What is International Business?
1. Text: The Nature of International Business
2. Supplementary Reading:
Forms of International Business
一. What is International Business?
二. The Theory of Comparative Cost (Comparative Advantage)
?1. Characteristics:
?David Ricardo, John Stuard Mill, C19th
?Different countries or regions have different production possibilities;
?Trade between countries can be profitable for all, even if one of the countries can produce every commodity more cheaply;
?If each country specializes in products in which it has a comparative advantage (greatest relative efficiency), trade between these countries will be mutually profitable.
2. Influence of the Theory:
It has led to countries to specialize in particular products and to mass-produce.
三. International business can be limited by:
四. Colonialism
Colonialism has been a great stimulus to world trade.
五. Cartels:
OPEC
IBA
Influence of cartalization:
?The developing countries deprive themselves of valuable foreign exchanges;
?Cartels force consuming countries to speed up technology research.
六. Commodities futures
Definition:
Contracts for the future delivery at a fixed price of goods, such as agricultural or mining products, or future delivery at a fixed price of securities backed by those products.
The contracts are bought and sold on commodities exchanges.
Supplementary Reading:
Forms of International Business
1. Merchandise Exports and Imports
visible exports and imports
2. Exports and Imports of Service
invisible exports and imports
3. Foreign Direct Investment
4. Multinational Enterprises
Exporting and Importing Procedures
Text:
Export Procedures
●1. Export License
●Incoterm 2000
Incoterms are grouped into four categories:
●The "E" term (EXW)-The only term where the seller/exporter makes the goods
available at his or her own premises to the buyer/importer.
●
●EXW
●Ex Works (https://www.doczj.com/doc/c33403931.html,d place)
●The "F" terms (FCA, FAS and FOB)-Terms where the seller/exporter is responsible to
deliver the goods to a carrier named by the buyer.
●FCA
●Free Carrier (https://www.doczj.com/doc/c33403931.html,d place)
●FAS
●Free Alongside Ship (https://www.doczj.com/doc/c33403931.html,d port of shipment)
●FOB
●Free On Board (https://www.doczj.com/doc/c33403931.html,d port of shipment)
●The "C" terms (CFR, CIF, CPT and CIP)-Terms where the
seller/exporter/manufacturer is responsible for contracting and paying for carriage of the goods, but not responsible for additional costs or risk of loss or damage to the goods once they have been shipped. C terms evidence "shipment" (as opposed to "arrival") contracts.
●CFR
●Cost and Freight (https://www.doczj.com/doc/c33403931.html,d port of destination)
●CIF
●Cost, Insurance and Freight (https://www.doczj.com/doc/c33403931.html,d port of destination)
●CPT
●Carriage Paid To (https://www.doczj.com/doc/c33403931.html,d port of destination)
●
●CIP
●Carriage and Insurance Paid To (https://www.doczj.com/doc/c33403931.html,d port of destination)
●The "D" terms (DAF, DES, DEQ, DDU and DDP)-Terms where the
seller/exporter/manufacturer is responsible for all costs and risks associated with bringing the goods to the place of destination. D terms evidence "arrival"
contracts.
●DAF
●Delivered at Frontier (a named place)
●DES
●Delivered Ex Ship (https://www.doczj.com/doc/c33403931.html,d port of destination)
●DEQ
●Delivered Ex Quay (https://www.doczj.com/doc/c33403931.html,d port of destination)
●DDU
●Delivered Duty Unpaid (https://www.doczj.com/doc/c33403931.html,d port of destination)
●DDP
●Delivered Duty Paid (https://www.doczj.com/doc/c33403931.html,d port of destination)
2. Trade Negotiation
●inquiry
●offer
●counter-offer
●acceptance
3. Cargo Readiness
●quantity
●quality
●packaging
●marking
●delivery date
●necessary documents: application form, copies of contracts, L/C, etc.
4. L/C( letter of credit)
●Seller Buyer Issuing Bank
●Paying Bank
●
●Advising Bank
●Negotiating Bank
●open/issue/establish an L/C
5. Customs Clearance
●filling in certain customs forms
●submitting appropriate documents
6. Shipping
●by sea
●by road
●by rail
●by air
●combined transportation
●by post
7. Insurance
●Who is responsible for insurance?
8. Document and Payment ?Document:
?Payment:
?L/C
?Bill of Exchange
?Cheque
Import Procedures
?1. Import License
?2. Trade Negotiation
?3. L/C
?4. Booking Shipping Space
?5. Insurance
?6. Document Examination and Payment
?7. Customs Clearance
?8. Taking Delivery and Inspection
?9. Claim
trade claim
transportation claim
insurance claim
make/file/lodge a claim with sb for sth
adjust/settle the claim
make settlement of the claim
?10. Settlement of Disputes
Supplementary Reading
●Commodity Inspection and Customs Formalities
I. The necessity of commodity inspection:
●damage
●shortage
●the quality not in conformity with the S/C
II. The objects of inspection:
●quality
●weight
●quantity
●packaging
●marking
●place of origin
●damage
III. The function of commodity inspection certificates:
●They function as a foundation or basis on which the delivery and acceptance of the
goods, or the claim and reimbursement for a loss is made between the seller and the buyer.
IV. Main surveyors in China:
●the China Import and Export Commodity Inspection Bureau
●the Animal and Plant Quarantine Office
●the Register of Shipping
●the State Bureau of Metrology
V. Where and When Inspection Undergoes
●1. Shipping Quality/Weight (Quantity) as Final
●at the port of shipment before the goods are delivered and shipped
●2. Landing Quality/Weight (Quantity) as Final
●at the port of destination after the goods are unloaded
●3. Inspection and Reinspection
●inspection: at the port of shipment
●reinspection: at the port of destination
VI. Commodity Inspection Certificate
●a variety of areas
VII. Customs Formalities for Export and Import
●completed forms giving particulars of the goods
●the copy of S/C
●invoice
●packing list
●weight memo
●commodity inspection certificate
●other relevant documents
Unit 3
Text:
International Trade Documentation
Questions:
?1. Why are various documents are required in international business?
?Because:
?(1) They serve to satisfy government regulations controlling exporting;
?(2) they serve to meet requirements for international commercial payment transactions.
?2. Generally, preparation of documents can be handled routinely, but their importance should not be minimized. Why?
I. Export Declaration
?1. Purpose:
?2. Contents:
?the names and addresses of the principals involved
?the destination of the goods
? a full description of the goods
?their declared value
II. Bill of Lading (B/L)
III. Export Invoice
?Question:
?What is an export invoice?
IV. Certificate of Origin ?Why is a certificate of origin is needed?
?Key words:
?charge a levy or tariff on imported goods
?force up their own prices
?make home produced goods more attractive to the buyer
V. Bills of Exchange VI. Documentary Bills:
?bill of lading
?export invoice
?insurance certificate
VII. Letters of Credit
?Supplementary Reading:
?Other Major Documentation
?Export License
?Import License
?Legalized (Visaed) Invoice
?Customs Invoice
?Backlist Certificate
?Certificate of Health/Sanitary Certificate
?Commercial Invoice
?Pro forma Invoice
?Certificate of Inspection
?Certificate of value
?Packing List/Weight Memo
?Airway Bill
?Dock Receipt
?Mate’s Receipt
?Insurance Policy/Certificate
?Important points in this unit:
?Characteristics of each document
?Words and expressions
Unit 4
I. Please list the business organizations you know.
II. The history of WTO
GATT
III. The objectives and duties of WTO
IV. Members and framework
(respective rights and obligations)
V. Regulations and operation of WTO
VI. China and WTO
VII. Judges
APEC 2001
Unit 5 Regulations and Trade Barrier
Text: Nontariff Barriers to Trade
Supplementary Reading:
A International Commercial Arbitration
B Dumping & Anti-Dumping
Text: Nontariff Barriers to Trade
I. Tariff Barriers :
1. Customs duty; tariff
2. Antidumping duties and subsidies
3. Common preference duty
II. Nontariff Barriers:
1. Quotas
How does the import quota system restrict imports?
2. “Buy National” Restrictions
Require national governments to give preference to domestic products, sometimes to the complete exclusion of foreign firms.
Discriminatory Government Procurement Policy
3. Customs Valuation
4. Technical Barriers
TBT:技术性贸易壁垒是指一国制定的一些强制性和非强制性的技术法规、标准以及检验商品的合格性评定程序所形成的贸易障碍。主要有法律、标准、认证
制度、检验检疫制度等。
SPS:《动植物卫生检疫措施协议》(英文简称SPS)，是乌拉圭回合多边贸易谈判结果的其中一个协议，其目的是支持各成员实施保护人类、动物、植物的生命或健康所采取的必须措施，以规范动植物卫生检疫的国际运动规则。
●绿色壁垒措施:
5. Export Restraints
Supplementary Reading:
Part A International Commercial Arbitration
definition:
●A rbitration is a procedure in which a dispute is submitted, by agreement of the parties,
to one or more arbitrators who make a binding decision on the dispute. In choosing arbitration, the parties opt for a private dispute resolution procedure instead of going to court.
Part B Dumping & Anti-Dumping
●W hat is dumping?
●H ow to calculate a prod ucts “normal value”?
●O n what condition can anti-dumping measures be applied?
Unit 6
E-commerce
Text: E-commerce
?I. definition:
?E-commerce (electronic commerce or EC) is the buying and selling of goods and
services on the Internet, especially the World Wide Web. In practice, this term and a newer term, e-business, are often used interchangeably. For online retail selling, the term e-tailing is sometimes used.
II. history of E-commerce
?The history of ecommerce is a history of how Information Technology has
transformed business processes.
?History of ecommerce dates back to the invention of the very old notion of “sell and
buy”, electricity, cables, computers, modems, and the Internet. Ecommerce became possible in 1991 when the Internet was opened to commercial use. Since that date thousands of businesses have taken up residence at web sites.
III. The benefits of E-commerce
V. Types of E-commerce
?B2B - Business to Business
?Business to Business e-commerce has been in use for quite a few years and is more
commonly known as EDI (electronic data interchange). In the past EDI was conducted
on a direct link of some form between the two businesses where as today the most popular connection is the internet. The two businesses pass information electronically to each other. B2B e-commerce currently makes up about 94% of all e-commerce transactions.
?B2C - Business to Consumer
?Business to Consumer e-commerce is relatively new to Australia. This is where the
consumer accesses the system of the supplier. It is still a two way function but is
usually done solely through the Internet.
VI. The impact of E-commerce
The Internet provides access to an electronic global marketplace with millions of customers.
The increasing availability of sophisticated Web tools allows companies to eliminate, re-engineer, and automate business practices, thereby providing a more cost-effective, time-efficient manner of conducting business.
In addition to these positive changes, some challenges arise. As the information technology profession continues to expand, personnel in the industry are increasingly in high demand, causing a work shortage crisis for many employers. In addition,
"cyberlaw" is still a relatively new discipline, with the legal ramifications of
e-commerce still be explored.
Unit 7
Joint Ventures
I. A general introduction of Joint Ventures / Strategic Alliances
Definition:
(Para. 1)
The respective advantages of foreign companies and domestic companies
The foreign companies generally bring new technologies and business practice into the joint venture;
The domestic companies already have the relationships and requisite governmental documents within the country along with being entrenched in the domestic industry. Other characteristics of joint ventures:
1. A joint venture is a business enterprise in which two or more business entities from different countries participate on a permanent basis;
2. Most joint ventures are bipartite.
II. Types of joint ventures
1. Local companies (private enterprises)
2. Government agencies
3. Parties from a third country
1. Association with Local companies
Normally, the local partner in a joint venture is a company of some significance in the field;
A joint venture may also be formed with a local partner operating in a related field;
In some cases, joint ventures are formed by partners who have no industry connection or functional relationship.
2. Association with Public Enterprises or Government Agencies
The typical format: through government owned business corporations
3. Association with Parties from a third country
e.g.
a U.S. company combined with a British firm for oil exploration in Arabia
each party’s advantages
III. Management system of joint ventures
1. Coalition management:
Cultural contrasts
Environmental constraints
Non-unified management
2. Autonomous management
What is autonomous management?
Unilever
联合利华是全球最知名的日用消费品公司，1930年由荷兰人造黄油公司与英国利华兄弟制皂公司合并成立。2000年，联合利华在财富500强中排名第54位，在150个国家推广其品牌，在90个国家拥有生产基地。年研究发展经费约10亿美元，年市场推广经费约65亿美元。
Unit 8
Intellectual Property
?Zhang Yin
Text:
Intellectual Property
?I. Definition:
?Intellectual property essentially consists of assets, both tangible and intangible. These assets are the products of innovation and creativity. They are the products of ideas.
商业秘密的概念
是指不为公众所知悉，能为权利人带来经济利益，具有实用性并经权利人采取保密措施的技术信息和经营信息。商业秘密是国际上通用的法律术语，有的国家将其称为工商秘密，《知识产权协议》将其称做未公开信息。
商业秘密包括经营秘密(trade-secret)和技术秘密(know-how)两方面的内容。
Content:
Formula
Compounds
Processes
Compilations of information
? 2. Patents
? A license which prevents the copying of an idea; aims to protect inventors of a new product or process. New inventions protected for 15 years. Must be registered with Patent Office. This protection encourages research, allows inventors monopoly
profits to reward their ideas, and encourages more products to be developed.
?Patent law gives inventor of new and special invention the right to use this invention for a fixed period of time.
?Your invention has to be new and novel, not obvious. What do you do with a patent? Normally, the inventors get a license agreement with a company to
produce the product for a period of time. In exchange, the company pays the inventor royalties for each item sold.
3.Trademarks
? A symbol used by a producer to identify a product which is legally protected under Trade Marks Act 1938. Trade Marks (amendment) Act 1984 - trademarks registered with Patent Office.
?Trademarks must be a unique name, design, symbol, logo, color, container, etc. that businesses use to distinguish their goods from others in the same market.
? 4. C opyrights/author’s rights
?Creator's or legal owner's rights in creative works such as paintings, witings, photographs or TV commercials. Copyright occurs automatically and does not need registering.
?Copyrights protect all kinds of writing by singers, writers, programmers, artists, etc These are the best known of all intellectual property.
?5. Mask Work
?1984年美国《半导体晶片保护条例》确立了一种新的知识产权类型，这就是“屏蔽作品”（mask work），它是半导体晶片制造中主要的设备。该产品的创造者有10年期的复制和销售专有权。该法的主要目的是遏制日益猖獗的非法复制半导体晶片的行为，从而在计算机和知识产权这些高科技领域鼓励人们进一步的研究和投资。
Collective Management
?Collective Management of Copyright Regulations
?(¨Promulgated by the State Council on 28 December 2004 and effective as of 1 March
2005.)
Unit 9
MARKETING AND SALES
Zhang Yin
I. The History of Marketing Concept
History:
?Production era
?Sales era
?Marketing department era
?II. The marketing concept
Marketing
?MARKETING. The average consumer would probably define marketing as a combination of advertising and selling. It actually includes a good deal more. Modern marketing is most simply defined as directing the flow of goods from producers to customers.
?It encompasses, however, a broad range of activities including product planning, new-product development, organizing the channels by which the product reaches the customer, the actual distribution of products, wholesaling, price setting, advertising and promotion, public relations, product warranties, retailing, financing, and more.
Marketing Mix
Price
?Price is an element of marketing mix.
The price of a product or service may depend on:
?Costs
?Demand and elasticity
?Competition
?Government
?Objectives
?Stage of the life cycle
?Rest of the mix
Product
?Product is an element of marketing mix.
A Product Can be Examined on Three Levels
?Core: The benefits of the product
?Tangible: The actual features of the product
?Augmented: Other services or benefits that are obtained
The Quality of a Product Depends on: ?Performance - e.g the speed of a car, the power of a microwave
?Features - the extras, e.g air conditioning or sunroof on a car
?Ease of servicing - How easy is it to fix?
?Reliability - How likely is it to go wrong in, say, the first year?
?Durability - How long will it last?
?Aesthetics - What does it look like?
?Economics - What does it cost to produce? Can it be sold at a profit?
?Brand name
?Ease of manufacture
Distribution (Place)
?Distribution (place) is an element of marketing mix.
Distribution Strategies (1)
?Push strategy: manufacturer forces goods through channels by giving intermediaries incentives, e.g. discounts, higher margins, display items.
?Manufacturer intermediaries
Distribution Strategies (2)
Pull strategy: focus is on consumers, by appealing to consumers directly. The aim is to make them demand the product and force intermediaries to stock the goods. ?manufacturer intermediaries
Promotion
?Promotion is an element of marketing mix.
Objectives
?To make consumers aware of, e.g. new product launch
?To remind consumers
?To persuade consumers
Methods of Promoting (1)
?Sale promotion: short term incentives to increase sales,
e.g. coupons, competitions. Effect is often to destroy loyalty to other brands and
encourage brand switching; when promotion ends consumers often switch to another brand's offer. Sales promotion is called below the line promotional activity.
Methods of Promoting (2)
?Advertising; paid for communication. It is called an 'above the line' promotional activity.
Methods of Promoting (3)
?Public relations: involves managing relations with different publics, e.g. the media, consumers, pressure groups, investors. May involve getting media coverage of event or product launch or generally creating a favourable impression and generating word of mouth interest. The difficulty is that it is not easy to control what others write or say.
Methods of Promoting (4)
?Personal selling: use of sales representatives.
Methods of Promoting (5)
?Direct mailing: information is sent through the post
?Exhibitions and trade fairs
Methods of Promoting (6) ?Merchandising: an attempt to influence consumers at point of sale, e.g. display material
?Packaging: e.g. design, shape, information displayed on it
?Branding: name or design which identifies the products or services of a manufacturer and distinguishes them from competitors.
Selling
? 1. assisting the customer and
? 2. helping the customer make a wise buying decision
The importance of selling
?It makes contribution to our economy, to a business, and to the customer.
III. Marketing Abroad
?Direct selling
?Indirect selling
?Joint ventures
Unit 10 Accounting
The purpose and nature of accounting
?Purpose: to provide financial information about an economic entity.
To be useful, information should possess the following qualitative characteristics:
1 relevance相关,
2 reliability可靠, and
3 comparability可比性and consistency一致性.
Bookkeeping and Accounting
?Bookkeeping is the recording of business data in a prescribed manner.
?A bookkeeper must be responsible for keeping all of the records of a business or of only a small segment.
?Accounting is primarily concerned with the design of the system of records, the preparation of reports based on the recorded data, and the interpretation of the reports.?Accountants often direct and review the work of bookkeepers.
Specialized Accounting Fields
Specialized Accounting Fields
?1. Financial accounting
?It is concerned with the recording of transactions for a business enterprise or other economic unit and the periodic preparation of various reports from such records. ?2. Auditing
?an independent review of the accounting records
?“fairness and reliability”
3. Cost accounting
?The determination and the control of costs
?The costs of manufacturing processes and manufactured products
?To gather and explain cost data, both actual and prospective
4. Management accounting
?Using both historical and estimated data in assisting management in daily operations and in planning future operations.
?Dealing with specific problems that confront enterprise managers at various organizational levels.
?The management accountant: identifying alternative courses of action and then helping to select the best one.
5. Tax accounting
?Encompassing the preparation of tax returns and the consideration of he tax consequences of proposed business transactions or alternative courses of action.
6. Budgetary accounting
?Presenting the plan of financial operations for a period and, through records and summaries, provides comparisons of actual operations with the predetermined plan.
7. International accounting
?Concerned with the special problems associated with the international trade of multinational business organizations.
8. Not-for-profit accounting
?Specializing in recording and reporting the transactions of various governmental units and other not-for-profit organizations such as churches, charities and educational institutions.
9. Social accounting
?The newest field and the most difficult to describe in a few words.
?The measurement of traffic patterns in densely populated section of the nation. ?The best use of welfare funds in a large city.
?
The Balance of Sheet
◆The balance sheet is composed of 3 major elements:
1 assets,
2 liabilities, and
3 stockholders’ equity.
?Heading: the name of the business
?the name of the financial statement “Balance Sheet”
?the date of balance sheet
?Body: assets, liabilities, and stockholders; equity
Cash is always the first asset listed.
?Assets: tangible/intangible
?Liabilities:
?Payable/Creditor
?Notes payable
?Accounts payable
?Income taxes payable
Owners’ Equity
?The owners’ equity in a business represents the resources invested by the owners.?Owners’ equity is equal to the total assets minus the liabilities:?owners’ equity=total assets-liabilities
?Increase in owners’ equity:
?(1) investment by the owners;
?(2) earnings from profitable operation of the business.
?Decrease in owners’ equity:
?(1) distribution of cash or other assets by the business to its owners; ?(2) losses from unprofitable operation of the business.
Stockholders’ equity=capital stock + retained earnings
The Accounting Equation
?Assets=Liabilities + Owners’ Equity
Unit 11
Human Resource Management
What is HRM?
?The HRM (Human Resource Management) process, which is an ongoing procedure that tries to keep the organization supplied with the right people in the right positions, includes such basic activities as human resource planning, recruitment, selection, socialization, training and development, performance appraisal, and promotions, transfers, demotions, and separations.
Human resource planning
?Human resource planning is designed to ensure that personnel needs will be constantly and appropriately met.
?It is accomplished through analysis of both internal factors and factors in the environment.
Human resource planning has four basic aspects:
?Planning for future needs
?Planning for future balance
?Planning for recruiting or laying off employees
?Planning for the development of employees
Two major factors to be considered:
?The organization’s human resource needs
?The economic environment of the future
Recruitment and Selection
?Hiring a new employee is an investment. it is important to get the right person for the right job. The right person will add value to an organization; the wrong person can increase costs and reduce quality. Organizations can never be sure that they have selected the right person until he or she starts work, but an effective recruitment and selection process can reduce the risk.
Recruitment & Selection Process
Advantages of Recruiting
?Campus recruiting (disadvantages)
?Entry level
?Middle management
?Top level
When recruiting consider
?How much time is available before vacancy has to be filled?
?How much money should be/can be spent?
?What is most effective means of attracting applicants, e.g. unlikely to advertise nationally for a very junior post
?What is the state of the labor market?
?What is an appropriate reward package?
Socialization/orientation:
designed to help the selected individuals fit smoothly into the organization.
Training and development
?Training is designed to improve skills in the present job;
?Development programs are designed to prepare employees for promotion.
Identifying training needs:
?Performance appraisal
?Analysis of job requirement
?Organizational analysis
?Employee survey
?On the job training: employees learn whilst undertaking the job;
?including job rotation, internship, apprenticeship
?Off the job training: employees trained away from the actual job; may be within firm or at outside college.
?Including vestibule training, behaviorally experienced training
The value of training
?Increases employees' skills in their present jobs
?Prepares employees for change
?Increases the organizations flexibility
?Motivates employees
?Can reduce mistakes and improve profits
Performance appraisal
?assessing an employee's performance in his or her job. This should be an ongoing process but some organizations also have a formal appraisal process. Used to iden-tify training needs.
Unit 12 International Convention
Text:
UN Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods
I. History
?1930, the Institute of Roman International Unified Private Law
?1964.4.25. The Hague, two draft laws
?1978, UNCITRAL, the UN Convention on Contracts for International Sales of Goods ?1980.4.10. Vienna, the Convention officially approved
?1981.9. 21 countries signed the agreement
?1986.12.11. The Chinese government ratified the Convention and submitted the instrument of ratification with two reservations made.
?1988.1.1 The Convention became effective.
?China began to assume the responsibility of observing the provisions.
?1991. 9. 34 countries ratified and acceded to the Convention.
II. A brief introduction to the Convention
?Four parts, 101 articles
?Part I Sphere of Application and General Provision )Article 1-3)
?Part II Formation of a Contract (Article 14-24)
?Part III Sale of Goods (Article 25-88)
?Part IV Final Provisions (Article 89-101)
III. The reservations made by China
?(1) on scope of the Convention
?China does not agree that the Convention extends its scope of application to non-contracting states and insists that its application be confirmed to trade between contracting states.
?(2) on written contract
?The Chinese government insists that the formation, modification and termination of sales contract be evidenced in writing and accepted by written notice in the form of a telegram or telex. In Chinese law, oral contracts are discouraged.
?
Supplementary Reading
?ISO 9000 in China
?ISO: the International Standardization Organization
?The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO Technical Committee.
?The International Standards in the ISO 9000 and the plans for continuing standard requirement revision are intended to provide the needed scope, content and flexibility to meet current and emerging marketplace needs in a timely way.
?1992.8.29. Beijing
?CCQSEM:
?The China Council for Quality System (ISO9000) of Export Manufacturers CCQSEM
?Main functions
?goal
The ISO 9000 Series Standards contain the following five original standards:
?1) ISO 9000, Quality Management and Quality Assurance Standards-Guidelines for the selection and use
?2) ISO 9001, Quality System-Model for quality assurance in design, development, production, installation and servicing
?3) ISO 9002, Quality Systems-Model for Quality assurance in production, installation and servicing
?4) ISO 9003, Quality Systems-Model for quality assurance in final inspection and testing
?5) ISO 9004, Quality Management and Quality System Elements-Guidelines
Unit 13
Public Relations and Advertisement
Text: Public Relations
Definition of PR:
It can be defined as the management function that focuses on the relationships and communications that individuals and organizations have with other groups or the
purpose of creating mutual good will.
Purpose of PR:
Building good relations with the company’s various publics by obtaining favorable publicity, building up a good “corporate image” and handling or heading off
unfavorable rumors, stories and events.
The Public Relations Job
Press conferences
News releases
Crisis Communication:
1. Identifying the problem and take immediate corrective action;
2. Actively cooperate with authorities in the investigation;
3. Quickly rebuild the Tylenol name and capsule, including Regular Strength capsules,
which were recalled too.
Planning
Unit1 1.Our big old house was closely related with the joys and sorrows of four generations. 2.I planted these roses a long, long time ago before your mother was born. 3.Many sons left home to fight against the Fascist Nazi. 4.Take the first friendly greeting and always keep it deep in your heart. Unit2 1. A gracious manner adds the greatest splendor to your image. 2. I firmly believed the note my guest send me didn’t take long to write. 3. The simple phrase “Excuse me” made most of your irritation disappear. 4. Being on time is a virtue which belongs not only to the past but also to the present. 5. Y ou shouldn’t accept the other person’s presence without thinking of its importance. 6. Good manners produce the same feelings or actions in others. Unit3 1. I tried to comfort her by saying that we would manage to tide it over. 2. Having experienced the event, the girl might consider her visit to London rather insignificant. 3. The businesswoman as confident as that businessman must have noticed my fear.
Unit 1 Growing Up Part II Language Focus V ocabulary Ⅰ. 1. 1. respectable 2. agony 3. put…down 4. sequence 5. hold back 6. distribute 7. off and on 8. vivid 9. associate 10. finally 11. turn in 12. tackle 2. 1. has been assigned to the newspaper’s Paris office. 2. was so extraordinary that I didn’t know whether to believe him or not. 3. a clear image of how she would look in twenty years’time. 4. gave the command the soldiers opened fire. 5. buying bikes we’ll keep turning them out.
3. 1. reputation, rigid, to inspire 2. and tedious, What’s more, out of date ideas 3. compose, career, avoid showing, hardly hold back Ⅱ. 1. composed 2. severe 3. agony 4. extraordinary 5. recall 6. command 7. was violating 8. anticipate Ⅲ. 1. at 2. for 3. of 4. with 5. as 6. about 7. to 8. in, in 9. from
精心整理 大学英语（一） 行政班级分级班级姓名学号 I II III IV V 总分 (请将答案写在答题卡上） 得分 PartⅠListening Comprehension (15%) 听力题（共15题,每题1分,共15分） Directions: This part is to test your listening ability. It consists of 3 sections. Section A Directions:There are 5 recorded questions in it. After each question, there is a pause. The question will be spoken only once. 1. A. A testing system. B. A monitor system. C. A measuring system. D. A control system. 2. A. Car prices. B. Car services.
C. The company’s business. D. The company’s culture. 3. A. It’s easy to do. B. It’s challenging. C. He can get a high pay. D. He did the same job before. 4. A. She’ll meet a friend. B. She’ll take a flight. C. She’ll attend an interview at 5:00. D. She’ll see a doctor before 5:00. 5. A. She will report the complaint to the manager. B. The manager refused to talk to the man. C. The manager was on a business trip. D. She will deal with the complaint. Section B Directions:There are 2 recorded dialogues in it. After each dialogue, there are some recorded questions. Both the conversations and questions will be spoken two times. Conversation 1
2020年大学英语教师工作总 结(通用版) The work summary can correctly understand the advantages and disadvantages of the past work; it can clarify the direction and improve the work efficiency. ( 工作总结) 部门：_______________________ 姓名：_______________________ 日期：_______________________ 本文档文字可以自由修改
2020年大学英语教师工作总结(通用版) 篇一： 本学期在校领导的关心、指导下，在每一位英语教师的努力下，坚持以人为本，倡导创新精神。加强教学管理，优化课堂教学。并且我们一直朝着以下几个方面努力，并取得了一定的成绩。 一、强化观念更新，创新英语教学 英语新课程标准对英语学科的发展提出了新的要求，这就要求我们要认真学习理论，更新教学观念和知识结构，提高自身的综合素质，才能符合时代潮流的发展要求。我们在每月的大教研活动中，集体集中学习《课标》。在教学中，我们要求每位教师努力做到“三创新”——创新课堂教学设计，主要以学生的发展为本；创新教学方法，使教学活动由“教”向“学”转变，真正提高45分钟的课堂教学效率；创新教学手段，运用现代化教
学技术是创新外语教学的重要途径。 二、抓好教学业务工作提高教师的专业素质 1、加强备课的规范性，集体备课与个人备课相结合 备课是上好一节课的关键和前提。我们采取集体备课与个人备课相结合的办法。集体备课主要以各年级备课组为单位，由各个备课组长负责，每周有4个小时为集体备课时间。每次备课由1—2名教师选定一个单元并主讲，明确本单元教学内容的重点、难点、疑点，基本习题，参考教法等。然后，同年级备课组教师进行讨论，最后达成共识，之后形成文字形式的教案。充分发挥备课组的力量，做到了教学资源共享。 2、组织示范课、公开课，开展听课、评课活动 每一位教师的授课都向全组教师开放，教师可以任意听课。这学期安排了老教师公开示范课和青年教师赛讲课活动，我们全体英语教师积极听课、评课。并从中学到了不少教学经验，收到了良好效果。 三、积极进取，无私奉献
P87 Vocabulary check ?课后翻译: ?1,He never stopped dreaming to be a manager. ?2,consists of three parts. ?3,our sales totaled ﹩2million. ?4, to meet the chanllenge of market competition. ?5,how the earth was originally formed. P96 comprehensive exercise ?1.we must carefully observe the changes in the market. ?2.we plan to advertise our new product in the newspaper next week. 3.china is trying every means to introduce new tecnologies to the western part. ?4.consumer rights must should be protected by law.
comprehensive exercise ?5.An important way to get rid of poverty is to develop the economy. ?6.The service industry has become an important role in the company. ?7.He plays a more and more impotant role in the company ?8.we must improve our efficiency at work. P107 Vocabulary check part A ?china has made great progress in science and technology. ?have double meanings. ?gave me a copy of his latest book. ?divide ourselves into three discussion groups. ?sells all sorts of imported flowers.
1.V alentine’s Day probably....ever since. (BCADA) 1.to trace back 2.they would’t concentrate 3.Refused to obey 4.496 AD 5.to show our 2.Having raised eight children....can provide. (BABCD) 1. How to show 2.may by a famous 3.he had a 4.material wealth does 5.to give them 3.In the 1990s...of their class (CABCD) 1.The devaluation 2.prove the trend 3.reducing in 4.people can’t 5.The Devaluation 4.We received your letter....such trip (BABCC) 1.To express the difficulties 2.they advertise 3.we can’t afford 4.may not 5.the sales agent 5.In the future....says Leon (BABDA) 1.people with the 2.they may lose money 3.Scientists want 4.To illustrate 5.What’s Best 6.Criticism has been....own games (BDDCA) 1.Parents of 2.Because they have seen 3.To promise 4.Fewer referees would 5.Abusing. 7.Only about 15....of obesity (ADCDA) 1.people do not 2.He is one 3.Stretching at work 4.Extreme fatness 5.Ten minutes to 8.Y ou may recall....J.J.Budd (BBCAD) 1.a company 2.he wants new 3.Raj Rammanvihal works 4.familiar with 5.a formal letter 9.Fifteen-year-old...learn now (DAABC) 1.kept so that 2.they fail to 3.A list of the result 4.academic achievement 5. a teacher in 10.Most Americans will....and responsible? (ADDCD) 1.Positive 2.admission 3.helps students both 4.To ensure that 5.School that offer 11.A study issued...shared responsibility (BCDBA) https://www.doczj.com/doc/c33403931.html,mitment to 2.enter school 3.60--80% 4.making young people 5.Social environment 12.When i was four....be impossible (CDCCB) 1.kept him away 2.attended classes 3.be different 4.to give a 5.knowledge from outside 13Bin Ben is one of....a guide (CBACD) 1.a light 2.Coins a 3.the old 4.1924 5.Undamaged 14.John Colter was....mud holes (DADBC) 1.Y ellowstone Park 2.Moran and 3.for more 4.was once not 5.The History 15.One day Walt ....the future” (CCBCB) 1.Building a 2.improved the 3.Its spot 4.Fantasyland 5.Disneyland 16.At sixteen Ron....the book (DACBC) 1.Ron was 2.he wanted 3.The job 4.four 5.he knew 17.When faced with.....international scale (BBCBB) 1.A good death means 2.Never say 3.Tube feeding 4.to adapt 5.Death is 18.On Mother’s Day....of dying (AACAD) 1.she wanted 2.to do something 3.Mom had 4.not busy 5.as the tablecloth 19.While caring for.... Their lives. (CDBBD) 1.Women provide 2.volunteer assistance 3.tain family 4.people who 5.to talk to 20.On the morning ....our grief. (CBADB) 1.someone bombed 2.angels in 3.There was 4.He was elbowed 5. We should 21.With so many scientists...the study (BCADD) 1.The possible 2.the former 3.focusing on 4.are the 5.Freed and Lin’s stress 22.Engineering design aims....so important. (BABCD) 1.Some factors 2.pulled down 3.Building ..reconstructed 4.effect of 5.rivers and
大学英语教师教学工作总结 篇一： 光阴似箭，日子如梭，教师年度考核工作总结。转眼间一学年的 各项工作已接近尾声，为了更好地做好今后的工作，总结经验、吸取 教训，本人特就20XX年的教学工作小结如下： 一、变革理念转变角色 依据教育部大学英语教学改革的精神，遵循外语教学规律，把大 学英语的教学的重点放在英语综合应用水平的培养上，有计划地培养 学生合作学习与自主学习水平，增强“基于网络和多媒体”的大学英 语教学改革，激发学生学习的主动性，做学生学习的促动者、英语学 习环境的营造者和学生潜能的挖掘者。坚持用前沿理论指导教学实践。我校在20XX年开始在第一学期实施自主学习计划，指导学生制定自主 学习计划、培养学习策略并实行自我监控与评价；20XX年开始实行用 用ESP理论指导大学英语教学，在英语语言教学的同时，渗透相关专 业词汇知识，做好与专业英语教学的衔接。 二、科学合理学以致用的教学大纲、课程体系 按照教育部新颁布的《大学英语教学要求》（试行），结合我院 实际，认真组织论证，完成了大学英语课程教学大纲的修订工作。大 学英语课程既包括理论环节，也包括实践环节。在大学英语课程大纲 中明确加入听说实践环节，明确教学任务和教学安排及评估标准。完 善实践教学环节的教学计划、教学大纲、考核形式及成绩评分标准。 总结出一整套英语实践教学环节体系。增强实践环节的教学监管，严 格考勤、考核。把第二课堂活动作为英语实践环节写入教学大纲，增 大第二课堂活动的指导和投入，规范第二课堂活动，做到有计划、有 组织、有测试、有总结、有报道，活动后资料即时存档；增强口语街、“华航中外文化活动交流周”等特色品牌活动，“全国大学生英语竞
综英期末考试所对应的课后习题的答案 （一.Explain the underlined part in each sentence in your own words. 二.Translate the following sentences into English, using the words and phrases given in brackets. ) Unit 1 一．1.When I was ten I suddenly found myself faced with the anguish of moving from the only home. 2.…they all share the same characteristic: sadness. 3. …in that place in your heart where summer is an everlasting season. 4.Don’t ever let yourself overcome by the sadness and the loneliness of that word. 5. Take that special hello and keep it in your mind and don’ t ever forget it. 二．1. He has prepared answers to the questions that he expects to confront during the interview. 2.His sad story touched us so deeply that we nearly cried. 3.The two of them are walking hand in hand along the riverbank, chatting and laughing.
A love marriage, however, does not necessarily result in much sharing of interests and responsibilities. A magnificent monument has been erected in Tian An Men Square in honor of the people ' s heroes. A racing car is an extraordinary feat of engineering. Accumulated en ergy un der the earth must be released in one form or ano ther, for example, an earthquake. Although he had looked through all the reference material on the subject, he still found it hard to un dersta nd this point and her explanation only added to his confusion. Ano ther team of scie ntists has come up with con flict ing evide nee. Believing the earth to be flat, many feared that Columbus could fall off the edge of the earth. But the other factor that we shouldn ' t forget is thealriek off U.S. immigration policy. Compared with wester ners, the Orie ntals use less butter. They prefer the very healthful pea nut oil. Con trary to popular belief, moderate exercise actually decreases your appetite. Corin thia n colu mn is the most highly decorated of the five classical types. Do not toss the salad until you are ready to serve. Dr. Jones emphasizes exercise in addition to a change in diet. During the process, great care has to be taken to protect the delicate silk from damage. Eati ng too much fat can con tribute to heart disease and cause high blood pressure. Every one in the party can see Ed and Roger are competi ng for Alice ' s atte nti on. Figures showed customer complaints had soared to record levels and profits were falling. Having decided to rent a flat, we set about con tact ing all the accommodati on age ncies in the city. He admits that more work needs to be done to validate the strategy, and ensure that it ' s safe. He is a mathematical genius . He is optimistic about his chances of winning a gold medal in the Olympics next year. He might let someth ing slip in a mome nt of weak ness. He told the magaz ine in an exclusive in terview: "enas miepn&bim drink. ” He was jealous of no body ' s achieveme nts. he wrote an article criticizing the Greek poet and won prestige and a scholarship. His retail bus in ess in the city expa nded rapidly betwee n the wars. I caught a glimpse of the taxi before it disappeared around the corner of the street. I chose to work abroad to improve my career prospect . I felt I couldn ' t cope with the situation and wacfeeisperate need of some reassuranee. I hate people who reveal the end of a film th at you haven ' t seen before. I have kept that portrait where I can see it every day, as it always reminds me of my university days in London. I think it ' s tiimeeIsted in a new computer. I want to buy a new tie to go with this brow n suit. I will defer to Mr. Walters on this point I wish I could put the clock back and relive my schooldays; I regret not having tried harder and passed mere exams. If you hear such a rumor, in vestigate it thoroughly. If you say anything to Jane, she ' csilikeey tovith a bitter remark. In no country other than Britain, it has been said, can one experience four seasons in the course of a single day. In the wife ' s eyes,commitment to their marriage life is far from perfect. Intensive efforts are being made to resolve the dispute. It did not take the police long time to bring out the truth. it is our consistent policy that we will achieve unity through peaceful means It is predicted that heavy rains are threate ning to flood the area in a few days. It soon developed that what she loved was not my person but my wealth.
_ 课程名称 大学英语（大一上册） 考试性质 考试 试卷类型 B 使用班级 全校非艺术专业 考试方法 闭卷 人 数 题 号 一 二 三 四 五 六 七 八 九 十 总 成 绩 成 绩 班级 学号 姓名 命题教师 教研室（系）主任审核(签字) ---------------------------------------------装-----------------------------------------订----------------------------------------线-------------------------------------------- 装 订 线 以 内 不 准 作 任 何 标 记 2009 /2010 学年第一学期期末考试题（卷）
一，听力理解 Section A Directions: In this section you will hear 10 statements. Each statement will be read only once. Then there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four suggested choices marked A),B),C)and D),and decide which is closest in meaning to the sentence you have just heard. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center. 1.A) Mr. Smith is not pleased to be employed. B)Mr. Smith is pleased to be employed. B)Mr. Smith is presently employed. D) Mr. Smith is out of work now. 2.A) I guess everything goes against. B)I guess everything is working for us. C)I guess everything is welcome. D)I guess everything is going to be fine. 3.A) You should remember these things if you are interested in this job. B) You should remember these things when you are having a job-interview. C) You don’t have to remember these things if you decide to look for a new job. D) You can refer to these things if you are job-hunting. 4.A) I graduated from the University of California.
篇一：大学英语课程总结 《大学英语》课程总结 2008-2009学年第二学期 xxx 2009.7.1 时光如梭，忙碌的一个学期又已经结束，回头看看这一学期的大学英语教学工作还是有不少值得总结的地方，现将本学期大学英语课程总结如下： 首先《大学英语》课程是高等院校各专业一门重要的必修基础课，它在为学生系统地打好必要的英语语言基础，培养学生英语应用能力方面起着重要作用；本课程一般是在大学本科一年级和二年级开设，它在使学生树立正确的英语语言学习态度，掌握较为科学的语言学习方法，培养独立获取语言知识的能力，以便为以后进一步的英语学习打下良好的基础。 本学期是大学英语学习的第四个学期，也是大学英语教学的最后一学期。在本学期我本人继续承担本院建工系给排水0701和给排水0702两个班的英语教学任务。在前三册教学的基础上，本学期我一如既往地严格按照外语系的规定认真组织教学，课前认真备课，撰写教案，复印四级考试资料并细心讲解以便帮助更多的同学通过大学英语四级考试。由于英语课是一门实践性较强的课程，因此我不断探寻和改进学习方法，课堂上我的教学方法灵活，能够更好地调动学生们的英语学习兴趣。课堂上增强与学生的互动，较多的使用英语教学，给学生创造了英语学期的环境。课堂上我采用多种教学方法使学生参与进来，如speech, discussion, questioning and answering，role-paly，实用口语等，本学期我继续要求每一节课由一位学生做三分钟的英语演讲，演讲的内容和题材不限，鼓励自己写稿，通过几个学期的训练学生们的写作和口语能力都有了明显的提高。课间我耐心与学生交流帮助解决他们在学期上的困惑，帮助他们改进英语学习方法。课后我认真批改学生的作业，每一份作业都仔细批阅，指出错误所在，并就一些共同的问题给学生们统一讲解。 本学期是大学二年级的最后一个学期，也是一个非常重要的学期因为大多数的同学在学期末都还要继续参加全国大学英语四级考试，为了帮助同学们在四级考试中取得较好的成绩，我在教学过程中一方面强化词汇，语法等语言基础知识同时有针对性地训练他们的应试能力和应试技巧。如本学期的英语课堂教学中我继续加强大学英语四级考试的辅导，给学生们为准备四级考试提供了有益的建议和指导。在具体的教学环节中将四级考试的内容渗透在日常教学中，如从第二学期起我就要求学生加强对四级考试写作的训练，每次的作业都是针对四级考试写作部分的。通过近三个学期的写作专项训练学生们的写作能力也有了明显的提 高。四级考试题目听力部分的分值比重较大而且也是同学们共同的弱项，因此在听力课上我主要针对短对话长对话短文和听写能题型的训练，此外还加强对阅读和完型填空的训练。在本学期最后的几周里我积极响应系的要求，给学生复印了八套四级考试真题和模拟考试题，每一套题我都认真详细讲解，为大多数同学参加四级考试做好了充分的准备。通过外语系、我本人以及同学们的共同努力，我相信他们在本学期的四级考试中上次未通过四级考试的大部分同学一定会考出他们心中的理想成绩的。
Key to Exercises of College En glish Book 2 Unit 1 ★ Text A Vocabulary 1. I. 1) in sert 2) on occasi on 3) in vestigate 4) In retrospect 5) in itial 6) phe nomena 7) attached 8) make up for 9) is awaiting 10) not …in the least 11) promote 12) emerged 2. 1) There is a striking contrast between the standards of living in the n orth of the country and the south. 2) Natural fiber is said to be superior to syn thetic fiber. 3) The city ' importance as a financial center has evolved slowly. 4) His n ati on ality is not releva nt to whether he is a good lawyer. 5) The poems by a little-k nown sixtee nth-ce ntury Italia n poet have found their way into some En glish magaz in es. 3. 1) be picked up, can 'accomplish, am exaggerati ng 2) somewhat, performa nce, have n eglected, they apply to 3) assist, On the other hand, are valid, a superior
大学英语（一） 行政班级分级班级姓名学号 I II III IV V 总分 (请将答案写在答题卡上） PartⅠListening Comprehension (15%) 听力题（共15得分 题,每题1分,共15分） Directions: This part is to test your listening ability. It consists of 3 sections. Section A Directions:There are 5 recorded questions in it. After each question, there is a pause. The question will be spoken only once. 1. A. A testing system. B. A monitor system. C. A measuring system. D. A control system. 2. A. Car prices. B. Car services. C. The company’s business. D. The company’s culture. 3. A. It’s easy to do. B. It’s challenging. C. He can get a high pay. D. He did the same job before.
4. A. She’ll meet a friend. B. She’ll take a flight. C. She’ll attend an interview at 5:00. D. She’ll see a doctor before 5:00. 5. A. She will report the complaint to the manager. B. The manager refused to talk to the man. C. The manager was on a business trip. D. She will deal with the complaint. Section B Directions:There are 2 recorded dialogues in it. After each dialogue, there are some recorded questions. Both the conversations and questions will be spoken two times. Conversation 1 6. A. Breakfast. B. Dinner. C. A 5 dollar gift card. D. Bus service to the airport. 7. A. His member card. B. His driving license. C. His credit card. D. His passport. Conversation 2 8. A. The telephone is out of order. B. The line is busy. C. He is at a meeting. D. He won’t be back until next Monday.
大学英语学习总结 大学英语学习总结（一） 走进大学,英语学习是必然的,虽然英语成绩不是太理想,但是从几年的学习过程中也领会了一些怎样应用策略的方法,如何学习才能更家对英语有兴趣。最终学好英语一定要多下功夫。应做到“四勤”与“四多”,具体说来,有以下几点： 一、“四勤” 1.勤背诵。 2.勤朗读。 3.勤练习。 4.勤总结。 积极记忆课本中出现的生词及词组,理解其用法,并适当运用一些正、反义词对比,相似词对比等方式加强记忆。相对于其它学科来说,英语的知识点相当零碎,一定要在平时的收集、整理、总结上下功夫。平时听老师提到或是在参考书上看到的一些零碎的小知识都要及时记录下来,以备以后复习时用。
二、“四多” 1.多看。 2.多听。 3.多说。 4.多练。 近年来英语试题的难度逐渐增大,试题的触角涉及到日常生活的各个领域,因此,从高一开始就应尽可能地扩大阅读面,广泛阅读,以求开阔视野,并在潜移默化中提高自己的英文水平。培养敏锐的语感将有助于增强辨析力和判断力,是英语学习过程中十分重要的一环。多说可以增强口语能力,加深记忆,使学过的知识清晰地映在脑海里,不容易被忘记。通过做大量的习题,可以增强实践经验,不至于临阵发慌,手足无措。 具体实行方案如： 1.最重要是单词,开学之时制定个计划,准备在什么时候把第几课的单词背熟,如果可能尽早把所有单词记得滚瓜烂熟,要是不行至少在每一节上课之前把此课的单词记熟。
2.每天至少看30分钟的课文,哪一篇都好（前提是单词读熟）,最好以娱乐的心态去进行,不要当作苦差,如果坚持不了至少一周看三次,在读的时候慢慢培养速度,当然这是在读的质量有保证的前提下。 3.买英语系列磁带,每天坚持听一段时间,至少多长自己把握。 我认为,如果可以完全或80%地做到以上几点,学习英语就自然而然变成了一件乐事,既的到了提高有增强了自己的自主学习能力,我想这是我学习英语的最大收获！ 大学英语学习总结（二） 时光如梭,忙碌的一个学期又已经结束,回头看看这一学期的大学英语教学工作还是有不少值得总结的地方,现将本学期大学英语课程总结如下：