
albeit albeit allocate allocated, allocates, allocating, allocation, allocations allocate
alter alterable, alteration, alterations, altered, altering, alternate, alternating, alters, unalterable, unaltered
alter
alternative alternatively, alternatives alternative ambiguous ambiguities, ambiguity, unambiguous, unambiguously ambiguous
amend amended, amending, amendment,amendments, amends
amend
analogy analogies, analogous analogy
analyse analysed, analyser, analysers, analyses, analysing, analysis, analyst, analysts, analytic, analytical, analytically
analyse
annual annually annual
anticipate anticipated,anticipates, anticipating, anticipation, unanticipated
anticipate
apparent apparently apparent
append appendix, appended, appends, appending, appendices, appendixes
append
appreciate appreciable, appreciably, appreciated, appreciates, appreciating, appreciation, unappreciated
appreciate
approach approachable, approached, approaches, approaching, unapproachable
approach
appropriate appropriacy, appropriately, appropriateness, inappropriacy, inappropriate, inappropriately
appropriate
approximate approximated, approximately, approximates, approximating, approximation, approximations
approximate
arbitrary arbitrariness, arbitrarily arbitrary area areas area aspect aspects aspect
assemble assembled, assembles, assemblies, assembling, assembly
assemble
assess assessable, assessed, assesses, assessing, assessment, assessments, reassess, reassessed, reassessing, reassessment, unassessed
assess
assign assigned,assigning, assignment, assignments, assigns, reassign, reassigned, reassigning, reassigns, unassigned
assign
assist assistance,assistant, assistants, assisted, assisting, assists, unassisted
assist
assume assumed, assumes, assuming, assumption, assumptions
assume
assure assurance, assurances, assured, assuredly, assures, assuring
assure
attach attached, attaches, attaching, attachment, attachments, unattached
attach
attain attainable, attained, attaining, attainment, attainments, attains, unattainable
attain
attitude attitudes attitude attribute attributable, attributed, attributes, attributing, attribution attribute author authored, authoring, authors, authorship author authority authoritative, authorities authority
automate automatic, automated, automates, automating, automatically, automation
automate
available availability, unavailable available aware awareness, unaware aware behalf behalf
benefit beneficial, beneficiary, beneficiaries, benefited, benefiting, benefits
benefit
bias biased, biases, biasing, unbiased bias bond bonded, bonding, bonds bond brief brevity, briefed, briefing, briefly, briefs brief bulk bulky bulk capable capabilities, capability, incapable capable capacity capacities, incapacitate, incapacitated capacity
category categories, categorisation, categorise, categorised, categorises, categorising, categorizing
category
cease ceased, ceaseless, ceases, ceasing cease
challenge challenged, challenger, challengers, challenges, challenging
challenge
channel channelled, channelling, channels channel chapter chapters chapter chart charted, charting, charts, uncharted chart chemical chemically, chemicals chemical circumstance circumstances circumstance cite citation, citations, cited, citing, cites cite
civil civil
clarify clarification, clarified, clarifies, clarifying, clarity clarify classic classical, classics classic clause clauses clause
code coded, codes, coding code coherent coherence, coherently, incoherent, incoherently coherent
coincide coincided, coincides, coinciding, coincidence, coincidences, coincident, coincidental
coincide
collapse collapsed, collapses, collapsible, collapsing collapse colleague colleagues colleague
commence commenced, commences, commencement, commencing, recommences, recommenced, recommencing
commence
comment commentaries, commentary, commentator, commentators, commented, commenting, comments
comment
commission commissioned, commissioner, commissioners, commissioning, commissions
commission
commit commitment,commitments, commits, committed, committing
commit
commodity commodities commodity
communicate communicable, communicated, communicates, communicating, communication, communications, communicative, communicatively, uncommunicative
communicate
community communities community compatible compatibility, incompatibility, incompatible compatible
compensate compensated, compensates, compensating, compensation, compensations, compensatory
compensate
compile compilation, compilations, compiled, compiles, compiling
compile
complement complementary, complemented, complementing, complements
complement
complex complexities, complexity complex component componentry, components component compound compounded, compounding, compounds compound comprehensive comprehensively comprehensive comprise comprised, comprises, comprising comprise
compute computation, computational, computations, computable, computer, computed, computerised, computers, computing
compute
conceive conceivable, conceivably, conceived, conceives, conceiving, inconceivable, inconceivably
conceive
concentrate concentrated, concentrates, concentrating, concentration
concentrate
concept conception, concepts, conceptual, conceptualisation, conceptualise, conceptualised, conceptualises, conceptualising, conceptually
concept
conclude concluded, concludes, concluding, conclusion, conclusions, conclusive, conclusively, inconclusive, inconclusively
conclude
concurrent concurrently concurrent conduct conducted, conducting, conducts conduct confer conference, conferences, conferred, conferring, confers confer confine confined, confines, confining, unconfined confine
confirm confirmation, confirmed, confirming, confirms confirm conflict conflicted, conflicting, conflicts conflict
conform conformable, conformability, conformance, conformation, conformed, conforming, conformist, conformists, conformity, conforms, nonconformist, nonconformists, nonconformity, non-conformist,
non-conformists, non-conformity
conform
consent consensus, consented, consenting, consents consent consequent consequence, consequences, consequently consequent considerable considerably considerable
consist consisted, consistency, consistent, consistently, consisting, consists, inconsistencies, inconsistency, inconsistent
consist
constant constancy, constantly, constants, inconstancy, inconstantly
constant
constitute constituencies, constituency, constituent, constituents, constituted, constitutes, constituting, constitution, constitutions, constitutional, constitutionally, constitutive, unconstitutional
constitute
constrain constrained, constraining, constrains, constraint, constraints, unconstrained
constrain
construct constructed, constructing, construction, constructions, constructive, constructs, reconstruct, reconstructed, reconstructing, reconstruction, reconstructs
construct
consult consultancy, consultant, consultants, consultation, consultations, consultative, consulted, consults, consulting
consult
consume consumed, consumer,consumers, consumes, consuming, consumption
consume
contact contactable, contacted, contacting, contacts contact contemporary contemporaries contemporary
context contexts, contextual, contextualise, contextualised, contextualising, uncontextualised
context
contract contracted, contracting, contractor, contractors, contracts
contract
contradict contradicted, contradicting, contradiction, contradictions, contradictory, contradicts
contradict
contrary contrarily contrary contrast contrasted, contrasting, contrastive, contrasts contrast
contribute contributed, contributes, contributing, contribution, contributions, contributor, contributors
contribute
controversy controversies, controversial, controversially, uncontroversial
controversy
convene convention, convenes, convened, convening, conventional, conventionally, conventions, unconventional
convene
converse conversely converse
convert conversion, conversions, converted,convertible, converting, converts
convert
convince convinced, convinces, convincing, convincingly, unconvinced
convince
cooperate cooperated, cooperates, cooperating, cooperation, cooperative,cooperatively, co-operate, co-operated,
co-operates, co-operation, co-operative, co-operatively
cooperate
coordinate coordinated, coordinates, coordinating, coordination, coordinator, coordinators, co-ordinate, co-ordinated,
co-ordinates, co-ordinating, co-ordination, co-ordinator,
co-ordinators
coordinate
core cores, coring, cored core corporate corporates, corporation, corporations corporate
correspond corresponded, correspondence, corresponding, correspondingly, corresponds
correspond
couple coupled, coupling, couples couple
create created, creates, creating, creation, creations, creative, creatively, creativity, creator, creators, recreate, recreated, recreates, recreating
create
credit credited, crediting, creditor, creditors, credits credit criteria criterion criteria crucial crucially crucial culture cultural, culturally, cultured, cultures, uncultured culture currency currencies currency cycle cycled, cycles, cyclic, cyclical, cycling cycle data data
debate debatable, debated, debates, debating debate decade decades decade decline declined, declines, declining decline deduce deduced, deduces, deducing, deduction, deductions deduce
define definable, defined, defines, defining, definition, definitions, redefine, redefined, redefines, redefining, undefined
define
definite definitely, definitive, indefinite, indefinitely definite
demonstrate demonstrable, demonstrably, demonstrated, demonstrates, demonstrating, demonstration, demonstrations, demonstrative, demonstratively, demonstrator, demonstrators
demonstrate
denote denotation, denotations, denoted, denotes, denoting denote
deny deniable, denial, denials, denied, denies, denying, undeniable
deny
depress depressed, depresses, depressing, depression depress
derive derivation, derivations, derivative, derivatives, derived, derives, deriving
derive
design designed, designer, designers, designing, designs design despite despite
detect detectable, detected, detecting, detection, detective, detectives, detector, detectors, detects
detect
deviate deviated, deviates, deviating, deviation, deviations deviate device devices device
devote devoted, devotedly, devotes, devoting, devotion, devotions
devote
differentiate differentiated, differentiates, differentiating, differentiation
differentiate
dimension dimensional, dimensions, multidimensional dimension
diminish diminished, diminishes, diminishing, diminution, undiminished
diminish
discrete discretely, discretion,discretionary, indiscrete, indiscretion
discrete
discriminate discriminated, discriminates, discriminating, discrimination
discriminate
displace displaced, displacement, displaces, displacing displace display displayed, displaying, displays display dispose disposable, disposal, disposed, disposes, disposing dispose
distinct distinction, distinctions, distinctive, distinctively, distinctly, indistinct, indistinctly
distinct
distort distorted, distorting, distortion, distortions, distorts distort
distribute distributed, distributing, distribution,distributional, distributions, distributive, distributor, distributors, redistribute, redistributed, redistributes, redistributing, redistribution
distribute
diverse diversely, diversification, diversified, diversifies, diversify, diversifying, diversity
diverse
document documentation, documented, documenting, documents document domain domains domain
domestic domestically, domesticate, domesticated, domesticating, domestics
domestic
dominate dominance, dominant, dominated, dominates, dominating, domination
dominate
draft drafted, drafting, drafts, redraft, redrafted, redrafting, redrafts
draft
drama dramas, dramatic, dramatically, dramatise, dramatised, dramatising, dramatises, dramatisation, dramatisations, dramatist, dramatists, dramatization, dramatizations, dramatizing
drama
duration duration dynamic dynamically, dynamics dynamic
economy economic, economical, economically, economics, economies, economist, economists, uneconomical
economy
edit edited, editing, edition,editions, editor, editorial, editorials, editors, edits
edit
element elements element eliminate eliminated, eliminates, eliminating, elimination eliminate emerge emerged, emergence, emergent, emerges, emerging emerge
emphasis emphasise, emphasised, emphasising, emphatic, emphatically
emphasis
empirical empirically, empiricism empirical
enable enabled, enables, enabling enable encounter encountered, encountering, encounters encounter energy energetic, energetically, energies energy enforce enforced, enforcement, enforces, enforcing enforce enhance enhanced, enhancement, enhances, enhancing enhance enormous enormity, enormously enormous ensure ensured, ensures, ensuring ensure entity entities entity
environment environmental, environmentalist, environmentalists, environmentally, environments
environment
equate equated, equates, equating, equation, equations equate equip equipment, equipped, equipping, equips equip equivalent equivalence equivalent erode eroded, erodes, eroding, erosion erode error erroneous, erroneously, errors error
establish disestablish, disestablished, disestablishes, disestablishing, disestablishment, established, establishes, establishing, establishment, establishments
establish
estate estates estate
estimate estimated, estimates, estimating, estimation, estimations, over-estimate, overestimate, overestimated, overestimates, overestimating, underestimate, underestimated, underestimates, underestimating
estimate
ethic ethical, ethically, ethics, unethical ethic ethnic ethnicity ethnic
evaluate evaluated, evaluates, evaluating, evaluation, evaluations, evaluative, re-evaluate, re-evaluated,
re-evaluates, re-evaluating, re-evaluation
evaluate
eventual eventuality, eventually eventual evident evidenced, evidence, evidential, evidently evident
evolve evolution, evolved, evolving, evolves, evolutionary, evolutionist, evolutionists
evolve
exceed exceeded, exceeding, exceeds exceed
exclude excluded, excludes, excluding, exclusion, exclusionary, exclusionist, exclusions, exclusive, exclusively
exclude
exhibit exhibited, exhibiting, exhibition, exhibitions, exhibits exhibit
expand expanded, expanding, expands, expansion, expansionism, expansive
expand
expert expertise, expertly, experts expert explicit explicitly explicit exploit exploitation, exploited, exploiting, exploits exploit export exported, exporter, exporters, exporting, exports export expose exposed, exposes, exposing, exposure, exposures expose
external externalisation, externalise, externalised, externalises, externalising, externality
external
extract extracted, extracting, extraction, extracts extract
facilitate facilitated, facilitates, facilities, facilitating, facilitation, facilitator, facilitators, facility
facilitate
factor factored, factoring, factors factor feature featured, features, featuring feature federal federation, federations federal fee fees fee
file filed, files, filing file
final finalise, finalised, finalises, finalising, finality, finally, finals
final
finance financed, finances, financial, financially, financier, financiers, financing
finance
finite infinite, infinitely finite flexible flexibility, inflexible, inflexibility flexible
fluctuate fluctuated, fluctuates, fluctuating, fluctuation, fluctuations
fluctuate
focus focused, focuses, focusing, refocus, refocused, refocuses, refocusing
focus
format formatted, formatting, formats format
formula formulae, formulas, formulate, formulated, formulating, formulation, formulations, reformulate, reformulated, reformulating, reformulation, reformulations
formula
forthcoming forthcoming
found founded, founder, founders, founding, unfounded found foundation foundations foundation framework frameworks framework
function functional, functionally, functioned, functioning, functions
function
fund funded, funder, funders, funding, funds fund fundamental fundamentally fundamental furthermore furthermore gender genders gender generate generated, generates, generating generate generation generations generation globe global, globally, globalisation, globalization globe
goal goals goal
grade graded, grades, grading grade
grant granted, granting, grants grant guarantee guaranteed, guaranteeing, guarantees guarantee guideline guidelines guideline hence hence hierarchy hierarchical, hierarchies hierarchy highlight highlighted, highlighting, highlights highlight
hypothesis hypotheses, hypothesise, hypothesised, hypothesises, hypothesising, hypothetical, hypothetically
hypothesis
identical identically identical
identify identifiable, identification, identified, identifies, identifying, identities, identity, unidentifiable
identify
ideology ideological, ideologically, ideologies ideology ignorant ignorance, ignore, ignored, ignores, ignoring ignorant
illustrate illustrated, illustrates, illustrating, illustration, illustrations, illustrative
illustrate
image imagery, images image
immigrate immigrant, immigrants, immigrated, immigrates, immigrating, immigration
immigrate
impact impacted, impacting, impacts impact
implement implementation, implemented, implementing, implements
implement
implicate implicated, implicates, implicating, implication, implications
implicate
implicit implicitly implicit imply implied, implies, implying imply impose imposed, imposes, imposing, imposition impose incentive incentives incentive incidence incident, incidentally, incidents incidence incline inclination, inclinations,inclined, inclines, inclining incline income incomes income incorporate incorporated, incorporates, incorporating, incorporation incorporate index indexed, indexes, indexing index
indicate indicated, indicates, indicating, indication, indications, indicative, indicator, indicators
indicate
individual individualised, individuality, individualism, individualist, individualists, individualistic, individually, individuals
individual
induce induced, induces, inducing, induction induce inevitable inevitability, inevitably inevitable infer inference, inferences, inferred, inferring, infers infer infrastructure infrastructures infrastructure inherent inherently inherent inhibit inhibited, inhibiting, inhibition, inhibitions, inhibits inhibit
initial initially initial
initiate initiated, initiates, initiating, initiation, initiations, initiative, initiatives, initiator, initiators
initiate
injure injured, injures, injuries, injuring, injury, uninjured injure
innovate innovation, innovated, innovates, innovating, innovations, innovative, innovator, innovators
innovate
input inputs input insert inserted, inserting, insertion, inserts insert insight insightful, insights insight
inspect inspected, inspecting, inspection,inspections, inspector, inspectors, inspects
inspect
instance instances instance
institute instituted, institutes, instituting, institution, institutional, institutionalise, institutionalised, institutionalises, institutionalising, institutionally, institutions
institute
instruct instruction, instructed, instructing, instructions, instructive, instructor, instructors, instructs
instruct
integral integral integrate integrated, integrates, integrating, integration integrate integrity integrity intelligent intelligence, intelligently, unintelligent intelligent
intense intensely, intenseness, intensification, intensified, intensifies, intensify, intensifying, intension, intensity, intensive, intensively
intense
interact interacted, interacting, interaction, interactions, interactive, interactively, interacts
interact
intermediate intermediate
internal internalise, internalised, internalises, internalising, internally
internal
interpret interpretation, interpretations, interpretative, interpreted, interpreting, interpretive, interprets, misinterpret, misinterpretation, misinterpretations, misinterpreted, misinterpreting, misinterprets, reinterpret, reinterpreted, reinterprets, reinterpreting, reinterpretation, reinterpretations
interpret
interval intervals interval
intervene intervened, intervenes, intervening, intervention, interventions
intervene
intrinsic intrinsically intrinsic
invest invested, investing, investment, investments, investor, investors, invests, reinvest, reinvested, reinvesting, reinvestment, reinvests
invest
investigate investigated, investigates, investigating, investigation, investigations, investigative, investigator, investigators
investigate
invoke invoked, invokes, invoking invoke involve involved, involvement, involves, involving, uninvolved involve isolate isolated, isolates, isolating, isolation, isolationism isolate
issue issued, issues, issuing issue item itemisation, itemise, itemised, itemises, itemising, items item job jobs job journal journals journal
justify justifiable, justifiably, justification, justifications, justified, justifies, justifying, unjustified
justify
label labelled, labelling, labels label labour laboured, labouring, labours labour layer layered, layering, layers layer lecture lectured, lecturer, lecturers, lectures, lecturing lecture legal illegal, illegality, illegally, legality, legally legal
legislate legislated, legislates, legislating, legislation, legislative, legislator, legislators, legislature
legislate
levy levies levy
liberal liberalise, liberalism, liberalisation, liberalised, liberalises, liberalising, liberalization, liberate, liberated, liberates, liberation, liberations, liberating, liberator, liberators, liberally, liberals
liberal
licence licences, license, licensed, licensing, licenses, unlicensed
licence
likewise likewise link linkage, linkages, linked, linking, links link
locate located, locating, location, locations, relocate, relocated, relocates, relocating, relocation
locate
logic illogical, illogically, logical, logically, logician, logicians logic maintain maintained, maintaining, maintains, maintenance maintain major majorities, majority major
manipulate manipulated, manipulates, manipulating, manipulation, manipulations, manipulative
manipulate
manual manually, manuals manual margin marginal, marginally, margins margin
mature immature, immaturity, maturation, maturational, matured, matures, maturing, maturity
mature
maximise max, maximised, maximises, maximising, maximisation, maximum
maximise
mechanism mechanisms mechanism media media mediate mediated, mediates, mediating, mediation mediate medical medically medical medium medium mental mentality, mentally mental
method methodical, methodological, methodologies, methodology, methods
method
migrate migrant, migrants, migrated, migrates, migrating, migration, migrations, migratory
migrate
military military
minimal minimalisation, minimalise, minimalises, minimalised, minimalising, minimalist, minimalists, minimalistic, minimally
minimal
minimise minimised, minimises, minimising minimise minimum minimum ministry ministered, ministering, ministerial, ministries ministry minor minorities, minority, minors minor mode modes mode
modify modification, modifications, modified,modifies, modifying, unmodified
modify
monitor monitored, monitoring, monitors, unmonitored monitor
motive motivate, motivated, motivates, motivating, motivation, motivations, motives, unmotivated
motive
mutual mutually mutual
negate negative, negated, negates, negating, negatively, negatives
negate
network networked, networking, networks network
neutral neutralisation, neutralise, neutralised, neutralises, neutralising, neutrality
neutral
nevertheless nevertheless nonetheless nonetheless norm norms norm normal abnormal, abnormally, normalisation, normalise, normal
normalised, normalises, normalising, normality,
normally
notion notions notion notwithstanding notwithstanding nuclear nuclear objective objectively, objectivity objective obtain obtainable, obtained, obtaining, obtains, unobtainable obtain
obvious obviously obvious
occupy occupancy, occupant, occupants, occupation,occupational,occupations, occupied, occupier, occupiers, occupies, occupying
occupy
occur occurred, occurrence, occurrences, occurring, occurs, reoccur, reoccurred, reoccurring, reoccurs
occur
odd odds odd offset offsets, offsetting offset ongoing ongoing option optional, options option
orient orientate, orientated, orientates, orientation, orientating, oriented, orienting, orients, reorient, reorientation
orient
outcome outcomes outcome output outputs output overall overall overlap overlapped, overlapping, overlaps overlap overseas overseas panel panelled, panelling, panels panel paradigm paradigms paradigm paragraph paragraphing, paragraphs paragraph parallel paralleled, parallels, unparalleled parallel parameter parameters parameter
participate participant, participants, participated, participates, participating, participation, participatory
participate
partner partners, partnership, partnerships partner passive passively, passivity passive
perceive perceived,perceives, perceiving, perception, perceptions
perceive
percent percentage, percentages percent period periodic, periodical, periodically, periodicals, periods period
persist persisted, persistence, persistent, persistently, persisting, persists
persist
perspective perspectives perspective phase phased, phases, phasing phase phenomenon phenomena, phenomenal phenomenon
philosophy philosopher, philosophers, philosophical, philosophically, philosophies, philosophise, philosophised, philosophises, philosophising
philosophy
physical physically physical plus pluses plus policy policies policy portion portions portion pose posed, poses, posing pose positive positively positive potential potentially potential practitioner practitioners practitioner
precede preceded, precedence, precedent, precedes, preceding, unprecedented
precede
precise imprecise, precisely, precision precise
predict predictability, predictable, predictably, predicted, predicting, prediction, predictions, predicts, unpredictability, unpredictable
predict
predominant predominance, predominantly, predominate, predominated, predominates, predominating
predominant
preliminary preliminaries preliminary
presume presumably, presumed, presumes, presuming, presumption, presumptions, presumptuous
presume
previous previously previous primary primarily primary prime primacy prime
principal principally principal principle principled, principles, unprincipled principle prior prior
priority priorities, prioritisation, prioritise, prioritised, prioritises, prioritising
priority
proceed procedural, procedure, procedures, proceeded, proceeding, proceedings, proceeds
proceed
process processed, processes, processing process professional professionally, professionals, professionalism professional
prohibit prohibited,prohibiting, prohibition, prohibitions, prohibitive, prohibits
prohibit
project projected, projecting, projection, projections, projects project
promote promoted, promoter, promoters, promotes, promoting, promotion, promotions
promote
proportion disproportion, disproportionate, disproportionately, proportional, proportionally, proportionate, proportionately, proportions
proportion
prospect prospective, prospects prospect protocol protocols protocol
psychology psychological, psychologically, psychologist, psychologists
psychology
publication publications publication
publish published, publisher, publishers, publishes, publishing, unpublished
publish
purchase purchased, purchaser, purchasers, purchases, purchasing
purchase
pursue pursued, pursues, pursuing, pursuit, pursuits pursue qualitative qualitatively qualitative quote quotation, quotations, quoted, quotes, quoting quote radical radically, radicals radical random randomly, randomness random range ranged, ranges, ranging range ratio ratios ratio
rational irrational, rationalisation, rationalisations, rationalise, rationalised, rationalises, rationalising, rationalism,
rational
rationality, rationally
react reacted, reacts, reacting, reaction, reactionaries, reactionary, reactions, reactive, reactivate, reactivation, reactor, reactors
react
recover recoverable, recovered, recovering, recovers, recovery recover refine refined, refinement, refinements, refines, refining refine regime regimes regime region regional, regionally, regions region
register deregister, deregistered, deregistering, deregisters, deregistration, registered,registering, registers, registration
register
regulate deregulated, deregulates, deregulating, deregulation, regulated, regulates, regulating, regulation,regulations, regulator, regulators, regulatory, unregulated
regulate
reinforce reinforced, reinforcement, reinforcements, reinforces, reinforcing
reinforce
reject rejected, rejecting, rejection, rejects, rejections reject relax relaxation, relaxed, relaxes, relaxing relax release released, releases, releasing release relevant irrelevance, irrelevant, relevance relevant reluctance reluctant, reluctantly reluctance
rely reliability, reliable, reliably, reliance, reliant, relied, relies, relying, unreliable
rely
remove removable, removal, removals, removed, removes, removing
remove
require required, requirement, requirements, requires, requiring require
research researched, researcher, researchers, researches, researching
research
reside resided, residence, resident, residential, residents, resides, residing
reside
resolve resolution, resolved, resolves, resolving, unresolved resolve
resource resourced, resourceful, resources, resourcing, unresourceful, under-resourced
resource
respond responded, respondent, respondents, responding, responds, response, responses, responsive, responsiveness, unresponsive
respond
The Academic Word List (AWL) by Sublist Sublist 1 of the Academic Word List - Most frequent words in families This sublist contains the most frequent words of the Academic Word List in the Academic Corpus. The most frequent members of the word families in Sublist 1 are listed below. analysis approach area assessment assume authority available benefit concept consistent constitutional context contract create data definition derived distribution economic environment established estimate evidence export factors financial formula function identified income indicate individual interpretation involved issues labour legal legislation major method occur percent period policy principle procedure process required research response role section sector significant similar source specific structure theory variables
回归课本(五)三角函数 一．考试内容： 角的概念的推广.弧度制.任意角的三角函数.单位圆中的三角函数线. 同角三角函数的基本关系式.正弦、余弦的诱导公式. 两角和与差的正弦、余弦、正切.二倍角的正弦、余弦、正切. 正弦函数、余弦函数的图像和性质.周期函数. 函数sin()y x ω?=+的图像.正切函数的图像和性质. 已知三角函数值求角. 正弦定理.余弦定理.斜三角形解法. 二．考试要求： (1)理解任意角的概念、弧度的意义.能正确地进行弧度与角度的换算. (2)掌握任意角的正弦、余弦、正切的定义.了解余切、正割、余割的定义.掌握同角三角函数的基本关系式.掌握正弦、余弦的诱导公式.了解周期函数与最小正周期的意义. (3)掌握两角和与两角差的正弦、余弦、正切公式.掌握二倍角的正弦、余弦、正切公式. (4)能正确运用三角公式，进行简单三角函数式的化简、求值和恒等式证明. (5)理解正弦函数、余弦函数、正切函数的图像和性质，会用“五点法”画正弦函数、余弦函数和函数y=Asin(鵻+)的简图，理解A, ,的物理意义. (6)会由已知三角函数值求角，并会用符号arcsin x 、arccos x 、arctanx 表示. (7)掌握正弦定理、余弦定理，并能初步运用它们解斜三角 【注意】近年的高考题中，三角函数主要考查基础知识、基本技能、基本方 法，一般都在选择题与填空题中考查，多为容易或中等难度的题目.其中，同角三角函数的 基本公式和诱导公式，三角函数的图像和性质，求三角函数式的值等为考查热点. 三．基础知识: 1．常见三角不等式 （1）若(0,)2 x π ∈，则sin tan x x x <<. (2) 若(0, )2 x π ∈ ，则1sin cos x x <+≤(3) |sin ||cos |1x x +≥. 2.同角三角函数的基本关系式 22sin cos 1θθ+=，tan θ= θ θ cos sin ，tan 1cot θθ?=. 3.正弦、余弦的诱导公式 21 2(1)sin ,sin()2(1)s , n n n co απαα-? -?+=??-? 2 1 2(1s ,s ()2(1)s i n ,n n co n co απαα+? -?+=??-? 4.和角与差角公式 sin()sin cos cos sin αβαβαβ±=±; cos()cos cos sin sin αβαβαβ±=; tan tan tan()1tan tan αβ αβαβ ±±=. 22sin()sin()sin sin αβαβαβ+-=-(平方正弦公式); 22cos()cos()cos sin αβαβαβ+-=-. sin cos a b αα+ )α?+(辅助角?所在象限由点(,)a b 的 象限决定,tan b a ?= ). 5.二倍角公式 sin 2sin cos ααα=. 2222cos 2cos sin 2cos 112sin ααααα=-=-=-. 2 2tan tan 21tan α αα =-. 6. 三倍角公式 3sin 33sin 4sin 4sin sin()sin()33 ππ θθθθθθ=-=-+.
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目录 程序文件修订页 1 XXXX/CX4.2.4-1人员培训与管理程序 2 XXXX/CX4.2.4-2监督工作程序 3 XXXX/CX4.2.9-1内部沟通程序 4 XXXX/CX4.3.4-1内务管理程序 5 XXXX/CX4.3.4-2环境保护控制程序 6 XXXX/CX4.3.4-3安全作业管理程序 7 XXXX/CX4.4.1-1仪器设备和标准物质管理程序 8 XXXX/CX4.4.7-1仪器设备和标准物质期间核查程序 9 XXXX/CX4.4.9-1仪器设备和标准物质溯源管理程序 10 XXXX/CX4.5.3-1诚信从业程序 11 XXXX/CX4.5.3-2保密和保护所有权程序 12 XXXX/CX4.5.4-1文件控制程序 13 XXXX/CX4.5.5-1客户要求、标书和合同的评审程序 14 XXXX/CX4.5.6-1分包管理程序 15 XXXX/CX4.5.7-1服务和供应品的采购及管理程序 16 XXXX/CX4.5.8-1服务客户程序 17 XXXX/CX4.5.9-1申诉和投诉处理程序 18 XXXX/CX4.5.10-1不符合工作控制程序
19 XXXX/CX4.5.12-1纠正措施、预防措施、持续改进程序 20 XXXX/CX4.5.14-1记录的控制程序 21 XXXX/CX4.5.15-1内部审核程序 22 XXXX/CX4.5.16-1管理评审程序 23 XXXX/CX4.5.17-1检验检测方法控制程序 24 XXXX/CX4.5.17-2开展新项目评审程序 25 XXXX/CX4.5.17-3检验检测方法偏离控制程序 26 XXXX/CX4.5.17-4现场检验检测工作管理程序 27 XXXX/CX4.5.17-5 意外情况处理程序 28 XXXX/CX4.5.17-6检验检测工作管理程序 29 XXXX/CX4.5.18-1测量不确定度的评定程序 30 XXXX/CX4.5.18-2电子采集数据完整性和安全性保护程序 31 XXXX/CX4.5.19-1抽样程序 32 XXXX/CX4.5.20-1样品管理程序 33 XXXX/CX4.5.21-1质量控制程序 34 XXXX/CX4.5.22-1检验检测机构间比对和能力验证试验程序 35 XXXX/CX4.5.23-1检验检测结果报告管理程序 36 XXXX/CX4.5.31-1检验检测活动风险评估与风险控制管理程序 37 XXXX/CX4.5.32-1数据统计和年度报告程序
《自动检测技术及仪表控制系统》 A卷闭卷 一、填空：（每空1分） 1．显示仪表能够监测到被测量的能力称分辨力。 2．热电偶是用组成而成。当两个结点处于，回路中便产生。 4、节流式流量计的测量原理是以定律和定律为基础的。5．把两块的光栅叠在一起，让他们的刻线之间有，这时光栅上会出现若干条明暗相间带状条纹案，称为。 6、热导式气体分析器是利用混合气体中不同的原理进行分析的。 7、仪表系统模型一般分为、、。 8、集散控制系统的核心思想是、。 9、LonWorks 与其它现场总线相连接而构成的典型现场总线中，其中符合LonWorks 自身规范的现场总线仪表单元通过连接到LonWorks总线网络上，而其他现场总线通过连接到LonWorks总线网络上。 二、选择题：（每题2分） 1、用万用表交流电压档（频率上限仅为5KHZ）测量频率高达500KHZ、10V左右的高频电压，发现示值还不到2V，该误差属于。用该表直流电压档测量5号干电池电压，发现每次示值均为1.8V，该误差属于。 A、系统误差 B、粗大误差 C、随机误差 D、动态误差 2、用仪表对三个电压进行测量，分别测得1000V、100V、10V，发现三个电压均存在1V的误差，那么，我们认为10V电压的测量结果较好。在以上这个例子中，有这个结论的依据是。 A、绝对误差 B、示值相对误差 C、满度相对误差 D、精度等级 3、正常人的体温为37℃，则此时的华氏温度约为，热力学温度约为。 A、32F，100K B、98.6F，236.15K C、98.6F，310.15K D、37F，236.15K 4、节流装置中有一种由两个圆弧曲面构成的入口收缩部分和与之相接的圆筒形喉部组成，这种节流件是。 A、孔板 B、喷嘴 C、文丘里管 5、浮子流量计的安装方式：。 A、水平，自上而下 B、垂直，自下而上 C、水平，自上而下 D、垂直，自上而下 6、光栅传感器是利用莫尔条纹来达到。
PET Topic Word List Travel and Transport 1accommodation食宿 2(aero)plane飞机 3bicycle自行车 4abroad国外 5airline航线 6airport机场 7ambulance救护车 8announcement通知 9arrive(v.)到达 10arrival(n.)到达 11baggage行李 12board(v) 登机，上车13boarding pass登机牌 14border国界 15brochure小册子 16bus station车站 17by air乘飞机 18by rail乘火车 19by road陆路交通 20by sea乘船 21cab计程车 22cabin船舱 23canal运河 24capital city首都 25case场合 26catch(v)赶车 27charter租船，租车 28check in(v)登记 ,安检29check out(v) 结账离开 30coach长途汽车，教练31confirm确认 32consul(ate)领事馆 33crossing斑马线 34crossroads十字路口 35currency货币 36custom风俗，习惯 37Customs海关官员 officer 38cyclist骑车的人 39deck甲板
. 40delay延迟，推迟 41deliver送货 42departure启程（ depart） 43destination目的地 44direction方向 45document(s)文件 46double room双人间 47driving驾照 licence 48due到期的，应到的 49duty-free免税 50embassy大使馆 51euro欧元 52exchange rate汇率 53facilities设备 54fare费用 55ferry渡轮 56flight航班 57foreign外国的 58fuel燃油59guidebook指南 60guesthouse宾馆，旅社61handlebars手把 62harbour海港 63helicopter直升飞机64hitchhike搭便车 65hovercraft气垫船 66hydrofoil水翼艇 67immigration移民 68inn小旅馆 69jet喷气飞机70journey旅程 71lorry卡车 72lost property丢失的财产73luggage行李 74motorbike摩托车 75motorcycle摩托车 76motorway高速公路77nationality国籍 78on board上船，登机79on business出差 80on holiday度假 81on vacation度假 .
回归课本的100个问题 1．区分集合中元素的形式：如：{}|lg x y x =—函数的定义域；{}|lg y y x =—函数的值域；{}(,)|lg x y y x =—函数图象上的点集。 2．在应用条件A ∪B ＝Ｂ?A ∩B ＝Ａ?ＡＢ时，易忽略Ａ是空集Φ的情况． 3，含n 个元素的集合的子集个数为2n ,真子集个数为2n －1;如满足{1,2}{1,2,3,4,5}M ??≠集合M 有______个。 （答：7） 4、C U (A ∩B)=C U A ∪C U B; C U (A ∪B)=C U A ∩C U B;card(A ∪B)=? 5、A ∩B=A ?A ∪B=B ?A ?B ?C U B ?C U A ?A ∩C U B=??C U A ∪B=U 6、注意命题p q ?的否定与它的否命题的区别: 命题p q ?的否定是p q ??；否命题是p q ???；命题“p 或q ”的否定是“┐P 且┐Q”，“p 且q ”的否定是“┐P 或┐Q” 7、指数式、对数式： m n a =，1m n m n a a -=，，0 1a =，log 10a =，log 1a a =，lg 2lg51+=，log ln e x x =，log (0,1,0)b a a N N b a a N =?=>≠>，log a N a N =。 8、二次函数①三种形式:一般式f(x)=ax 2+bx+c(轴-b/2a,a ≠0,顶点?);顶点f(x)=a(x-h)2 +k;零点式 f(x)=a(x-x 1)(x-x 2)(轴?);b=0偶函数;③区间最值:配方后一看开口方向,二讨论对称轴与区间的相对位置关系; b ＝ （答：2） ; 910递减，在时)0,[],0(,0a a a -> 1112 13 14定义域含零的奇函数过原点 15()y f x =必是周期函数，且一周期为 T 期为a 的周期函数”：①函数()f x 满足 f -1 )(0)() a f x =≠恒成立，则2T a =；③若1 ()(0)() f x a a f x +=- ≠恒成立，则2T a =. 16、函数的对称性。①满足条件()()f x a f b x +=-的函数的图象关于直线2 a b x += 对称。（2）证明函数图像的对称性，即证明图像上任一点关于对称中心（对称轴）的对称点仍在图像上；（3）反比例函数:)0x (x c y ≠=平移?b x c a y -+ =(中心为(b,a)) 17.反函数:①函数存在反函数的条件一一映射；②奇函数若有反函数则反函数是奇函数③周期函数、定义域为非单
太阳能光电工程学院 《材料加工设备概论》 课程设计报告书 题目：自动检测系统的构成、在控制系统的使用情况 姓名：邵奎 专业：太阳能光伏材料加工与应用技术 班级：助考（1）班 准考证号： 设计成绩： 指导教师：刘小梅
摘要 介绍了自动检测技术的发展现状及其在性能检测和故障诊断方面应用的必要性和良好前景；讨论了现代自动检测系统组建时，用到的关键技术；详细论述了基于PC的虚拟仪器技术的特点，软、硬件的构成和设计时关键技术分析。提出了目前在虚拟仪器系统中较为常用的几种总线方式和应用特点。 关键词：自动检测系统；故障诊断；关键技术
目录 绪言 (3) 1.引言 (3) 2.自动检测系统的基本原理 (3) 1.控制器 (4) 2 . 激励信号源 (5) 3. 测量器 (6) 4.开关系统 (7) 5.适配器 (7) 6.检测程序 (7) 一、程控接口技术 (8) 虚拟仪器技术 (8) 三.专家系统 (8) 5结束语. (9) 参考文献 (9)
绪言 所谓自动检测，是指由计算机进行控制对系统、设备和部件进行性能检测和故障诊断，是性能检测、连续监测、故障检测和故障定位的总称。现代自动检测技术是计算机技术、微电子技术、信息论、控制论、测量技术、传感技术等学科发展的产物，是这些学科在解决系统、设备、部件性能检测和故障诊断的技术问题中相结合的产物。凡是需要进行性能测试和故障诊断的系统、设备、部件，均可以采用自动检测技术，它既适用于电系统也适用于非电系统。电子设备的自动检测与机械设备的自动检测在基本原理上是一样的，均采用计算机/微处理器作控制器通过测试软件完成对性能数据的采集、变换、处理、显示/告警等操作程序，而达到对系统性能的测试和故障诊断的目的。
AcademicWordList Sublist1 analyze[??n?laiz]vt.〈美〉分析,分解,解释 constitute[?k?nstitju:t]vt.构成,组成建立,制定选定,任命 establish[is?t?bli?]vt.建立,成立安置确定,证实 indicate[?indikeit]vt.标示,指示,指出象征;表明或暗示…的可能性 occur[??k?:]vi.发生;举行;存在被发现;想到[起] role[r?ul]n.作用,职责角色 approach[??pr?ut?]n.靠近,接近,临近通路,入口,途径方式,方法vt.接洽,交涉;着手处理vt.&vi.接近,走近,靠近 context[?k?ntekst]n.背景,环境上下文,语境 estimate[?estimeit]n.估计,估价报价判断vt.&vi.估计;评价,评估 individual[??ndi?vidju?l]adj.个别的,单独的,个人的独特的n.个人人 percent[p??sent]n.百分比,百分数 section[?sek??n]n.章节部分部门,科截面,剖面地区,区 area[???ri?]n.面积区域,地区领域,方面 contract[k?n?tr?kt]n.契约,合同vt.缔结;订契约vt.&vi.染上(恶习,疾病等)缩小;紧缩evident[?evid?nt]adj.明显的,明白的 interpret[in?t?:prit]vt.解释;说明vt.&vi.口译;翻译 period[?pi?ri?d]n.(一段)时间时期,时代学时,课时句号,句点 sector[?sekt?]n.部门;领域防御地区,防卫区域扇形,扇形面 assess[??ses]vt.估价,估计评定,核定 create[kri?eit]vt.创造,创作,创建引起,产生 export[eks?p?:t]n.输出,出口输出[出口]物vt.&vi.出口,输出 involve[in?v?lv]vt.使某事物成为必要条件或结果;需要使参与,牵涉 policy[?p?l?si]n.政策,方针策略,精明的行为,上策保险单 significant[siɡ?nifik?nt]adj.重要的,重大的,可观的有意义的,有用意的意味深长的assume[??sju:m]vt.假设,臆断,猜想假装承担,担任,就职呈现,采取 data[?deit?]n.资料,材料 factor[?f?kt?]n.因素,要素〈数〉因子,因数 issue[?isju:]n.问题,议题;争论点发行物放出,流出;发出,发行〈正〉结果,结局vi.冒出,流出;传出vt.出版,发行发表,发布分配,发给 principle[?prins?pl]n.原则,原理准则,规范操守,道义工作原理 similar[?simil?]adj.类似的;同类的;相似的;同样的 authority[?:?θ?riti]n.权力,职权官方,当局权威,专家 define[di?fain]vt.精确地解释;界定规定,确定 finance[fai?n?ns]n.财政,金融财源,资金,财务情况vt.为…供给资金,从事金融活动 labour[?leib?]n.劳动,努力;工作劳工,工人分娩,(分娩时的)阵痛vi.劳动;努力艰难行进proceed[pr??si:d]vi.前进;行进进行;继续下去 source[s?:s]n.河流的源头,发源地来源,出处原因提供资料者,资料来源 available[??veil?bl]adj.可用的或可得到的可会见的,可与之交谈的 derive[di?raiv]vt.&vi.得到源于 formula[?f?:mjul?]n.准则,原则公式,方程式配方
2014届高三数学回归教材（选修2-1） 一、知识网络 第一章 常用逻辑用语 1.1 命题及其关系 1.2 充分条件与必要条件 1.3 简单的逻辑联结词 1.4 全称量词与存在量词 第二章 圆锥曲线与方程 2.1 曲线与方程 2.2 椭圆 2.3 双曲线 2.4 抛物线 第三章 空间向量与立体几何 3.1 空间向量及其运算 3.2 立体几何中的向量方法 二、习题重温 1.（P8）证明：若03422 2 ≠--+-b a b a ，则1≠-b a . 2.（P12-3）下列各题中，q p 是的什么条件？ （1）11:,1:-= -=x x q x p ； （2）51:,3|2:|≤≤-≤-x q x p ； （3）x x q x p -=-=33:,2:； （4）:p 三角形是等边三角形，:q 三角形是等腰三角形. 3.（P 27-3）写出下列命题的否定： （1）2 3,x x N x >∈?； （2）所有可以被5整除的整数，末位数字都是0； （3）01,02 00≤+-∈?x x R x ； （4）存在一个四边形，它的对角线相互垂直.
4.（P31-1）在一次射击训练中，某战士连续射击了两次.设命题p 是“第一次射击击中目标”， q 是“第二次射击击中目标”.试用q p ,以及逻辑联结词“或”“且”“非”（或?∧∨,,）表示下列命题： （1）两次都击中目标； （2）两次都没有击中目标. 5.（P42-4）点A 、B 的坐标分别是)0,1(-，)0,1(，直线AM ，BM 相交于点M ，且直线AM 的斜率与直线BM 的斜率的商是2，点M 的轨迹是什么？为什么？ 6.①（P48-5）比较下列每组中椭圆的形状，哪一个更圆，哪一个更扁？为什么？ （1）112 163692 22 2 =+=+y x y x 与 ； （2）110 63692 22 2 =+=+y x y x 与 . ②（P72-2）在同一坐标系中画出下列抛物线，观察它们开口的大小，并说明抛物线开口大小与方程中x 的系数有怎样的关系： （1）x y 2 12 =；（2）x y =2；（3）x y 22=；（4）x y 42=. 7.（P49-8）已知椭圆 19 422=+y x ，一组平行直线的斜率是23. （1）这组直线何时与椭圆相交？ （2）当它们与椭圆相交时，证明这些直线被椭圆截得的线段的中点在一条直线上.
1-3自动控制系统的分类 本课程的主要内容是研究按偏差控制的系统。为了更好的了解自动控制系统的特点，介绍一下自动控制系统的分类。分类方法很多，这里主要介绍其中比较重要的几种： 一、按描述系统的微分方程分类 在数学上通常可以用微分方程来描述控制系统的动态特性。按描述系统运动的微分方程可将系统分成两类： 1．线性自动控制系统描述系统运动的微分方程是线性微分方程。如方程的系数为常数，则称为定常线性自动控制系统；相反，如系数不是常数而是时间t的函数，则称为变系数线性自动控制系统。线性系统的特点是可以应用叠加原理，因此数学上较容易处理。 2．非线性自动控制系统描述系统的微分方程是非线性微分方程。非线性系统一般不能应用叠加原理，因此数学上处理比较困难，至今尚没有通用的处理方法。 严格地说，在实践中，理想的线性系统是不存在的，但是如果对于所研究的问题，非线性的影响不很严重时，则可近似地看成线性系统。同样，实际上理想的定常系统也是不存在的，但如果系数变化比较缓慢，也可以近似地看成线性定常系统。 二、按系统中传递信号的性质分类 1．连续系统系统中传递的信号都是时间的连续函数，则称为连续系统。 2．采样系统系统中至少有一处，传递的信号是时间的离散信号，则称为采样系统，或离散系统。 三、按控制信号r(t)的变化规律分类 1．镇定系统() r t为恒值的系统称为镇定系统(图1-2所示系统就是一例)。 2．程序控制系统() r t为事先给定的时间函数的系统称为程序控制系统(图1-11所示系统就是一例)。 3．随动系统() r t为事先未知的时间函数的系统称为随动系统，或跟踪系统，如图1-7所示的位置随动系统及函数记录仪系统。
高中生物必修一、二、三册回归课本 一、教材科学史 1、人教版必修一册 细胞学说的建立过程（10页）细胞核的功能探究（52页） 对生物膜结构的探究历程（65页）关于酶本质的探索（81页） 光合作用的探究历程（101页） 2、人教版必修二册 对遗传物质的早期推测（42页） 3、人教版必修三册 促胰液素的发现（23页）生长素的发现历程（46页） 二、重要概念 1、人教版必修一册 单体：多糖、蛋白质、核酸等都是生物大分子，都是由许多基本的组成单位连接而成的，这些基本单位称为单体。 多聚体：每一个单体都以若干个相连的碳原子构成的碳链为基本骨架，由许多单体连接成多聚体。 生物膜系统：这些细胞器膜和细胞膜、核膜等结构，共同构成细胞的生物膜系统。 原生质层：细胞膜和液泡膜以及两层膜之间的细胞质。 活化能：分子从常态转变为容易发生化学反应的活跃状态所需要的能量称为活化能。 酶：是活细胞产生的具有催化作用的有机物，其中绝大多数是蛋白质，少数是RNA。 化能合成作用：自然界中的少数种类细菌，，虽然细胞内没有叶绿素，不能进行光合作用，但是能够利用体外环境中的某些无机物氧化分解时所释放的能量来制造有机物，这种合成作用加化能合成作用细胞周期：即连续分裂的细胞，从一次分裂完成时开始，到下一次分裂完成时为止，为一个细胞周期。无丝分裂：分裂过程中没有出现纺锤体和染色体的变化，所以叫无丝分裂。 细胞分化：在个体发育过程中，由一个或一种细胞增值产生的后代，在形态、结构和生理功能上发生稳定性差异的过程，叫做细胞分化。 细胞的全能性：是指已经分化的细胞，仍然具有发育成完整个体的潜能。 癌细胞：有的细胞受到致癌因子的作用，细胞中遗传物质发生变化，就变成不受机体控制的、连续进行分裂的恶性增殖细胞，这种细胞就是癌细胞。 2、人教版必修二册 联会：同源染色体两两配对的现象叫做联会。 四分体：联会后的每对同源染色体含有四条染色单体。 DNA的多样性:遗传信息蕴藏在4种碱基的排列顺序之中，碱基排列顺序的千变万化，构成可DNA分子的多样性。 DNA的特异性：碱基的特定排列顺序，又构成了每一个DNA分子的特异性。 转绿：RNA是在细胞核中，以DNA的一条链为模板合成的，这一过程称为转录 翻译：游离在细胞质中的各种氨基酸，就以mRNA为模板合成具有一定氨基酸顺序的蛋白质，这一过程叫做翻译。 基因突变：DNA分子中发生碱基对的替换、增添和缺失，而引起的基因结构的改变，加基因突变。染色体组：细胞中的一组非同源染色体，在形态和功能上各不相同，但又相互协调，共同控制生物的生长、发育、遗传和变异，这样的一组染色体，叫做一个染色体组。 人类遗传病：通常是指由于遗传物质改变而引起的人类疾病，主要可以分为单基因遗传病、多基因遗传病和染色体异常遗传病。 基因库：一个种群中全部个体所含有的全部基因，叫做这个种群的基因库。 物种：能够在自然状态下相互交配并且产生可育后代的一群生物称为一个物种。 生殖隔离：不同物种之间一般是不能相互交配的，即使交配成功，也不能产生可育的后代，这种现象叫做生殖隔离。 共同进化：不同物种之间、生物与无机环境之间在相互影响中不断进化和发展，这就是共同进化。3、人教版必修三册 渗透压：是指溶液中溶质微粒对水的吸引力，溶质微粒越多，溶液浓度越高，渗透压越高。血浆的渗透压大小主要与无机盐和蛋白质的含量有关。 稳态：正常机体通过调节作用，使各个器官、系统协调活动，共同维持内环境的相对稳定状态叫做稳态。 反馈调节：在一个系统中，系统本身工作的效果，反过来又作为信息调节该系统的工作，这种调节方式叫做反馈调节。 自生免疫病：是由于免疫系统异常敏感，反应过度，?敌我不分?地将自身物质当做外来异物进行攻击而引起的，这类疾病就是自身免疫病。 植物激素：由植物体内产生，能从产生部位运送到作用部位，对植物的生长发育有显着影响的微量有机物，称为植物激素。 植物生长调节剂：人工合成的对植物的生长发育有调节作用的化学物质称为植物生长调节剂。 种群密度：在单位面积或单位体积中的个体数就是种群密度，种群密度是种群的最基本的数量特征。出生率：是指在单位时间内新产生的个体数目占该种群个体总数的比率 死亡率：是指在单位时间内死亡的个体数目占该种群个体总数的比率 丰富度：群落中物种数目的多少称为丰富度。 初生演替：是指在一个从来没有被植物覆盖的地面，或者是原来存在过植被，但被彻底消灭的地方发生的演替。 次生演替:是指在原有植被虽已不存在，但原有土壤条件基本保留，甚至还保留了植物的种子或其他繁殖体的地方发生的演替。 能量流动：生态系统中能量的输入、传递、转化和散失的过程，称为生态系统的能量流动。 物质循环：组成生物体的C、H、O、N、P、S等元素，都不断进行着从无机环境到生物群落，又从生物群落到无机环境的循环过程，这就是生态系统的物质循环。 生态系统的稳定性：生态系统所具有的保持或恢复自身结构和功能相对稳定的能力，叫做生态系统的稳定性。 生物多样性：生物圈内所有的植物、动物和微生物，它们所拥有的全部基因以及各种各样的生态系统，共同构成了生物多样性。 三、与生产和生活有关 育种方法比较其他植物激素的作用光合作用/细胞呼吸的应用 质壁分离的应用信息传递的应用
检验检测机构应建立的程序文件 1,4.1.4 检验检测机构应建立和保持维护其公正和诚信的程序。 2,4.1.5 检验检测机构应建立和保持保护客户秘密和所有权的程序。（保护数据完整性和安全性的程序可以合并） 3,4.2.1 检验检测机构应建立和保持人员管理程序。（人员培训程序可以合并） 4,4.2.6 检验检测机构应建立和保持人员培训程序。 5,4.3.4 检验检测机构应建立和保持检验检测场所环境管理程序。 6,4.4.2检验检测机构应建立和保持检验检测设备和设施管理程序。（标准物质管理程序可以合并） 7,4.4.6检验检测机构应建立和保持标准物质管理程序。 8,4.5.3 检验检测机构应建立和保持文件控制程序 9,4.5.4 检验检测机构应建立和保持评审客户要求、标书、合同的程序。 10,4.5.6 检验检测机构应建立和保持采购程序。 11,4.5.7 检验检测机构应建立和保持服务客户的程序。 12,4.5.8 检验检测机构应建立和保持处理投诉的程序。 13,4.5.9 检验检测机构应建立和保持出现不符合的处理程序。 14,4.5.10 检验检测机构应建立和保持纠正措施和预防措施的程序。 15,4.5.11 检验检测机构应建立和保持记录管理程序。 16,4.5.12 检验检测机构应建立和保持管理体系内部审核的程序。 17,4.5.13 检验检测机构应建立和保持管理评审的程序。 18,4.5.14 检验检测机构应建立和保持检验检测方法控制程序。 19,4.5.15检验检测机构应根据需要建立和保持应用评定测量不确定度的程序。 20,4.5.16检验检测机构应建立和保持保护数据完整性和安全性的程序。 21,4.5.17 检验检测机构应建立和保持抽样控制程序。 22,4.5.18检验检测机构应建立和保持样品管理程序。 23,4.5.19 检验检测机构应建立和保持质量控制程序。 24,4.5.5 分包控制程序。 必须要程序文件18个，推荐程序文件6个。 1,4.1.4 检验检测机构应建立和保持维护其公正和诚信的程序。 2,4.1.5 检验检测机构应建立和保持保护客户秘密和所有权的程序。3,4.2.1 检验检测机构应建立和保持人员管理程序。（人员培训程序可以合并）。 4,4.3.4 检验检测机构应建立和保持检验检测场所环境管理程序。 5,4.4.2检验检测机构应建立和保持检验检测设备和设施管理程序。（标准物质管理程序可以合并） 6,4.5.3 检验检测机构应建立和保持文件控制程序 7,4.5.4 检验检测机构应建立和保持评审客户要求、标书、合同的程序。 8,4.5.5 分包控制程序。 9,4.5.6 检验检测机构应建立和保持采购程序。 10,4.5.8 检验检测机构应建立和保持处理投诉的程序。 11,4.5.9 检验检测机构应建立和保持出现不符合的处理程序。 12,4.5.10 检验检测机构应建立和保持纠正措施和预防措施的程序。 13,4.5.11 检验检测机构应建立和保持记录管理程序。
1基本知识引论 课后习题 1.1检测及仪表在控制系统中起什么作用，两者关系如何？ 检测单元完成对各种参数过程的测量，并实现必要的数据处理；仪表单元则是实现各种控制作用的手段和条件，它将检测得到的数据进行运算处理，并通过相应的单元实现对被控变量的调节。 关系：二者紧密相关，相辅相成，是控制系统的重要基础 1.2 典型检测仪表控制系统的结构是怎样的，各单元主要起什么作用？ 被控——检测单元——变送单元——显示单元——操作人员 对象——执行单元——调节单元— 作用：被控对象：是控制系统的核心 检测单元：是控制系统实现控制调节作用的及基础，它完成对所有被控变量的直接测量，也可实现某些参数的间接测量。 变送单元：完成对被测变量信号的转换和传输，其转换结果须符合国际标准的信号制式。变：将各种参数转变成相应的统一标准信号；送：以供显示或下一步调整控制用。 显示单元：将控制过程中的参数变化被控对象的过渡过程显示和记录下来，供操作人员及时了解控制系统的变化情况。分为模拟式，数字式，图形式。 调节单元：将来自变送器的测量信号与给定信号相比较，并对由此产生的偏差进行比例积分微分处理后，输出调节信号控制执行器的动作，以实现对不同被测或被控参数的自动调节。 执行单元：是控制系统实施控制策略的执行机构，它负责将调节器的控制输出信号按执行结构的需要产生相应的信号，以驱动执行机构实现被控变量的调节作用。 1.4 什么是仪表的测量范围，上下限和量程？彼此有什么关系？ 测量范围：是该仪表按规定的精度进行测量的被测变量的范围。 上下限：测量范围的最小值和最大值。 量程：用来表示仪表测量范围的大小。 关系：量程=测量上限值-测量下限值 1.6 什么是仪表的灵敏度和分辨率？两者存在什么关系？ 灵敏度是仪表对被测参数变化的灵敏程度。分辨率是仪表输出能响应和分辨的最小输入量，又称仪表灵敏限。 关系：分辨率是灵敏度的一种反应，一般说仪器的灵敏度高，则分辨率同样也高。 4 温度检测 课后习题 4.1国际实用温标的作用是什么？它主要由哪几部分组成？ 答：作用：由其来统一各国之间的温度计量。 国际温标由定义固定点、内插标准仪器和内插公式4.2热电偶的测温原理和热电偶测温的基本条件是什么？ 答：原理：基于热点效应即将两种不同的导体或半导体练成闭合回路、当两个接点处的温度不同时、 回路中将产生热电势。 基本条件：两种不同的导体材料构成回路、两端接点处的温度不同。 4.3用分度号为S的热电偶测温，其参比端温度为20度，测得热电势E（t，20）=11.30mv，试求被测温度t。答：因为E(t,20)=E(t,0)+E(0,20) 所以E(t,0)=E(t,20)-E(0,20)=E(t,20)+E(20,0) 因为E(t,20)=11.30mV E(20,0)=0.113mV 所以E(t,0)=11.413mV 即t=115℃ 4.4用分度号为K的热电偶测温，一直其参比端温度为25度，热端温度为750度，其产生的热电势是多少？答：据题意所知所求电势E（750,25）=E（750,0）-E(25，0) 查K型热电偶分度表得E(25，0)= 1.0002mv E （750,0）=31.1082mv 所以，E（750,25）=31.1082-1.0002=30.1080mv 4.5在用热电偶测温时为什么要保持参比端温度恒定？一般都采用哪些方法？ 答：若参比端温度不能恒定则会给测量带来误差 方法：1.补偿导线法：延长型：化学成分与被补偿的热电偶相同；补偿型：化学成分与被补偿的热电偶不同；参比温度测量计算方法；参比温度恒温法；补偿电桥法4.6在热电偶测温电路中采用补偿导线时，应如何接线？需要注意哪些问题？ 答：正接正，负接负。 注意的问题：1.型号与极性不能接反2.补偿导线和热电偶相连的两个接点温度要相同，以免造成不必要的误差 3.补偿导线要引到温度比较恒定的环境（机械零点补偿）4.不要和强电或其他干扰源，平行走线。 4.7以电桥法测定热电阻的电阻值时，为什么常采用三线制接线方法？ 答：二线制：传感器电阻变化值与连接导线电阻值共同
Word list 6 heritage 遗产 appropriate 适当的( be x to / x sth.for) annual 每年的（预算：budget) depict 描绘，描述 literacy 有文化；有教养calculate 计算，推算luxury 豪华（品）；奢侈souvenir 纪念品purchase 买，购买 constant 经常的，不断的dormancy 休眠 particular 特殊的，特别的subscription n.订阅pitch 投掷 entitle 給……权利shutter 百叶窗demolish 破坏durable 耐用品cope 成功地应付circulation (液体的循环) tradition 传统，惯例benefit v.使受益decay n.腐烂 distribution 分发，分配defect 缺点oppose 反对statistics n.统计数字stuffy 不透气的 approximately 近似，大约excusable 可原谅的；可谅解的propose 提议，建议ornament 装饰,装饰物energetic 有力的atmosphere 大气的cooperative 合作的corrode 腐蚀，侵蚀honour 光荣，尊敬except 将……除外 soluble 可溶的；可解决的administration 管理部门 environment 周围状况，环境license 许可证，执照 underline 画线于……之下；强调activate 激活；使活动，使活化 major 主要的，专业学生主修专攻specific 特定的，明确的objective 目标目的 concentrate 全神贯注，全力以赴，集中conflict 冲突，抵触 antidote 解毒药，矫正方法discover 发现，找到，发觉necessarily ad.必要地；必然地continent n.大陆，陆地；洲turret 塔楼，角楼 elastic 有弹性的；灵活的enhance 增高，增强 demonstration 论证，证明 interrupt 中断，中止，打断，打扰redundant （因人员过剩而）被解雇的； 多余的；过剩的；累赘的，冗长的 mishandle 粗鲁的对待；错误的处理discovery 发现 alcohol 含酒精饮料，酒；酒精suppression 镇压，压制，抑制；扑灭mainly 大体上，主要地property 财产，所有物naked 裸体的，无遮蔽的 feature n.特征，特色；面貌，特写lens 透镜；镜片；镜头coordinator 协调者nourish 养育，滋养；培养（情绪观点等）crisp 脆的；利落的n.[pl.]油炸土豆片guilty 内疚的；有罪的 crack 裂缝，缝隙；爆炸声(使)破裂；(使)发出爆裂声；重击；崩溃。瓦解
回归课本(二)集合、简易逻辑 一.考试内容：集合.子集.补集.交集.并集.逻辑联结词.四种命题.充分条件和必要条件. 二.考试要求： (1)理解集合、子集、补集、交集、并集的概念.了解空集和全集的 意义.了解属于、包含、相等关系的意义.掌握有关的术语和符号，并会用它们正确表示一些简单的集合. (2)理解逻辑联结词“或”、“且”、“非”的含义.理解四种命题及其相互关系.掌握充分条件、必要条件及充要条件的意义. 【注意】近年的高考题中，集合的考查通常以两种方式出现：①考查集合的概念、集合的关系、集合的运算；②在考查其他部分内容时涉及到集合的知识.很少有正面考查逻辑的内容.逻辑与充要条件的知识往往是和其他知识结合起来考查. 三.基础回顾: 1. 元素与集合的关系 U x A x C A ∈??,U x C A x A ∈??. 2.德摩根公式 ();()U U U U U U C A B C A C B C A B C A C B ==I U U I . 3.包含关系 A B A A B B =?=I U U U A B C B C A ???? U A C B ?=ΦI U C A B R ?=U 4.容斥原理 ()()card A B cardA cardB card A B =+-U I ()()card A B C cardA cardB cardC card A B =++-U U I ()()()()card A B card B C card C A card A B C ---+I I I I I 5．集合12{,,,}n a a a L 的子集个数共有2n 个；真子集有2n –1个；非 空子集有2n –1个；非空的真子集有2n –2个. 6.真值表 7. 8. 9.充要条件 （1）充分条件：若p q ?，则p 是q 充分条件. （2）必要条件：若q p ?，则p 是q 必要条件. （3）充要条件：若p q ?，且q p ?，则p 是q 充要条件. 注：如果甲是乙的充分条件，则乙是甲的必要条件；反之亦然. 四.基本方法和数学思想 1.必须弄清集合的元素是什么，是函数关系中自变量的取值？还是因变量的取值？还是曲线上的点？… ； 2.数形结合是解集合问题的常用方法，解题时要尽可能地借助数轴、直角坐标系或韦恩图等工具，将抽象的代数问题具体化、形象化、直观化，然后利用数形结合的思想方法解决； 3.一个语句是否为命题，关键要看能否判断真假，陈述句、反诘问句都是
2020检验检测机构全套程序文件
目录 程序文件修订页 1 XXXX/CX4.2.4-1人员培训与管理程序 2 XXXX/CX4.2.4-2监督工作程序 3 XXXX/CX4.2.9-1内部沟通程序 4 XXXX/CX4.3.4-1内务管理程序 5 XXXX/CX4.3.4-2环境保护控制程序 6 XXXX/CX4.3.4-3安全作业管理程序 7 XXXX/CX4.4.1-1仪器设备和标准物质管理程序 8 XXXX/CX4.4.7-1仪器设备和标准物质期间核查程序 9 XXXX/CX4.4.9-1仪器设备和标准物质溯源管理程序 10 XXXX/CX4.5.3-1诚信从业程序 11 XXXX/CX4.5.3-2保密和保护所有权程序 12 XXXX/CX4.5.4-1文件控制程序 13 XXXX/CX4.5.5-1客户要求、标书和合同的评审程序 14 XXXX/CX4.5.6-1分包管理程序 15 XXXX/CX4.5.7-1服务和供应品的采购及管理程序 16 XXXX/CX4.5.8-1服务客户程序 17 XXXX/CX4.5.9-1申诉和投诉处理程序 18 XXXX/CX4.5.10-1不符合工作控制程序 19 XXXX/CX4.5.12-1纠正措施、预防措施、持续改进程序 20 XXXX/CX4.5.14-1记录的控制程序 21 XXXX/CX4.5.15-1内部审核程序
22 XXXX/CX4.5.16-1管理评审程序 23 XXXX/CX4.5.17-1检验检测方法控制程序 24 XXXX/CX4.5.17-2开展新项目评审程序 25 XXXX/CX4.5.17-3检验检测方法偏离控制程序 26 XXXX/CX4.5.17-4现场检验检测工作管理程序 27 XXXX/CX4.5.17-5 意外情况处理程序 28 XXXX/CX4.5.17-6检验检测工作管理程序 29 XXXX/CX4.5.18-1测量不确定度的评定程序 30 XXXX/CX4.5.18-2电子采集数据完整性和安全性保护程序 31 XXXX/CX4.5.19-1抽样程序 32 XXXX/CX4.5.20-1样品管理程序 33 XXXX/CX4.5.21-1质量控制程序 34 XXXX/CX4.5.22-1检验检测机构间比对和能力验证试验程序 35 XXXX/CX4.5.23-1检验检测结果报告管理程序 36 XXXX/CX4.5.31-1检验检测活动风险评估与风险控制管理程序 37 XXXX/CX4.5.32-1数据统计和年度报告程序