DOI 10.1007/s12182-010-0074-0
Yang Xiaofa 1, 2, Lin Changsong 1, Yang Haijun 3, Han Jianfa 3, Liu Jingyan 1, Zhang Yanmei 4, Peng Li 1, Jing Bing 3, Tong Jianyu 1, Wang Haiping 1 and Li Huanpu 1
1
School of Energy Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China 2
State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China 3
Tarim Oil & Gas Exploration and Development Research Institute, Korla, Xinjiang 841000, China 4
Department of Computer Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China
? China University of Petroleum (Beijing) and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010
Abstract: The Tazhong Uplift of the late Ordovician is a drowned rimmed carbonate platform. The
carbonate rock of the late Ordovician Lianglitage Formation in the northern slope of the Tazhong region is one of the signi ? cant petroliferous intervals. Based on petrofacies, depositional cycles, natural gamma-ray spectrometry and carbon/oxygen isotope data from the Lianglitage Formation, one 2nd-order, three 3rd-order and several 4th-order sequences have been recognized, and the late Ordovician relative sea-level ? uctuation curve has been established. The sequences O 3l-1 and O 3l-2 on the platform are composed of highstand and transgressive systems tracts, but lack the lowstand systems tract. The sequence O 3l-3 is a drowning sequence. The sequence O 3l-1 overlapped the eroded slope and pinched out to the northwest and landward. The highstand systems tract in the sequence O 3l-2 consists of low-angle sigmoid and high-angle shingled progradation con ? guration. Major sedimentary facies of the Lianglitage Formation include reef and shoal in the platform margin and lagoon, which can be subdivided into coral-sponge-stromatoporoid reef complex, sand shoal, lime mud mound, and intershoal sea. Reefs, sand shoals and their complex are potential reservoir facies. The reefs and sand shoals in the sequence O 3l-1 developed in the upper of its highstand systems tract. In the sequence O 3l-2, the highstand systems tract with an internal prograding con ? guration is a response to the lateral shifting of the complex of reef and sand shoal. The transgressive systems tract, in particular the sand shoals, developed widely on the slope of the platform margin and interior. The reefs in the sequence O 3l-3 migrated towards high positions and formed retrograding reefs in the western platform and low relief in the platform interior. Basinward lateral migration of the reefs and pure carbonate rock both characterize highstand systems tract and show that the rise of the relative sea-level was very slow. Shingled prograding stacking pattern of the 4th-order sequences and reefs grow horizontally, which represents the late stage of highstand systems tract and implies relative sea-level stillstand. Reefs migrating towards high land and impure carbonate rock both indicate transgressive systems tract and suggest that the relative sea-level rose fast. Erosional truncation and epidiagenetic karstification represent a falling relative sea-level. The relative sea-level fluctuation and antecedent palaeotopography control the development and distribution of reef complexes and unconformity karst zones. Currently, the composite zone of epidiagenetic karstic intervals and high-energy complexes of reefs and sand shoals with prograding con ? guration is an important oil and gas reservoir in the northern slope of the Tazhong carbonate platform.
Key words: Tarim Basin, late Ordovician, carbonate platform, depositional architecture, sea-level
? uctuation
Depositional architecture of the late Ordovician drowned carbonate platform margin and its responses to sea-level ? uctuation in the northern slope of the Tazhong region, Tarim Basin
*Corresponding author. email: lincs@https://www.doczj.com/doc/c944037.html, Received March 16, 2009
1 Introduction
The Tarim Basin is a large-scale superimposed basin developed on the pre-Sinian continental crust basement
(Jia, 1997; He et al, 2007). The Tazhong region, located in the central Tarim Basin, has an area of 27,000 km2 (Fig.
1). It is bordered by the Manjiaer Depression on the north, Tangguzibasi Depression on the south, Bachu Uplift on the west and Tadong Uplift on the east (Jia, 1997). The Ordovician carbonate formation is an important target for exploration in the Tazhong region, and a series of Ordovician oil and gas ? elds have been discovered so far (He et al, 2007; Zhao et al, 2009). The carbonate rock of the late Ordovician Lianglitage Formation in the northern slope of the Tazhong region is one of the signi? cant petroliferous intervals in the Tarim Oil? eld (Lü et al, 2007; Li et al, 2009; Zhou et al, 2009).
The Tazhong Uplift of the late Ordovician is a rimmed carbonate platform (Gu et al, 2005; Xu et al, 2005; Feng et al, 2007; Chen et al, 2009). The growth of the platform was controlled by the interaction of tectonic subsidence, sea-level change, sedimentation, antecedent terrain, and climate (Sarg, 1998; Eberli et al, 2004). Tectonic and eustatic processes cause relative changes in sea-level, which control the space available for sediments to accumulate on the platform tops (accommodation space) (Schlager, 1992). The structural slope-break zone in the fault subsidence basin controls the development of depositional sequences. The large-scale architecture of carbonate platforms and shelves is controlled by the interplay between the relative sea-level change and the growth rate of carbonate rocks (Eberli et al, 2004). Repeated exposure and the associated diagenetic changes of carbonate platforms have a major impact on porosity evolution and reservoir quality (Vahrenkamp et al, 2004; Lü et al, 2008; Zhang and Liu, 2009).
The discussion in the study area (Fig. 1) is focused on how to recognize and correlate the 3rd-order and 4th-order sequences in the late Ordovician Lianglitage Formation. Some authors (Yu et al, 2001; Zhao et al, 2004; 2010; Chen et al, 2006; Chen et al, 2007; Gao et al, 2007; Kang et al, 2010) drew different conclusions based on different data. The establishment of a stratigraphic sequence framework of the Lianglitage Formation relies on sedimentary genetic analysis and the construction of comparable criteria. The types of the carbonate reservoirs in Tazhong are diversified and complicated. The temporal and spatial distribution of the carbonate reservoirs is still not well understood. One of the methods is to study the sedimentary facies distribution, especially the distribution of reefs and sand shoals.
Currently, good-quality 3-D seismic data were acquired in the study area. As well no less than 33 exploration wells have been drilled in the Lianglitage Formation, some of which have been extensively cored with high recovery. Based on the above data, we use sequence stratigraphy, geochemistry and seismic sedimentology (Zeng and Ambrose, 2001) to study sequence stratigraphy, sedimentary facies distribution, and sea-level fluctuations of the late Ordovician in the Tazhong region, discuss how the sea-level change controls carbonate sedimentary facies and their associations, and reveal the conditions of the formation of reservoirs from the background of the evolution of the ancient ocean.
Fig. 1 Map of the study area and tectonic framework
2 Geological setting
The structure of the Tazhong region is complex, containing a large, northwest-trending reverse fault (No. 1 Fault Belt), which cuts both the Ordovician and Silurian (Jia, 1997). A nearly east–west Central Fault Horst Belt exists in the high position of the Tazhong Uplift, dividing the Tazhong Uplift into the northern slope and the southern slope (Zhang et al, 2008). Apart from these two main structures, there is a series of relatively minor faults, suggesting that the formation in this area underwent several tectonic events. Most of the faults, including the No. 1 Fault Belt, are extensional/
transtensional in the Sinian-Early Cambrian, and become compressional/transpressional in the middle-late Caledonian (Jia, 1997; Lin et al, 2009), characterized by subsidence, uplift and erosion. Faults and unconformity surfaces formed during the two periods of tectonism provide the main pathways for hydrocarbon migration (Zhang et al, 2008).
The Ordovician system is mainly composed of shallow-water carbonate rocks in the Tazhong Uplift. A fourfold Ordovician lithostratigraphic subdivision is recognized in the Tazhong Uplift. The Early Ordovician Penglaiba
Formation (O
1p) is 500-1,500 m thick and consists of
limestone interbedded with dolomite. The Early-Mid
Ordovician Yingshan Formation (O
1-2y) is 200-700 m thick
and dominated by dolomitic limestone. The late Ordovician
Lianglitage Formation (O
3l) unconformably overlies the
Yingshan Formation. This formation is 120-880 m thick and consists of pure limestone. The overlying Sangtamu
Formation (O
3s) is 100-1,050 m thick and consists of
terrigenous ? ne clastics. The mid-late Ordovician Yijianfang and Tumuxiuke formations are absent in the Tazhong region.
According to the lithological and paleobiological data, the Lianglitage Formation can be subdivided into three members from bottom to top, namely argilliferous limestone, grainstone and argillaceous striped limestone (Yang et al, 2000). The lower member is 50-550 m thick and consists of dark micrite and grainstone, interbedded with irregular siliceous mudstone. The middle member is 50-150 m thick and dominated by grainstone, reef limestone interbedded with micrite. The upper member is 20-100 m thick and widely distributed in the study area. This member is composed of micrite interbedded with striped mudstone, and some grainstone and reef.
3 Sequence stratigraphic framework of the Upper Ordovician
The 2nd-order sequences or composite sequences are
bounded by basin-scale unconformities and the 3rd-order sequences are bounded by regional-scale unconformities (Vail et al, 1991). Large scale sequences can be recognized by 3-D seismic pro? les, well-logs and cores. The 4th-order sequences are de? ned on the basis of stacking patterns of smaller-scale sequences and are bounded by major ? ooding surfaces (Lin et al, 2002). Based on seismic, well log and core data (Figs. 2 to 8), the Lianglitage Formation in the study area can be divided into one 2nd-order sequence and further subdivided into three 3rd-order sequences.
3.1 Characteristics of the 2nd-order sequence boundary
The Lianglitage Formation is bounded at the top and
bottom by 2nd-order sequence boundaries T
g
51 and T
g
52
respectively (Fig. 2). T
g
51 is a drowning unconformity, and
T
g
52 is a subaerial exposed unconformity.
T
g
52 is an angular unconformity in the eastern platform in the study area, and transforms to a parallel unconformity westward. In seismic profiles, the parallel unconformity shows discontinuous seismic reflection events following bedding planes (Fig. 2), and concave re? ection zones that are interpreted as dolines can be found locally. Core inspection and thin-section petrography of many wells show that
secondary corrosion holes, breccia or vadose silt appear near T g 52.
It is easy to recognize T g 51 from seismic pro ? les. Acoustic impedance between the Lianglitage Formation and Sangtamu Formation is much different, because of the abrupt changes of
lithology from carbonate rock to siliciclastic mudstone (Figs. 3, 4 and 5). In addition, almost all the log curves show abrupt changes near the 2nd-order sequence boundary T g 51 and T g 52. The thickness of the 2nd-order sequence is maximum at the platform margin and becomes smaller rapidly toward
)3*Intershoal sea )4*Lime mud mound )5*Sand shoal )8*Sand shoal intercalated with intershoal sea
)6*Intershoal sea intercalated with sand shoal )7*Lowland in platform interior )2*Bioclastic shoal Fig. 3 Ordovician lithology, sedimentary facies and sequence analysis of well TZ12 (see Fig. 5 for lithological legend).
Hybrid shelf: mixed carbonate-siliciclastic shelf, HST: highstand systems tract, TST: transgressive systems tract
the basin and platform interior. It also becomes signi ? cantly smaller westward from 882 m in well TZ43 to 120 m in well TZ49 (Fig. 8).
3.2 3rd-order sequence and systems tract
Sequence boundaries are represented by abrupt changes in physical characteristics and can be identi ? ed using well logs and cores. Systems tracts can be identi ? ed from the stacking patterns of parasequences or 4th-order sequences.
Analysis of well TZ12 with natural gamma-ray spectrometry logs (Figs. 3 and 4) shows that the contents of uranium (U), thorium (Th), potassium (K), CGR (computed gamma ray) and ratios of Th/U, Th/K differ in different intervals of the Ordovician. In general, the uranium, thorium and potassium contents of highstand systems tract in each sequence are significantly lower than those of transgressive systems tract.
Three 3rd-order sequences have been identified in the Lianglitage Formation, named O 3l-1, O 3l-2 and O 3l-3 respectively from bottom to top. Well sections and seismic profiles show that the sequence O 3l-1 and O 3l-2 on the platform are both composed of highstand systems tracts and transgressive systems tracts, but lack lowstand systems tracts (Figs. 3, 4, 5 and 7). Sequence O 3l-3 is a transgressive sequence or drowning sequence, which re ? ects the platform being submerged by rising relative sea levels (Figs. 2(a) and 7(c)), and lacks both highstand systems tracts and lowstand systems tracts.
The depositional architecture of the platform interior and platform margin of the Lianglitage Formation in the study area seems like a simple layered model. Actually, the
Lianglitage Formation consists of sigmoid clinoforms with foresets that can only display clearly on the high quality seismic profiles in the western area. Some authors (Pomar, 1994; Zeng and Kerans, 2003; Hardage et al, 2006) have done much research on the seismic re ? ection characteristics of the prograding con ? guration.
The sequence O 3l-1 is distributed in the platform margin along the No. 1 Fault Belt and in the eastern platform interior (Figs. 7 and 8). This sequence stepped back to the high positions along the unconformable platform surface. The seismic profile of sequence O 3l-1 shows parallel reflection. Along the zone of well TZ35 and TZ12, the sequence O 3l-1 overlaps the eroded slope inside the platform and pinches out to the northwest. The sequence O 3l-2 is 80-600 m thick. The thickness of the 3rd-order sequence is greatest on the platform margin and slope, and it becomes thinner both basinward and landward. The sequence O 3l-3 is about 20-100 m thick and is widely distributed on the platform. The sequence O 3l-3 overlaps the slope on the platform landward and westward. The geometry of sequence O 3l-2 almost determines the geometry of the late Ordovician carbonate platform. There are two basic types of the late Ordovician carbonate platform margin with different geometry and re ? ection characteristics in the northern slope of Tazhong. One shows that its thickness is maximum at platform margin and becomes smaller rapidly toward the basin and platform interior. Progradation is shown on the seismic data by clinoform geometry in platform margin (Fig. 7(a) and 7(b)). Low-angle sigmoid clinoforms formed in the early stage of highstand systems tract, and high-angle sigmoid clinoforms formed in the late stage. The other shows that the thickest sequence O 3l-2 is at platform margin, but
Fig. 4 Ordovician natural gamma-ray spectrometry log curve and carbon, oxygen and strontium isotope data of well TZ12 (Carbon, oxygen
and strontium isotope data come from Jiang et al (2001) and Gao et al (2007)) mfs: maximum ? ooding surface, SB: sequence boundary
δ13C, ‰
δ18O, ‰
87
Sr/86Sr
K (0-5)Th/U (0.1-100)
Th/K (0-20)
CGR (0-150)Th (0-20)
U (0-10)e p t h
Relative sea-level t h -o r d e r e q u e n c e y s t e m s r a c t e q u e n c e
Stratigraphy 87
Sr/86Sr
Fig. 5 Sedimentary facies, and the relationship between the 4th-order sequence and carbon/oxygen isotope data of well TZ30
(m)
c b a
d 5000501050205030
50405050506050705080
509051005110δ13C, ‰
δ18O, ‰
:Grainstone shoal Oolitic shoal
!::Calcisiltite shoal :Calcirudite shoal :Intershoal sea :Bioherm
:Calcarenite shoal :Reef flank :Reef core :Mound :Mound core :Lime mud mound :Argillaceous striped limestone Calcarenite
Oolitic limestone
Siliceous
mudstone
Micrite
Framestone
Legend
Argillaceous striped
limestone
Micritic cryptalgal limestone gradually becomes smaller toward the platform interior with parallel seismic events, and pinches out abruptly basinward, forming a steep cliff.
3.3 4th-order sequence
The 4th-order sequence can be identified from the stacking patterns of smaller-scale high frequency sequences using cores and log data. According to the lithofacies and sedimentary facies analysis of well TZ30 and TZ12, the 4th-order sequences are easily recognized from the small scale ? ooding surfaces (Figs. 3, 4 and 5). The 4th-order sequences contain regionally correlative flooding events, overlain by regionally off-lapping shallow water facies. Most 4th-order
sequences are asymmetric and have only thin aggradational/progradational units.
Based on the analysis of lithofacies and depositional cycles, one 4th-order carbonate platform margin sequence comprises small scale shoaling-upwards depositional cycles and can be divided into four units, including mudstone/micrite, bindstone, framestone and grainstone. However, the platform interior usually lacks framestone. The small scale flooding surface corresponds to mudstone/micrite deposited in relatively deep water. It often occurs at the bottom of the funnel-shaped well logging curves.
The sequence O 3l-3 in the western platform margin is characterized by a backstepping stacking pattern. The 4th-
order sequence stacking patterns of sequence O 3l-2 and O 3l-3 show retrogradation in transgressive systems tracts and progradation in highstand systems tracts on the platform.
The above analysis shows that the changes in uranium, thorium and potassium contents of the natural gamma-ray spectrometry log can be used to recognize and correlate the 3rd-order sequence, systems tract and 4th-order sequence of carbonate system in the Tazhong region, especially when the seismic resolution is low (dominant frequency is about 15-25 Hz).
4 F a c i e s d i s t r i b u t i o n i n s e q u e n c e stratigraphic framework
4.1 Lithology and depositional environments in the Lianglitage Formation
The lithology of the Lianglitage Formation consists of grainstone, wackestone, packstone, micrite, argilliferous limestone, argillaceous striped limestone, and bioherm (Fig. 6). Grains include lime sands with variable grain size, ooids, bioclasts, oncoliths and algae clot, and are excellently sorted. The percentage of grains to total rock volume is 50%-90%. Grains are cemented by sparry calcite. Grainstone and oosparite have a large proportion of potential intergranular pores.
The representative fossils consist of corals, sponges, stromatoporoids, receptaculitids, solenopora, as well as their complex, which are characterized by light gray massive structure, well-developed framework holes and ostracods ? lled in them. Besides, there are several conodonts, including Aphelognathus pyramidalis, Belodina compressa, Phragmidus undatus, Plectodina bidentata, Pseudobelodina dispansa, P. bullhillensis and Yaoxianognathus lijiapoensis.
The major sedimentary facies of the Lianglitage
Formation include reef flats in the platform margin and lagoon in platform interior, and are subdivided into coral-sponge-stromatoporoid reef complex, sand shoal, lime mud mound, intershoal sea and lowland. The complex of reef and sand shoal including sparry grainstone and reef, mainly develop in the platform margin, indicating the high-energy hydrodynamic conditions. In addition, only some patch reef and its related sand shoal develop at low relief in platform interior, indicating relatively lower energy hydrodynamic conditions. Intershoal sea deposits usually develop between the sand shoals and are dominated by micrite, interbedded with mudstone. It indicates a relative low-energy environment. Lime mud mound consists of light gray bedded cryptalgal clotted limestone interbedded with wackestone or packstone, indicating low-energy hydrodynamic conditions. Lowland develops in platform interior and is dominated by muddy micrite and mudstone, indicating low-energy hydrodynamic conditions. Reef, sand shoal and their complex often develop favorable primary pores and are potential reservoir facies.
Based on the analysis of lithofacies and depositional cycles, one 4th-order sequence of carbonate platform margin comprises small scale shoaling-upwards depositional cycles and can be divided into four units from bottom to top, including a, b, c and d (Fig. 5). Unit a is mainly micrite (Fig. 6(d)), approximately 10 m thick, and is infiltrated by marine clay. Unit b is algal bindstone, about 10-15 m thick. Unit c is framestone (Fig. 6(e)) interbedded with some grainstone, approximately 10-15 m thick. Unit d is mainly sparry grainstone (Fig. 6(a) and (b)), 15-20 m thick, including calcisiltite, calcarenite, calcirudite, oolite and their interbeds with different thickness. The corresponding depositional environment of these four units from bottom to top is lime mud mound, algal reef, framestone, and sand shoal/oolitic shoal/bioclastic shoal.
Fig. 6 Photographs of cores and thin sections showing the main types of carbonate rocks of the Lianglitage Formation of well TZ30 (a) Sparry oolitic limestone, plane polarized light; (b) Sparry grainstone, plane polarized light; (c) Bioclastic limestone, plane polarized light; (d) Micrite, plane polarized light; (e) Coral
framestone; (f) Grainstone with millimeter-scale holes
(a)(d)
(f)
(e)
(b)(c)
4.2 Distribution of reefs and sand shoals
Firstly, we established the corresponding relationship between seismic properties and lithology using the cores and well logs. Then, based on the relationship between synthetic seismic records and well logs, the external geometry and internal reflection configuration of the 3-D seismic dataset were studied using the theory of seismic stratigraphy. In order to reveal the temporal and spatial evolution of the facies of the Lianglitage Formation in sequence stratigraphic framework, seismic sedimentology has been applied, and some new technologies, such as stratal slice, seismic attribute analysis and paleogeomorphology recovering, have also been introduced.
Fig. 7 shows two seismic pro ? les and a well-correlation panel across wells Z11-TZ63-TZ88. Fig. 7(b) is the processed seismic profile from the original one (Fig. 7(a)), flattened along the siliceous mudstone surface when the platform was just buried. The ? attened seismic pro ? le reconstructs a more realistic platform before tectonic deformation. Seismic facies of the complex of reef and sand shoal display moderate to low amplitude re ? ections, and sigmoid progradational or shingled re ? ection con ? guration appears in the zone of well TZ85 and TZ86. Fig. 7(c) shows the complex of reef and sand shoal mainly developed in the zone of well TZ88 near the No. 1 Fault Belt. Patch reef and packstone can be found in platform interior, and the drilling of well TZ63 proves it. The sequence O 3l-1 pinches out near the well TZ63. The sand shoal of highstand systems tract in the sequence O 3l-2 also develops in the platform interior. The reefs in the sequence O 3l-3 migrate to high positions and form retrograding reefs in the western platform and low relief in the platform interior.
Fig. 8 shows a well-correlation panel along the platform interior from northwest to southeast. This panel mainly reveals the sand shoal distribution in the sequence framework. The sand shoal in the sequence O 3l-1 develops at the top of the highstand systems tract. The thickness of the transgressive systems tract in sequence O 3l-2 changes signi ? cantly near the well 12 and well 162. The sand shoal develops near the slope. The sand shoal of the highstand systems tract in the sequence O 3l-2 is widespread in the platform interior, and only in the well TZ35 can the patch reef be found in this interval. The sand shoal and patch reef in the sequence O 3l-2 are very thin, and only develop in the upper part. The seismic pro ? le across wells Z11T-TZ63-TZ88 in Fig. 7(a) and 7(b), root-mean-square (RMS) amplitude map (Fig. 9(a)) and seismic facies map (Fig. 9(b)) show that seismic re ? ections change laterally from continuous to discontinuous and more hummocky, as well as from parallel to sigmoid and shingled toward the platform margin.
The sedimentary facies map of sequence O 3l-2 (Fig. 9(b)) was established on the basis of the relationship of the RMS amplitude map (Fig. 9(a)), well logs and cores. The maps show that the low-amplitude part represents the complex of reef and sand shoal along the platform margin. The width of the complex of reef and sand shoal along the No. 1 Fault Belt is 1-5 km. The complex is wider in the zone from well TZ86 to well TZ85 and from well TZ82 to well TZ161. In
the sequence O 3l-2, the reefs along the No. 1 Fault Belt are prograding reefs near the zone from well TZ85 to TZ86 in the western platform and the zone from well TZ82 to TZ26. The reef near the zone of well TZ68 in the central platform is an aggrading type. There are about 3-6 reef complexes, which consist of several reef bodies superimposed vertically and laterally. Moderate-amplitude part near the zone of well TZ12 and TZ162 in the platform interior represents the sand shoal. In the zone of well TZ12, TZ80 and TZ162, sand shoals with good reservoir properties have been found in this interval.In conclusion, the analysis based on seismic facies and depositional architecture of the carbonate platform of the Lianglitage Formation shows that seismic facies with wedge-like geometry and discontinuous prograding con ? guration are always corresponding to the complex of reef and sand shoal. Sand shoal develops on the slope in the platform interior due to the antecedent palaeotopography.
5 Late Ordovician sea-level fluctuation and factors controlling sequences and facies
5.1 Reconstruction of late Ordovician sea-level ? uctuation curve
Some authors (Jiang et al, 2001; Bao et al, 2006; Gao et al, 2007) have independently established relative sea-level curves based on the analysis of carbon, oxygen and strontium stable isotopes measured from limited core samples. However, natural gamma-ray spectrometry log data provide a continuous record and ? ll the gap in core recovery. Based on previous study of depositional cycles and natural gamma-ray spectrometry log data of the Lianglitage Formation in the northern slope of the Tazhong Uplift, the more accurate relative sea-level ? uctuation curve has been established (Fig. 4).
Fig. 4 shows the natural gamma-ray spectrometry log of well TZ12. It indicates that the contents of uranium (U), thorium (Th), potassium (K), CGR and ratios of Th/U and Th/K in different intervals of the mid-late Ordovician vary significantly (Table 1). In the uppermost sequence of the Yingshan Formation, the thorium, uranium and potassium contents of the highstand systems tract are minimum, about 1.19 μg/g, 0.49 μg/g and 0.40%, respectively. In the sequence O 3l-1 and O 3l-2, the thorium, uranium and potassium contents of the transgressive systems tracts are obviously higher than those of the highstand systems tracts. The thorium, uranium and potassium contents of the sequence O 3l-3 are high, but less than those of the lowest part of the Sangtamu Formation, which has the highest contents, up to 14.16 μg/g, 2.66 μg/g and 3.3%, respectively. The cyclic changes reflected in natural gamma-ray spectrometry logs are consistent with the variations of systems tracts. Besides, smaller scale changes of natural gamma-ray spectrometry logs can be identi ? ed. Thus, these changes are interpreted to indicate sea-level changes on several orders of scale.
The uranium, thorium and potassium contents of the natural gamma-ray spectrometry log can be used to estimate
Fig. 7 (a) Seismic profile across well TZ63 and TZ88 (gamma-ray curve and synthetic seismic record are marked on it); (b) Seismic pro ? le ? attened along the mudstone surface when the platform was just buried; (c) Interpretation of sequences and facies of the Lianglitage Formation. See Fig. 1 for the location of seismic pro ? le and wells. GR: natural gamma-ray log; RD: resistivity log
2
6700
a
c
TZ 88
b
NE
Tract
TZ 63
the siliceous mud content. There is a good linear relationship
between the content of siliceous mud and that of thorium/potassium (Ding, 1994). Besides, the Th/U and Th/K ratios can be applied to analyze the ancient sedimentary environment and relative water depth. The above result reveals that the carbonate content of the highstand systems tract is higher than that of the transgressive systems tract (Figs. 3 and 4).
The carbon and strontium isotopic composition are of
global significance and are useful tools for studying global events and stratigraphic correlation (Veizer et al, 1999; Jiang et al, 2001; Huang et al, 2004). The carbon and strontium isotopes of unaltered Ordovician marine carbonates in the Tazhong Uplift represent those of primary seawaters. Their evolution trends are consistent with the global evolution curve (Yu et al, 2001; Jiang et al, 2001; Huang et al, 2004).In addition, 25 unaltered rock samples were collected from the well TZ30 at the depth of 5,005-5,110 m (Fig. 5). Carbon and oxygen isotope analyses were carried out at the Isotope Laboratory of Ministry of Land and Resources, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences. The isotopic ratios were reported in ‰ according to the PDB standard. Fig. 6 shows that the values of δ13C in unit a and unit b are less than those in unit c and unit d in the 4th-order sequence. In addition, natural gamma-ray spectrometry logs are also very useful in recognizing the 4th-order sequences (Fig. 4). Carbon and oxygen stable isotope analysis shows that one 4th-order sequence represents a cyclic event of rapid rise (records a and
b) after decline of relative sea-level, and then in a relatively stable stage (records c and d).
Based on the sea-level curves in Fig. 4, three 3rd-order and at least six 4th-order sea-level fluctuations have been recognized in late Ordovician. Longer and larger ? uctuations are modulated by lesser ones of higher frequency. The 4th-order sequence is a response to the 4th-order sea-level change (dashed line of sea-level curve in Fig. 4) and represents a cyclic event of a rapid rise stage after decline of relative sea-level, and then in a relatively stable stage. The 3rd-order sequence is a response to the 3rd-order sea-level change (solid line of sea-level curve in Fig. 4). During the late Ordovician, the global sea-level rose rapidly until the end of the late Ordovician (the Sangtamu Formation deposition). At the same time, the Tazhong carbonate platform was drowned completely, and then buried by terrigenous material.
5.2 Controlling factors of the formation of late Ordovician carbonate sequence and facies
Based on the above analysis, it is possible to compare
Table 1 Contents of natural gamma-ray spectrometry log in each systems tract of Well Tazhong 12
Bottom of O 3s 14.16 2.66 3.30 5.40 4.29 117.21 O 3l-3-TST 3.76 1.30 1.06 3.06 3.55 35.78 O 3l-2-HST 1.76 0.77 0.66 5.11 2.71 19.73 O 3l-2-TST 3.00 1.60 0.98 2.57 3.10 31.09 O 3l-1-HST 1.91 0.92 0.73 2.44 2.62 21.60 O 3l-1-TST 2.34 1.74 0.87 1.65 2.90 26.08 O 1-2y
1.19 0.49 0.40 4.30
2.75 12.45
Fig. 8 Sequences, systems tracts, 4th-order sequences and facies interpreted on the GR-resistivity-log section. See Fig. 1 for the location of wells
q u e n c e SE
s t e m s a c t e m b e r r m a t i o n r i e s s t e m
including sedimentary sequences, facies, and their evolution.
The growth of the reefs was always accompanied by the development of lime sand shoals on the rimmed carbonate platform margin. The growth pattern of the reefs determined the characteristics of the complex of reef and sand shoal. The reefs migrating laterally basinward (HST shown in Figs. 7 and 10) and pure carbonate rock both characterize highstand systems tract, and show that the relative sea-level rises very slowly. In this stage, the growth rate of carbonate rock in the platform margin exceeds the rate of sea-level rise, and the complex of reef and sand shoals develop rapidly. Only patch reefs and small scale sand shoals develop in the platform interior, which indicate that the rate of relative sea-level rise
exceeds the carbonate growth rate. In the sequence O
3l-2,
the shingled prograding stacking pattern of the 4th-order sequences (HST2 shown in Fig. 10) or the horizontal growth of reefs represent the late stage of highstand systems tract and imply a relative stillstand sea-level stage.
The migration of reefs towards high land and impure carbonate rock both indicate transgressive systems tract and suggest that the relative sea-level rise is fast. The rate of sea-level rise exceeds the growth rate of carbonate rock in the platform interior and margin, until the platform top becomes deeply submerged. The carbonate rock is impure in this stage.
Erosional truncation and epidiagenetic karstification represent the falling of the relative sea-level. It caused the exposure of parts of the platform, thereby the vertical aggradation strata were eroded and the exposed areas underwent meteoric diagenesis. The cores of many wells along the platform margin, such as wells TZ26, TZ30, TZ44, TZ45, TZ62, TZ82, and TZ161, show that intragranular pores, intergranular pores, moldic pores and vug are common in the meteoric vadose and phreatic zones near the exposed surface. The average porosity of these wells is 1.3%-7.4% and permeability is relatively high. The porosity of the transgressive systems tracts and the lower parts of the 4th-order sequences is poor, because the pores are cemented by calcsparite. Micrite, argilliferous limestone and argillaceous striped limestone in the platform interior rarely developed good reservoirs. During the large scale sea-level fall, however, the upper part of the highstand systems tracts or the 4th-order sequences in the platform interior suffered subaerial exposure over long periods and metastable sediments could be leached by meteoric waters.
Based on the analysis of depositional architecture in response to the relative sea-level changes, the evolution of the late Ordovician carbonate platform in the northern slope of the Tazhong Uplift is a drowning event (Fig. 10). In addition, the antecedent palaeotopography controls the dominant distribution of sand shoal and reef in the platform.
H S T
TST TST
HST
HST2
HST1
Fig. 10 Model of sequences and depositional architecture of the late Ordovician drowned carbonate platform,
the northern slope of the Tazhong Uplift
6 Discussion & conclusions
1) The Lianglitage Formation in the northern slope of the Tazhong Uplift can be divided into one 2nd-order, three 3rd-order and several 4th-order sequences. The late Ordovician relative sea-level ? uctuation curve is established. The value changes in uranium, thorium and potassium contents of the natural gamma-ray spectrometry log are very effective for recognizing the 3rd-order sequences, systems tracts and 4th-order sequences of the carbonate system in the Tazhong region.
However, it is worth noting that the late Ordovician carbonate platform in the Tazhong region only has the depositional records of highstand and transgressive systems tracts, but lacks records of lowstand systems tracts. Therefore,
the relative sea-level ? uctuation curve based on various data still lacks the corresponding information of lowstand systems tracts. In other words, the late Ordovician relative sea-level ? uctuation curve in the study area is not complete.
2) Major sedimentary facies of the Lianglitage Formation include reef and shoal in the platform margin and lagoon in the platform interior, which can be further subdivided into coral-sponge-stromatoporoid reef complex, sand shoal, lime mud mound, and intershoal sea. Reefs, sand shoals and their complex are favorable facies for reservoirs. The reefs and sand shoals in the sequence O
3
l-1 and O
3
l-2 developed in the upper sections of their highstand systems tract. The
sand shoals in the sequence O
3
l-2 developed in transgressive
systems tract and are widespread at the slope in the platform interior. The platform margin with the wedge-like geometry and the prograding con? guration is a response to the lateral shifting of the reef and sand shoal complex. The reefs in
the sequence O
3l-3 formed retrograding reefs in the western
platform and low relief in the platform interior.
3) The relative sea-level fluctuation and antecedent palaeotopography control the development and distribution of the reef complex and unconformity karst zone. The evolution of the late Ordovician in the northern slope of the Tazhong Uplift shows a drowning event. The characteristics of reef migration are responses to the relative sea-level changes. Antecedent palaeotopography controls the dominant distribution of the sand shoals and reefs on the platform.
4) Exploration shows that the composite zone of epidiagenetic karstic intervals and high-energy complex of reef and sand shoal with prograding con? guration can form effective reservoirs. In addition, sand shoals of good reservoir quality can be found in the slope of the platform interior. Sealed by the lagoonal micrite or/and terrigenous mudstone, they serve as potential oil-gas reservoir intervals. Composite stratigraphic traps are an important target for oil and gas exploration in the northern slope of the Tazhong carbonate platform. Locating this zone along the northern slope in the platform and the similar areas in the Tarim Basin is still signi? cant.
Acknowledgements
This research is supported by the National Key Basic Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. 2006CB202302). We also appreciate Exploration and Development Research Institute of PetroChina Tarim Oil? eld Company for its support to this study.
References
Bao Z D, Jin Z J, Sun L D, et al. Sea-level ? uctuation of the Tarim Area in the Early Paleozoic: Response from geochemistry and karst. Acta Geologica Sinica. 2006. 80(3): 366-373 (in Chinese)
Che n S P, Wang Y and Jin Z J. Controls of tectonics on both sedimentary sequences and petroleum systems in Tarim Basin, northwest China.
Petroleum Science. 2007. 4(2): 1-9
Che n X J, Cai X Y, Xu X H, et al. The research on sedimentation features in Cambrian-Ordovician sequence frame in the center of the Tarim Basin. Xinjiang Geology. 2006. 24(3): 276-280 (in Chinese) Che n X, Zhao Z J, Zhang B M, et al. Sedimentary model to Lianglitage Formation of Upper Ordovician in the northern margin of isolated platform in the center of the Tarim Basin. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica. 2009. 27(5): 1002-1011 (in Chinese)
Din g C Q. Field Geophysics. Beijing: Petroleum Industry Press. 1994.
116-137 (in Chinese)
Ebe r li G P, Masaferro J L and Sarg J F. Seismic imaging of carbonate reservoirs and systems. In: Eberli G P, Masaferro J L and Sarg J
F (eds.). Seismic Imaging of Carbonate Reservoirs and Systems.
AAPG Memoir 81. 2004. 1-9
Fen g Z Z, Bao Z D, Wu M B, et al. Lithofacies palaeogeography of the Ordovician in Tarim area. Journal of Palaeogeography. 2007. 9(5): 447-460 (in Chinese)
Gao Z Y, Zhang S C, Zhu R K, et al. Sea-level change and heterogeneity of source rocks of Lianglitage Formation in the central Tarim area.
Acta Petrolei Sinica. 2007. 28(5): 45-50 (in Chinese)Gu J Y, Zhang X Y, Luo P, et al. Development characteristics of organic reef-bank complexes on Ordovician carbonate platform margin in the Tarim Basin. Oil & Gas Geology. 2005. 26(3): 277-283 (in Chinese) Har d age B A, Remington R L and Murray P E. Re? ections have a ‘tipper point’. AAPG Explorer. 2006. 27(9): 32
He D F, Zhou X Y, Zhang C J, et al. Tectonic types and evolution of Ordovician proto-type basins in the Tarim region. Chinese Science Bulletin. 2007. 52(S1): 164-177
Hua n g S J, Shi H, Zhang M, et al. Application of strontium isotope stratigraphy to dating Ordovician marine sediments—A case study from the well Tazhong12 in Tarim Basin. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica. 2004. 22(1): 1-5 (in Chinese)
Jia C Z. Tectonic Characteristics and Petroleum in the Tarim Basin of China. Beijing: Petroleum Industry Press. 1997. 1-4, 277-290 (in Chinese)
Jia n g M S, Zhu J Q, Chen D Z, et al. Carbon and strontium isotope variations and responses to sea-level ? uctuations in the Ordovician of the Tarim Basin. Science in China (Series D: Earth Sciences). 2001.
44(9): 816-823
Kan g J W, Tian J C and Lin X B. Study of the sequence based lithofacies—paleogeography map of Lianglitage Formation in the central Tarim low salient. Journal of Xi’an Shiyou University (Natural Science Edition). 2010. 25(1): 29-34 (in Chinese)
Li Y, Hu Y L, Li B Z, et al. Deliverability of wells in carbonate gas condensate reservoirs and the capillary number effect. Petroleum Science. 2009. 6(1): 51-56
Lin C S, Liu J Y, Liu L J, et al. High resolution sequence stratigraphy analysis: construction of chronostratigraphic sequence framework on facies and reservoir scale. Geoscience. 2002. 16(3): 276-281 (in Chinese)
Lin C S, Yang H J, Liu J Y, et al. Paleostructural geomorphology of the Paleozoic central uplift belt and its constraint on the development of depositional facies in the Tarim Basin. Science in China (Series D: Earth Sciences). 2009. 52(6): 823-834
Lü X X, Yang H J, Yang N, et al. Further recognition of the petroleum exploration potential of marine carbonates in the western Tarim Basin. Petroleum Science. 2007. 4(3): 21-25
Lü X X, Yang N, Zhou X Y, et al. Influence of Ordovician carbonate reservoir beds in the Tarim Basin by faulting. Science in China (Series D: Earth Sciences). 2008. 51(S2): 53-60
Pom a r L. High-resolution sequence stratigraphy in prograding Miocene carbonates: Application to seismic interpretation. In: Loucks R
G and Sarg J F (eds.). Carbonate Sequence Stratigraphy. AAPG
Memoir 57. 1994. 389-407
Sar g J F. Carbonate Sequence Stratigraphy. In: Wilgus C K, Hastings B S, Kendall C G, et al (eds.). Sea-level changes: An integrated approach.
SEPM Special Publication 42. 1998. 155-181
Sch l ager W. Sedimentology and Sequence Stratigraphy of Reefs and Carbonate Platforms. AAPG Continuing Education Course Note Series No.34. 1992. 1-10
Vah r enkamp V C, David F, Duijndam P, et al. Growth architecture, faulting, and karsti? cation of a middle Miocene carbonate platform, Luconia Province, offshore Sarawak, Malaysia. In: Eberli G P, Masaferro J L and Sarg J F (eds.). Seismic Imaging of Carbonate Reservoirs and Systems. AAPG Memoir 81. 2004. 329-350
Vai l P R, Bowman S A, Eisner P N, et al. The stratigraphic signatures of tectonics, eustasy and sedimentology––An overview. In: Einsele, Cyclesand Events in Stratigraphy. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag. 1991. 617-659
Vei z er J, Ala D, Azmy K, et al. 87Sr/86Sr, δ13C and δ18O evolution of Phanerozoic seawater. Chemical Geology. 1999. 161(1-3): 59-88
Xu X S, Wang Z J, Wan F, et al. Tectonic paleogeographic evolution and source rocks of the Early Paleozoic in the Tarim Basin. Earth Science Frontiers. 2005. 12(3): 49-57 (in Chinese)
Yan g H J, Liu S, Li Y P, et al. Carbonate reservoir characteristics of upper-middle Ordovician in the Tazhong area, Tarim Basin. Marine Origin Petroleum Geology. 2000. 5(1-2): 73-83 (in Chinese)
Yu B S, Chen J Q and Lin C S. Cambrian-Ordovician sequence stratigraphy on the northern Tarim Platform and its correlation with the Yangtze Platform and North China Platform. Science in China (Series D: Earth Sciences). 2001. 44(4): 373-384
Zen g H L and Ambrose W A. Seismic sedimentology and regional depositional systems in Mioceno Norte, Lake Maracaibo, Venezuela.
The Leading Edge. 2001. 20(11): 1260-1269
Zen g H L and Kerans C. Seismic frequency control on carbonate seismic stratigraphy: A case study of the Kingdom Abo sequence, West Texas. AAPG Bulletin. 2003. 87(2): 273-293
Zha n g B M and Liu J J. Classification and characteristics of karst reservoirs in China and related theories. Petroleum Exploration and Development. 2009. 36(1): 12-29 (in Chinese)
Zha n g J L, Qin L J and Zhang Z J. Depositional facies, diagenesis and their impact on the reservoir quality of Silurian sandstones from the
Tazhong area in the central Tarim Basin, western China. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences. 2008. 33(1-2): 42-60
Zha o W Z, Zhu G Y, Zhang S C, et al. Relationship between the later strong gas-charging and the improvement of the reservoir capacity in deep Ordovician carbonate reservoir in Tazhong area, Tarim Basin.
Chinese Science Bulletin. 2009. 54(17): 3076-3089
Zha o Z J, Chen X, Pan M, et al. Milankovitch cycles in the Upper Ordovician Lianglitage Formation in the Tazhong-Bachu Area, Tarim Basin. Acta Geologica Sinica. 2010. 84(4): 518-536 (in Chinese) Zha o Z J, Li Y P, Wu X N, et al. Conditions for migration and accumulation of Ordovician giant lithologic oil and gas reservoirs in the Tazhong region and exploration potential. China Petroleum Exploration. 2004. 9(5): 12-20 (in Chinese)
Zho u X Y, Wang Z M, Yang H J, et al. Large-scale Tazhong Ordovician reef-? at oil-gas ? elds in the Tarim Basin of China. Acta Geologica Sinica. 2009. 83(1): 179-188
(Edited by Hao Jie)
?Durability - it should stand up robustly and remain in good condition. ?Utility - it should be useful and function well for the people using it. ?Beauty - it should delight people and raise their spirits.
Leone Battista Alberti, who elaborates on the ideas of Vitruvius in his treatise, De Re Aedificatoria, saw beauty primarily as a matter of proportion, although ornament also played a part. For Alberti, the rules of proportion were those that governed the idealised human figure, the Golden Mean. The most important aspect of beauty was therefore an inherent part of an object, rather than something applied superficially; and was based on universal, recognisable truths. The notion of style in the arts was not developed until the 16th century, with the writing of Vasari.[14] The treatises, by the 18th century, had been translated into Italian, French, Spanish and English. In the early nineteenth century, Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin wrote Contrasts (1836) that, as the titled suggested, contrasted the modern, industrial world, which he disparaged, with an idealized image of neo-medieval world. Gothic architecture, Pugin believed, was the only “true Christian form of architecture.” The 19th century English art critic, John Ruskin, in his Seven Lamps of Architecture, published 1849,[15] was much narrower in his view of what constituted architecture. Architecture was the "art which so disposes and adorns the edifices raised by men ... that the sight of them" contributes "to his mental health, power, and pleasure". For Ruskin, the aesthetic was of overriding significance. His work goes on to state that a building is not truly a work of architecture unless it is in some way "adorned". For Ruskin, a well-constructed, well-proportioned, functional building needed string courses or rustication, at the very least. On the difference between the ideals of "architecture" and mere "construction", the renowned 20th C. architect Le Corbusier wrote: "You employ stone, wood, and concrete, and with these materials you build houses and palaces: that is construction. Ingenuity is at work. But suddenly you touch my heart, you do me good. I am happy and I say: This is beautiful. That is Architecture".[16] The National Congress of Brazil, designed by Oscar Niemeyer. Modern concepts of architecture
建筑专业英语词汇 a. DESIGN BASIS 设计依据 b. DESIGN STAGE 设计阶段 c. CLIMATE CONDITION 气象条件 d. GENERAL ROOM NAME 常用房间名称 e. ROOFING['ru:fi?] & CEILING['si:li?]屋面及天棚 f. WALL(CLADDING) 墙体(外墙板) g. FLOOR & TRENCH [trent?]地面及地沟 h. DOORS 、GLASS、WINDOWS & IRONMONGERY ['a??n,m??g?ri](HARDWARE) 门、玻璃、窗及五金件I. STAIRCASE['ste?ke?s]、LANDING & LIFT(ELEVATOR)楼梯、休息平台及电梯 j. BUILDING MATERIAL WORDS AND PHRASES 建筑材料词汇及短语 Bricks and Tiles[tail]砖和瓦 Lime[laim], Sand and Stone 灰、砂和石 Cement [si'ment], Mortar ['m?:t?] and Concrete [k?n'kri:t, 'k?nkri:t]水泥、砂浆和混凝土 Facing And Plastering ['plɑ?st?r??] Materials [m?'ti?ri?lz]饰面及粉刷材料 Asphalt ['?sf?lt](Bitumen) and Asbestos[?z'best?s]沥青和石棉 Timber ['timb?]木材 Metallic [mi't?lik] Materials[m?'ti?ri?lz]金属材料Non-Ferrous['n?n'fer?s]Metal ['met?l]有色金属 Anti-Corrosion [k?'r???(?)n] Materials 防腐蚀材料Building Hardware['hɑ:dwε?]建五金 Paint [peint]油漆 k. OTHER ARCHITECTURAL TERMS 其它建筑术语Discipline 专业 Conventional Terms 一般通用名词 Architectural Physics 建筑物理 Name Of Professional role 职务名称 Drafting 制图 a. DESIGN BASIS 设计依据 计划建议书planning proposals[pr?'p??z(?)l] 设计任务书design [di'zain]order 标准规范standards['st?nd?d] and codes[k?ud] 条件图information drawing 设计基础资料basic['beisik]data for design 工艺流程图process flowchart['fl?u,t?a:t] 工程地质资料engineering[,end?i'ni?ri?] geological [d?i?'l?d?ik?l] data ['deit?] 原始资料original data 设计进度schedule['sked?u:?l] of design b. STAGE OF DESIGN 设计阶段 方案scheme[ski:m], draft [drɑ:ft ], 草图sketch [sket?] 会谈纪要summary ['s?m?ri]of discussion 谈判negotiation [ni,ɡ?u?i'ei??n] 可行性研究feasibility [,fi:z?'biliti] study 初步设计preliminary [pri'limin?ri]design 基础设计basic design 详细设计detail design 询价图enquiry[?n'kwa?r?] drawing 施工图working drawing, construction drawing 竣工图as-built drawing c. CLIMATE CONDITION 气象条件 日照sunshine 风玫瑰wind rose 主导风向prevailing[pri'veili?]wind direction 最大(平均)风速maximum (mean) wind velocity 风荷载wind load 最大(平均)降雨量maximum (mean) rainfall 雷击及闪电thunder['θ?nd?]and lightning 飓风hurricane['h?rik?n] 台风typhoon 旋风cyclone 降雨强度rainfall intensity[in'tens?ti] 年降雨量annual rainfall 湿球温度wet bulb temperature 干球温度dry bulb temperature 冰冻期frost period 冰冻线frost line 冰冻区frost zone 室外计算温度calculating['k?lkjuleiti?] outdoor temperature 采暖地区region with heating provision[pr?u'vi??n] 不采暖地区region ['ri:d??n]without heating provision 绝对大气压absolute atmospheric pressure 相对湿度relative ['rel?tiv] humidity [hju:'mid?ti] d. GENERAL ROOM NAME 常用房间名称 办公室office 服务用房service room 换班室shift room 休息室rest room (break room) 起居室living room 浴室bathroom 淋浴间shower 更衣室locker room 厕所lavatory ['l?v?t?ri,] 门厅lobby ['l?bi] 诊室clinic['klinik] 工作间workshop 电气开关室switchroom 走廊corridor['k?rid?:] 档案室archive['ɑ:kaiv] 电梯机房lift motor room 车库garage ['ɡ?rɑ:d?,]
哥特式 定义：Gothic architecture is a style of architecture that flourished during the high and late medieval period. It evolved from Romanesque architecture and was succeeded by Renaissance （文艺复兴）architecture 时期及特点：Originating in 12th-century France and lasting into the 16th century, Gothic architecture was known during the period as Opus Francigenum ("French work") with the term Gothic first appearing during the latter part of the Renaissance. Its characteristics include the （1）pointed arch,（2）the ribbed vault and（3）the flying buttress. 应用范围： Gothic architecture is most familiar as the architecture of many of the great cathedrals, abbeys and churches of Europe. It is also the architecture of many castles, palaces, town halls, guild halls, universities and to a less prominent extent, private dwellings. 代表：巴黎圣母院Notre Dame de Paris Notre-Dame de Paris is a historic Catholic cathedral on the eastern half of the ?le de la Citéin the fourth arrondissement of Paris, France.[2]The cathedral is widely considered to be one of the finest examples of French Gothic architecture and among the largest and most well-known church buildings in the world. The naturalism of its sculptures and stained glass are in contrast with earlier Romanesque architecture.
现代建筑（modern architecture） 现代建筑一词有广义和狭义之分。广义的现代建筑包括20世纪出现的各色各样风格的建筑流派的作品；狭义的现代建筑常常专指在20世纪20年代形成的现代主义建筑。在20世纪初期，现代建筑曾经被称为新建筑（new architecture）。 现代建筑的产生可以追溯到产业革命和由此而引起的社会生产和社会生活的大变革。在一些国家出现了影响建筑发展的新的因素: ○1房屋建造量急剧增长，建筑类型不断增多。②工业发展给建筑业带来新型建筑材料。○3结构科学的形成和发展使人越来越深入地掌握房屋结构的内在规律。④建筑业的生产经营转入资本主义经济轨道。 第一次世界大战后初期影响较大的有表现派（expressionism）、风格派（de stijl（也称新造型派neo-plasticism或要素派elementarism）和构成派（constructivism）。它们对建筑创作的影响主要是在造型风格方面。西欧一批青年建筑师提出了比较系统比较激进的改革建筑创作的主张,并且推出一批大胆创新的优秀作品,大大推动建筑改革走向高潮。德国建筑师W.格罗皮乌斯和L.密斯·范·德·罗，法国建筑师勒·柯布西耶是他们中的杰出代表。他们在20年代提出以下的观点：①强调建筑随时代发展变化，现代建筑应同工业化时代的条件相适应；②强调建筑师要注意研究和解决实用功能和经济问题，担负起自己的社会责任；③积极采用新材料和新结构，促进建筑技术革新；④主张摆脱历史上过时的建筑样式的束缚，放手创造新形式的建筑；⑤主张发展建筑美学，创造反映新时代的新建筑风格。 50年代西方出现了许多新的建筑流派，其中影响较大的有美国建筑师E.D.斯通和M.雅马萨基（山崎实）为代表的典雅主义（formalism），又称新古典主义（neo-classicism），以及英国建筑师史密森夫妇为代表的“粗野主义”（brutalism）。有强调在建筑中运用和表现高技术的“高技术倾向” （high-tech），强调建筑造型亲切宜人的“人性化”建筑（humanism）和具有地方民间建筑特色的“地方化建筑”（vernacular architecture）等。此外，还有许多次要的流派，诸如“反直角派”（antirectangle）“新自由派”（neo-liberty）、“雕塑派”（sculpturalism）、“感性主义”（sensationlism）以及“怪异建筑派”（fantastic architecture），其中一些流派存在时间短暂。 60年代后期，对现代主义的指责和批判增加了。自此以后西方建筑界出现了讲究建筑的象征性、隐喻性、装饰性以及与现有环境取得联系的倾向。这种潮流被称为后现代主义建筑思潮。
Chin ese architecture Chinese architecture refers to a style of architecture that has taken shape in East Asia over many cen turies. The structural pr in ciples of Chin ese architecture have rema ined largely un cha nged, the mai n changes being only the decorative details. Since the Tang Dynasty, Chinese architecture has had a major in flue nce on the architectural styles of Korea, Viet nam, and Japa n. The architecture of China is as old as Chinese civilization. From every source of information —literary, graphic, exemplary —there is strong evidence testifying to the fact that the Chinese have always enjoyed an indigenous system of construction that has retained its principal characteristics from prehistoric times to the present day. Over the vast area from Chinese Turkistan to Japan, from Man churia to the n ortherin half of French In doch ina, the same system of con structi on is prevale nt; and this was the area of Chin ese cultural in flue nce. That this system of con structi on could perpetuate itself for more tha n four thousa nd years over such a vast territory and still rema in a liv ing architecture, retaining its principal characteristics in spite of repeated foreign invasions —military, intellectual, and spiritual ——is a phe nomenon comparable only to the con tin uity of the civilizati on of which it is an in tegral part. —Liang, Ssu-ch'eng, 1984[1] Throughout the 20th Century, Western-trained Chinese architects have attempted to combine traditi onal Chin ese desig ns into modern architecture (usually gover nmen t), with only limited success. Moreover, the pressure for urba n developme nt throughout con temporary China required higher speed of con structi on and higher floor area ratio, which means that in the great cities the dema nd for traditi onal Chin ese build in gs, which are no rmally less tha n 3 levels, has decli ned in favor of moder n architecture. However, the traditional skills of Chinese architecture, including major and minor carpe ntry, masonry, and ston emas onry, are still applied to the con structi on of ver nacular architecture in the vast rural area in Chi na. Features Architectural bilateral symmetry An important feature in Chinese architecture is its emphasis on articulation and bilateral symmetry, which signifies balance. Bilateral symmetry and the articulation of buildings are found everywhere in Chinese architecture, from palace complexes to humble farmhouses. When possible, plans for renovation and extension of a house will often try to maintain this symmetry provided that there is eno ugh capital to do so.[2] Secon dary eleme nts are positi oned either side of main structures as two wings to mai ntain overall bilateral symmetry. The build ings are typically pla nned to con tai n an eve n n umber of colum ns in a structure to produce an odd n umber of bays ( 間).With the in clusi on of a main door to a building in the centre bay, symmetry is maintained. In con trast to the build in gs, Chin ese garde ns are a no table excepti on which tend to be asymmetrical. The principle underlying the garden's composition is to create enduring flow. En closure Con temporary Wester n architectural practices typically in volve surrou nding a buildi ng by an ope n yard on the property. This contrasts with much of traditional Chinese architecture, which involves con struct ing buildi ngs or build ing complexes that take up an en tire property but en close ope n spaces within itself.
Unit 4 Architecture Passage A Architecture without Architects KEYS TO EXERCISES Ⅰ. Reading Comprehension 1-5CCDBD 6-10BCDBC Ⅱ. Vocabulary 1-5DBBCD 6-10BACAB 11-15CCBDC 16-20BCBCC Ⅲ. Word Bank 1. amount to 2. stumble over 3. make amends 4. past his prime 5. invariably 6. indigestible 7. stave off 8. trace 9. in this respect 10. by dint of Ⅳ. Cloze 1-5CDABC 6-10BDDCB 11-15CDBBA Ⅴ. Translation 1. Roses can be signs of love or friendship，as the case may be. 2. Sometimes, we just stumble over what we have been looking for. 3. It is scarcely possible for us to dismiss what’s especially to our liking from our mind. 4. By now, it has been old hat for consumers to purchase genetically modified fruits and vegetables. 5. As a rule, rice can help us to stave off hanger longer than bread. 6. The principal function of today’s wall is to separate possibly undesirable outside air from the controlled conditions of temperature and humidity which we have created inside. Glass may accomplish this function, though there are apparently a good many people who still have qualms about eating, sleeping, and dressing under conditions of high visibility; they demand walls that will at least give them a sense of adequate screening. But these shy ones are a vanishing breed. The Philip Johnson house in Connecticut, which is much admired and widely imitated, has glass walls all the way around, and the only real privacy is to be found in the bathroom, the toilette taboo being still unbroken, at least in Connecticut. 课文翻译 Passage A 没有建筑师的建筑 西方世界所载所传的建筑史，从来只关注几个凤毛麟角的文化。空间上，只不过关注地球的一小部分—欧洲、埃及和小亚细亚一带—或者说几乎不超出公元二世纪时的已知世界。而且，对建筑演变的关注通常限于晚近阶段。编年史家们在介绍建筑艺术时略去头五千年，