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考研英语必备时态语法全突破

考研英语必备时态语法全突破
考研英语必备时态语法全突破

考研英语必备:时态、语法全突破

来源:网络作者:复习指导发表日期: 2006-8-26 9:01:31 阅读次数: 17709 查看权限:普通文章

时态、语态需要掌握的要点:

1.以下几类动词一般不能用于进行时,同样不用于完成进行时:

(1)表示感知的动词:hear, feel, notice, recognize, see, taste, smell;

(2)表示意愿、情感的动词:desire, dislike, forgive, hate, like, love, prefer, refuse, want, wish, fear, love, hate;

(3)表示思考、看法的动词:believe, doubt, expect, forget, hope, feel, mean, know, agree, re alize, mind, recall, recollect, remember, trust, suppose;

(4)表示所有、占有的动词:belong to, owe, own, possess, hold(容纳);

(5)其他动词:cost, appear, concern, contain, consist, deserve, matter, seem.

如:

I‘d say whenever you are going after something that is belonging to you, anyone who is depriving yo u of the right to have it is criminal.

(1997年考研题, belong表示归属,不用于进行式)

He was seeing somebody creeping into the house through the open window last night.

(1990年考研题,see表示结果,不用于进行式)

2. 不用will/shall表达将来时的形式:

(1)be going to表示现在的打算和意图;

(2)arrive, come, drive, go, leave, retire, return, set off, start, take off等表示移位的动词的进行体表示按计划肯定要发生的将来动作;

(3)be to (do)表示安排、计划、决定、命令或注定要发生的事,如:

Greater efforts to increase agricultural production must be made if food shortage is to be avoided.

(4)be about to (do)表示将要(做),如:

Marlin is a young man of independent thinking who is not about to pay compliments to his political l

eaders.

(5)be on the point /verge of (doing)表示“马上就要”,一般不与表示将来的时间状语连用;

(6)be, begin, come, depart, get off, go, leave, return, start的一般现在时表示按日历或时刻表要发生的将来动作或事件,如:

If you want your film to be properly processed, you‘ll have to wait and pick it up on Friday, whic h is the day after tomorrow.

(画线部分一般不用will be)

(7)在时间、条件、让步从句中,一般现在时代替将来时,但要注意区别从句的类型,如:

I don‘t know where he will go tomorrow. 我不知道他明天去哪儿。(宾语从句)

I‘ll tell him when you will ring again. 我告诉他你什么时候再来电话。(宾语

从句)

比较:I‘ll tell him when you ring again.你再打电话时我告诉他。(状语从句)

(8)在make sure, make certain, see (to it)后的that从句中,谓语动词用一般现在时代替将来时,如:

See to it that you include in the paper whatever questions they didn‘t kno

w the answer to last time.

(include 不能用will include或其他形式)

3.完成时是时态测试的重点,注意与完成时连用的句型和时间状语:

(1)by/between/up to/till +过去时间、since、by the time/when +表示过去发生情况的从句,主句用过去完成时。如:

We had just had our breakfast when an old man came to the door.

Between 1897 and 1919 at least 29 motion pictures in which artificial being

s were portrayed had been produced.

(表示1919年时已发生的情况)

(2)by +将来时间、by the time/ when +谓语动词是一般现在时的从句,主句用将来完成时。如:

By the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed in Europe for two we eks.

I hope her health will have improved greatly by the time we come back next year.

(3)by now、since +过去时间、in/during/for/over/the past/last few(或具体数字)years/days/months,主句用现在完成时,但在it is +具体时间since/before这一句型中,主句更多的时候不用完成时。如:

The changes that howe taken place place in air travel during the last sixty years would have seemed completely impossible to even the most brilliant scien tists at the turn of the 19th century.

It is four years since John left school.

(4)在It is the +序数词/形容词最高级+that的定语从句中,谓语动词常用现在完成时。如:

It isn‘t the first time that I have found myself in an embarrassing situation.

(5)在no sooner…than…, hardly/scarcely…when/before…句型中,主句常用过去完成时。

(6)其他与完成时连用的时间状语:all this while, all this year, for some time, so far, already, before, just, long, yet等。

4.完成进行时指动作在完成时的基础上还要继续下去。如:

The company has been promising a rise in salary for ages, but nothing has happened.

The school board listened quietly as John read the demand that his follower s had been demonstrating for.

时态、语态答题思路:

(1)先根据选项的区别点确定考题要点为时态,然后回到题句中寻找给出的或暗示的时间状语,缩小选择范围,进而选出正确答案;

(2)根据谓语动词与句子主语或非谓语动词与其逻辑主语的关系,确定句子是主动语态还是被动语态。

不定式

1.不定式做主语

(1)做形式主语的代词:

不定式做主语,通常用it充当形式主语,把做主语的不定式短语后置。如:

It took me only five minutes to finish the job.

To be frank, it is a great relief to have the task fulfilled in so short a time.

(2)引导逻辑主语的介词:

不定式的逻辑主语一般由介词for引导,但下列表示人的性格行为特征的形容词做表语时,不定式的逻辑主语则由of引导:

absurd, bold, brave, courageous, careful, careless, clever, wise, f oolish, silly, stupid, good, nice, kind, thoughtful, considerate, greed y, generous, honest, modest, polite, rude, cruel, selfish, lazy, wicke d, wrong.如:

Experts say walking is one of the best ways for a person to stay healthy.

It‘s clever of you to have invented such a device.

(3)不定式做主语补足语:

掌握常用不定式做主语补足语的句型。注意不定式表示的动作发生的时间,并采用相应形式。如:

said

reported

thought

be to do sth.

believed

known

supposed

Byron is said to have lived on vinegar and potatoes.

The bank is reported in the local newspaper to have been robbed in broad da ylight yesterday.

2.不定式做宾语

(1)必须接不定式做宾语的动词:

掌握要求接不定式做宾语的动词:

agree, afford, aim, arrange, appear, ask, attempt, choose, claim,decide, desire, determine, expect, fail, guarantee, hope, endeavor, int end, long, mean, manage, offer, ought, plan, pledge, pretend, prepare, promise, proceed, prove, resolve, refuse, request, swear, tend, try,venture, wait, wish.如:

Even though the children pretended to be asleep, the nurses were not decei ved when they came into the room.

注意:

1)有的动词要求特殊疑问词+不定式做宾语,这类动词有:

consider, discover, explain, forget, guess, know, learn, observe, r emember, see, tell, understand, wonder,如:

While still a young boy, Bizet knew how to play the piano well and as he g rew older, he wrote operas, the most famous of which is Carmen.

2)如果该特殊疑问词在不定式中做介词宾语,介词往往置于该特殊疑问词的前面。如:

The professor can hardly find sufficient grounds on which to base his argum ent in favor of the new theory.

Without facts, we cannot form worthwhile opinion for we need to have factu al knowledge upon which to base our thinking.

(2)可以用不定式做宾语补足语(复合宾语)的动词:

下列动词可以用不定式做宾语补足语(复合宾语):

advise, allow, ask, beg, cause, command, compel, enable, determine, en courage, expect, feel, find, force, hate, have, hear, help, inform, i nvite, let, like, make, mean, need, notice, notify, oblige, order, pe rmit, persuade, remind, request, require, see, send, teach, tell, temp t, trouble, urge, want, warn, watch, wish.

注意:画线动词后面的不定式不带to.

如:

Because of the recent accidents, our parents forbid my brother and me to s wim in the river unless someone agrees to watch over us.

3.不定式做定语

(1)被修饰的名词前有序数词、形容词最高级或next, last, only, not a, the, very等限定词时,该名词用不定式做定语。如:

the first woman to set foot on the moon 第一个登上月球的女性

(2)如果其动词要求不定式做宾语,相应的名词一般用不定式做定语。如:

tendency to do→tend to do, decision to do→decide to do This book is an a ttempt to help you use English and recognize how it is used.

(3)如果其形容词形式要求接不定式做补语,相应的名词一般用不定式做定语。如:

ambition to do “干……的雄心”→be ambitious to do“有雄心干……”

curiosity to do “对……的好奇心”→be curious to do“对……好奇”

ability to do“做……的能力”→able to do“有能力做……”

According to Darwin, random changes that enhance a species‘ ability to su rvive are naturally selected and passed on to succeeding generation.

(4)表示方式、原因、时间、机会、权利等名词用不定式做定语,这些名词包括:

way, method, reason, time, place, chance, occasion, opportunity, ev idence, power, right, movement, drive (运动),effort等。如:

I worked so late in the office last night that I hardly had time to catch t he last bus.

We appreciate your efforts to bring about a comprehensive solution to the e xisting problem.

(5)不定代词something, nothing, little, much, a lot习惯上用不定式做定语。如:

Though we have made great progress, there is still much to be improved.

4.不定式做状语

不定式做状语主要表示目的、程度、结果、方式。

(1)in order to(do), so as to(do)结构引导目的状语,so as to不能置于句首。如:

To succeed in a scientific research project, one needs to be persistent .

I advise them to withdraw so as not to get involved.

(2)so…as to, such…as to, enough…to, too…to结构做程度状语。如:

The solution works only for couples who are self-employed, don‘t have sma ll children and get along well enough to spend most of their time together.

The vocabulary and grammatical differences between British and American Eng lish are so trivial and few as hardly to be noticed.

(3)不定式做结果状语只能出现在句子的末尾,表示不愉快的结果,有时用only加强语气。

常见的不定式动词有find, hear, see, be told, form, give, make, produc e等。如:

Greatly agitated, I rushed to the apartment and tried the door, only to f ind it locked.

(4)not/never too… to, too… not to, but/only too…to, too ready/eager /apt/inclined to 表示肯定意义。如:

I am only too pleased to hear from you further. 能再听到你的消息,我太高兴了。

动名词

1.必须接动名词做宾语的动词

牢记下列要求接动名词做宾语的动词:

acknowledge, advocate, anticipate, appreciate, advise, avoid, admit,confess, consider, defend, delay, deny, dislike, enjoy, escape, excuse, fancy, favor, finish, forgive, imagine, include, involve, justify, kee p mind, miss, mention, pardon, practice, postpone, permit, report, rese nt, resume, recall,recollect,risk, resist, suggest, tolerate. 如:

Although a teenager, Fred could resist being told what to do and what not to do.

I appreciate having been given the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.

2.动名词做介词短语

考生尤其要识别下列短语中的to是介词,不是不定式符号:

object to, resort to, react to, contribute to, look forward to, be acc ustomed to, be committed to, be exposed to, be subjected to, be devoted to, be dedicated to, be opposed to, be reconciled to, be contrary to, be (get) used to, come close to, get down to, give oneself up to, prefer…to, see to, set to, take to, in addition to, with regard to, with a view to, on t he way to.如:

There was no sign that Mr. Jospin , who keeps a firm control on the party despite having resigned from leadership of it, would intervene personally.

Our modern civilization must not be thought of as having been created in a short period of time.

Nowhere in nature is aluminum found free, owing to its always being combin ed with other elements, most commonly with oxygen.

As the children become financially independent of the family, the emphasis on family financial security will shift from protection to saving for the retir ement years.

Everyone with half an eye on the unemployment figures knew that the asserti on about economic recovery being just around the corner was untrue.

分词

分词起形容词和副词的作用,在句中做定语或状语。在概念上考生应清楚:

●现在分词表示主动,表示动作在进行。

●过去分词表示被动,表示动作结束了的状态或结果。

1.分词做定语,弄清现在分词与过去分词的区别

分词短语做定语相当于省略了的定语从句,考生应掌握:

(1)现在分词与被修饰词之间具有主动意义。如:

It‘s easy to blame the decline of conversation on the pace of modern life and on the vague changes taking place in our ever-increasing world.(相当于the changes which take place……)

There was a very interesting remark in a book by an Englishman that I read recently giving what he thought was a reason for this American characteristic.(相当于which gave……)

How many of us attending, say, a meeting that is irrelevant to us would be in terested in the discussion?(相当于How many of us who will attend……)

(2)过去分词与被修饰词之间具有被动意义。如:

Good news was sometimes released prematurely, with the British recapture o f the port announced half a day before the defenders actually surrendered.

(相当于…recapture of the port which had been announced…)

Just as the value of a telephone network increases with each new phone adde d to the system, so does the value of a computer system increase with each pro gram that turns out.

(相当于…each new phone which is added to…)

The author gave a detailed description based on his personal observation of nature.

(相当于…description which was based on…)

(3)下列不及物动词也以过去分词形式做定语或表语,但不具有被动意义:

deceased, departed, elapsed, faded, fallen, gone, grown-up, retired, returned, risen, set, vanished, much-travelled, newly arrived, recently come.如:

an escaped prisoner一个逃犯

a retired worker一位退休工人

a faded curtain一个褪了色的窗帘

a newly arrived student一个新来的学生

2.分词做状语,注意区分分词的一般式与完成式

(1)表示时间,多置于句首,注意如果分词表示的动作的时间先于谓语动词,要用完成式。如:

Having completed one task, we started on another one.

(complete先于start之前发生)

(2)表示原因,置于句首句尾均可,根据情况有时要用完成式,有时用一般式。如:

He wasn‘t asked to take on the chairmanship of the society, being conside red insufficiently popular with all members.

There seemed little hope that the explorer, having been deserted in the tropic al forest, would find his way through it.

(3)表示伴随、方式,置于句尾,用分词的一般式。如:

Helen borrowed my dictionary the other day saying that she would return it soon.

Anna was reading a piece of science fiction, completely lost to the outsid e world.

(4)表示结果,置于句尾,用分词的一般式。如:

The city found itself in a crisis situation last summer when the air condit ioning on dozens of the new buses broke down, them unusable.

(5)表示补充说明(同位),置于句尾,用分词的一般式。如:

The article opens and closes with descriptions of two news reports, each m aking one major point in contrast with the other.

Ford tried dividing the labor, each worker assigned a separate task.

考研英语语法大全———自己总结

考研英语十二大基础语法体系 对于任何英语句子,要分析其结构,这样才能找到英语语言的规律。每种语言都有它的难点,汉语的难点在于汉语不是拼读语言,汉字很难写,而且有四种声调。其实,许多接触过多种外语的人都认为,英语的语法比法语、德语、俄语、日语等都简单,是最容易学的。著名语言学家乔姆斯基说过,语法是内生的、也就是随着语言的诞生而诞生的。因此,学习语法和学习语言是相辅相成的。 一、英语动词的时态 (一)英汉两种语言在时态表达方式上的差异: 英语的词类与汉语的不同。汉语词类形态稳定,比如“书”这个字,“一本书”、“三本书”都一样,没有词形变化。英语就不同了,book, books仅从词形上就能知道是单数还是复数。 动词是英语中变化最多、最复杂的词类。有人说,学好英语就是学好动词,此言甚是。同一个动作或状态分别在不同时间发生或存在,表达这个动作或状态的动词就要用不同的形式,这就是时态。 (二)英语动词的形式: 英语的时态是通过动词的变化来体现的。因此,了解动词的形式及其变化规律非常重要。英语的实义动词有以下五种形式: (1)动词原形:动词原形在句子中形式不变。主要用于主语为非第三人称单数的一般现在时,情态动词之后, 或根据语法规定必须用动词原形的其他情况。 (2) 一般现在时第三人称单数形式(简称现单三):主要用于主语为第三人称单数的一般现在时。 (3) 过去式:主要用于一般过去时。 (4) 现在分词:主要用于进行时态,或语法规定的其他情况。 (5) 过去分词:主要用于完成时态,或语法规定的其他情况。 动词一般现在时第三人称单数(现单三)的构成,见下表:

即某些字母组合的不规则动词有一定的规律。如:weep→wept, sleep→slept, sweep→swept 以上每个时间段中分别有四种状态:一般、进行、完成和完成进行。因此我们便有了四四一十六个时态。 态(一般、进行、完成、完成进行)。 比如在“They are doing their exercises.”这个句子中,动词由原形do 变成are doing 的形态,说明这个事情是发生在现在、并处于正在进行的状态当中,所以叫现在进行时; 在“They have done their exercises.”这句中,动词由原形do 变成have done的形态,说明这个事情是发生在现在、并处于完成的状态,所以叫现在完成时; 在“They always do their exercises.”中,动词用原形do 的形态,说明这个事情是发生在现在、并且是一般情况下永远如此,所以叫一般现在时。 在这三句话中,动词do 虽然用了不同的形态,其意义没有变化,而是事情发生的时间和状态变了。其余类推。 (三)时态详解 16个时态中,常用的有12个:一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、过去将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、将来进行时、现在完成时、过去完成时、将来完成时、现在完成进行时和过去完成进行时。其他时态很少单独使用。 下面把各种时态的构成和用法做一个全面的介绍。

考研英语语法练习题【附答案详解】

考研英语语法练习题【附答案详解】 1. —How did you get in touch with the travel agent, Robin? —Oh, that’s easy. I surfed the Internet and then called one ________ the telephone number is provided. A. which B. in which C. of which D. whose 2. October 15th is my birthday, ________ I will never forget. A. when B. that C. what D. which 3. The treatment will continue until the patient reaches the point ________ he can walk correctly and safely. A. when B. where C. which D. whose 4. There are several research centers in China ________ a certain disease called Bird Flu is being studied. A. which B. where C. when D. what 5. I hope that the little ________ I have been able to do does good to them all. A. which B. what C. that D. when 6. The time is not far away ________ modern communications will become widespread in China’s vast countryside. A. as B. when C. until D. before 7. ________ is known to everybody, Taiwan is a part of China. We must unify it.

考研英语语法总结

考研英语语法总结

————————————————————————————————作者:————————————————————————————————日期: ?

一、虚拟语气在状语从句中的运用 虚拟语气在状语从句中的运用除了可以表示条件外,还可以表示比较、结果、目的等。虚拟语气用于表示条件的状语从句中,一般称为虚拟条件句。根据时间的不同,虚拟条件句中谓语动词时态的变化可能有三种形式,即现在、过去和将来。 If it did, it would open upits diversity program, now focus ed narrowly onrace and gender, and look for reporters who differ broadly by outlook, values, education, and class.(2001年TEXT1) 这是一个含有条件状语从句的复合句。Ifit did是条件状语从句。主句中主语是it;谓语动词有两个,分别是would open up...和look for...。 这是一个与现在事实相反的虚拟语气,从句用一般过去时,主句用would+动词原形open up和look for。 参考译文:如果它能注意这个问题的话,它就会拓展其雇员多样化项目,而目前的项目只单纯考虑招收不同种族和性别的员工,去雇佣那些在世界观、价值观、教育背景及社会阶层方面各不相同的记者。 二、虚拟语气在名词性从句中的运用 虚拟语气除了用作状语从句中外,还可以用作主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句等名词性从中。 第一,虚拟语气在主语从句中的运用 当it作形式主语,后面用形容词作表语,即在it is + adj.这样的句型中,当描述主语的表语形容词是advisable,critical,crucial,desirable,essential,impe rative,important,incredible,inevitable,necessary,recommend,strange,urgent等形容词时,主语从句的谓语动词多用虚拟语气,如果是现在时,谓语动词用should/would +动词原形(should/would经常省略);如果是过去时,则用sho uld/would + have done的形式。 Itwas inevitablethat thisprimacy should have narrowed as other countries grew richer. Justas inevitably,the retreat from predominance proved painful.

一百天考研英语复习规划

一百天考研英语复习规划

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