当前位置:文档之家› Aspects of Localized Gravity Around the Soft Minima

Aspects of Localized Gravity Around the Soft Minima

a r

X

i

v

:h e

p

-

t

h

/01

1

9

4

v

1

1

5

J a n

2

1

ASPECTS OF LOCALIZED GRA VITY AROUND THE SOFT MINIMA Pablo M.Llatas 1Departamento de F′?sica de Part′?culas Universidad de Santiago Santiago de Compostela,E-15706Abstract n -Dimensional pure gravity theory can be obtained as the e?ective theory of an n +1model (with non-compact extra dimension)where general n +1reparametrization invariance is explicitly broken in the extra dimension.As was pointed out in the literature,a necessary

consistency condition for having a non-vanishing four dimensional Newton constant is the normalizability in the extra dimension of the zero mass graviton.This,in turn,implies that gravity localization is produced around the local minima of a potential in the extra dimension.We study gravity in the neighborhood of the soft (“thick”)local https://www.doczj.com/doc/c72080558.html,-FT-01/01

January,2001

1.Introduction

In[1](that we will refer to as RSII model)it was shown that?ve dimensional gravity coupled to a three brane(the“brane-world”)produces a geometry con?ning the zero mass graviton in a small neighborhood of the brane-world,in such a way that the propagation of the massless gravitons are suppressed on the extra dimension.Moreover,the coupling to the brane-world of the continuum spectrum of massive gravitons propagating on the extra dimension was shown to be highly suppressed as well(in the neighborhood of the brane-world).Therefore,the massless gravitons propagate basically just along the brane-world and the massive ones decouple from the brane-world physics.This picture produces a four dimensional e?ective theory which is the one that we observe(in the spirit of these models)at low energies.

The localization of the massless gravitons and the decoupling of the massive ones were produced by the fact that these gravitons are under the in?uence of aδ-potential on the extra dimension,a consequence of the special geometry of the model(two copies of AdS-5pasted along the four dimensional brane-world).The physical interpretation of such a sharp potential becomes from the fact that all the matter was just placed along the four-brane,breaking?ve-dimensional general invariance in?ve dimensions with aδ(z) source.

In[2]the authors studied some properties that general(n+1)-dimensional geometries have to ful?ll in order to produce con?nement of the massless gravitons in the extra dimension,and produce e?ective theories in one dimension less.One necessary condition was found to be that the massless graviton has to correspond to a normalizable wave on the extra dimension.This corresponds to situations in which the potential to with the gravitons are in?uenced in the extra dimension has one(or several)minimum.The core of the massless gravitons is placed around the minimum and then,physics can be e?ectively described as four-dimensional around such minimum,if the massive gravitons decouple.

The RSII picture in which all matter is placed along a four dimensional submanifold of a?ve dimensional space-time is very suggestive from the string theory point of view,where there exist objects like the D?3branes which can play the role of brane-worlds.This picture lead to metrics which are discontinuous(with a jump on the brane)and,therefore, to singular geometries.However,to obtain localized gravity,the presence of a brane is not a must,and we will study a model where the metric is continuous and smooth at the minima.This restores the derivability condition on the metric and removes the curvature δ-singularity.

In our set up we will have several normalizable graviton modes,with a mass gap between them.In this respect,localized gravity resembles a“string”model.In fact, for the harmonic approximation,we will see that the mass spectrum looks very close to that corresponding to a string with one excitation mode and with tensionα′~1

four)dimensions are just gravitons.The restriction to?ve dimensions is not essential in our analysis,but we will take it as the simplest one that produces an e?ective four-dimensional pure gravity.The model that we will work out is based on the?ve dimensional action:

S=?1

?G[R+Λ(z)+μ(z)G

zz

].(1.1)

Λ(z)andμ(z)are source terms on the bulk and theμ(z)term breaks,explicitly,?ve-dimensional general reparametrization invariance down to four-dimensional reparametriza-

tion invariance along the z-direction(the

RSII model corresponds toΛ(z)constant and

μ(z)=λδ(z)).The action(1.1)can be interpreted as a continuous collection of parallel D?3branes with local tensionμ(z).However,the important point is that the e?ective four dimensional action derived from this action is just the Einstein-Hilbert action with a cosmological constant term(as we will see bellow).

The organization of the paper is as follows.In section2we present the general setting of the models that we are going to study.We comment some general features of localized gravity on soft potentials at high and low four-dimensional energies and also we brie?y study experimental bounds to the?rst massive graviton.In section3we analyze localization of gravity by a harmonic con?ning potential.This is a very interesting model, because it is analytically tractable.We study the decoupling of heavier gravitons due to two facts,?rst the suppressed coupling of the heavier gravitons to the“thick world-brane”four-manifold,and second,an exponential suppression of the graviton waves along the extra dimension.We also study the form of the graviton waves in the extra dimension. Finally,in section4we present our conclusions and give an outlook of future developments.

2.General Setting.

First of all,let us discuss the e?ective four dimensional theory associated to the action (1.1).For the ansatz:

ds2=e2A(z)(g mn(x)dx m dx n+dz2)(2.1) (where z denotes the extra dimension)one gets,from(1.1),the equations of motion:

R(4)mn(x)+3(A′′(z)+A′(z)2)g mn(x)=

1

2R(4)(x)=

1

G(4)N

d4x√?g(2.3)

being R(4)(x)the scalar curvature associated to the four dimensional metric g mn(x)and the e?ective four-dimensional Newton and cosmological constants given by:

G(4)N=

G(5)N

3G(5)N ∞

?∞

dz

d2e3A(z)

2G(5)N

?∞

dze3A(z).

(2.4)

Demanding the four dimensional e?ective Newton constant G(4)N to be non-vanishing requires that the function e3A(z)belongs to the Hilbert space L2[R]([2]).Then,the bound-ary contribution toΛ(4)in(2.4)vanishes identically.Here,we will study the case where e3A(z)has just one maximum(which will correspond to the case in which the con?ning gravitational potential has just one minimum),because we are interested on the local prop-erties of gravity in the neighborhood of a single minimum.Performing a global coordinate translation in the z direction and a global rescaling,we can set this maximum at z=0 and?x A(0)=0.Then,we get:

G(4)N=G(5)Nψ0(0)2

Λ(4)=

k

2

A(z)

∞?∞dze3A(z).(2.6)

In this paper,we concentrate on e?ective four-dimensional theories where R(4)(x)= 0,therefore we will take,from now on,k=0and thus,the four dimensional e?ective cosmological constant identically vanishes.

Let us now study the linear metric perturbations that a gravitational source j(x′,z′), in?ve dimensions,produces around the four-dimensional?at vacuum solution.On the gaugeγzz=γnz=0we can take,as the general perturbed metric:

ds2=(e2A(z)ηmn+γmn(x,z))dx m dx n+e2A(z)dz2.(2.7)

whereηnm is the four-dimensional Minkowski metric and we are using the(?,+,+,+)sig-nature convention.Imposing,moreover,the traceless transverse conditionsγn n=?nγn m=0 (where the contractions are performed withηnm)and using standard techniques([3,2,4]) we arrive at:

γ(x,z)=e2A(z) d4x′dz′?(x,z;x′,z′)j(x′,z′)(2.8)

where we suppressed the Lorentz indices in the previous equation(corresponding to the graviton polarizations)due to the decoupling of the equations on the chosen gauge.?(x,z;x′,z′)is the retarded propagator(t>t′)given by:

?(x,z;x′,z′)=e?3

dz2?3

2

)2A′(z)2(2.10)

with eigenvalues?m2n:

O z[A]ψn(z)=?m2nψn(z)(2.11) (in such a way that the sum in(2.9)has to be understood as an integration on the continuum part of the spectrum)and T n(x,x′)is the standard four dimensional scalar retarded propagator for a particle of mass m n:

T n(x,x′)=?θ(t?t′)

2

θ[?(x?x′)2]

?(x?x′)2J1[m n

dz?

3

2

(A(z)?A(z′))

e12

A(z′)

From the previous expression it is clear that,at low energy experiments(large r), the lighter gravitons are the relevant ones.Also we see the physical relevance of the four dimensional submanifold z=0(where we have set the maximum of the function e A(z)). First,the j(ˉx′,z′)part with support o?the z=0plane is suppressed by the factor e3 2

A(z)as well.In this sense one says that gravity is localized around the z=0 plane and,by abuse of language,we call this plane a“thick world-brane”.

Note also that the linear approximation will remain valid even if we approach the high energy four-dimensional limit(r small)for strong enough decreasing functions e A(z). The closer we go to the r→0limit,the farther we have to go in z to maintain the linear approximation valid(z→∞).In other words,the?fth dimension becomes more apparent as we perform higher four dimensional experiments maintaining the graviton(i.e.,linear) approximation in our description of the physical processes.

Let us compute now the post-Newtonian law that an observer in?ve dimensions perceives.Introducing the local perturbation j(ˉx′,z′)=G(5)N Mδ(3)(ˉx′)δ(z′)on equation (2.16)one gets:

γ(ˉx,z)=?G(5)N M

2

∞ n=0e?m n rψn(z)ψn(0).(2.17)

(where now r=|ˉx|).In particular,for a four dimensional observer living in the z=0 four-manifold:

γ(ˉx,0)=?G(4)

N

M

ψ0(0)2

∞ n=1e?m n rψn(0)2).(2.18)

(where we have used(2.5)).

The previous equation resembles a“mass renormalization”(of a four dimensional Quantum Field Theory)2,being the“bare”mass M and the“renormalized”(radius de-pendent)mass M?(A,r)de?ned through:

M?(A,r)=M(1+

1

ψ0(0)2

Mδ(0)(where we have used the formal identity ∞1ψn(0)2“=”δ(0)?ψ0(0)2).Therefore,the mass corrections are becoming stronger at shorter distances for observers on the“world brane”.Note,however, that the linear approximation toγ(ˉx,0)becomes unjusti?ed at distances of the order of the “dressed horizon”G(4)N M?(A,r0)~r0,asγ(ˉx,0)in(2.18)is not small.(In fact,the linear

approximation to the pure post-Newtonian law(discarding the massive modes)becomes also unfair at distances shorter that the order of the“bare horizon”r~G(4)N M).

We already commented above that linear approximations at ultrashort distances can be only justi?ed if A(z)is strong enough and always at large z distances(i.e.,in?ve dimensions).Now we can make this statement more precise.Let us go beyond the“hori-zon”(i.e.,to the r

G(4)

N M

2~1?A(z)~2Ln r

G(4)

N

M .Being

e A(z)normalizable,this means big z.

Let us say a word on experimental bounds to the Yukawa-like corrections to the post-Newtonian law.From(2.18)it is clear that the?rst Yukawa correction to the post-Newtonian law is given by the?rst massive graviton(which we callψ?(z))which couples to the manifold z=0(i.e.,such thatψ?(0)=0).Moreover,this Yukawa correction is

certainly the most important one if the higher mass modes couple less to z=0thanψ?(z) (i.e.,ifψ?(0)2>ψn(0)2?n>?).This must be the case for localized gravity.

In reference[5],experimental bounds for Yukawa-like corrections to the gravity po-

tential of the form:

V(r)=?αN1N2ˉh c e?r

r

(2.21)

are studied for a Casimir-force experiment.αis a dimensionless parameter,N1and N2 are the numbers of nucleons in the atomic nuclei which are interacting gravitationally in the experimental setting,andλis a parameter with dimensions of length(in meter units). The experimental bound is a curve on the(α,λ)-plane.The regions of the(α,λ)-plane below that curve are permitted,and above are ruled out by experiments(see?gure3of [5]).

In our present case,we have to compare(2.21)with the?rst Yukawa correction that the post-Newtonian law(2.18)gives for the gravitational interaction between two nuclei with N1and N2nucleons:

v(r)=?G(4)

N

m2N N1N2

ψ0(0)2

e?m?r(2.22)

(note that the corrections of the higher mass modes are smaller due both to the exponential mass suppression and the z=0coupling suppression).For our case,then,αandλare

given by:

α~5·10?40ψ?(0)2

m?

.(2.23)

Because we are assuming that gravity is localized,ψ?(0)2

experiments(Casimir,Cavendish and Eotvos-type,which reach values overα~10?39)in [5].

On the other hand,very recently,a di?erent experiment has been studied in[6]which is able to set a lower bound on m?.In their notation,the Yukawa correction to the gravitational potential is parametrized by

V(r)=?G(4)N m1m2

λ).(2.24)

In our case,and from?gure4of[6],we then get:

α= ψ?(0)

3

z2(3.1)

in equation(2.11).The spectral resolution to this equation is given by:

ψn(z)=(w

4

1

2n n!

e?w wz),m n=

G(5)N

= π.(3.3)

Second,the mass spectrum(3.2)is very similar to the mass spectrum of a string with one excitation mode and tension

m2str~n w.(3.4)

In fact,the graviton wave-modes along the extra dimension can be interpreted as the vibrating modes of a“string”,and the mass associated to a given mode is proportional to its number of oscillation.A di?erence with string-theory is that,there,the strings are of ?nite length and one imposes Newmann or Dirichlet boundary conditions.In our present case,the wave satisfy the(“?nite energy”)boundary conditions on the extra dimension (see(2.8)and(2.9))lim z→±∞γ(x,z)=0which are analogous to a string con?guration with two D3-branes at z→±∞with a string attached to them.

Also,from(3.2),the mass spectrum of the gravitons tends to be closer as one increases the energy m n+1?m n~ 2n.Finally,the odd modes of the gravitons(n odd)do not couple to the four dimensional brane-world at z=0(just because H2n+1(0)=0). Therefore,the highest correction to the Newton law comes from the n=2graviton.

Let us then discuss the experimental bound to the frequency of vibration of the har-monic oscillator(i.e.,to the ratio of the four dimensional e?ective Newton constant and the?ve-dimensional Newton constant).Because,for the harmonic case,α=1/2(in the notation of[6]),the mass bound for the lightest massive graviton does not change sub-stantially the result in(2.25).In particular,one gets m2>5·10?4eV,w>6·10?8eV2 and G(4)N>1.4·10?4G(5)N eV.Note that this mass bound is very small compared with the electron mass!,and yet,it is compatible with done pure gravity experiments.

In spite of that we are working with an uncompacti?ed extra dimension,from(2.5) one can de?ne R≡ψ(0)?2as the analog of“Kaluza-Klein compacti?cation radius”.Then, from(3.2)and the experimental lower bound for w that we got,we obtain an experimental upper bound for R:

R<9·10?4m~1mm(3.5) which is concordant with the results in the literature in which the pure gravity experiments are compatible with extra dimensions with a compacti?cation scale lower than1mm.

Note that a“uni?cation”?ve-dimensional Newton constant(with a?ve-dimensional Planck mass of the order of a TeV)is deep inside the experimentally ruled-out region,

because G(4)

N

ψ0(0) 2≡e?m2n rλ2n.(3.6) Using the doubling formula for the Euler Gamma function,we arrive at:

λ2n=1

π

Γ(n+1

Γ(n+1)

.(3.7)

It is clear that there are two suppressing factors for the contribution to the post-Newtonian law when the graviton mass increases.The?rst one(λ2n)is due to the fact that the

coupling(to the“world-brane”at z=0)of the eigenfunctions of the spectral problem (2.11)decreases as we increase n.The second one is due to the exponential suppression

with the“world-brane”distance r along the z=0plane e?m2n r.This two suppression factors is what we have drawn in?gure1,for the?rst lighter?fty gravitons:λ2n(in gray)

and c2n(r)for r=1mm(in black),and for the most sensitive value of w compatible with the experimental data in[6](2

wr,that,for the lower bound on w(2√

w=103m?1.For r=1cm,c2n(r)is negligible for n≥1.

Let us now analyze the form of the graviton waves.In equation (2.17)we observe that the z dependence of the graviton modes corresponds to that of the eigenfunctions of (2.11)

suppressed by an exponential factor e

A (z )r .From

equations (2.17),(3.1)and (3.2)we get:

μ2n ≡12∞ n =0e ?m n r ψn (z )ψn (0)=(?)n

e ?2√22n Γ(n +1)r e ?2wz ).(3.8)

In ?gure 2we draw μ2n and compare the graviton waves (for r =1mm and r =1cm and the same mass source M )for the ?rst three modes that couples to the four-manifold at z =0.We have taken,again,the experimental lower bound for w (2

√2

suppression factor in (2.17).In

this ?gure,the gravitons 2n =2,4at 1cm do not appear because their amplitudes are 10?8and 10?12(respectively)smaller than for the case of 1mm.-0.004-0.0020.0020.004-30

-20-10

102030-0.004-0.0020.0020.004200

400

600

800

1000

-0.004-0.002

0.0020.004-80-60

-40-20

20

40

60

w z

w z

w z n=0

n=1

n=2Fig.2:In gray,quantum harmonic oscillator wave-functions (properly normalized).In black,

μ2n (n =0,1,2)for r =1mm (the highest ones)and r =1cm (the lower ones).

For n =1,2the amplitudes of the gravitons at r =1cm are negligible.

We can also naturally introduce a notion of the “width”(at “brane-world”distance r from the source)along the z direction of the graviton waves γ2n (ˉx ,z )(the ones that couple to four dimensional physics)through l 2n (r )≡(2n )

1w 3nwr

22n Γ(n +1) 2Γ(2n +14

)5

3?8n )F [?2n,?2n ;14n ?1F [1?2n,1?2n ;32=64wr 012753e 4√

w ~103m ?1.Again,at r =1cm ,the size of the gravitons with n ≥1is

negligible for this w .024*********.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

n

Fig.3:n-dependent part of 2n for the ?rst ?fteen lighter gravitons.

4.Conclusions and Outlook.

We have studied general aspects of localized gravity of pure gravity “thick-branes”.In the literature,it has been suggested that the RSII-type models can be observation-ally best tested in pure gravity experiments.We have obtained an experimental lower

bound to the mass of the graviton which produces the biggest contribution to deviations

to the Newtonian law.We have studied the local harmonic approximation to pure gravity localization(for four-dimensional geometries of zero scalar curvature)and obtained the ex-

pression(3.3)for the frequency of oscillation in terms of the ratio of the four-dimensional e?ective Newton constant and the?ve-dimensional Newton constant.As we have argued,

the harmonic approximation for the zero mode(and maybe,some of the lighter ones)is a “?rst-order”description of the“exact”?rst graviton modes for“thick-branes”(those that

can allocate several normalizable modes),in the neighborhood of the minima of the con-?ning gravitational potential.We have studied for this approximation(and analytically) the increasing relative decoupling of the massive modes to four dimensional physics and

the form of the graviton waves.We have also introduced a notion of size for the graviton waves on the extra dimension and found its analytical expression.The heavier,the smaller

they are in the extra dimension(due to the two exponential suppression factors in(3.8)).

There are several issues that remain for further research.One of them is to study

“localized thermodynamics”by taking a graviton thermal-bath con?guration as a source in(2.16)instead of aδ(z)source(pro?ting of the fact that the harmonic case is analytically

tractable).This means to impose that the physics on the extra dimension is a quantum one,in contrast with the classical one that we have studied(δ(z)= ∞n=0ψn(z)ψn(0)are not density matrix entries).The extra dimension model could provide us some hints on

black-hole thermodynamics and information problem.

Also,it would be interesting to introduce dynamics on the problem.This can be done

introducing time-dependent sources in(2.8),studying time-dependent background metrics (A(z)→A(z,t))or studying transition amplitudes between the graviton states by using perturbation theory up to orderγ(x,z)2.

Another question is the implications of the picture presented here for cosmology and

the cosmological constant.We have seen that,for the models described by the action (1.1),the cosmological constant identically vanishes for four-geometries of vanishing scalar curvature(it is a surface term).In the past years,experimental evidence for non-vanishing four-dimensional cosmological constant has emerged.Therefore,the study of the cases in which the four-geometry in(2.1)is of constant(but non-vanishing)scalar curvature (being the four-dimensional e?ective cosmological constant in(2.5)not vanishing)is phe-nomenologically relevant.Moreover,the localized models that we have explored contain massive modes for the gravitons,whose e?ects on four dimensional physics are highly sup-pressed already at decimeter scales(by experimental bounds).Therefore,the Newtonian law does not change at astronomic scales,but we could have cosmological implications(as this massive gravitons mimic“dark matter”).A cosmological analysis could provide an experimental upper bound for m?and re?ne the lower bound that we have found.

Acknowledgments

We would like to thank Roberto Emparan,Jose M.S′a nchez de Santos and Ricardo V′a zquez for valuable comments and for a critical reading of the manuscript.This work was supported in part by DGICYT under grant PB96-0960and by the Xunta de Galicia grant PGIDT00-PXI-20609.

References

[1]L.Randall and R.Sundrum,Phys.Rev.Lett.83(1999)4690-4693,hep-th/9906064.

[2] C.Csaki,J.Erlich,T.J.Hollowood and Y.Shirman,Nucl.Phys.B581(2000)309-338,

hep-th/0001033.

[3]J.Garriga and T.Tanaka,Phys.Rev.Lett.84(2000)2778-2781,hep-th/9911055.

[4]S.B.Giddings,E.Katz and L.Randall,JHEP0003(2000)023,hep-th/0002091.

[5]M.Bordag,B.Geyer,G.L.Klimchitskaya and V.M.Mostepanenko,Phys.Rev.D58

(1998)075003,hep-ph/9804223.

[6] C.D.Hoyle,U.Schmidt,B.R.Heckel,J.H.Gundlach,D.J.Kapner and H.E.Swanson,

hep-ph/0011014.

[7]M.Gremm,Phys.Lett.B478(2000)434-438,hep-th/9912060.

[8] F.Cooper,A.Khare and U.Sukhatme,Phys.Rep.251(1995)267-385..

[9]N.Arkani-Hamed,S.Dimopoulos and G.Dvali,Phys.Rev.D59(1999)086004,hep-

ph/9807344.

[10]H.van Damm and M.Veltman,Nuc.Phys.B22(1970)397;V.I.Zakharov,JETP

Lett.12(1970)312.

[11] A.Higuchi,Nucl.Phys.B282(1987)397;B325(1989)745.

[12]M.Porrati,hep-th/0011152.

[13]I.I.Kogan,S.Mouslopoulos and A.Papazoglou,hep-th/0011138.

尊重的素材

尊重的素材(为人处世) 思路 人与人之间只有互相尊重才能友好相处 要让别人尊重自己,首先自己得尊重自己 尊重能减少人与人之间的摩擦 尊重需要理解和宽容 尊重也应坚持原则 尊重能促进社会成员之间的沟通 尊重别人的劳动成果 尊重能巩固友谊 尊重会使合作更愉快 和谐的社会需要彼此间的尊重 名言 施与人,但不要使对方有受施的感觉。帮助人,但给予对方最高的尊重。这是助人的艺术,也是仁爱的情操。—刘墉 卑己而尊人是不好的,尊己而卑人也是不好的。———徐特立 知道他自己尊严的人,他就完全不能尊重别人的尊严。———席勒 真正伟大的人是不压制人也不受人压制的。———纪伯伦 草木是靠着上天的雨露滋长的,但是它们也敢仰望穹苍。———莎士比亚 尊重别人,才能让人尊敬。———笛卡尔 谁自尊,谁就会得到尊重。———巴尔扎克 人应尊敬他自己,并应自视能配得上最高尚的东西。———黑格尔 对人不尊敬,首先就是对自己的不尊敬。———惠特曼

每当人们不尊重我们时,我们总被深深激怒。然而在内心深处,没有一个人十分尊重自己。———马克·吐温 忍辱偷生的人,绝不会受人尊重。———高乃依 敬人者,人恒敬之。———《孟子》 人必自敬,然后人敬之;人必自侮,然后人侮之。———扬雄 不知自爱反是自害。———郑善夫 仁者必敬人。———《荀子》 君子贵人而贱己,先人而后己。———《礼记》 尊严是人类灵魂中不可糟蹋的东西。———古斯曼 对一个人的尊重要达到他所希望的程度,那是困难的。———沃夫格纳 经典素材 1元和200元 (尊重劳动成果) 香港大富豪李嘉诚在下车时不慎将一元钱掉入车下,随即屈身去拾,旁边一服务生看到了,上前帮他拾起了一元钱。李嘉诚收起一元钱后,给了服务生200元酬金。 这里面其实包含了钱以外的价值观念。李嘉诚虽然巨富,但生活俭朴,从不挥霍浪费。他深知亿万资产,都是一元一元挣来的。钱币在他眼中已抽象为一种劳动,而劳动已成为他最重要的生存方式,他的所有财富,都是靠每天20小时以上的劳动堆积起来的。200元酬金,实际上是对劳动的尊重和报答,是不能用金钱衡量的。 富兰克林借书解怨 (尊重别人赢得朋友)

那一刻我感受到了幸福_初中作文

那一刻我感受到了幸福 本文是关于初中作文的那一刻我感受到了幸福,感谢您的阅读! 每个人民的心中都有一粒幸福的种子,当它拥有了雨水的滋润和阳光的沐浴,它就会绽放出最美丽的姿态。那一刻,我们都能够闻到幸福的芬芳,我们都能够感受到幸福的存在。 在寒假期间,我偶然在授索电视频道,发现(百家讲坛)栏目中大学教授正在解密幸福,顿然引起我的好奇心,我放下了手中的遥控器,静静地坐在电视前,注视着频道上的每一个字,甚至用笔急速记在了笔记本上。我还记得,那位大学教授讲到了一个故事:一位母亲被公司升职到外国工作,这位母亲虽然十分高兴,但却又十分无奈,因为她的儿子马上要面临中考了,她不能撇下儿子迎接中考的挑战,于是她决定拒绝这了份高薪的工作,当有人问她为什么放弃这么好的机会时,她却毫无遗憾地说,纵然我能给予儿子最贵的礼物,优异的生活环境,但我却无当给予他关键时刻的那份呵护与关爱,或许以后的一切会证明我的选择是正确的。听完这样一段故事,我心中有种说不出的感觉,刹那间,我仿拂感觉那身边正在包饺子的妈妈,屋里正在睡觉的爸爸,桌前正在看小说的妹妹给我带来了一种温馨,幸福感觉。正如教授所说的那种解密幸福。就要选择一个明确的目标,确定自已追求的是什么,或许那时我还不能完全诠释幸福。 当幸福悄悄向我走来时,我已慢慢明白,懂得珍惜了。 那一天的那一刻对我来说太重要了,原本以为出差在外的父母早已忘了我的生日,只有妹妹整日算着日子。我在耳边唠叨个不停,没想到当日我失落地回到家中时,以为心中并不在乎生日,可是眼前的一切,让我心中涌现的喜悦,脸上露出的微笑证明我是在乎的。

爸爸唱的英文生日快乐歌虽然不是很动听,但爸爸对我的那份爱我听得很清楚,妈妈为我做的长寿面,我细细的品尝,吃出了爱的味道。妹妹急忙让我许下三个愿望,嘴里不停的唠叨:我知道你的三个愿望是什么?我问:为什么呀!我们是一家人,心连心呀!她高兴的说。 那一刻我才真正解开幸福的密码,感受到了真正的幸福,以前我无法理解幸福,即使身边有够多的幸福也不懂得欣赏,不懂得珍惜,只想拥有更好更贵的,其实幸福比物质更珍贵。 那一刻的幸福就是爱的升华,许多时候能让我们感悟幸福不是名利,物质。而是在血管里涌动着的,漫过心底的爱。 也许每一个人生的那一刻,就是我们幸运的降临在一个温馨的家庭中,而不是降临在孤独的角落里。 家的感觉就是幸福的感觉,幸福一直都存在于我们的身边!

对翻译中异化法与归化法的正确认识

对翻译中异化法与归化法的正确认识 班级:外语学院、075班 学号:074050143 姓名:张学美 摘要:运用异化与归化翻译方法,不仅是为了让读者了解作品的内容,也能让读者通过阅读译作,了解另一种全新的文化,因为进行文化交流才是翻译的根本任务。从文化的角度考虑,采用异化法与归化法,不仅能使译文更加完美,更能使不懂外语的人们通过阅读译文,了解另一种文化,促进各民族人们之间的交流与理解。翻译不仅是语言符号的转换,更是跨文化的交流。有时,从语言的角度所作出的译文可能远不及从文化的角度所作出的译文完美。本文从翻译策略的角度,分别从不同时期来说明人们对异化法与归化法的认识和运用。 关键词:文学翻译;翻译策略;异化;归化;辩证统一 一直以来,无论是在我国还是在西方,直译(literal translation)与意译(liberal translation)是两种在实践中运用最多,也是被讨论研究最多的方法。1995年,美籍意大利学者劳伦斯-韦努蒂(Lawrence Venuti)提出了归化(domestication)与异化(foreignization)之说,将有关直译与意译的争辩转向了对于归化与异化的思考。归化与异化之争是直译与意译之争的延伸,是两对不能等同的概念。直译和意译主要集中于语言层面,而异化和归化则突破语言的范畴,将视野扩展到语言、文化、思维、美学等更多更广阔的领域。 一、归化翻译法 Lawrwnce Venuti对归化的定义是,遵守译入语语言文化和当前的主流价值观,对原文采用保守的同化手段,使其迎合本土的典律,出版潮流和政治潮流。采用归化方法就是尽可能不去打扰读者,而让作者向读者靠拢(the translator leaves the reader in peace, as much as possible, and moves the author towards him)。归化翻译法的目的在于向读者传递原作的基本精神和语义内容,不在于语言形式或个别细节的一一再现。它的优点在于其流利通顺的语言易为读者所接受,译文不会对读者造成理解上的障碍,其缺点则是译作往往仅停留在内容、情节或主要精神意旨方面,而无法进入沉淀在语言内核的文化本质深处。 有时归化翻译法的采用也是出于一种不得已,翻译活动不是在真空中进行的,它受源语文化和译语文化两种不同文化语境的制约,还要考虑到两种文化之间的

地球物理勘查名词术语

中华人民共和国国家标准 GB XXXX--XX 地球物理勘查名词术语 Terms Of geophysical exploration 1 主题内容及适用范围 本标准规定了地球物理勘查(包括重力勘查、磁勘查、电勘查、地震勘查、测井及核物探)中常用的、主要的、本学科专有的名词术语。 本标准适用于地球物理勘查工作的语言和文字交流。 2 基本术语 2.1 地球物理勘查geophysical exploration 运用物理学的原理、方法和仪器以研究地质情况或寻查埋藏物的一类勘查。 同义词物探;地球物理勘探:(勘探地球物理;地球物理探矿) 注:1.取决于使用场合,该术语可附加后缀“法”或“学”。 2.根据具体情况,可以使用“航空物探”,“海洋物探”,“地面物探”,“地下物探”,“深部物探”,“区域物探”, “工程物探”,“环境物探”,……等术语。 2.2 正常场normal field 物理场的相对平稳部分。 2.3 异常anomaly 物理场对正常场的偏离。 2.3.1 理论异常theoretical anomaly 正演所获得的异常。 同义词计算异常 2.4 物性physical properties 岩(矿)石或其它探测对象的物理性质。 2.5 异向性系数coefficient of anisotropy 描述介质垂直层理(片理、节理等)方向与平行层理方向的物性差异的一种参数。 同义词(各向异性系数;非各向同性系数) 2.6 地球物理正演geophysical direct problem 根据地质体或其它探测对象的几何参数和物理参数计算地球物理场值。 同义词物探正演 2.7 地球物理反演geophysical inversion 根据地球物理场值,计算地质体或其它探测对象的几何参数和物性参数。 同义词物探反演 国家技术监督局XXXX—XX—XX批准 XXXX—XX—XX实施

关于我的幸福作文八篇汇总

关于我的幸福作文八篇汇总 幸福在每个人的心中都不一样。在饥饿者的心中,幸福就是一碗香喷喷的米饭;在果农的心中,幸福就是望着果实慢慢成熟;在旅行者的心中,幸福就是游遍世界上的好山好水。而在我的心中,幸福就是每天快快乐乐,无忧无虑;幸福就是朋友之间互相帮助,互相关心;幸福就是在我生病时,母亲彻夜细心的照顾我。 幸福在世间上的每个角落都可以发现,只是需要你用心去感受而已。 记得有一次,我早上出门走得太匆忙了,忘记带昨天晚上准备好的钢笔。老师说了:“今天有写字课,必须要用钢笔写字,不能用水笔。”我只好到学校向同学借了。当我来到学校向我同桌借时,他却说:“我已经借别人了,你向别人借吧!”我又向后面的同学借,可他们总是找各种借口说:“我只带了一枝。”问了三四个人,都没有借到,而且还碰了一鼻子灰。正当我急的像热锅上的蚂蚁团团转时,她递给了我一枝钢笔,微笑的对我说:“拿去用吧!”我顿时感到自己是多么幸福!在我最困难的时候,当别人都不愿意帮助我的时候,她向我伸出了援手。 幸福也是无时无刻都在身旁。 当我生病的时候,高烧持续不退时,是妈妈在旁边细心

的照顾我,喂我吃药,甚至一夜寸步不离的守在我的床边,直到我苏醒。当我看见妈妈的眼睛布满血丝时,我的眼眶在不知不觉地湿润了。这时我便明白我有一个最疼爱我的妈妈,我是幸福的! 幸福就是如此简单!不过,我们还是要珍惜眼前的幸福,还要给别人带来幸福,留心观察幸福。不要等幸福悄悄溜走了才发现,那就真的是后悔莫及了! 这就是我拥有的幸福,你呢? 悠扬的琴声从房间里飘出来,原来这是我在弹钢琴。优美的旋律加上我很强的音乐表现力让一旁姥爷听得如醉如痴。姥爷说我是幸福的,读了《建设幸福中国》我更加体会到了这一点。 儿时的姥爷很喜欢读书,但当时家里穷,据姥爷讲那时上学可不像现在。有点三天打鱼两天晒网,等地里农活忙了太姥爷就说:“别去念书了,干地里的活吧。”干活时都是牛马拉车,也没机器,效率特别低。还要给牲口拔草,喂草,拾柴火,看书都是抽空看。等农闲时才能背书包去学校,衣服更是老大穿了,打补丁老二再接着穿,只有盼到过年时才有能换上件粗布的新衣服。写字都是用石板,用一次擦一次,那时还没有电灯,爱学习的姥爷在昏暗的煤油灯下经常被灯火不是烧了眉毛就是燎了头发。没有电灯更没有电视,没有电视更没有见过钢琴,只知道钢琴是贵族家用的。

android layout_gravity 和 android gravity 的区别

1.gravity 这个英文单词是重心的意思,在这里就表示停靠位 置的意思。 android:layout_gravity 和android:gravity 的区别 从名字上可以看到,android:gravity是对元素本身说的,元素本身的文本显示在什么地方靠着换个属性设置,不过不设置默认是在左侧的。 android:layout_gravity是相对与它的父元素说的,说明元素显示在父元素的什么位置。 比如说button:android:layout_gravity 表示按钮在界面上的位置。android:gravity表示button上的字在button上的位置。 可选值 这两个属性可选的值有:top、bottom、left、right、center_vertical、fill_vertical、center_horizontal、fill_horizontal、center、fill、clip_vertical。

而且这些属性是可以多选的,用“|”分开。 默认这个的值是:Gravity.LEFT 对这些属性的描述: 出自: https://www.doczj.com/doc/c72080558.html,/guide/topics/resources/drawable-res ource.html https://www.doczj.com/doc/c72080558.html,/reference/android/graphics/drawable /ClipDrawable.html Value Description top Put the object at the top of its container, not changing its size. 将对象放在其容器的顶部,不改变其大小. bottom Put the object at the bottom of its container, not changing its size. 将对象放在其容器的底部,不改变其大小.

小学生作文《感悟幸福》范文五篇汇总

小学生作文《感悟幸福》范文五篇 小草说,幸福就是大地增添一份绿意;阳光说,幸福就是撒向人间的温暖;甘露说,幸福就是滋润每一个生命。下面是为大家带来的有关幸福650字优秀范文,希望大家喜欢。 感悟幸福650字1 生活就像一部壮丽的交响曲,它是由一篇一篇的乐章组成的,有喜、有怒、有哀、有乐。每一个人都有自己丰富多彩的生活,我也有自己的生活。我原本以为,吃可口的牛排,打电脑游戏,和朋友开心玩乐就是幸福。可是,我错了,幸福并不仅仅如此。 记得有一次,我放学回到家里放下书包就拿起一包饼干来吃。吃着吃着,突然我觉得牙齿痛了起来,而且越来越痛,痛得我连饼干也咬不动了。我放下饼干,连忙去拿了一面镜子来看。原来这又是那一颗虫牙在“作怪”。“哎哟哟,哎哟哟,痛死我了……”我不停地说着。渐渐地,那牙疼得越来越厉害,疼得我坐立不安,直打滚。后来在妈妈的陪伴下去了医院,治好了那颗虫牙。跨出医院大门时,我觉得心情出奇的好,天空格外的蓝,路边的樟树特别的绿,看什么都顺眼,才猛然一悟,幸福是简单而平凡的,身体健康就是一种幸福! 这学期我发现我的英语退步了,我决定要把这门功课学好,于是,我每天回

家做完作业后,都抽出半小时时间复习英语,在课上也听得特别认真,一遇到不懂的题目主动请教老师。经过一段时间的努力,终于,在上次考试的时候,我考了97分。妈妈表扬了我,我心里美滋滋的。我明白了经过自己的努力享受到成功的喜悦,这也是一种幸福。 …… 每个人都无一例外的渴望幸福。不同的人有不同的感受,其实,幸福就是那种能在平凡中寻找欢乐、能在困境中找到自信的一种心境。同学们,幸福其实很简单,就在我们的身边,触手可及。用心去认真地品味吧,它一直未曾离开我们身边! 感悟幸福650字2 有的人认为幸福就是腰缠万贯,有的人认为幸福就是找到意中人,“采菊东篱下,悠然见南山”是陶渊明对邪恶幸福,“从明天起做一个幸福人,喂马、劈柴、周游世界。从明天起,关心蔬菜和粮食,我有一所房子,面朝大海,春暖花开。”这是海子的幸福。一千种人就有一千种对幸福的理解。 我对幸福的理解就是幸福使简单而平凡的,是无处不在的! 我的牙疼得奇怪而顽强不是这颗牙疼就是那颗牙疼;不是吃冷的疼就是吃热

(精校版)沪教牛津版初中英语单词表

(完整word版)沪教牛津版初中英语单词表 编辑整理: 尊敬的读者朋友们: 这里是精品文档编辑中心,本文档内容是由我和我的同事精心编辑整理后发布的,发布之前我们对文中内容进行仔细校对,但是难免会有疏漏的地方,但是任然希望((完整word版)沪教牛津版初中英语单词表)的内容能够给您的工作和学习带来便利。同时也真诚的希望收到您的建议和反馈,这将是我们进步的源泉,前进的动力。 本文可编辑可修改,如果觉得对您有帮助请收藏以便随时查阅,最后祝您生活愉快业绩进步,以下为(完整word版)沪教牛津版初中英语单词表的全部内容。

沪教版七年级上单词表 Unit 1 German adj. 德国的 blog n. 博客 grammar n。语法 sound n. 声音complete v。完成 hobby n. 爱好 country n. 国家 age n。年龄 dream n.梦想 everyone pron. 人人;所有人 Germany n. 德国mountain n。山;山脉elder adj. 年长的friendly adj。友爱的;友好的 engineer n.工程师 world n. 世界 Japan n。日本 flat n. 公寓 yourself pron.你自己 US n. 美国close to (在空间、时间上) 接近 go to school 去上学 (be) good at 擅长 make friends with 与..。... 交朋友 all over 遍及 ’d like to = would like to 愿意 Unit2 daily adj。每日的;日常 的 article n。文章 never adv. 从不 table tennis n.兵乓球 ride v. 骑;驾驶 usually adv。通常地 so conj. 因此;所以 seldom adv.不常;很少 Geography n. 地理 break n. 休息 bell n。钟;铃 ring v。(使)发出钟声, 响起铃声 end v。结束;终止 band n。乐队 practice n. 练习 together adv。在一起 market n。集市;市场 guitar n。吉他 grade n. 年级 junior high school 初级 中学 on foot步行 take part in 参加 have a good time 过得愉快 go to bed 去睡觉 get up 起床 Unit3 Earth n. 地球 quiz n。知识竞赛;小测 试 pattern n。模式;形式 protect v.保护 report n。报告 part n. 部分

关于以幸福为话题的作文800字记叙文5篇

关于以幸福为话题的作文800字记叙文5篇 ----WORD文档,下载后可编辑修改---- 下面是作者为各位家长学生收集整理的作文(日记、观后感等)范本,欢迎借鉴参考阅读,您的努力学习和创新是为了更美好的未来,欢迎下载! 以幸福为话题的作文800字记叙文1: 那是我生病后的第三天,妈妈从早上五点就起来为我准备早点。她蹑手蹑脚地走着“针步”,下楼煮早点,“啪”的一声,妈妈打开了煤气。在拿肉丝,打鸡蛋的她全然不知我正躲在楼梯口“监视”着她的一举一动。不一会儿,蛋炒好了。 她开始切肉丝,一不小心,妈妈的手指切破皮了,鲜血正一滴一滴地流下来,为了不影响我的睡眠,她把手指放在嘴里吸了一下,坚持把剩下的肉丝切完。 此时的我,心中犹如打翻了五味瓶,眼里的泪像断了线的珍珠般掉了下来,我再也忍不住了,一个劲地冲到妈妈面前,她赶紧把手背了过去,生怕让我知道了什么。 她吃惊地问我:“妈妈太吵了,吵到你了?”“不,不,没有”她见我这么早起来就让我再回去补个觉。我关心地问:“妈,你的手没事吧?”她吱唔着说:“没事,擦破点皮,不碍事!”我仔细地帮她清洗了伤口,贴了一片创可贴。 吃饭时,妈妈一直地往我碗里夹肉,“孩子,病刚好,多吃点!”可是我见她始终都没吃一块肉。我也夹了两块放在她的碗里。“儿子懂事了,你自己快点吃吧!补身体要紧!”我冲她点点头笑了笑,“嗯。” 这就是幸福,一份简简单单的幸福!我祈祷这幸福能伴我成长。 以幸福为话题的作文800字记叙文2: 在我眼中,成长就是记录我们长大过程中一点一滴的小事情的,而幸福就在这点点滴滴中。 在我的成长记忆中,永不磨灭的是2017年11月的一天。妈妈要去云南,妈妈早上四点半要到指定地点集合,这么早,妈妈要两三点就起来,可是最近我咳嗽比较严重,所以天天给我煮萝卜汤喝。 “叮铃铃,叮铃铃”闹钟叫了起来,把我从睡梦中吵醒,一醒来,去找妈妈,

翻译中的归化与异化

“异化”与“归化”之间的关系并评述 1、什么是归化与异化 归化”与“异化”是翻译中常面临的两种选择。钱锺书相应地称这两种情形叫“汉化”与“欧化”。A.归化 所谓“归化”(domestication 或target-language-orientedness),是指在翻译过程中尽可能用本民族的方式去表现外来的作品;归化翻译法旨在尽量减少译文中的异国情调,为目的语读者提供一种自然流畅的译文。Venuti 认为,归化法源于这一著名翻译论说,“尽量不干扰读者,请作者向读者靠近” 归化翻译法通常包含以下几个步骤:(1)谨慎地选择适合于归化翻译的文本;(2)有意识地采取一种自然流畅的目的语文体;(3)把译文调整成目的语篇体裁;(4)插入解释性资料;(5)删去原文中的实观材料;(6)调协译文和原文中的观念与特征。 B.“异化”(foreignization或source-language-orientedness)则相反,认为既然是翻译,就得译出外国的味儿。异化是根据既定的语法规则按字面意思将和源语文化紧密相连的短语或句子译成目标语。例如,将“九牛二虎之力”译为“the strength of nine bulls and two tigers”。异化能够很好地保留和传递原文的文化内涵,使译文具有异国情调,有利于各国文化的交流。但对于不熟悉源语及其文化的读者来说,存在一定的理解困难。随着各国文化交流愈来愈紧密,原先对于目标语读者很陌生的词句也会变得越来越普遍,即异化的程度会逐步降低。 Rome was not built in a day. 归化:冰冻三尺,非一日之寒. 异化:罗马不是一天建成的. 冰冻三尺,非一日之寒 异化:Rome was not built in a day. 归化:the thick ice is not formed in a day. 2、归化异化与直译意译 归化和异化,一个要求“接近读者”,一个要求“接近作者”,具有较强的界定性;相比之下,直译和意译则比较偏重“形式”上的自由与不自由。有的文中把归化等同于意译,异化等同于直译,这样做其实不够科学。归化和异化其实是在忠实地传达原作“说了什么”的基础之上,对是否尽可能展示原作是“怎么说”,是否最大限度地再现原作在语言文化上的特有风味上采取的不同态度。两对术语相比,归化和异化更多地是有关文化的问题,即是否要保持原作洋味的问题。 3、不同层面上的归化与异化 1、句式 翻译中“归化”表现在把原文的句式(syntactical structure)按照中文的习惯句式译出。

尊重议论文

谈如何尊重人尊重他人,我们赢得友谊;尊重他人,我们收获真诚;尊重他人,我们自己也 获得尊重;相互尊重,我们的社会才会更加和谐. ——题记 尊重是对他人的肯定,是对对方的友好与宽容。它是友谊的润滑剂,它是和谐的调节器, 它是我们须臾不可脱离的清新空气。“主席敬酒,岂敢岂敢?”“尊老敬贤,应该应该!”共和 国领袖对自己老师虚怀若谷,这是尊重;面对许光平女士,共和国总理大方的叫了一 声“婶婶”,这种和蔼可亲也是尊重。 尊重不仅会让人心情愉悦呼吸平顺,还可以改变陌生或尖锐的关系,廉颇和蔺相如便是 如此。将相和故事千古流芳:廉颇对蔺相如不满,处处使难,但蔺相如心怀大局,对廉颇相 当的尊重,最后也赢得了廉颇的真诚心,两人结为好友,共辅赵王,令强秦拿赵国一点办法 也没有。蔺相如与廉颇的互相尊重,令得将相和的故事千百年令无数后人膜拜。 现在,给大家举几个例子。在美国,一个颇有名望的富商在散步 时,遇到一个瘦弱的摆地摊卖旧书的年轻人,他缩着身子在寒风中啃着发霉的面包。富 商怜悯地将8美元塞到年轻人手中,头也不回地走了。没走多远,富商忽又返回,从地摊上 捡了两本旧书,并说:“对不起,我忘了取书。其实,您和我一样也是商人!”两年后,富商 应邀参加一个慈善募捐会时,一位年轻书商紧握着他的手,感激地说:“我一直以为我这一生 只有摆摊乞讨的命运,直到你亲口对我说,我和你一样都是商人,这才使我树立了自尊和自 信,从而创造了今天的业绩??”不难想像,没有那一 句尊重鼓励的话,这位富商当初即使给年轻人再多钱,年轻人也断不会出现人生的巨变, 这就是尊重的力量啊 可见尊重的量是多吗大。大家是不是觉得一个故事不精彩,不够明确尊重的力量,那再 来看下一个故事吧! 一家国际知名的大企业,在中国进行招聘,招聘的职位是该公司在中国的首席代表。经 过了异常激烈的竞争后,有五名年轻人,从几千名应聘者中脱颖而出。最后的胜出者,将是 这五个人中的一位。最后的考试是一场面试,考官们都 作文话题素材之为人处世篇:尊重 思路 人与人之间只有互相尊重才能友好相处 要让别人尊重自己,首先自己得尊重自己 尊重能减少人与人之间的摩擦 尊重需要理解和宽容 尊重也应坚持原则 尊重能促进社会成员之间的沟通 尊重别人的劳动成果 尊重能巩固友谊 尊重会使合作更愉快 和谐的社会需要彼此间的尊重 名言 施与人,但不要使对方有受施的感觉。帮助人,但给予对方最高的尊重。这是助人的艺 术,也是仁爱的情操。———刘墉 卑己而尊人是不好的,尊己而卑人也是不好的。———徐特立 知道他自己尊严的人,他就完全不能尊重别人的尊严。———席勒 真正伟大的人是不压制人也不受人压制的。———纪伯伦 草木是靠着上天的雨露滋长的,但是它们也敢仰望穹苍。———莎士比亚

最新整理高中关于幸福的议论文800字范文3篇

最新整理高中关于幸福的议论文800字范文3篇 范文一 什么是幸福?当我把一个棒棒糖递给六岁的邻居小妹妹时,她满足的笑容告诉我,这是她的幸福。当我轻轻地走过妹妹的写字台时,我瞥见埋在桌上的妹妹的僵硬的表情。我笑笑,走近,她抬头,水汪汪的眼睛望着我,似乎带着某种渴求。我说:出去玩吧!她笑了,蹦蹦跳跳地跑了出去。我诧异,这么真诚的笑。玩耍是她的幸福。 暑假到了,马上面临实习的哥哥回来了。可没过几天,就不见人影了,好容易盼他回来,暑假也结束了。他说他去了内蒙的好多地方。我关切的问他累吗?他说:累啊!随后又骄傲地说:“可是我学会了许多东西,我相信那对我以后的人生路是有帮助的。”我笑,大声地喊:哥,你是我的榜样。在他看来,他的暑假是充实的,他是幸福的! 夜幕降临,繁星点点。隔着一层帘,我看见常年劳作的父亲坐在那里,默默地吸着一支烟。灯光打在他的脸上,我看不清他的表情,只有那斑白的鬓角依稀可见。父亲真的老了,每天早出晚归来支撑这个家,他一定很累了。眼泪盈满了眼眶,最后还是不争气的流了下来……“咳、、咳、、”一阵剧烈的咳嗽声传来。我擦干眼泪,走到父亲旁边,父亲把那支烟熄灭,慈祥的笑笑,说:爸爸老了,不中用了。我说:没有啊!父女两开怀的笑了,笑声混着一个个烟圈飘向远方……我问父亲:爸,这么多年付出,这么多年劳作,你幸福吗?他坚定地告诉我,幸福!他说:“只要你们开开心心快快乐乐地成长,我做的一切都值得。”他又说:“霞,好好读书,爸爸赚钱供你上大学,我还没老呢,至少还能干XX年,20年……然后是一片寂静,我和父亲看着远方,那里有希望。 年迈的姥姥是家里的大长辈,他常常念叨:平安就是福。那也许是经历了人生的酸甜苦辣后的感悟吧!每逢新春,一大家人在姥姥家围着看电视时,那应该是她的幸福吧! 幸福是什么?它不是你一个人拥有一座豪宅,它是一家人在并不宽敞的屋子里谈笑风生。它不是你一个人有拥山珍海味,它是一家人和和乐乐的吃一些普通

翻译的归化与异化

万方数据

万方数据

万方数据

万方数据

翻译的归化与异化 作者:熊启煦 作者单位:西南民族大学,四川,成都,610041 刊名: 西南民族大学学报(人文社科版) 英文刊名:JOURNAL OF SOUTHWEST UNIVERSITY FOR NATIONALITIES(HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCE) 年,卷(期):2005,26(8) 被引用次数:14次 参考文献(3条) 1.鲁迅且介亭杂文二集·题未定草 2.刘英凯归化--翻译的歧路 3.钱钟书林纾的翻译 引证文献(15条) 1.郭锋一小议英语翻译当中的信达雅[期刊论文]-青春岁月 2011(4) 2.许丽红论汉英语言中的文化差异与翻译策略[期刊论文]-考试周刊 2010(7) 3.王笑东浅谈汉英语言中的差异与翻译方法[期刊论文]-中国校外教育(理论) 2010(6) 4.王宁中西语言中的文化差异与翻译[期刊论文]-中国科技纵横 2010(12) 5.鲍勤.陈利平英语隐喻类型及翻译策略[期刊论文]-云南农业大学学报(社会科学版) 2010(2) 6.罗琴.宋海林浅谈汉英语言中的文化差异及翻译策略[期刊论文]-内江师范学院学报 2010(z2) 7.白蓝跨文化视野下文学作品的英译策略[期刊论文]-湖南社会科学 2009(5) 8.王梦颖探析汉英语言中的文化差异与翻译策略[期刊论文]-中国校外教育(理论) 2009(8) 9.常晖英汉成语跨文化翻译策略[期刊论文]-河北理工大学学报(社会科学版) 2009(1) 10.常晖对翻译文化建构的几点思考[期刊论文]-牡丹江师范学院学报(哲学社会科学版) 2009(4) 11.常晖认知——功能视角下隐喻的汉译策略[期刊论文]-外语与外语教学 2008(11) 12.赵勇刚汉英语言中的文化差异与翻译策略[期刊论文]-时代文学 2008(6) 13.常晖.胡渝镛从文化角度看文学作品的翻译[期刊论文]-重庆工学院学报(社会科学版) 2008(7) 14.曾凤英从文化认知的视角谈英语隐喻的翻译[期刊论文]-各界 2007(6) 15.罗琴.宋海林浅谈汉英语言中的文化差异及翻译策略[期刊论文]-内江师范学院学报 2010(z2) 本文链接:https://www.doczj.com/doc/c72080558.html,/Periodical_xnmzxyxb-zxshkxb200508090.aspx

感受幸福作文(15篇)

感受幸福作文(15篇) 感受幸福作文第1篇: 幸福是什么?这是许多同学要问的问题。 很小的时候,我就明白钱能够买来一大盒巧克力;钱能够买来玩具汽车;钱能够买许多的美丽的洋娃娃;钱能够买来一个大楼…… 我以为有钱就是幸福。 倡我错了,钱虽然能够买来一屋子巧克力,但买了甜蜜,钱虽然能买到房子,可是却买来家庭幸福;钱虽然能买来药,可是却买来健康,钱虽然能买来闹钟,可是买来时间……那时,我又明白了有钱必须幸福。 以前,我总是为了一条连衣裙而朝思暮想,盼望有一天能够穿上裙子,去放风筝。那时候,我以为拥有就是幸福。 最终有一天,妈妈给我买了这条连衣裙,我高兴的一宿都没有睡觉。可是几天的新鲜劲没有了,穿上裙子后,我并没有什么改变,依然是一个黄毛丫头。于是把它扔到箱子里。几个月后,我又把它翻出来,可是已经小了,穿下了。我又明白了,虽然裙子很美,但都是暂时的,完美的时光总是转瞬消失。 “幸福是什么?”我依然没有感受到。 几年后,我在街上看到了一对耄耋老人,他们虽然履蹒跚,可是互相搀扶,有时抬头看看天上的云卷云舒,有时望望西天如血的残阳,她们脸上洋溢着的是满足和幸福。 噢,我明白幸福就是真情。虽然他们很穷,可是他们很

相爱。他们彼此珍惜,从感叹世界对他们的公平。往往有的有钱人,他们虽然很有钱,可是他们并幸福,因为他们的心总是被金钱和权势所占据了,根本享受了这天伦之乐。 幸福其实很简单,就是和爸爸、妈妈吃一顿饭,和他在一齐聊聊天。 感受幸福作文第2篇: 夜,悄悄地打开了黑暗,散布着一如既往的宁静,天上的繁星披上了闪装,正对着我的眼,似乎害怕我听到它们之间的悄悄话。 知何时,甘寂寞的虫儿起劲地奏起了动听的乐曲,清凉的微风夹杂着泥土的芳香悄悄地将白天的烦闷与喧嚣赶跑。夜,显得更加宁静而诗意了。 静静的,左思,右想,就这样静静地坐在楼顶上,感受着夜馈赠我的美妙。就连天上偶尔飘过的云朵,也像是怕惊动了夜的宁静,如绒毛在平静水面滑过般,显得那么轻柔而迷人。 今夜独处在空旷的夜空下,感受着夜带给我的美妙,幸福惬意溢满于心。原先自我一向以来苦苦追寻的幸福其实就在自我的身边。 以往,有人努力打拼,渴望生活富裕来获得幸福,可一辈子的艰辛拼搏使自我逐渐沦为金钱的奴隶,苦苦追寻的幸福也越寻越远,最终留给自我的是岁月无情地染白的头发。其实,幸福并非是追寻能得到的,幸福是一种感受,仅有用心感受身边的一切,你就能发现,幸福无处在,譬如,管贫

归化与异化翻译实例

翻译作业10 Nov 15 一、请按归化法(Domestication)翻译下列习语。 Kill two birds with one stone a wolf in sheep’s clothing strike while the iron is hot. go through fire and water add fuel to the flames / pour oil on the flames spring up like mushrooms every dog has his day keep one’s head above water live a dog’s life as poor as a church mouse a lucky dog an ass in a lion’s skin a wolf in sheep’s clothing Love me, love my dog. a lion in the way lick one’s boots as timid as a hare at a stone’s throw as stupid as a goose wet like a drown rat as dumb as an oyster lead a dog’s life talk horse One boy is a boy, two boys half a boy, and three boys nobody. Man proposes, God disposes. Cry up wine and sell vinegar (cry up, to praise; extol: to cry up one's profession) Once bitten, twice shy. An hour in the morning is worth two in the evening. New booms sweep clean. take French leave seek a hare in a hen’s nest have an old head on young shoulder Justice has long arms You can’t teach an old dog Rome was not built in a day. He that lives with cripples learns to limp. Everybody’s business is nobody’s business. The more you get, the more you want. 二、请按异化法(foreignization)翻译下列习语。 Kill two birds with one stone a wolf in sheep’s clothing

Density and Specific Gravity

Density and Specific Gravity (1) Density (r)of a material is defined as mass per unit volume and is usually represented in the SI system by the units g*cm-3or kg*m-3. There are a number of different methods and devices for determining the density of a substance, and there are also a number of factors that can affect the density of a sample. If the exact composition of a non-homogeneous ) can be determined using the mass material is known, its solid density(r s and density of each of the n components using the following equation: The density of materials such as agricultural grains, which consist of many small particles, can be expressed in terms of solid density,particle density or bulk density. Solid density considers the mass and volume of the solid matter only and does not include any air spaces within the mixture. Particle density describes the mass per unit volume of an individual particle (e.g. corn kernel) from the sample. Bulk density, on the other hand, considers the total mass and total volume of a large quantity of the particles. Specific gravity is a dimensionless term used to compare the densities of different materials relative to water. Specific gravity of a substance is defined as the ratio of the substance’s density to the density of wa ter at the same temperature. From this information, it can be determined that if the specific gravity of a material is less than 1, it is less dense than water, and if the specific gravity is greater than 1, it is more dense than water. 1. Stroshine and Hamann. 1994. Physical Properties of Agricultural Materials and Food Products. 17-18.

尊重他人的写作素材

尊重他人的写作素材 导读:——学生最需要礼貌 著名数学家陈景润回厦门大学参加 60 周年校庆,向欢迎的人们说的第一句话是:“我非常高兴回到母校,我常常怀念老师。”被人誉为“懂得人的价值”的著名经济学家、厦门大学老校长王亚南,曾经给予陈景润无微不至的关心和帮助。陈景润重返母校,首先拜访这位老校长。校庆的第三天,陈景润又出现在向“哥德巴赫猜想”进军的启蒙老师李文清教授家中,陈景润非常尊重和感激他。他还把最新发表的数学论文敬送李教授审阅,并在论文扉页上工工整整写了以下的字:“非常感谢老师的长期指导和培养——您的学生陈景润。”陈景润还拜访了方德植教授,方教授望着成就斐然而有礼貌的学生,心里暖暖的。 ——最需要尊重的人是老师 周恩来少年时在沈阳东关模范学校读书期间 , 受到进步教师高盘之的较大影响。他常用的笔名“翔宇”就是高先生为他取的。周恩来参加革命后不忘师恩 , 曾在延安答外国记者问时说:“少年时代我在沈阳读书 , 得山东高盘之先生教诲与鼓励 , 对我是个很大的 促进。” 停奏抗议的反思 ——没有礼仪就没有尊重 孔祥东是著名的钢琴演奏家。 1998 年 6 月 6 日晚,他在汕头

举办个人钢琴独奏音乐会。演出之前,节目主持人再三强调,场内观众不要随意走动,关掉 BP 机、手提电话。然而,演出的过程中,这种令人遗憾的场面却屡屡发生:场内观众随意走动, BP 机、手提电话响声不绝,致使孔祥东情绪大受干扰。这种情况,在演奏舒曼作品时更甚。孔祥东只好停止演奏,静等剧场安静。然而,观众还误以为孔祥东是在渴望掌声,便报以雷鸣般的掌声。这件事,令孔祥东啼笑皆非。演出结束后,孔祥东说:有个 BP 机至少响了 8 次,观众在第一排来回走动,所以他只得以停奏抗议。 “礼遇”的动力 ——尊重可以让人奋发 日本的东芝公司是一家著名的大型企业,创业已经有 90 多年的历史,拥有员工 8 万多人。不过,东芝公司也曾一度陷入困境,土光敏夫就是在这个时候出任董事长的。他决心振兴企业,而秘密武器之一就是“礼遇”部属。身为偌大一个公司的董事长,他毫无架子,经常不带秘书,一个人步行到工厂车间与工人聊天,听取他们的意见。更妙的是,他常常提着酒瓶去慰劳职工,与他们共饮。对此,员工们开始都感到很吃惊,不知所措。渐渐地,员工们都愿意和他亲近,他赢得了公司上下的好评。他们认为,土光董事长和蔼可亲,有人情味,我们更应该努力,竭力效忠。因此,土光上任不久,公司的效益就大力提高,两年内就把亏损严重、日暮途穷的公司重新支撑起来,使东芝成为日本最优秀的公司之一。可见,礼,不仅是调节领导层之间关

感悟幸福(作文)(20篇)

感悟幸福(作文)(20篇) 篇一篇的乐章组成的,喜、怒、哀、乐。每一个人都自我丰富多彩的生活,我也自我的生活。我原本以为,吃可口的牛排,打电脑游戏,和朋友开心玩乐就是幸福。可是,我错了,幸福并不仅仅如此。 记得一次,我放学回到家里放下书包就拿起一包饼干来吃。吃着吃着,突然我觉得牙齿痛了起来,并且越来越痛,痛得我连饼干也咬不动了。我放下饼干,连忙去拿了一面镜子来看。原先这又是那一颗虫牙在“作怪”。“哎哟哟,哎哟哟,痛死我了”我不停地说着。渐渐地,那牙疼得越来越厉害,疼得我坐立不安,直打滚。之后在妈妈的陪伴下去了医院,治好了那颗虫牙。跨出医院大门时,我觉得心境出奇的好,天空格外的蓝,路边的樟树异常的绿,看什么都顺眼,才猛然一悟,幸福是简单而平凡的,身体健康就是一种幸福! 这学期我发现我的英语退步了,我决定要把这门功课学好,于是,我每一天回家做完作业后,都抽出半小时时间复习英语,在课上也听得异常认真,一遇到不懂的题目主动请教教师。经过一段时间的努力,最终,在上次考试的时候,我考了97分。妈妈表扬了我,我心里美滋滋的。我明白了经过自我的努力享受到成功的喜悦,这也是一种幸福。

每个人都无一例外的渴望幸福。不一样的人不一样的感受,其实,幸福就是那种能在平凡中寻找欢乐、能在困境中找到自信的一种心境。同学们,幸福其实很简单,就在我们的身边,触手可及。用心去认真地品味吧,它一向未曾离开我们身边! 感悟幸福(作文) 第8篇: 幸福无时没,幸福无处不在。儿时,你的幸福就是当你跌倒失声痛苦时,母亲抱起你,拍打着你背时的那句“别哭。”;成年时,你的幸福就是在你结婚时你身旁的那位拉起你的手问你的那句“你愿意吗”;老年时,你的幸福就是在椅子背后孙子的那句“奶奶我帮你敲背!”。家庭中,幸福是一家子的和乐融融;学校里,幸福是同学间的互相竞争;赛场上,幸福是队友间的默契配合。 然而,幸福不全然是唾手可得的,想不付出任何代价而得到幸福,那是神话。张志新说;“苦换来的是知识真理,坚持真理,就应自觉的欣然理解痛苦,那时,也仅那时,痛苦才将化为幸福。”仅心身遭受过痛苦的洗涤,幸福才会来到,痛得越深,苦得越彻,幸福得就越甜。鲁迅说:“穿掘到灵魂的深处,使人受了精神的苦刑而得到的创伤,又即从这得伤和养伤的愈合中,得到苦的涤除,而上了苏生的路。”从而得到了幸福的真谛。拉罗什夫科说过:“幸福后面是灾祸,灾祸后面是幸福。”你想成为幸福的人吗愿你首先吃得

相关主题
文本预览
相关文档 最新文档