河北科技大学
毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译
学院：经济管理学院
专业：国际经济与贸易
姓名：郭秀慧
学号： 030206218
外文出处：World Scientific
(用外文写)
https://www.doczj.com/doc/bc18856052.html,
附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。
附件1：外文资料翻译译文
运用灰色关系分析选择供营商的联合方法
摘要：本文使用一种灰色关系分析(GRA)联合方法与向前供应链模型(FSCM)中的分析阶层过程(AHP)为评估和选择供营商开发出一个新的模型。文章旨在展示该模型在实践中如何为问题的解决提供帮助。同时也检验了决定阶层的结构，该模型是否可能真正地代表供营商选择决定，以及是否包括影响供营商选择的所有关键因素。GRA模型的有效性通过印度南部的原始设备制造业(OEM)产业来说明，GRA的分析结果通过AHP得到的结果得到证实。本文所提出的模型可以帮助相关产业有效地选择供营商。
关键词：供营商选择; 向前供应链模型(FSCM); 原始设备制造业(OEM); 灰色关系分析(GRA); 分析阶层过程(AHP)。
1. 引言
当前，产业倾向于仅集中精力在他们的核心业务上，相比从前他们越来越多地外购部分生产职能。反过来，这实践创造了更大和更加复杂的供应链。对这些供应链的成功管理是公司保持竞争力的基石之一。
基本上产业组织按照有效作用的不同被划分为例如营销、计划，生产，购买，财务等等。供应链是集上述功能于一体为这些组织活动创造了一个一般计划的战略手段，该供应链满足服务政策的要求，保持他们身处存在信誉风险的竞争环境中的最低的可能费用水平。供应链是部门网络，包含在从原材料采购到最终产品至消费者手中的产品的制造过程中。购买在多数生产组织中占据重要地位，因为购买的零件、组成部分及各种元件一般能占最终产品总值的40-60%。这意味着从原材料购买的相对较小成本降低中获取的收益会比用于生产组织中的其他销售区域的同等费用降低对赢利的有更大的影响。
供应商的选择旨在选出能够持续满足消费者需求和成本合理的最具潜力的供营商。选择是使用共同标准和方法对供营商进行广泛的比较。然而，为审查潜在供营商所使用的具体方法根据顾客需要的不同而不同。选择的总体目标是确认高潜力的供营商。
为选择合适的供营商，顾客使用选择标准和正确的方法来判断每个供营商的能力是否能一贯而有效地满足他们的需要。这些标准和措施被用来考察所有被考虑的供营商以
及反应顾客的需要与它的供应和技术战略。把它的需要转换成有用的标准可能是不容易的，因为需要经常被表达成一般的定性概念，而标准则应该是可以定量地被评估的具体要求。
顾客可以在选择标准不断发展变化中自己选择标准和措施以保证对自己的适用性。通常，发展中的标准和方法往往与下一个阶段收集信息的标准重叠。收集信息可使对评价所需要的标准的数量和类型具有洞察力也可获得可利用的数据的种类。然而，收集信息如果没有到位的具体标准和措施就可能徒劳无功。
购买作用的角色和结构在九十年代发生了演变。采购包含了购买原材料、组织的组成部分和供营商。与此相关的活动包括选择和判断合格的供营商、估计供营商的表现、谈判合同、比较价格、质量和服务、源头物品和服务，分期付款购买、售货条款、达成的评估价值、预期的价格、服务和有时的需求改变，确定物品被接受的形式等等。
供营商选择过程的宗旨是为买家减少风险并使总价值最大化，这一过程需要考虑一系列战略上的变化。这些变化中包括：供营商关系的时间表、国内和国际供营商的选择、供营商的数量即一个或多个采购渠道与产品种类之间的选择。
本文使用灰色关系分析(GRA)和向前供应链模型(FSCM)中的分析阶层过程(AHP) 为位于印度南部的生产橡胶产品的原始器材制造者(OEM)产业的评估供营商选择提出一个结构模型。本文组织如下：第2部分是学术研究回顾。第3部分问题的提出。第4部分提出问题的解答方法。第5部分是使用AHP和GRA提出的联合方法。在第6部分中讨论模型(案件例证)的应用。第7部分和第8部分提出案件例证与本文结论的结果比较。
2.学术研究回顾
供营商选择决定的复杂使得在作出决定的过程中必须考虑各种各样的标准。60年代以来这些标准和衡量供营商表现的分析便引起了许多科学家和购买实践者的关注。许多论文和研究也都致力于这个问题。这个部分简要地概述了供营商选择问题的研究结果和现有的学术成就。
早在1966年Dickson1就提出了评估供营商的23个不同标准。在这些标准中，他阐明，成本、质量和交货时间处于供营商选择的最重要的工作指标之中。从那以后，许多论文主要从三个角度援引他的供营商选择问题研究方法：概念，经验和数学。
在供营商选择的经验方面，Weber et al.对涉及供应商选择中最重要标准的学术研究做了全面回顾和调查。根据他们的调查，价格是选择过程中最重要的因素，订货交货
的时间其次，质量因素居后。Jiuh-Biing提出他的研究方法，该研究方法可能刺激与全球性物流相关的领域的研究，也许能帮助有关全球性物流操作的不确定性和复杂性问题的解决。
Chan和Chung，开发出多重标准的基因优化方法以解决供应链管理中的分布式网络问题。在该工作中他们以基因算法结合分析阶层过程以获取可以减少计算时间的多重标准决策制定的能力。Vaidya和Kumar，回顾了分析阶层过程(AHP)应用方面的学术研究并且提出AHP作为一个多重标准决策制定工具的各种应用领域。
Handeld et al.在AHP帮助下在他们的供应商评估决定方面提出集成环境问题。Liu et al.和Weber et al.为一个多宗旨的供营商选择问题(VSP)提出了数据包封分析方法。
Vanegas和Labib，提出按顾客要求确定重量的方法，该方法使用“模糊的线段”的概念通过把重量从AHP转换成模糊的数字来实现。Maggie和Tummala在他们的论文中对有关电信系统选择供营商的问题进行论述并将上述模型建立在选择供应商所节省的
时间上。
上述研究表明在供营商的选择方面，先前的多数研究者只考虑了三个主要因素(质量、服务和价格)和大约15个次级因素。本文描述五个主要因素(质量，交付，设计能力、服务和价格)和供营商选择的21个次级因素。
3. 问题阐述
此次研究选择的公司计划为它的橡胶制造业产品打造一条供应链。当前，公司正面对着有关生产产品的质量的很多问题。在经过由包括从产业界到学术界的研究专家组成的研究小组长期研究之后，发现了质量问题，质量问题的出现是由于从单一供营商购买原材料，且不经过质量测试。所以，公司计划通过从由三个供选择的供营商挑选的最佳供营商那里购买原料来改进产品的质量，不妨假设供营商1，供营商2和供营商3是可选择的供应商。
现在要考虑的问题是哪些供营商将被选择。主要因素和次要因素应该是供营商选择过程中最先考虑的和重要的。选择供营商过程中选择可能的主要因素和次要因素由一个决定制定组完成，该小组包括了从产业界 (购买主管、采购主管、销售主管、产品主管、质量主管和生产主管) 到学术界的专家。有关供营商选择的主要因素和次要因素已经通过调查作出了选择。包含这些要素的该研究的调查表已经设计出来。从直接介入由供应
商提供原材料的原始设备制造商的不同功能区域随机地选择被调查者。基于该项调查，与选择供应商有关的主要影响要素和次要要素如表1 所示。
选择的最佳供营商分成四个层次。第1级代表最佳供营商的选择目标; 第2级代表五种要素：质量(Q)，交付(D)，设计或者技术能力(E)，服务(S)和价格(R); 第3级代表21种次级要素;第4级代表供营商的数量。
4. 解决方法
这个环节，在选择主要要素和次要要素以后，我们采取多重标准决策制定工具例如AHP和GRA来解决供营商选择问题。第一个部分使用AHP研究方法，因为它融定性和定量标准于一体是解决当前问题的适当方法。GRA研究方法在第二部分中使用，因为其中的计算方法比应用AHP更快速和简便。下面将论述AHP和GRA方法的概要。
4.1. AHP概要
AHP12是为解决一些应用领域复杂的多重标准问题而设计出的决策制定方法。这个方法被证明是考虑复杂和无特定结构的决定的一种有效和实用方法。该研究运用AHP来处理影响供营商选择决定的有形和无形的因素以及次级因素。方法的选择是根据问题的特点和其他方法的优缺点来确定的。决策者通过成对地比较以判断每个标准的重要性。AHP的结果是每个决定选择被给予优先的等级或分量。本文的研究集中于通过公式化的AHP和基于GRA的联合方法为橡胶制造工厂选择一个最佳的供营商。基本上，运用AHP 方法考虑决策问题有三步：构建层次; 比较评断; 并且优先权综合，如下描述。
附件2：外文原文
AN INTEGRATED APPROACH FOR SELECTING A VENDOR USING GREY RELATIONAL ANALYSIS
This paper develops a new model for evaluating and selecting the vendor using an integrated approach of Grey Relational Analysis (GRA) along with an Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) in a Forward Supply Chain Model (FSCM). The paper aims to demonstrate how the model can help in solving such decisions in practice. It also examines the structure of the decision hierarchy, whether it can represent vendor selection decisions in reality and whether it covers all key factors affecting vendor selection choices. The effectiveness of the GRA model is illustrated with an Original Equipment Manufacturing (OEM) industry in southern part of India and the results of GRA were validated using the result obtained from AHP. The proposed model helps the industry to effectively select the vendor.
Keywords: Vendor selection; Forward Supply Chain Model (FSCM); Original Equipment Manufacturing (OEM); Grey Relational Analysis (GRA); Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP).
1. Introduction
At present, industries tend to focus only on their core business and resort more and more to outsourcing several of their production functions than in the recent past. In turn, this practice has created larger and more complex supply chains. The successful management of these chains is one of the cornerstones for companies to stay competitive.
Basically industrial organizations have been divided in operative functions such as marketing, planning, production, purchasing, finance, etc. Supply chain is a strategy that integrates these functions creating a general plan for the organization, which satisfies the service policy, maintaining the lowest possible cost level due to the incredible competition environment that they are exposed to. A supply chain is a network of departments, which is involved in the manufacturing of a product from the procurement of raw materials to the distribution of the final products to the customer. Purchasing commands a significant position in most organizations since purchased parts, components, and supplies typically represent 40–60% of the sales of its end products. This means that relatively small cost reductions gained in the acquisition of materials can have a greater impact on profits than equal
improvements in other cost-sales areas of the organization.
The objective of vendor selection is to identify vendors with the highest potential for meeting customers? needs consistently and at an acceptable cost. Selection is a broad comparison of vendors using a common set of criteria and measures. However, the level of detail used for examining potential vendors may vary depending on customers needs. The overall goal of selection is to identify high potential vendors.
To select likely vendors, the customer judges each vendor?s ability to meet consistently and cost-effectively its needs using selection criteria and right measures. Criteria and measures are developed to be applicable to all the vendors being considered and to reflect the customer?s needs and its supply and technology strategy. It may not be easy to convert its needs into useful criteria, because needs are often expressed as general qualitative concepts while criteria should be specific requirements that can be quantitatively evaluated.
The customer can set measures while it is developing selection criteria to ensure that the criteria will be practical to use. Often, developing criteria and measures overlaps with the next step, gathering information. Gathering information may offer insight into the number and type of criteria that will be required for the evaluation and the type of data that is available. However, gathering information without specific criteria and measures in place can lead to extraneous effort.
There has been an evolution in the role and structure of the purchasing function through the 90s. Purchasing involves buying the raw materials, vendors and components for the organization. The activities associated with it include selecting and qualifying vendor, rating vendor performance, negotiating contracts, comparing price, quality and service, sourcing goods and service, timing purchases, selling terms of sale, evaluating the value received, predicting price, service, and sometimes demand changes, specifying the form in which goods are to be received, etc.
The objective of the vendor selection process is to reduce risk and maximize the total value for the buyer, and it involves considering a series of strategic variables. Among these variables is the time frame of the relationship with vendors, the choice between domestic and international vendors, and the number of vendors, that is, choosing between single or multiple sourcing and the type of product.
This paper presents a structured model for evaluating the vendor selection for the original equipment manufacturers (OEM) industry producing rubber products located at the southern part of India using the Grey Relational Analysis (GRA) and Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) in a Forward Supply Chain Model (FSCM). This paper is organized as follows: In Sec. 2, a literature review is provided. Section 3 describes the problem. Section 4 presents
the solution methodology. Section 5 presents the proposed integrated approach using AHP and GRA. In Sec. 6, the application of model (case illustration) is discussed. Sections 7 and 8 present the result comparisons of the case illustration and conclusion of the paper.
2. Literature Review
Vendor selection decisions are complicated by the fact that various criteria must be considered in decisions making process. The analysis of such criteria and measuring the performances of vendors have been the focus of many scientists and purchasing practitioners since the 1960s. Many papers and researches were dedicated to this problem. This section briefly summarizes the literature of existing approaches and results obtained for the vendor selection problem.
Early in 1966, Dickson1 reports 23 different criteria for vendors? evaluation. Of these criteria, he states that cost, quality, and delivery times are among the most important performance measures in the selection of vendors. Since that time, numerous papers have cited his work approaching the vendor selection problem mainly from three perspectives; conceptual, empirical, and mathematical.
In the empirical area of the vendor selection, Weber et al.3 present a comprehensive review of the literature providing the most important criteria in the choice of suppliers. According to their investigation, they rank price as the most important factor in the selection process followed by lead-time and quality factors. Jiuh-Biing, proposed a methodology in his research that would stimulate research in the related fields of global logistics, and may help address issues regarding the uncertainty and complexity of global logistics operations.
Chan and Chung,5 develop a multi-criterion genetic optimization for solving distribution network problems in supply chain management. In this work they combine analytic hierarchy processes with genetic algorithms to capture the capability of multi-criterion decision-making which will reduce the computation time. Vaidya and Kumar, presents a literature review of the applications of Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and also provided the various application area where the AHP is used as a multiple criteria decision-making tool.
Handeld et al., in their work integrate environmental issues in their supplier assessment decisions with the help of AHP. Liu et al., and Weber et al presented a data envelopment analysis method for a Vendor Selection Problem (VSP) with multiple objectives.
Vanegas and Labib, proposed a method to determine the weights for the customer requirements by converting the weights from the AHP into fuzzy numbers using the concept of a “fuzzy line segment”. Maggie and Tummala, in their paper discussed about the vendor selection for the telecommunication systems and based on the proposed model the time taken to select the vendor has been reduced.
The above literature reveals that for selection of vendors, most previous researchers have considered only three main factors (quality, service and price) and about 15 sub-factors. This paper describes five main factors (quality, delivery, engineering capability, service and price) and 21 sub-factors for the vendor selection.
3. Problem Description
The company chosen for this work plans to build a supply chain for its rubber manufacturing product. At present, the company is facing a lot of problems regarding the quality of products manufactured. After the long study done by the research team comprising of experts from industry and academia, it was found that the quality problems have risen because of the raw materials purchased from the single vendor without testing the quality. So, the company has planned to improve the quality of the product by purchasing raw material from the best vendor selected from the three alternative vendors, namely vendor 1, vendor 2 and vendor 3 were taken into consideration.
Among the questions that arise is which vendors are to be selected. The attributes and the sub-attributes have to be most prevalent and important in the vendor selection process. Choosing the possible attributes and sub-attributes for the vendor selection involves a decision making team which includes experts from the industry side (purchasing director, purchasing manager, sales manager, product manager, quality manager and production manager) and the academic side. The attributes and sub-attributes involved in the vendor selection have been chosen by conducting a survey. A questionnaire consisting of these factors was designed for the survey. A respondent to the survey is selected randomly from different functional areas of the Original Equipment Manufacturers company who are directly involved with the materials supplied by the vendors. Based on the survey conducted, the major influencing attributes and sub-attributes involved in vendor selection are given in Table 1.
It comprises of four levels for selecting the best vendor. Level 1 represents the goal i.e. selection of best vendor; Level 2 represents the five attributes, Quality (Q), Delivery (D), Engineering/technical capability (E), Service (S) and Price (R); Level 3 represents 21 sub-attributes; and Level 4 represents the number of vendors.
4. Solution Methodology
In this work, the multi criteria decision-making tools such as AHP and GRA are adopted to solve the vendor selection problem after selecting attributes and sub-attributes. In the first part, the AHP approach is used, since it can combine both qualitative and quantitative criteria making it an appropriate approach for solving the current problem. GRA approach is used in the second part because the calculations involved are faster and simpler than in AHP. The overview of AHP and GRA approaches are discussed below.
4.1. Overview of AHP
The AHP12 is a decision making approach designed to aid in the solution of complex multiple criteria problems in a number of application domains. This method has been found to be an effective and practical approach that can consider complex and unstructured decisions. The AHP is proposed in this research in order to handle both tangible and intangible factors and sub-factors affecting vendor selection decisions. The selection of the methodology is based on the characteristics of the problem and the consideration of the advantages and drawbacks of other methodologies. The decision-maker judges the importance of each criterion in pair-wise comparisons. The outcome of AHP is a prioritized ranking or weighting of each decision alternative. The research in this paper has focused on formulating an AHP and GRA-based integrated approach to select a best vendor for the rubber manufacturing plant. Basically, there are three steps for considering decision problems by AHP: constructing hierarchies; comparative judgment; and synthesis of priorities, described as follows.
4.1.1. Establishment of a structural hierarchy
This step allows a complex decision to be structured into a hierarchy descending from an overall objective to various …attributes?, …sub-attributes?, and so on until the lowest level. The objective or the overall goal of the decision is represented at the top level of the hierarchy. The attributes and sub-attributes contributing to the decision are represented at the intermediate levels. Finally, the decision alternatives or selection choices are laid down at the last level of the hierarchy. According to Saaty,12 a hierarchy can be constructed by creative thinking, recollection and using people?s perspectives. He further notes that there is no set of procedures for generating the levels to be included in the hierarchy. Zahedi14 comments that the structure of the hierarchy depends upon the nature or type of managerial decision.
Also, the number of the levels in a hierarchy depends on the complexity of the problem being analyzed and the degree of detail of the problem that an analyst requires to solve. As such, the hierarchical representation of a system may vary from one person to another.
Inventory management Inventory Control On the so-called "inventory control", many people will interpret it as a "storage management", which is actually a big distortion. The traditional narrow view, mainly for warehouse inventory control of materials for inventory, data processing, storage, distribution, etc., through the implementation of anti-corrosion, temperature and humidity control means, to make the custody of the physical inventory to maintain optimum purposes. This is just a form of inventory control, or can be defined as the physical inventory control. How, then, from a broad perspective to understand inventory control? Inventory control should be related to the company's financial and operational objectives, in particular operating cash flow by optimizing the entire demand and supply chain management processes (DSCM), a reasonable set of ERP control strategy, and supported by appropriate information processing tools, tools to achieved in ensuring the timely delivery of the premise, as far as possible to reduce inventory levels, reducing inventory and obsolescence, the risk of devaluation. In this sense, the physical inventory control to achieve financial goals is just a means to control the entire inventory or just a necessary part; from the perspective of organizational functions, physical inventory control, warehouse management is mainly the responsibility of The broad inventory control is the demand and supply chain management, and the whole company's responsibility. Why until now many people's understanding of inventory control, limited physical inventory control? The following two reasons can not be ignored: First, our enterprises do not attach importance to inventory control. Especially those who benefit relatively good business, as long as there is money on the few people to consider the problem of inventory turnover. Inventory control is simply interpreted as warehouse management, unless the time to spend money, it may have been to see the inventory problem, and see the results are often very simple procurement to buy more, or did not do warehouse departments . Second, ERP misleading. Invoicing software is simple audacity to call it ERP, companies on their so-called ERP can reduce the number of inventory, inventory control, seems to rely on their small software can get. Even as SAP, BAAN ERP world, the field of
Statistical hypothesis testing Adriana Albu，Loredana Ungureanu Politehnica University Timisoara,adrianaa@aut.utt.ro Politehnica University Timisoara,loredanau@aut.utt.ro Abstract In this article,we present a Bayesian statistical hypothesis testing inspection, testing theory and the process Mentioned hypothesis testing in the real world and the importance of, and successful test of the Notes. Key words Bayesian hypothesis testing; Bayesian inference;Test of significance Introduction A statistical hypothesis test is a method of making decisions using data, whether from a controlled experiment or an observational study (not controlled). In statistics, a result is called statistically significant if it is unlikely to have occurred by chance alone, according to a pre-determined threshold probability, the significance level. The phrase "test of significance" was coined by Ronald Fisher: "Critical tests of this kind may be called tests of significance, and when such tests are available we may discover whether a second sample is or is not significantly different from the first."[1] Hypothesis testing is sometimes called confirmatory data analysis, in contrast to exploratory data analysis. In frequency probability,these decisions are almost always made using null-hypothesis tests. These are tests that answer the question Assuming that the null hypothesis is true, what is the probability of observing a value for the test statistic that is at [] least as extreme as the value that was actually observed?) 2 More formally, they represent answers to the question, posed before undertaking an experiment,of what outcomes of the experiment would lead to rejection of the null hypothesis for a pre-specified probability of an incorrect rejection. One use of hypothesis testing is deciding whether experimental results contain enough information to cast doubt on conventional wisdom. Statistical hypothesis testing is a key technique of frequentist statistical inference. The Bayesian approach to hypothesis testing is to base rejection of the hypothesis on the posterior probability.[3][4]Other approaches to reaching a decision based on data are available via decision theory and optimal decisions. The critical region of a hypothesis test is the set of all outcomes which cause the null hypothesis to be rejected in favor of the alternative hypothesis. The critical region is usually denoted by the letter C. One-sample tests are appropriate when a sample is being compared to the population from a hypothesis. The population characteristics are known from theory or are calculated from the population.
外文出处： 《Exploiting Software How to Break Code》By Greg Hoglund, Gary McGraw Publisher : Addison Wesley Pub Date : February 17, 2004 ISBN : 0-201-78695-8 译文标题： JDBC接口技术 译文： JDBC是一种可用于执行SQL语句的JavaAPI（ApplicationProgrammingInterface应用程序设计接口）。它由一些Java语言编写的类和界面组成。JDBC为数据库应用开发人员、数据库前台工具开发人员提供了一种标准的应用程序设计接口，使开发人员可以用纯Java语言编写完整的数据库应用程序。 一、ODBC到JDBC的发展历程 说到JDBC，很容易让人联想到另一个十分熟悉的字眼“ODBC”。它们之间有没有联系呢？如果有，那么它们之间又是怎样的关系呢？ ODBC是OpenDatabaseConnectivity的英文简写。它是一种用来在相关或不相关的数据库管理系统（DBMS）中存取数据的，用C语言实现的，标准应用程序数据接口。通过ODBCAPI，应用程序可以存取保存在多种不同数据库管理系统（DBMS）中的数据，而不论每个DBMS使用了何种数据存储格式和编程接口。 1．ODBC的结构模型 ODBC的结构包括四个主要部分：应用程序接口、驱动器管理器、数据库驱动器和数据源。应用程序接口：屏蔽不同的ODBC数据库驱动器之间函数调用的差别，为用户提供统一的SQL编程接口。 驱动器管理器：为应用程序装载数据库驱动器。 数据库驱动器：实现ODBC的函数调用，提供对特定数据源的SQL请求。如果需要，数据库驱动器将修改应用程序的请求，使得请求符合相关的DBMS所支持的文法。 数据源：由用户想要存取的数据以及与它相关的操作系统、DBMS和用于访问DBMS的网络平台组成。 虽然ODBC驱动器管理器的主要目的是加载数据库驱动器，以便ODBC函数调用，但是数据库驱动器本身也执行ODBC函数调用，并与数据库相互配合。因此当应用系统发出调用与数据源进行连接时，数据库驱动器能管理通信协议。当建立起与数据源的连接时，数据库驱动器便能处理应用系统向DBMS发出的请求，对分析或发自数据源的设计进行必要的翻译，并将结果返回给应用系统。 2．JDBC的诞生 自从Java语言于1995年5月正式公布以来，Java风靡全球。出现大量的用java语言编写的程序，其中也包括数据库应用程序。由于没有一个Java语言的API，编程人员不得不在Java程序中加入C语言的ODBC函数调用。这就使很多Java的优秀特性无法充分发挥，比如平台无关性、面向对象特性等。随着越来越多的编程人员对Java语言的日益喜爱，越来越多的公司在Java程序开发上投入的精力日益增加，对java语言接口的访问数据库的API 的要求越来越强烈。也由于ODBC的有其不足之处，比如它并不容易使用，没有面向对象的特性等等，SUN公司决定开发一Java语言为接口的数据库应用程序开发接口。在JDK1．x 版本中，JDBC只是一个可选部件，到了JDK1．1公布时，SQL类包（也就是JDBCAPI）
吉林化工学院理学院 毕业论文外文翻译English Title（Times New Roman ，三号） 学生学号：08810219 学生姓名：袁庚文 专业班级：信息与计算科学0802 指导教师：赵瑛 职称副教授 起止日期：2012.2.27～2012.3.14 吉林化工学院 Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology
1 外文翻译的基本内容 应选择与本课题密切相关的外文文献（学术期刊网上的），译成中文，与原文装订在一起并独立成册。在毕业答辩前，同论文一起上交。译文字数不应少于3000个汉字。 2 书写规范 2.1 外文翻译的正文格式 正文版心设置为：上边距：3.5厘米，下边距：2.5厘米，左边距：3.5厘米，右边距：2厘米，页眉：2.5厘米，页脚：2厘米。 中文部分正文选用模板中的样式所定义的“正文”，每段落首行缩进2字；或者手动设置成每段落首行缩进2字，字体：宋体，字号：小四，行距：多倍行距1.3，间距：前段、后段均为0行。 这部分工作模板中已经自动设置为缺省值。 2.2标题格式 特别注意：各级标题的具体形式可参照外文原文确定。 1．第一级标题（如：第1章绪论）选用模板中的样式所定义的“标题1”，居左；或者手动设置成字体：黑体，居左，字号：三号，1.5倍行距，段后11磅，段前为11磅。 2．第二级标题（如：1.2 摘要与关键词）选用模板中的样式所定义的“标题2”，居左；或者手动设置成字体：黑体，居左，字号：四号，1.5倍行距，段后为0，段前0.5行。 3．第三级标题（如：1.2.1 摘要）选用模板中的样式所定义的“标题3”，居左；或者手动设置成字体：黑体，居左，字号：小四，1.5倍行距，段后为0，段前0.5行。 标题和后面文字之间空一格（半角）。 3 图表及公式等的格式说明 图表、公式、参考文献等的格式详见《吉林化工学院本科学生毕业设计说明书（论文）撰写规范及标准模版》中相关的说明。
毕业设计（论文） 外文文献译文及原文 学生：李树森 学号：201006090217 院（系）：电气与信息工程学院 专业：网络工程 指导教师：王立梅 2014年06月10日
JSP的技术发展历史 作者：Kathy Sierra and Bert Bates 来源：Servlet&JSP Java Server Pages(JSP)是一种基于web的脚本编程技术，类似于网景公司的服务器端Java脚本语言—— server-side JavaScript(SSJS)和微软的Active Server Pages(ASP)。与SSJS和ASP相比，JSP具有更好的可扩展性，并且它不专属于任何一家厂商或某一特定的Web服务器。尽管JSP规范是由Sun 公司制定的，但任何厂商都可以在自己的系统上实现JSP。 在Sun正式发布JSP之后，这种新的Web应用开发技术很快引起了人们的关注。JSP为创建高度动态的Web应用提供了一个独特的开发环境。按照Sun的说法，JSP能够适应市场上包括Apache WebServer、IIS4.0在内的85%的服务器产品。 本文将介绍JSP相关的知识，以及JavaBean的相关内容，当然都是比较粗略的介绍其中的基本内容，仅仅起到抛砖引玉的作用，如果读者需要更详细的信息，请参考相应的JSP的书籍。 1.1 概述 JSP(Java Server Pages)是由Sun Microsystems公司倡导、许多公司参与一起建立的一种动态网页技术标准，其在动态网页的建设中有其强大而特别的功能。JSP与Microsoft的ASP技术非常相似。两者都提供在HTML代码中混合某种程序代码、由语言引擎解释执行程序代码的能力。下面我们简单的对它进行介绍。 JSP页面最终会转换成servlet。因而，从根本上，JSP页面能够执行的任何任务都可以用servlet 来完成。然而，这种底层的等同性并不意味着servlet和JSP页面对于所有的情况都等同适用。问题不在于技术的能力，而是二者在便利性、生产率和可维护性上的不同。毕竟，在特定平台上能够用Java 编程语言完成的事情，同样可以用汇编语言来完成，但是选择哪种语言依旧十分重要。 和单独使用servlet相比，JSP提供下述好处： JSP中HTML的编写与维护更为简单。JSP中可以使用常规的HTML：没有额外的反斜杠，没有额外的双引号，也没有暗含的Java语法。 能够使用标准的网站开发工具。即使是那些对JSP一无所知的HTML工具，我们也可以使用，因为它们会忽略JSP标签。 可以对开发团队进行划分。Java程序员可以致力于动态代码。Web开发人员可以将经理集中在表示层上。对于大型的项目，这种划分极为重要。依据开发团队的大小，及项目的复杂程度，可以对静态HTML和动态内容进行弱分离和强分离。 此处的讨论并不是说人们应该放弃使用servlet而仅仅使用JSP。事实上，几乎所有的项目都会同时用到这两种技术。在某些项目中，更适宜选用servlet，而针对项目中的某些请求，我们可能会在MVC构架下组合使用这两项技术。我们总是希望用适当的工具完成相对应的工作，仅仅是servlet并不一定能够胜任所有工作。 1.2 JSP的由来 Sun公司的JSP技术，使Web页面开发人员可以使用HTML或者XML标识来设计和格式化最终
附件1：外文资料翻译译文 包装对食品发展的影响 一个消费者对某个产品的第一印象来说包装是至关重要的，包括沟通的可取性，可接受性，健康饮食形象等。食品能够提供广泛的产品和包装组合，传达自己加工的形象感知给消费者，例如新鲜包装/准备，冷藏，冷冻，超高温无菌，消毒（灭菌），烘干产品。 食物的最重要的质量属性之一，是它的味道，其影响人类的感官知觉，即味觉和嗅觉。味道可以很大程度作退化的处理和/或扩展存储。其他质量属性，也可能受到影响，包括颜色，质地和营养成分。食品质量不仅取决于原材料，添加剂，加工和包装的方法，而且其预期的货架寿命（保质期）过程中遇到的分布和储存条件的质量。越来越多的竞争当中，食品生产商，零售商和供应商；和质量审核供应商有显着提高食品质量以及急剧增加包装食品的选择。这些改进也得益于严格的冷藏链中的温度控制和越来越挑剔的消费者。 保质期的一个定义是：在食品加工和包装组合下，在食品的容器和条件，在销售点分布在特定系统的时间能保持令人满意的食味品质。保质期，可以用来作为一个新鲜的概念，促进营销的工具。延期或保质期长的产品，还提供产品的使用时间，方便以及减少浪费食物的风险，消费者和/或零售商。包装产品的质量和保质期的主题是在第3章中详细讨论。 包装为消费者提供有关产品的重要信息，在许多情况下，使用的包装和/或产品，包括事实信息如重量，体积，配料，制造商的细节，营养价值，烹饪和开放的指示，除了法律准则的最小尺寸的文字和数字，有定义的各类产品。消费者寻求更详细的产品信息，同时，许多标签已经成为多语种。标签的可读性是为视障人士的问题，这很可能成为一个对越来越多的老年人口越来越重要的问题。 食物的选择和包装创新的一个主要驱动力是为了方便消费者的需求。这里有许多方便的现代包装所提供的属性，这些措施包括易于接入和开放，处置和处理，产品的知名度，再密封性能，微波加热性，延长保质期等。在英国和其他发达经济体显示出生率下降和快速增长的一个相对富裕的老人人口趋势，伴随着更加苛
外文翻译 专业机械设计制造及其自动化学生姓名刘链柱 班级机制111 学号1110101102 指导教师葛友华
外文资料名称： Design and performance evaluation of vacuum cleaners using cyclone technology 外文资料出处：Korean J. Chem. Eng., 23(6), (用外文写) 925-930 (2006) 附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文 2.外文原文
应用旋风技术真空吸尘器的设计和性能介绍 吉尔泰金，洪城铱昌，宰瑾李， 刘链柱译 摘要：旋风型分离器技术用于真空吸尘器 - 轴向进流旋风和切向进气道流旋风有效地收集粉尘和降低压力降已被实验研究。优化设计等因素作为集尘效率，压降，并切成尺寸被粒度对应于分级收集的50％的效率进行了研究。颗粒切成大小降低入口面积，体直径，减小涡取景器直径的旋风。切向入口的双流量气旋具有良好的性能考虑的350毫米汞柱的低压降和为1.5μm的质量中位直径在1米3的流量的截止尺寸。一使用切向入口的双流量旋风吸尘器示出了势是一种有效的方法，用于收集在家庭中产生的粉尘。 摘要及关键词：吸尘器; 粉尘; 旋风分离器 引言 我们这个时代的很大一部分都花在了房子，工作场所，或其他建筑，因此，室内空间应该是既舒适情绪和卫生。但室内空气中含有超过室外空气因气密性的二次污染物，毒物，食品气味。这是通过使用产生在建筑中的新材料和设备。真空吸尘器为代表的家电去除有害物质从地板到地毯所用的商用真空吸尘器房子由纸过滤，预过滤器和排气过滤器通过洁净的空气排放到大气中。虽然真空吸尘器是方便在使用中，吸入压力下降说唱空转成比例地清洗的时间，以及纸过滤器也应定期更换，由于压力下降，气味和细菌通过纸过滤器内的残留粉尘。 图1示出了大气气溶胶的粒度分布通常是双峰形，在粗颗粒（>2.0微米）模式为主要的外部来源，如风吹尘，海盐喷雾，火山，从工厂直接排放和车辆废气排放，以及那些在细颗粒模式包括燃烧或光化学反应。表1显示模式，典型的大气航空的直径和质量浓度溶胶被许多研究者测量。精细模式在0.18?0.36 在5.7到25微米尺寸范围微米尺寸范围。质量浓度为2?205微克，可直接在大气气溶胶和 3.85至36.3μg/m3柴油气溶胶。
软件专业毕业论文外文文献中英文翻译 Object landscapes and lifetimes Tech nically, OOP is just about abstract data typing, in herita nee, and polymorphism, but other issues can be at least as importa nt. The rema in der of this sect ion will cover these issues. One of the most importa nt factors is the way objects are created and destroyed. Where is the data for an object and how is the lifetime of the object con trolled? There are differe nt philosophies at work here. C++ takes the approach that con trol of efficie ncy is the most importa nt issue, so it gives the programmer a choice. For maximum run-time speed, the storage and lifetime can be determined while the program is being written, by placing the objects on the stack (these are sometimes called automatic or scoped variables) or in the static storage area. This places a priority on the speed of storage allocatio n and release, and con trol of these can be very valuable in some situati ons. However, you sacrifice flexibility because you must know the exact qua ntity, lifetime, and type of objects while you're writing the program. If you are trying to solve a more general problem such as computer-aided desig n, warehouse man ageme nt, or air-traffic con trol, this is too restrictive. The sec ond approach is to create objects dyn amically in a pool of memory called the heap. In this approach, you don't know un til run-time how many objects you n eed, what their lifetime is, or what their exact type is. Those are determined at the spur of the moment while the program is runnin g. If you n eed a new object, you simply make it on the heap at the point that you n eed it. Because the storage is man aged dyn amically, at run-time, the amount of time required to allocate storage on the heap is sig ni fica ntly Ion ger tha n the time to create storage on the stack. (Creat ing storage on the stack is ofte n a si ngle assembly in structio n to move the stack poin ter dow n, and ano ther to move it back up.) The dyn amic approach makes the gen erally logical assumpti on that objects tend to be complicated, so the extra overhead of finding storage and releas ing that storage will not have an importa nt impact on the creati on of an object .In additi on, the greater flexibility is esse ntial to solve the gen eral program ming problem. Java uses the sec ond approach, exclusive". Every time you want to create an object, you use the new keyword to build a dyn amic in sta nee of that object. There's ano ther issue, however, and that's the lifetime of an object. With Ian guages that allow objects to be created on the stack, the compiler determines how long the object lasts and can automatically destroy it. However, if you create it on the heap the compiler has no kno wledge of its lifetime. In a Ianguage like C++, you must determine programmatically when to destroy the
南京理工大学 毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译 教学点：南京信息职业技术学院 专业：电子信息工程 姓名：陈洁 学号： 014910253034 外文出处：《 Pci System Architecture 》 (用外文写) 附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。 指导教师评语： 该生外文翻译没有基本的语法错误，用词准确，没 有重要误译，忠实原文；译文通顺，条理清楚，数量与 质量上达到了本科水平。 签名： 年月日 注：请将该封面与附件装订成册。
附件1：外文资料翻译译文 64位PCI扩展 1.64位数据传送和64位寻址：独立的能力 PCI规范给出了允许64位总线主设备与64位目标实现64位数据传送的机理。在传送的开始，如果回应目标是一个64位或32位设备，64位总线设备会自动识别。如果它是64位设备，达到8个字节（一个4字）可以在每个数据段中传送。假定是一串0等待状态数据段。在33MHz总线速率上可以每秒264兆字节获取（8字节／传送＊33百万传送字／秒），在66MHz总线上可以528M字节／秒获取。如果回应目标是32位设备，总线主设备会自动识别并且在下部4位数据通道上（AD[31::00]）引导，所以数据指向或来自目标。 规范也定义了64位存储器寻址功能。此功能只用于寻址驻留在4GB地址边界以上的存储器目标。32位和64位总线主设备都可以实现64位寻址。此外，对64位寻址反映的存储器目标（驻留在4GB地址边界上）可以看作32位或64位目标来实现。 注意64位寻址和64位数据传送功能是两种特性，各自独立并且严格区分开来是非常重要的。一个设备可以支持一种、另一种、都支持或都不支持。 2.64位扩展信号 为了支持64位数据传送功能，PCI总线另有39个引脚。 ●REQ64#被64位总线主设备有效表明它想执行64位数据传送操作。REQ64#与FRAME#信号具有相同的时序和间隔。REQ64#信号必须由系统主板上的上拉电阻来支持。当32位总线主设备进行传送时，REQ64#不能又漂移。 ●ACK64#被目标有效以回应被主设备有效的REQ64#（如果目标支持64位数据传送），ACK64#与DEVSEL#具有相同的时序和间隔（但是直到REQ64#被主设备有效，ACK64#才可被有效）。像REQ64#一样，ACK64#信号线也必须由系统主板上的上拉电阻来支持。当32位设备是传送目标时，ACK64#不能漂移。 ●AD[64::32]包含上部4位地址／数据通道。 ●C/BE#[7::4]包含高4位命令/字节使能信号。 ●PAR64是为上部4个AD通道和上部4位C/BE信号线提供偶校验的奇偶校验位。 以下是几小结详细讨论64位数据传送和寻址功能。 3.在32位插入式连接器上的64位卡
毕业论文（设计）外文翻译 题目：中国上市公司偏好股权融资：非制度性因素 系部名称：经济管理系专业班级:会计082班 学生姓名：任民学号： 200880444228 指导教师：冯银波教师职称:讲师 年月日
译文： 中国上市公司偏好股权融资：非制度性因素 国际商业管理杂志 2009.10 摘要：本文把重点集中于中国上市公司的融资活动，运用西方融资理论，从非制度性因素方面，如融资成本、企业资产类型和质量、盈利能力、行业因素、股权结构因素、财务管理水平和社会文化，分析了中国上市公司倾向于股权融资的原因，并得出结论，股权融资偏好是上市公司根据中国融资环境的一种合理的选择。最后，针对公司的股权融资偏好提出了一些简明的建议。 关键词：股权融资，非制度性因素，融资成本 一、前言 中国上市公司偏好于股权融资，根据中国证券报的数据显示，1997年上市公司在资本市场的融资金额为95.87亿美元，其中股票融资的比例是72.5％，，在1998年和1999年比例分别为72.6％和72.3％，另一方面，债券融资的比例分别是17.8％，24.9％和25.1％。在这三年，股票融资的比例，在比中国发达的资本市场中却在下跌。以美国为例，当美国企业需要的资金在资本市场上，于股权融资相比他们宁愿选择债券融资。统计数据显示，从1970年到1985年，美日企业债券融资占了境外融资的91.7％，比股权融资高很多。阎达五等发现，大约中国3/4的上市公司偏好于股权融资。许多研究的学者认为，上市公司按以下顺序进行外部融资：第一个是股票基金，第二个是可转换债券，三是短期债务，最后一个是长期负债。许多研究人员通常分析我国上市公司偏好股权是由于我们国家的经济改革所带来的制度性因素。他们认为，上市公司的融资活动违背了西方古典融资理论只是因为那些制度性原因。例如，优序融资理论认为，当企业需要资金时，他们首先应该转向内部资金（折旧和留存收益），然后再进行债权融资，最后的选择是股票融资。在这篇文章中，笔者认为，这是因为具体的金融环境激活了企业的这种偏好，并结合了非制度性因素和西方金融理论，尝试解释股权融资偏好的原因。
毕业设计（论文） 外文翻译 题目西安市水源工程中的 水电站设计 专业水利水电工程 班级 学生 指导教师 2016年
研究钢弧形闸门的动态稳定性 牛志国 河海大学水利水电工程学院，中国南京，邮编210098 nzg_197901@https://www.doczj.com/doc/bc18856052.html,，niuzhiguo@https://www.doczj.com/doc/bc18856052.html, 李同春 河海大学水利水电工程学院，中国南京，邮编210098 ltchhu@https://www.doczj.com/doc/bc18856052.html, 摘要 由于钢弧形闸门的结构特征和弹力，调查对参数共振的弧形闸门的臂一直是研究领域的热点话题弧形弧形闸门的动力稳定性。在这个论文中，简化空间框架作为分析模型，根据弹性体薄壁结构的扰动方程和梁单元模型和薄壁结构的梁单元模型，动态不稳定区域的弧形闸门可以通过有限元的方法，应用有限元的方法计算动态不稳定性的主要区域的弧形弧形闸门工作。此外，结合物理和数值模型，对识别新方法的参数共振钢弧形闸门提出了调查，本文不仅是重要的改进弧形闸门的参数振动的计算方法，但也为进一步研究弧形弧形闸门结构的动态稳定性打下了坚实的基础。 简介 低举升力，没有门槽，好流型，和操作方便等优点，使钢弧形闸门已经广泛应用于水工建筑物。弧形闸门的结构特点是液压完全作用于弧形闸门，通过门叶和主大梁，所以弧形闸门臂是主要的组件确保弧形闸门安全操作。如果周期性轴向载荷作用于手臂，手臂的不稳定是在一定条件下可能发生。调查指出:在弧形闸门的20次事故中，除了极特殊的破坏情况下，弧形闸门的破坏的原因是弧形闸门臂的不稳定;此外，明显的动态作用下发生破坏。例如:张山闸，位于中国的江苏省，包括36个弧形闸门。当一个弧形闸门打开放水时，门被破坏了，而其他弧形闸门则关闭，受到静态静水压力仍然是一样的，很明显，一个动态的加载是造成的弧形闸门破坏一个主要因素。因此弧形闸门臂的动态不稳定是造成弧形闸门(特别是低水头的弧形闸门)破坏的主要原是毫无疑问。
本科毕业设计（论文）中英文对照翻译 院（系部）电气工程与自动化 专业名称电子信息工程 年级班级 04级7班 学生姓名 指导老师
Infrared Remote Control System Abstract Red outside data correspondence the technique be currently within the scope of world drive extensive usage of a kind of wireless conjunction technique,drive numerous hardware and software platform support. Red outside the transceiver product have cost low, small scaled turn, the baud rate be quick, point to point SSL, be free from electromagnetism thousand Raos etc.characteristics, can realization information at dissimilarity of the product fast, convenience, safely exchange and transmission, at short distance wireless deliver aspect to own very obvious of advantage.Along with red outside the data deliver a technique more and more mature, the cost descend, red outside the transceiver necessarily will get at the short distance communication realm more extensive of application. The purpose that design this system is transmit cu stomer’s operation information with infrared rays for transmit media, then demodulate original signal with receive circuit. It use coding chip to modulate signal and use decoding chip to demodulate signal. The coding chip is PT2262 and decoding chip is PT2272. Both chips are made in Taiwan. Main work principle is that we provide to input the information for the PT2262 with coding keyboard. The input information was coded by PT2262 and loading to high frequent load wave whose frequent is 38 kHz, then modulate infrared transmit dioxide and radiate space outside when it attian enough power. The receive circuit receive the signal and demodulate original information. The original signal was decoded by PT2272, so as to drive some circuit to accomplish
毕业设计英文资料翻译 篇一：毕业设计(论文)外文资料与译文 大连东软信息学院高等教育自学考试毕业设计（论文）外文资料及译文 姓名： 准考证号： 专业： 助学单位： 大连东软信息学院 Dalian Neusoft University of Information张校辉020*********项目管理大连东软信息学院继续教育学院外文资料和译文格式要求 一、装订要求 1、外文资料原文（复印或打印）在前、译文在后、最后为指导教师评定成绩。 2、译文必须采用计算机输入、打印。 3、A4幅面打印，于左侧装订。 二、撰写要求 1、外文文献内容与所选课题相关。 2、译文汉字字数不少于3000字。 三、格式要求 1、译文字号：中文小四号宋体，英文小四号“Times New
Roman”字型，全文统一，首行缩进2个中文字符，1.5倍行距。 2、译文页码：页码用阿拉伯数字连续编页，字体采用“Times New Roman”字体，字号小五，页底居中。 3、译文页眉：眉体使用单线，页眉说明五号宋体，居中“大连东软信息学院高等教育自学考试毕业设计（论文）译文”。 -1- -2- -3- 篇二：毕业设计外文资料翻译 毕业设计外文资料翻译 题目静压轴承密封件的水压特性水泵和电机学院专业机械工程及自动化 班级 学生王道国 学号指导教师王栋梁 二〇一三年六月五日 济南大学毕业设计外文资料翻译 静压轴承/密封件的水压特性水泵和电机。第1部分：理 论和实验
X 王 A山口 横滨国立大学工学部，日本横滨240-8501 XX年11月26日，在修订后的XX年2月25日收到XX 年3月7日接受 摘要 在这项研究中，磁盘型静压推力轴承的特性支承同心的负载，模拟的主要水液压泵和马达， 轴承/密封件。该轴承是由不锈钢，钢/不锈钢和不锈钢/塑料组成。通过研究作为载荷之间的关 系的特性进行评估容量，口袋压力，膜厚，泄漏流率。对于弹性材料的杨氏模量是一个非线性应 力作用在密封件上表面和压缩应变之间的关系。的承载能力所表示的比例流体静力平衡不是只依 XX Elsevier科学有限公司版权所有 关键词：静压推力轴承，喷嘴，不锈钢，热塑性弹性变形，承载能力，水液压泵和马达 1介绍 近年来，已经引起了水的液压系统主要的兴趣，因为他们的特点是用户友好和环 境安全。他们有很多优势，因为它们是无公害，无火灾造成风险，成本低，并提供高