阅读理解(1) Bringing Nanotechnology to Health Care for the poor
Nanotechnology uses matter at the level of molecules and atoms. Researchers are finding different uses for particles with a length of one nanometer, or one-billionth of a meter. These include things like beauty products1 and dirt-resistant clothing. But one area where many experts believe nanotechnology holds great promise is medicine.
Last week, speakers at a program in Washington discussed using nanotechnology to improve health care in developing countries. The program took place at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. Peter Singer at the University of Toronto says a nanotechnology called quantum dots2 could be used to confirm cases of malaria. He says it could offer a better way than the traditional process of looking at a person’s blood under a microscope.
In poor countries, this process is often not followed. As a result, sick people may get treated for malaria even if they do not have it. Such misuse of medicines can lead to drug resistance. Quantum dots are particles that give off3 light when activated. Researchers are studying ways to program them to identify diseases by lighting up in the presence of targeted molecule. 4
Experts say nanotechnology shows promise not just for diagnosing diseases, but also for treating them. Piotr Grodzinski of the National Institutes of Health5 talked about how nanotechnology could make drugs more effective. He talked about cancer drugs already developed with nanotechnology. He says if a drug can target a cancer locally in the body, then much less of it might be needed, and that means lower side effects.6
Andrew Maynard is chief scientist for the Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies at the Woodrow Wilson Center. He noted that Brazil, India, China and South Africa are currently doing nanotechnology research that could help poor countries. But he also noted that there is some risk in using nano-materials. He says nanometer-sized particles behave differently in the body and the environment compared to larger particles7. Experts say more investment in research is needed to better understand these risks.
练习：
1. Which of the following uses of nanotechnology is NOT mentioned in the passage?
A. To make beauty products and dirt-resistant clothing.
B. To produce better and lighter building materials.
C. To help more accurately diagnose diseases.
D. To help more effectively treat diseases.
2. How can quantum dots be used to confirm diseases?
A. By traditionally looking at a person’s blood under a microscope.
B. By letting a person take some kind of medicine.
C. By lighting up in the presence of a targeted molecule.
D. By subjecting a person to an X-ray examination.
3. How can nanotechnology be used to make a drug more effective?
A. By making a drug target the focus of a disease.
B. By changing the structure of the body cells.
C. By lowering the side effects caused by a drug.
D. By letting a patient take a dose as large as possible.
阅读理解文章及练习(2) Medical Journals医学杂志
Medical journals are publications that report medical information to physicians and other health professionals.
In the past, these journals were available only in print. With the development of electronic publishing. many medical journals now have Web sites on the Internet, and some journals publish only online. A few medical journals, like the Journal of the American Medical Association, are considered general medical journals because they cover many fields of medicine. Most medical journals are specialty journals that focus on a particular area of medicine.
Medical journals publish many types of articles. Research articles report the results of research studies on a range of topics varying from the basic mechanisms of diseases to clinical trials that compare outcomes of different treatments. Review articles summarize and analyze the information available on a specific topic based on a careful search of the medical literature. Because the results of individual research studies can be affected by many factors, combining results from different studies on the same topic can be helpful in reaching conclusions about the scientific evidence for preventing, diagnosing or treating a particular disease. Case conferences and case reports may be published in medical
journals to educate physicians about particular illnesses and how to treat them. Editorials in medical journals are short essays that express the views of the authors, often regarding a research or review article published in the same issue. Editorials provide perspective on how the current article fits with other information on the same topic. Letters to the editor provide a way for readers of the medical journal to express comments, questions or criticisms about articles published in that journal.
1.The main readers of medical journals are
A. the general public.
B. health professionals.
C. medical critics.
D. news reporters.
2.Which of the following statements is NOT true?
A. Many medical journals also publish online.
B. A few medical journals are general medical journals.
C. Most medical journals publish only online.
D. Most medical journals are specialty journals.
3.How many major types of articles are mentioned in the passage?
A. Five.
B. Seven.
C. Four.
D. Six.
4.An article dealing with results from different studies on the same topic is called
A. a research article.
B. a review article.
C. a case report.
D. an editorial.
5.Letters to the editor enable readers of a medical journal to express comments on
A. any medical event.
B. articles published in the same issue.
C. articles published in that journal.
D. medical development.
阅读理解文章及练习(3) Cooking Oil Fumes Cause Tumor厨房油烟可致癌The leading cause of lung cancer among women in the city was cooking oil fumes while men are more likely to develop the disease from smoking, said medical experts after a five-year research study.
Doctors announced the results yesterday with analysis on some new tendencies in lung cancer.They said patients are younger, especially women.
According to the Shanghai Tumor research Institute, more local residents die of lung cancer in the city than anything else.Following breast cancer, it has the second-highest incidence rate.
"An unhealthy lifestyle is a very important reason for lung cancer, "said Dr He Yumin from Shanghai Minshen Traditional Chinese Medicine Tumor Diagnosis and Treatment Center.
He followed 2,276 lung cancer patients for five years.Among them,l,483 were male.
Smoking causes 70 percent of cases among men while only l8 percent of female patients developed cancer from smoking or inhaling second-hand smoke, according to the report.
However, more than 60 percent of women with the disease had long term, close contact with strong oil fumes from cooking and complained about1 irritated eyes and throat.
About 32 percent of women fried foods in boiling oil in unventilated kitchens and about 25 percent of women's bedrooms were adjacent to2 the kitchen.
However, local women were surprised to learn cooking oil fumes could lead to cancer.Some claimed they may change food preparation methods.
"Unless my family and I don't eat at home every day, I must stay in the kitchen to cook, "said Xu Li, a 45-year-old
local woman."I know the fumes are bad for the skin, but it is the first time I heard that it can result in lung cancer.I have already started frying less."
Doctors said women's lung cancer had few links to personal health and physical condition, but was closely related to family cancer history, unhealthy dietary habits and weak immune systems.
Other experts agreed with he3.
"Smoking is by far the biggest cause4 of lung cancer for men, "said Dr Tan Binyong, honorary president of the Respiratory Disease Institute at Fudan University's Medical College."It's true that second-hand smoke and cooking fumes are the main causes among women."
He's research also warned people not to stand near of stalls selling5 fried foods due to the poor quality of oils used.
The chance of catching lung cancer is three times higher if exposed to the fume for a long time, 6experts said.
练习：
1.What a new tendency in lung cancer is concluded by the researchers?
A Men are more likely to develop lung cancer than women.
B Women are more likely to develop lung cancer than men.
C Patients with lung cancer become older, especially males.
D Patients with lung cancer become younger, especially females.
2.Which of the following diseases is the most common among the local residents in Shanghai?
A Heart disease.
B Breast cancer.
C Infectious diseases.
D Lung cancer.
3.What symptoms may be' complained of by most women with lung cancer after long term, close contact with cooking oil fumes?
A Irritated eyes and throat.
B Severe pain in both lungs.
C Continuous cough and headache.
D Difficulty in breathin9.
4.What was the local women's reaction when they learned that cooking oil fumes could lead to cancer?
A Happy.
B Surprised.
C Angry.
D Careless
5.Which of the following has relatively little connection with women's lung cancer?
A Family cancer history.
B Unhealthy dietary habits.
C Weak immune systems.
D Personal health and physical condition.
阅读理解文章及练习(4) Multivitamins Urged for All Pregnant Women
A recent study in Tanzania found that when pregnant women took vitamins every day, fewer babies were bom too small. Babies that weigh less than two and one-half kilograms at birth have a greater risk of dying. Those that survive are more likely to experience problems with their development. And experts say that as adults they have a higher risk of diseases including heart disease and diabetes. The World Health Organization1 estimates that every year twenty million babies are bom with low birth weight. Nine out of ten of them are bom in developing countries.
The new study took place in Dar es Salaam. 4,200 pregnant women received multivitamins. The pills contained all of the vitamins in the B group along with2 vitamins C and E. They also contained several times more iron and folate than the levels advised for women in developed nations. Pregnant women especially in poor countries may find it difficult to get enough vitamins and minerals from the foods in their diet.
The scientists compared the findings with results from a group of 4,000 women who did not receive the vitamins.
A report by the scientists, from the United States and Tanzania, appeared in the New England Journal of Medicine,3
Wafaie Fawzi of the Harvard University School of Public Health4 led the study. None of the women in the study had HTV, the virus that causes AIDS. The scientists reported earlier that daily multivitamins were a low-cost way to reduce fetal deaths in pregnant women infected with5 HIV. The earlier work in Tanzania also found improvement in the mothers in their number of blood cells known as lymphocytes. Lymphocytes increase the body’s immunity against infection.
The new study in pregnant women who were not infected with the AIDS virus found that multivitamins reduced the risk of low birth weight. Just under eight percent of the babies bom to women who took the multivitamins weighed less than 2,500 grams. The rate was almost nine and one-half percent in the group of women who received a placebo, an inactive pill, instead of the vitamins. But the vitamins did not do much to reduce the rates of babies being bom too early or dying while still a fetus. Still, the researchers say multivitamins should be considered for all pregnant women in developing countries.
练习：
1.How many babies are bom with low birth weight in the developed countries every year according to WHO?
A. 20,000,000.
B. 18,000,000.
C. 2,000,000.
D. 38,000,000.
2.A pill of multivitamins may contain all of the following substances EXCEPT
A. all vitamins in the B group.
B. vitamins C and E.
C. much iron and folate.
D. antiviral substances.
3.Which of the following is NOT one of the effects of multivitamins mentioned in the passage?
A. To reduce the rate of babies bom too early.
B. To reduce the risk of low birth weight.
C. To reduce fetal deaths in pregnant women infected with HTV.
D. To increase the number of lymphocytes in mothers’blood.
4.What a role do lymphocytes play in the human body?
A. To reduce the rate of dying while still a fetus.
B. To raise the body’s immunity against infection.
C. To help prevent the development of heart disease.
D. To help prevent the development of diabetes.
5.How many percent of babies were bom with low birth weight to women who were not infected with the AIDS virus and took the multivitamins according to a new study?
A. Less than 8%.
B. About 9.5%.
C. L 5%.
D 17.5%.
阅读理解文章及练习(5) U. S. Eats Too Much Salt 美国人吃盐过量
People in the United States consume more than twice the recommended amount1 of salt, raising their risk for high blood pressure, heart attacks and strokes, government health experts said on Thursday.
They found nearly 70 percent of U. S. adults are in high-risk groups that would benefit from a lower-salt diet of no more than 1,500 mg per day2，yet most consume closer to 3,500 mg per day.
“It’s important for people to eat less salt. People who adopt a heart-healthy eating pattern that includes a diet low in sodium and rich in potassium and calcium can improve their blood pressure,”Dr. Darwin Labarthe of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention said in a statement.
“People need to know their recommended daily sodium limit and take action to reduce sodium intake,”Labarthe said.
The study in CDC’s weekly report on death and disease used national survey data to show that two out of three
adults should be consuming no more than 1，500 mg of sodium per day because they are black or over the age of 40一which are considered high-risk groups.
Yet studies show most people in the United States eat 3,436 mg of sodium per day, according to a 2005–2006 CDC estimate.
Most of the sodium eaten comes from packaged, processed and restaurant foods. The CDC said it will join other agencies in the Health and Human Services department in working with major food manufacturers and chain restaurants to reduce sodium levels in the food supply.
Nationwide, 16 million men and women have heart disease and 5.8 million are estimated to have had a stroke. Cutting salt consumption can reduce these risks, the CDC said.
练习：
1.Too much salt raises one’s risk for
A.high blood pressure.
B.heart attacks.
C.strokes.
D.all of the above.
2.How much salt do most American adults eat per day?
A.No more than 1,500 mg.
B.Closer to 3,500 mg.
C.Less than 3,436 mg.
D.Closer to 1,500 mg.
3.To improve their blood pressure, people should have a diet
A.rich in potassium and sodium.
B.rich in potassium and calcium.
C.rich in calcium arid sodium.
D.none of the above.
4.The high-risk groups include those
A.who are black.
B.who are over the age of 40.
C.who are white and young.
D.both A and B.
5.Packaged, processed and restaurant foods are known to be
A.cheap.
B.tasty.
C.rich in salt.
D.healthy.
阅读理解文章及练习(6) Pushbike Peril 自行车的危险
Low speed bicycle crashes can badly injure 一or even kill 一children if they fall onto the ends of the handlebars. So a team of engineers is redesigning the humble handlebar in a bid to make it safer.
Kristy Arbogast, a bioengineer at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia in Pennsylvania, began the project with her colleagues after a study of serious abdominal injuries in children in the past 30 years showed2 that more than a third were caused by bicycle accidents. "The task was to identify how the injuries occurred and come up with some countermeasures,"3 she says.
By interviewing the children and their parents，Arbogast and her team were able to4 reconstruct many of the accidents and identified a common mechanism responsible for serious injuries. They discovered that most occur when children hit an obstacle at a slow speed，causing them to topple over5. To maintain their balance they turn the handlebars through 90 degrees 一but their momentum forces them into the end of the handlebars. The bike then falls over and the other end of the handlebars hits the ground, ramming it into their abdomen6.
The solution the group came up with is a handgrip fitted with a spring and damping system.
The spring absorbs up to 50 per cent of the forces transmitted through the handlebars in an impact. The group
hopes to commercialize the device，which should add only a few dollars to the cost of a bike. “But our task has been one of education because up until now, bicycle manufacturers were unaware of the problem," says Arbogast.
The team has also approached the US Consumer Product Safety Commission to try to persuade manufacturers to adopt the new design. A decision is expected later this year.
练习：
1.According to the passage, some engineers are trying to improve the handlebars because
A they are not noble enough.
B they may kill children.
C they are likely to crash.
D they make the bike move at a low speed.
2.In paragraph 2，the author mentions a study of serious abdominal injuries A to discuss how abdominal injuries in children occur.
B to show that more than a third injuries were caused by bicycle accidents.
C to point out what the countermeasures can be.
D to tell us why Kristy Arbogast began the project.
3.Paragraph 3 mainly discusses
A why the children and their parents were interviewed.
B when the children turn the handlebars through 90 degrees.
C what causes the children to topple over.
D how serious injuries occur.
4.The passage implies that
A it is not easy to persuade manufacturers to adopt the new design.
B the team of engineers has not found any countermeasures.
C children like to ride bicycles at a very low speed.
D a lot of children were killed in bicycle accidents in the past 30 years.
5. In which of the following ways the handgrip work?
A It can be commercialized.
B It reduces the dangerous forces in bicycle accidents.
C It adds a few dollars to the cost of a bike.
D It changes the direction of the handlebars in an impact.
阅读理解文章及练习(7) Late-night Drinking在深夜饮咖啡
Coffee lovers beware. Having a quick “pick-me-up”cup of coffee1 late in the day will play havoc with2 your sleep. As well as being a stimulant, caffeine interrupts the flow of melatonin, the brain hormone that sends people into a sleep.
Melatonin levels normally start to rise about two hours before bedtime. Levels then peak between 2 am and 4 am, before falling again.3"It's the neurohormone that controls our sleep and tells our body when to sleep and when to wake，，，says Maurice Ohayon of the Stanford Sleep Epidemiology Research Center at Stanford University in California. But researchers in Israel have found that caffeinated coffee halves the body's levels of this sleep hormone.
Lotan Shilo and a team at the Sapir Medical Center in Tel Aviv University found that six volunteers slept less well after a cup of caffeinated coffee than after drinking the same amount of decaf. On average, subjects slept 336 minutes per night after drinking caffeinated coffee, compared with 415 minutes after decaf. They also took half an hour to drop off4一twice as long as usual 一and jigged around5 in bed twice as much.
In the second phase of the experiment, the researchers woke the volunteers every three hours and asked them to give a urine sample. Shilo measured concentrations of a breakdown product of melatonin. The results suggest that melatonin concentrations in caffeine drinkers were half those in decaf drinkers. In a paper accepted for publication in Sleep Medicine，the researchers suggest6 that caffeine blocks production of the enzyme that drives melatonin production.
Because it can take many hours to eliminate caffeine from the body，Ohayon recommends that coffee lovers switch to decaf after lunch.
练习：
1. The author mentions "pick-me-up" to indicate that
A melatonin levels need to be raised.
B neurohormone can wake us up.
C coffee is a stimulant.
D decaf is a caffeinated coffee.
2.Which of the following tells us how caffeine affects sleep?
A Caffeine blocks production of the enzyme that stops melatonin production.
B Caffeine interrupts the flow of the hormone that prevents people from sleeping.
C Caffeine halves the body's levels of sleep hormone.
D Caffeine stays in the body for many hours.
3. What does paragraph 3 mainly discuss?
A Different effects of caffeinated coffee and decaf on sleep.
B Different findings of Lotan Shilo and a team about caffeine.
C The fact that the subjects slept 415 minutes per night after drinking decaf.
D The evidence that the subjects took half an hour to fall asleep.
4. What does the experiment mentioned in paragraph 4 prove? A There are more enzymes in decaf drinkers' urine sample.
B There are more melatonin concentrations in caffeine drinkers' urine sample.
C Decaf drinkers produce less melatonin.
D Caffeine drinkers produce less sleep hormone.
5. The author of this passage probably agrees that
A coffee lovers sleep less than those who do not drink coffee.
B we should not drink coffee after supper.
C people sleep more soundly at midnight than at 3 am.
D if we feel sleepy at night, we should go to bed immediately.
阅读理解文章及练习(8) Eat Healthy 健康饮食
"Clean your plate!" and "Be a member of the clean-plate club1!’’Just about every kid in the US has heard this from a parent or grandparent. Often, it's accompanied by an appeal：“Just think about those starving orphans in Africa!2" Sure, we should be grateful for every bite of food. Unfortunately, many people in the US take too many bites3. Instead of staying "clean the plate", perhaps we should save some food for tomorrow.
According to news reports, US restaurants are partly to blame for the growing bellies. A waiter puts a plate of food in front of each customer, with two to four times the amount recommended by the government, according to a USA Today story.4 Americans traditionally associate quantity with value and most restaurants try to give them that. They prefer to have customers complain about too much food rather than too little.
Barbara Rolls, a nutrition professor at Pennsylvania State University; told USA Today that restaurant portion sizes began (o grow in the 1970s, the same time that the American waistline began to expand.
Health experts have tried to get many restaurants to serve smaller portions. Now, apparently, some customers are calling for this too. The restaurant industry trade magazine QSR reported last month that 57 percent of more than 4,000 people surveyed believe restaurants serve portions that are too large; 23 percent had no opinion; 20 percent disagreed. But a closer look at the survey indicates that many Americans who can't afford fine dining still prefer large portions. Seventy percent of those earning at least $150,000 per year prefer smaller portions; but only 45 percent of those earning less than $25,000 want smaller.
It's not that working class Americans don't want to eat healthy. It's just that, "after long hours at low-paying jobs, getting less on their plate hardly seems like a good deal.5 They live frompaycheck to paycheck, happy to save a little money for next year's Christmas presents.
练习：
1. Parents in the United States tend to ask their children
A to save food.
B to wash the dishes.
C not to waste food.
D not to eat too much.
2. Why do American restaurants serve large portions?
A Because Americans associate quantity with value.
B Because Americans have big bellies.
C Because Americans are good eaters.
D Because Americans are greedy.
3.What happened in the 1970s?
A The US government recommended the amount of food a restaurant gave to a customer.
B Health experts persuaded restaurants to serve smaller portions.
C The United States produced more grain than needed.
D The American waistline started to expand.
4.What does the survey indicate?
A Many poor Americans want large portions.
B Twenty percent Americans want smaller portions.
C Fifty seven percent Americans earn $150,000 per year.
D Twenty three percent Americans earn less than $25,000 per year.
5.Which of the following is Not true of working class Americans?
A They work long hours.
B They live from paycheck to paycheck.
C They don't want to be healthy eaters.
D They want to save money for their children.
阅读理解文章及练习(9) U. S. to Start $3.2 Billion Child Health Study in January
A study that will cost $3.2 billion and last more than two decades to track the health of 100,000 U.S. children from before birth to age 21 will be launched in January, U. S. health officials said on Friday.
Officials from the U.S. government’s National Institutes of Health said they hope the study, to be conducted at 105 locations throughout the United States, can help identify early-life influences that affect later development, with the goal of learning new ways to treat or prevent illness.
The study will examine hereditary and environmental factors such as exposure to certain chemicals that affect health.
Researchers will collect genetic and biological samples from people in the study as well as samples from the homes of the women and their babies including air, water, dust and materials used to construct their residences, the NIH said.
Officials said more than $200 million has been spent already and the study is projected to cost $3.2 billion.
“We anticipate that in the long term1，what we learn from the study will result in a significant savings in the nation’s health care costs,”Dr. Duane Alexander, who heads the NIH’s Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, told reporters.
The study will begin in January when the University of North Carolina and the Mount Sinai School of Medicine in New York start signing up2 pregnant women whose babies will then be followed to age 21.
Some of the early findings will be about factors behind pre-term birth3, which has become more common in recent years, according to Dr. Peter Scheidt of the NIH, who heads the study.
The people taking part will be from rural, urban and suburban areas, from all income and educational levels and from all racial groups, the NIH said.
练习：
1.The aim of the study is to find new ways to
A. conduct research.
B. track public health.
C. prevent or treat illness.
D. speed up development.
2.Researchers will collect all the following EXCEPT
A. genetic samples from people in the study.
B. biological samples from people in the study.
C. samples from the homes of the women and their babies.
D. samples of air and water from hospitals.
3.It is expected that through the study the nation’s health care costs
A. will be lowered in the long run.
B. will be significantly increased.
C. will be more than $200 million.
D. will reach $3.2 billion.
4.The babies of the participants will be followed
A. throughout their lives.
B. for more than two decades.
C. from birth to 21 months.
D. until they get married.
5.Which is NOT true of the people in the study?
A. They’ll be from various areas.
B. They’ll be from all income levels.
C. They’ll be from all educational levels.
D. They’ll be from all age groups.
阅读理解文章及练习(10) Cigars Instead?
Smoking one or two cigars a day doubles the risk of cancers of the lip, tongue, mouth, and throat, according to a government study.
Daily cigars also increase the risk of lung cancer and cancer of the esophagus，and increase the risk of cancer of the larynx (voicebox) sixfold1，say researchers at the National Cancer Institute in Bethesda, Maryland.
In addition, the report revealed that smoking three or four cigars a day increased the risk of oral cancer to 8.5 times the risk for nonsmokers2 and the risk of esophageal cancer by four times the risk of nonsmokers.
The health effects of smoking cigars is one of eight sections of the article “Cigars ：Health Effects and Trends". The researchers report that, compared with a cigarette, a large cigar emits up to 90 times as much carcinogenic tobacco-specific nitrosamines.
“This article provides clear and invaluable information about the disturbing increase3 in cigar use and the significant public health consequences4 for the country," said Dr. Richard Klausner, director of the National Cancer Institute，in a statement.
"The data are clear 一the harmful substances and carcinogens in cigar smoke, like cigarettes, are associated with5 the increased risks of several kinds of cancers as well as heart and lung diseases，”he added. “In other words，cigars are not safe alternatives to cigarettes6 and may be addictive. ”
"To those individuals who may be thinking about smoking cigars, our advice is —don't.7 To those currently smoking cigars, quitting is the only way to eliminate completely the cancer, heart and lung disease risks，”warned Klausner.
According to a National Cancer Institute press release8，there haven't been any studies on the health effects on nonsmokers at cigar social events，but "... a significant body of evidence9 clearly demonstrates an increased lung cancer risk from secondhand smoke. ”
练习：
1.According to the report, smoking three or four cigars a day
A increases the risk of oral cancer for non-smokers.
B greatly increases the risk of oral cancer for smokers.
C increases the risk of more than one cancer for non-smokers.
D greatly increases the risk of more than one cancer for smokers.
2.In the passage how many cancers are mentioned in relation to smoking cigars daily?
A Six.
B Seven.
C Eight.
D Nine.
3.What is the main idea of the article “Cigars：Health Effects and Trends" ?
A When it comes to cancer, cigars are not any safer than cigarettes.
B Cigars may be addictive while cigarettes are not easily so.
C Cigars contain less harmful substances than cigarettes.
D Increase in cigar-smoking does not affect public health much.
4.What is the doctors' advice to those cigar-smokers?
A To give it up completely.
B To give up part of it.
C Not to think about it any more.
D To cure the diseases first.
5. In the context of this passage, ”secondhand smoke" means
A smoking bad-quality cigars.
B smoking very cheap cigars.
C being near cigar smokers when they are not smoking.
D being near cigar smokers when they are smoking.
阅读理解文章及练习(11) Sleeplessness 失眠
Insomnia or sleeplessness is a common complaint1 of women as they enter into menopause. Insomnia means having trouble falling asleep or staying asleep or the feeling that your sleep was not adequate for you. For women who are having night sweats, their sleep is broken by frequent awakening and therefore not refreshing. Generally once2 the night sweats are controlled a normal sleep pattern returns. If it doesn't it may be, or have become chronic insomnia.3 How do you know?
If you suffer from insomnia every night or most nights for a period of one month then you have chronic insomnia. If you're not having night sweats then it's time to look for other causes of sleeplessness. Depression and anxiety disorders are the most common causes of chronic insomnia. If you feel depressed you need to be checked by a qualified health care provider5. Movement disorders such as restless leg syndrome are second on the list6 of insomnia for them; there are new medicines that may help. Other common causes are shift working, and pain.
In up to7 30% of people with chronic insomnia no cause can be identified. Medical treatment of these people has generally been with sleeping pills. It is estimated that 25% of the adult population in America took some type of medicines for sleep last year. It is generally agreed that sleeping pills should only be in the lowest dose8 and for the shortest possible time.
Sleep hygiene9 is directed at changing bad sleep habits. The recommendations are：一Go to bed only when sleepy. 一Do not wait up to a specified time. 一Avoid caffeine and alcohol in the evening, etc.
练习：
1.The word "insomnia" in the first paragraph means
A having trouble falling or staying asleep.
B feeling that one's sleep is adequate for him.
C having no sweats at night.
D having a normal sleep pattern.
2.How many possible causes of sleeplessness are mentioned in the second paragraph?
A Five.
B Six.
C Seven.
D Numerous.
3.The expression “second on the list" in the second paragraph means
A the second least important cause of sleeplessness.
B the second most important cause of sleeplessness.
C the second on the doctor's list about sleepless people.
D the second on the writer's list recording sleeplessness.
4. Concerning the use of sleeping pills, which of the following statements is true?
A Most adult Americans use sleeping pills for sleep.
B Doctors seldom give sleepless people sleeping pills.
C Sleeping pills should be used for a very fixed period.
D Sleeping pills should be used in a very small amount.
5.Which of thp following does not fit with sleep hygiene?
A Making a rule to go to bed at a specific time every day.
B Going to bed when sleepy, not always at the same time.
C Trying not to drink any caffeine and alcohol in the evening.
D Changing bad sleep habits and following doctors' advice.
阅读理解文章及练习(12) Common-cold Sense
You can't beat it, but you don't have Jo join it.2 Maybe it got the name ”common cold" because it's more common in winter. The fact is, though, being cold doesn't have anything to do with getting one 3. Colds are caused by the spread of rhinoviruses,, and, at least so far, medical science is better at telling you how to avoid getting one than how to get rid of one4.
Children are the most common way cold viruses are spread to adults，because they have more colds than adults 一an average of about eight per year. Why do kids seem so much more easily to get colds than their parents? Simple. They haven't had the opportunity to become immune to many cold viruses. ‘
There are more than 150 different cold viruses, and you never have the same one twice. Being infected by one makes you immune to it _ but only it.5
Colds are usually spread by direct contact, not sneezing or coughing. From another person's hand to your hand and then to your nose or eyes is the most common route.6 The highest concentration of cold viruses 7 anywhere is found under the thumbnails of a boy, although the viruses can survive for hours on skin or other smooth surfaces.
Hygiene is your best defense. Wash your hands frequently, preferably with a disinfectant soap, especially when children in your household have colds.
But even careful hygiene won't ward off 8 every cold. So, what works when a coughing, sneezing, runny nose 9 strikes?
The old prescription of two aspirins, lots of water, and bed rest is a good place to start. But you'll also find some of the folk remedies10 worth trying. Hot mixtures of sugar (or honey)，lemon, and water have real benefits.
练习：
1.According to the essay, you may have a cold because
A the weather is too cold.
B the spread of rhinoviruses gets people infected.
C another person's coughing passes the cold to you.
D you wash your hands too often.
2.The best way to keep yourself from getting colds is
A to keep yourself clean.
B to use i disinfectant soap.
C to take two aspirins every day.
D to drink lots of water.
3.Children have more colds because
A they are usually infected about eight times each year.
B they are not immune to many cold viruses yet.
C they never wash their hands so that their thumbnails are dirty.
D they don't like eating lemon.
4.When you are having a cold,
A it is always the same kind of cold that you had last time.
B it may be the same kind of cold that you had last time.
C it is certainly not the same kind of cold that you had last time.?
D it is probably not the same kind of cold that you had last time. 5.When one is having a cold, he may often have all the following symptoms EXCEPT
A coughing.
B having a sore throat.
C having a runny nose.
D having a stomachache.
阅读理解文章及练习(13) Drug Reactions — a Major Cause of Death
Adverse drug reactions may cause the deaths of over 100,000 US hospital patients each year, making them a leading cause of death nationwide1, according to a report in the Journal of the American Medical Association.
“The incidence of serious and fatal adverse drug reactions (ADRs) in US hospitals was found to be extremely high,”say researchers at the University of Toronto in Ontario, Canada.
They carried on an analysis of 39 ADR-related studies2 at US hospitals over the past 30 years and defined an ADR as “any harmful, unintended, and undesired effect of a drug which occurs at doses used in humans for prevention, diagnosis, or therapy.”3
An average 6.7% of all hospitalized patients experience an ADR every year, according to the reasearchers.They estimate that "in 1994, overall 2，216 000 hospitalized patients had serious ADRs, and 106,000 had fatal ADRs." This means that ADRs may rank as the fourth single largest cause of death in America.4
And these incidence figures are probably conservative, the researchers add, since their ADR definition did not include outcomes linked to problems in drug administration, overdoses, drug abuse, and therapeutic failures5.
The control of ADRs also means spending more money. One US study estimated the overall cost of treating ADRs at up to $4 billion per year.
Dr. David Bates of Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston, Massachusetts, believes that healthcare workers need to pay more attention to the problem, especially since many ADRs are easily preventable. "When a patient develops an allergy or sensitivity, it is often not recorded,"Bates notes6, "and patients receive drugs to which they have known allergies or sensitivities with disturbing frequency.”7 He. believes computerized surveillance systems still works-in-progress at many of the nation's hospitals8 —should help cut down the frequency of these types of errors.
练习：
1.Researchers at the University of Toronto believe that _________.
A ADRs have caused medical problems, though they seldom lead to death.
B ADRs have very often caused patients to die in Canada.
C ADRs have caused many deaths in America over the past 30 years.
D it is easy to prevent ADRs from happening.
2.The investigators say that _________.
A67 patients out of 100 in every American hospital die from ADRs each year.
B67 patients out of 100 in every American hospital experience an ADR each year.
C 6.7% of all hospitalized patients in America experience ADRs each year on average.
D 6.7% of all hospitalized patients in Canada experience ADRs each year on average.
3.An American research estimates that the total sum of money spent in treating ADRs each year is as much as _________.A$40,000,000,000.B$4,000,000,000.C$400,000,000.D$40,000,000.
4.The Canadian investigators think that the ADR incidence figures from their research _________.
A are surely very exact.
B are probably higher than the real amount.
C are perhaps less than the real amount.
D are probably groundless.
5.According to Dr. David Bates, hospitals in America _________.
A are not paying enough attention to possibilities of ADR happenings.
B have never tried to use computers to prevent ADRs from happening.
C do not use those drugs which will cause side effects to their patients.
D know that many ADRs are easily preventable.
阅读理解文章及练习(14) Dreams
Studies show that in dreams things are seen and heard rather than thought.1 In terms of the senses, visual experience is present in almost all dreams; auditory experience in 40 to 50 percent; and touch, taste, smell, and pain in a relatively small percentage.2 A considerable amount of emotion is commonly present, usually a pure and single emotion such as fear, anger, or joy.3
Two clearly distinguishable states of sleep exist. The first state，called NREM-sleep (non- rapid-eye-movement sleep)，occupies most of the sleep period and is associated with a relatively low pulse and blood pressure, and few or no reports of dreaming.4 The second type of sleep, known as REM-sleep (rapid-eye-movement sleep) occurs cyclically during the sleep period with rapid eye movements and frequent dream reports. Typically, a person has four or five periods of REM-sleep during the night, whether the dreams are remembered often, rarely, or not at all; they occur at intervals of about 90 minutes and altogether make up about 25 percent of the night's sleep (as much as 50 percent in a newborn child). Evidence indicates that a dream period usually lasts from 5 to 20 minutes.5 Sounds and touches working on a dreamer can go into a dream if they occur during a REM-period. Although mental activity may be reported during NREM-sleep，these are usually short pieces of thoughtlike experiences.6
Modern dream research has focused on two general interpretations of dream content.7 In one view, dreams have no meaning of their own but are simply a process by which the brain integrates new information into memories. In the other view, dreams contain real meaning symbolized in a picture language distinct from conscious logical thought.8 If dreams express important wishes，fears, concerns, and worries of the dreamer, the study and analysis of dreams can help reveal previously unknown aspects of a person's mental functioningg.
练习：
1.There are in general two opinions about what we experience in a dream：
A one, we “see" our dreams, and two, we "think" our dreams.
B one, we are happy, and two, we are angry.
C one, dreams put new information into our memories, and two, dreams have real meanings in pictures different from our logical thinking.
D we have pictures in dreams because one, we have slow eye movements, and two, we have rapid eye movements.
2.According to this article, we
A often think seriously when we are dreaming.
B hardly ever hear music when we are dreaming.
C very often feel something tastes good when we are dreaming.
D almost always see different "pictures" when we are dreaming.
3.In your dreams, you
A very often feel happy and unhappy at the same time.
B always feel that you are afraid of somebody.
C seldom feel fear now and joy later.
D only feel anger.
4.This essay tells us that
A people usually dream in a NREM sleep.
B people usually dream in an REM sleep.
C people always remember what they have dreamed in an REM sleep.
D people may have an REM sleep all night through.
5. Based on what is discussed in this writing，an adult may have at most about of the time of his or her sleep dreaming.
A 90%
B 50%
C 25%
D 20%
阅读理解(15) Warm People Likely to Keep Cold at Bay 乐观情绪助你远离感冒Staying positive2 through the cold season could be your best defense against getting ill，new study findings suggest. In an experiment that.exposed healthy volunteers to a cold or flu virus3, researchers found that people with a generally sunny disposition4 were less likely to fall ill.
The findings, published in the journal Psychosomatic Medicine, build on evidence that a "positive emotional style”
5 can help ward off the common cold and other illnesses. Researchers believe the reasons may be both objective as in happiness boosting immune function and subjective as in happy people being less troubled by a scratchy throat
6 or runny nose.
"People with a positive emotional style may have different immune responses to the virus，，’explained lead study author Dr Sheldon Cohen of Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh. “And when they do get a cold, they may interpret their illness as being less severe. ”
Cohen and his colleagues had found in a previous study that happier people seemed less Susceptible to7 catching a cold, but some questions remained as to8 whether the emotional trait itself had the effect.
For the new study, the researchers had 193 healthy adults complete standard measures of personality traits, self-perceived health and emotional "style". Those who tended to be happy, energetic and easy-going were judged as having a positive emotional style, while those who were often unhappy，tense and hostile had a negative style.
The researchers gave them nasal drops containing either a cold virus or a particular flu virus. Over the next six days，the volunteers reported on any aches，pains，sneezing or congestion they had, while the researchers collected objective data, like daily mucus production. Cohen and his colleagues found that based on objective measures of nasal woes, happy people were less likely to develop a cold.
练习：
1. According to a study author, when people with a positive emotional style do get a cold, they may think
A that their illness is very serious.
B that their illness is not so serious.
C that they do not get any illness at all.
D that the illness they get is not a mild one.
2.People with a positive emotional style may have all of the following characteristics EXCEPT
A happy.
B selfish.
C easy-going.
D energetic.
3.Which of the following is NOT one of the characteristics that people with a negative emotional style may have?
A Hostile.
B Unhappy.
C Warm-blooded.
D Tense.
4. How did the researchers test their volunteers?
A By giving everyone nasal drops containing either a cold virus or a particular flu virus.
B By giving everyone a medicine that help lessen the probability of catching cold.
C By giving everyone an injection boosting immune function.
D By investigating everyone's characteristics, interests and hobbies.
5.Which of the following items is NOT included in the data that the researchers collected?
A Mucus production.
B Aches and pains.
C Sneezing or congestion.
D Blood test.
第十六篇 Eat to Live 为生存而食
A meager diet may give you health and long life, but it’s not much fun — and it might not even be necessary. We may be able to hang on to most of that youthful vigor even if we don’t start to diet until old age.
Stephen Spindler and his colleagues from the University of California at Riverside have found that some of an elderly mouse’s liver genes can be made to behave as they did when the mouse was
young simply by limiting its food for four weeks. The genetic rejuvenation won’t reverse other damage caused by time for the mouse, but could help its liver metabolize drugs or get rid of toxins.
Spindler’s team fed three mice a normal diet for their whole lives, and fed another three on half-rations3. Three more mice were switched from the normal diet to half-feed3 for a month when they were 34 months old — equivalent to about 70 human years.
The researchers checked the activity of 11,000 genes from the mouse livers, and found that 46 changed with age in the normally fed mice. The changes were associated with things like inflammation and free radical production一 probably bad news for mouse health. In the mice that had dieted all their lives,27 of those 46 genes continued to behave like young genes. But the most surprising finding was that the mice that only started dieting in old age also benefited from 70 per cent of these gene changes.
"This is the first indication that these effects kick in pretty quickly,” says Huber Warner from the National Institute on Aging near Washington D. C.
No one yet knows if calorie restriction works in people as it does in mice, but Spindler is hopeful. “There’s attracting and tempting evidence out there that it will work,” he says.
If it does work in people,there might be good reasons for rejuvenating the liver. As we get older, our bodies are less efficient at metabolizing drugs, for example. A brief period of time of dieting, says Spindler, could be enough to make sure a drug is effective.
But Spindler isn’t sure the trade-off is worth it. “The mice get less disease, they live longer, but they’re hungry,” he says. “Even seeing what a diet does, it’s still hard to go to a restaurant and say: ‘I can only eat half of that,. ”
Spindler hopes we soon won’t need to diet at all. His company, Lifespan Genetics in California, is looking for drugs that have the effects of calorie restriction.
练习：
1. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true?
A Eating less than usual might make us live longer.
B If we go on a diet when old, we may keep healthy.
C Dieting might not be needed.
D We have to begin dieting since childhood.
2. Why does the author mention an elderly mouse in paragraph 2?
A To describe the influence of old age on mice.
B To illustrate the effect of meager food on mice.
C To tell us how mice’s liver genes behave.
D To inform us of the process of metabolizing drugs.
3. What can be inferred about completely normally fed mice mentioned in the passage?
A They will not experience free radical production.
B They will experience more genetic rejuvenation in their lifetime.
C They have more old liver genes to behave like young genes.
D They are more likely to suffer from inflammation.
4. According to the author, which of the following most interested the researchers?
A The mice that started dieting in old age.
B 27 of those 46 old genes that continued to behave like young genes.
C Calorie restriction that works in people.
D Dieting that makes sure a drug is effective.
5. According to the last two paragraphs, Spindler believes that A calorie restriction is very important to young people.
B seeing the effect of a diet, people will like to eat less than normal.
C dieting is not a good method to give us health and long life.
D drugs do not have the effects of calorie restriction.
第一篇纳米保健技术走向贫困国家纳米技术的应用对象都是分子级和原子级的物质。如今，长度为一纳米，即十亿分之一米的粒子已被研究人员开发出多种用途，如制造美容产品和抗污型服装等。但其中一个领域科学家认为潜力尤为巨大，那就是医药领域。在上周于华盛顿Woodrow Wilsom国家学术中心召开的一个项目会议上，科学家们探讨了如何将纳米技术应用于贫困国家人口保健的事宜。来自多伦多大学的Peter Singer 声称一项名为量子点的纳米技术可被应用于疟疾的诊断。他指出相对于传统的仅用显微镜观察血液样本的方法，此技术要先进得多。由于贫困国家往往没有条件应用此项新技术，许多健康人被误诊为疟疾患者，而药物的滥用又导致类抗药性的产生。所谓量子点是指一些被激活后会发光的粒子，科学家正在研究为它们编程的方法，以便当靶分子存在的时候就能够通过发光来诊断疾病。纳米技术的优越性不光体现在疾病的诊断，还包括疾病的治疗。国立卫生研究所的Piotr Grodzinski 与大家共同探讨类如何运用纳米技术来增强药效。以一些已经使用类纳米技术的抗癌药物为例，他指出，如果药物可以针对癌症病灶而不是整个人体，治疗所需药量就会大大减少，副作用也会降低。Andrew Maynard 是Woodrow Wilsom 中心新兴的纳米技术工程部骨干科学家，他注意到巴西、印度、中国及南非正在开发可被贫困国家所应用的纳米技术。与此同时他指出，与较大分子不同，纳米材料的颗粒在人体内和体外环境中的作用可能有所不同，因此纳米技术的应用存在一定风险，专家认为若要深入研究这些风险则需要更大的资金投入。
译文：医学杂志医学杂志是向医生和其他医务人员提供医学信息的出版物。在过去，这些杂志只有印刷版。随着电子出版的发展，许多医学杂志现在都有网站了，有些杂志只有网络版。少数的医学杂志，如《美国医学会杂志》，被看做是普通医学杂志，因为它们涵盖了医学的许多领域。大部分医学杂志都是针对特定医疗领域的专业杂志。医学杂志登载很多类型的文章。科研论文报告调查研究的结果，内容涵盖基础疾病机理和比较不同疗法产生的结果的临床试验。综述文章在细致研究医学文献的基础上，总结和分析与某个特定话题相关的信息。由于个体研究之结果可能受很多因素的影响，因此将有关同一题目的不同研究之结果汇总起来，可能有助于得出有关预防、诊断或是治疗某一疾病所需的科学证据的结论。病例会诊和病例报告可能会登载在医学杂志上,告知医生特定的疾病和如何治疗。医学杂志上的社论是表达作者观点的短文章，它们经常是针对同一期杂志上登载的一篇科研论文或综述文章的。社论提供了一个整体看法，阐述这篇文章是怎样和同一话题的其他信息联系在一起的。读者来信为医学杂志的读者提供了发表评论、提问或批评杂志上登载的文章的途径。
译文：厨房油烟可致癌医学专家们经过5年的研究调研后指出，城市人群中，男性患肺癌的首要原因是吸烟，而女性患此绝症的罪魁祸首是厨房油烟。医生们昨天宣布这一结果，并对肺癌患病的一些新趋势做出分析。他们认为病人越来越年轻化，尤其是女性。据上海肿瘤研究所统计显示，本市死于肺癌的居民多于死于其他疾病的人。肺癌成为继乳腺癌之后的第二大高发病率肿瘤。上海民生中医肿瘤诊疗中心何裕民医生指出：“不健康的生活习惯是致癌的一个重要原因。”他对2,276名肺癌患者进行了长达5年的追踪调研。这些患者中有1,483名师男性。报告显示，案例中男性患者中70%是由吸烟诱发癌症的，而直邮18%的女性患者是由于吸烟或被迫吸入二手烟才诱发癌症的。然而，60%以上患肺癌的女性都长期接触厨房油烟并主诉眼睛和喉咙疼痛难受。大约32%的女性在滚开的油里煎炸食物而厨房却密不透风。而大约25%的女性居住的卧室紧邻厨房。但是，妇女们知道厨房油烟可以致癌时都很惊讶。其中一些人表示要改变准备饮食的方式。“我每天都得下厨做饭，除非我和家人都不在家用餐”，李旭，一名45岁的妇女说，“我知道油烟对皮肤不好，但是还是第一次听说油烟竟能致癌、我以后要少煎炸食物。”医生们认为，女性患肺癌和个人健康及身体状况联系极少，但和肿瘤家族病史、不健康的饮食习惯和脆弱的免疫系统联系紧密。其它专家同意何医生的意见。“吸烟已经成为诱发男性肺癌最最大的因素，”上海复旦大学医学院呼吸道疾病研究所名誉主席谭彬用指出，“二手烟和厨房油烟的确是诱发女性肺癌的主要原因。”他的研究同时也警告人们不要站在卖油炸食品的摊点旁，因为他们使用的油都是劣质的。专家称，如果长时间接受油烟，患肺癌的几率有常人的3倍那么高。
译文：孕期妇女宜多补充维制剂近日，来自坦桑尼亚的研究显示，孕期妇女若每日补充适量多种维生素制剂，则新生儿体重过轻(即少于2.5 kg)的几率将明显减少。专家指出，体重过轻的新生儿死亡的风险要大大高于正常体重的新生儿，且即使幸存下来，其成年后患很多疾病如心脏病和糖尿病的几率也会高于常人。世界卫生组织估算，每年全世界有2,000万体重过轻的婴儿诞生，其中有90%出生在发展中国家。此次研究试验在坦桑尼亚首都达累斯萨拉姆举行，共有4,200名怀孕妇女参加了实验。她们服用的多维制剂包括所有B 族维生素、维生素C和维生素E,同时还包括剂量超出发达国家给妇女的建议服用量数倍的铁和叶酸盐。因为孕期妇女较常人更容易发生维生素和矿物质摄入不足的现象，尤其是在发展中国家。作为对照组,研究者给另外4,000名孕妇服用了不含有维生素的安慰剂。来自美国和坦桑尼亚的科学家们共同撰写了实验报告，并刊登在《新英格兰医学杂志》上，其中来自哈佛大学公共卫生学院的Wafaie Fawzi为此次研究的组织者。参加实验的所有怀孕妇女均非艾滋病病毒携带者。而在更早的来自坦桑尼亚的研究报告中科学家曾指出，每日补充多维制剂对于已感染艾滋病的孕妇来说是一种减少胎儿死亡几率的成本较低的方式。研究同时检测到，孕妇在服用多维制剂后其血液中的淋巴细胞水平将会上升，而淋巴细胞可以增强人体免疫系统抵御传染病的功能。此次新的研究试验表明，补充多维制剂可以显著降低新生儿体重过轻的概率。服用维生素的孕妇组中，过轻婴儿的比重为总数的8%，而服用安慰剂的对照组中，过轻婴儿的比重接近9.5%。虽然对于降低孕妇早产率和死胎率方面，维生素的作用并不明显。最后，科学家呼吁，发展中国家应努力为所有孕期妇女及时补充多种维生素。
译文：美国人吃盐过量美国人的食盐量比推荐食用量的两倍还多，这增加了他们罹患高血压、心脏病以及中风的危险，政府部门的健康专家周二表示。?健康专家发现近七成的美国成年人属于高危人群，如果他们的日食盐量降至1，500毫克，则会从中受益,然而大多数美国成年人的日食盐量接近3,500毫克。“少吃盐对人们很重要。采用低钠并富含钾、钙的饮食方式有助于维持心脏健康、改善血压”，疾病预防控制中心的达尔文?拉巴德博士在一份声明中谈到。“人们需要了解推荐日食钠量的限制并釆取措施减少钠的摄入量”，拉巴德说。疾病预防控制中心每周公布的有关死亡和疾病的研究报告采用了全国普查的数据，结果显示三分之二的成年人的日食钠量均不应超过1，500毫克，因为他们是被视为高危人群的黑人或者年龄超过40岁的人。然而根据疾病预防控制中心2005—2006年的估计,美国大多数人的日食钠量为3,436毫克。大多数食用钠都来自于袋装的、加工过的和餐厅食品。疾病预防控制中心称其将和美国卫生与公共服务部的其他部门一道联手主要食品生产商和连锁餐厅,降低食品供应中的钠含量。全国已有1，600万人罹患心脏病，估计还有580万人已患中风。减少食盐量可以使患这些疾病的风险降低，疾病预防控制中心称。
译文：自行车的危险儿童骑慢车跌倒时，如果撞在车把两端，会受重伤甚至丧命。因此，一些工程师正在重新设计这种欠合理的车把，以使其更安全。宾夕法尼亚in费城的儿童医院的生物工程师Kristy Arbogast和她的同事开始做这个项目是在一项研究有了结果之后，这项研究的结果表明在过去的30年里，超过1/3的儿童腹部受重伤的情况起因于自行车事故。她说:“要做的工作就是找出受伤的原因及其对策。”通过访问这些孩子和他们的家长，Arbogast和她的同事得以推想其中的许多事故，并且确认一个共同的机械装置造成了这些严重伤害。他们发现大部分伤害发生在孩子慢速撞到某种使他们跌倒的障碍物的时候。为了保持平衡，他们把车把转过90度——但是他们的冲力使他们压进车把一端中。然后车子摔倒,车把的另一头碰到地面，把它压入他们的腹部。这个团队得出的解决方法是装有弹簧和减幅系统的手抦。在撞击过程中，握柄上的弹簧会吸收掉50%沿车把传递的冲撞力。这个团队希望能够便这种装置商业化，这只需要自行车的价格提高几美元。Arbogast说:“但是我们的任务是教育，因为迄今为止，自行车制造商还没有意识到这个问题。’这个团队还通过美国消费产品安全委员会努力说服制造商采纳新设计。今年晚些时候可望有所决定。
译文：在深夜饮咖啡咖啡爱好者注意了。在深夜喝一杯快速提神的咖啡会严重影响你的睡眠，跟兴奋剂一样，咖啡因会扰乱褪黑激素的自由流动，这种褪黑激素是大脑里促人睡眠的一种荷尔蒙。在上床睡觉前约2小时的时候褪黑激素含量开始上升，在凌晨2点到4点达到最高值，然后再次下降。加州斯坦福大学斯坦福睡眠流行病学研究中心的Maurice Ohayon说：“控制我们睡眠的是神经激素，它告诉我们的身体什么时候睡觉，什么时候醒来。”而以色列的研究人员们发现含咖啡因的咖啡使这种睡眼荷尔蒙浓度降至一半。LotanShilo和Tel Aviv大学“Sapir医学中心”的一组人员，在给六位志愿者做试验时发现，他们在饮了咖啡因的咖啡后比饮了脱咖啡因的咖啡后睡眼质量要差。平均来说，在喝了含咖啡因的咖啡后每晚睡眠时间336分钟，而喝了脱咖啡因的咖啡后则睡415分钟。同时他们得花半个小时入睡，是通常情况的两倍，另外，他们在床上辗转次数也要长一倍。在实验的第二阶段，研究人员每三个小时便叫醒一次志愿者，并叫他们提供尿样。Shilo检验了他们褪黑激素分解产物的浓度，结果显示，咖啡因摄入者体内的褪黑激素是非咖啡因摄入人者的一半。在《睡眼医学》刊物上发表的文章中,研究人员暗示说，褪黑激素的生成由酶促成，而咖啡因阻止了酶的生成。因为要花许多小时的时间才能将身体中的咖啡因除去，Ohayon建议咖啡爱好者应在午后换喝脱咖啡因的咖啡。
职称英语阅读理解 文稿归稿存档编号：[KKUY-KKIO69-OTM243-OLUI129-G00I-FDQS58-MG129]
【经典资料，ＷＯＲＤ文档，可编辑修改】 【经典考试资料，答案附后，看后必过，ＷＯＲＤ文档，可修改】 第二十七篇Driven to Distraction Joe Coyne slides into the driver’s seat, starts up the car and heads1 to town. The empty stretch of interstate gives way to urban congestion2, and Coyne hits the brakes as a pedestrian suddenly crosses the street in front of him. But even if he hadn’t stopped in time, the woman would have been safe. She isn’t real. Neither is the town. And Coyne isn’t really driving. Coyne is demonstrating a computerized driving simulator that is helping researchers at Old Dominion University3 (ODU) examine how in-vehicle guidance systems affect the person behind the wheel.4 The researchers want to know if such systems, which give audible or written directions, are too distracting — or whether any distractions are offset5 by the benefits drivers get from having help finding their way in unfamiliar locations.6 “We are looking at the performance and mental workload of drivers,” said Caryl Baldwin, the assistant psychology professor lending the research, which involves measuring drivers reaction time and brain activity as they respond to auditory and visual cues7. The researchers just completed a study of the mental workload8 involved in driving through different kinds of environments and heavy
第四十一篇 Too Little for Global Warming Oil and gas will run out1 too fast for doomsday global warming scenarios2 to materialize, according to a controversial new analysis presented this week at the University of Uppsala in Sweden. The authors warn that all the fuel will be burnt before there is enough carbon dioxide in the atmosphere to realize predictions of melting ice caps and searing temperatures. Defending their predictions, scientists from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change3 say they considered a range of estimates of oil and gas reserves, and point out that coal-burning could easily make up4 the shortfall. But all agree that burning coal would be even worse for the planet. The IPCC’s predictions of global meltdown pushed forward5 the 1997 Kyoto Protocol6, an agreement obliging signatory nations to cut CO2 emissions. The IPCC considered a range of future scenarios, from unlimited burning of fossil-fuels to a fast transition towards greener energy sources. But geologists Anders Sivertsson, Kjell Aleklett and Colin Campbell of Uppsala University say there is not enough oil and gas left even the most conservative of the 40 IPCC scenarios to come to pass7. Although estimates of oil and gas reserves vary widely, the researchers are part of a growing group of experts who believe that oil supplies will peak as soon as 2010, and gas soon after. Their analysis suggests that oil and gas reserves combined amount to the equivalent of about 3,500 billion barrels of oil considerably less than the 5,000 billion barrels estimated in the most optimistic model envisaged by the IPCC. Even the average forecast of about 8,000 billion barrels is more than twice the Swedish estimate of the world’s remaining reserves. Nebojsa akicenovic, an energy economist at the University of Vienna, Austria who headed the 80-strong IPCC team that produced the forecasts, says the panel’s work still stands8. He says they factored in9 a much broader and internationally accepted range of oil and gas estimates than the “conservative”Swedes. Even if oil and gas run out. “there’s a huge amount of coal underground that could be exploited.” He says that burning coal could make the IPCC scenarios come true, but points out that such a switch would be disastrous. Coal is dirtier than oil and gas and produces more CO2for each unit of energy, as well as releasing large amounts of particulates. He says the latest
职称英语考试卫生类(C类)试题及答案6 Happy Therapy (诊疗) Norman Cousins was a businessman from the United States who often traveled around the world on business. He enjoyed his work and traveling. Then, after returning to tile United States from a busy and tiring trip to Russia, Mr. Cousins got sick. Because he had pushed his body to the limit of its strength on the trip, a chemical change began to take place inside him. The material between his bones became weak. In less than one week after his return, he could not stand. Every move that he made was painful. He was not able to sleep at night. The doctors told Mr. Cousins that they did not know how to cure his problems and he might never get over the illness. Mr. Cousins, however, refused to give up hope. Mr. Cousins thought that unhappy thoughts were causing bad chemical changes in his body. He did not want to take medicine to cure himself. Instead, he felt that happy thoughts or laughter might cure his illness. He began to experiment on himself while still in the hospital by watching funny shows on television. Mr. Cousins quickly found that ten minutes of real laughter during the day gave him two hours of pain-free sleep at night. Deciding that the doctors could not help him, Mr. Cousins left the hospital and checked into a hotel room where he could continue his experiments with laughter. For eight days, Mr. Cousins rested in the hotel room watching funny shows on television, reading funny books, and sleeping whenever he felt tired. Within three weeks, he felt well enough to take a vacation to Puerto Rico where he began running on the beach for
2014中考英语阅读理解及答案：圣诞之夜 A On Christmas Eve─the night before Christmas Day─children all over Britain put a stocking at the end of their beds before they go to sleep. Their parents usually tell them that Father Christmas will come during the night. Father Christmas is very kind and hearted. He gets to the top of each house and climbs down the chimney into the fireplace. He fills each of the stockings with Christmas presents. Of course, Father Christmas isn’t real. In Jim and Kate’s house, “Father Christmas” is really Mr Green. Mr Green doesn’t climb down the chimney. He waits until the children are asleep. Then he quietly goes into their bedrooms and fills their stockings with small presents. When they were very young, Mr Green sometimes wore a red co at. But he doesn’t do that now. The children are no longer young, and they know who “Father Christmas” really is. But they still put their stockings at the end of their beds. 1. Christmas Eve is __________. A. the night of Christmas Day B. the evening of Christmas Day
Stress Level Tied to Education Level 1.Stress level is closely related to. social status. 2.The1,031adults were interviewed. on a daily basis for 8 days. 3.Which group reported the biggest number of stressful days? People with college degrees. 4.The less advantaged people are, the greater. the impact of stress on their health is. 5.Less-educated people report fewer days of stress possibly because. Stress is too common a factor in their life. Medical Journals 1.The main readers of medical journals are. health professionals. 2.Which of the following statements is NOT true? Most medical journals publish only online. 3.How many major types of articls are mentioned in the passage? Five. 4.An article dealing with results from different studies on the same topic is called. A research article. 5.Letters to the editor enable readers of a medical journal to express comments on. Articles published in that journal. Need for Emphasis on Treatment 1.Which is true of many AIDS sufferers in developing countries? They are not receiving any treatment. 2.The WHO publishes its World Health Report. Once a year. 3.According to Lee, our response to the AIDS disease is. A matter of great significance. 4.AIDS treatment programs may also result in. more effective prevention. 5.How many people have died of AIDS so far? More than 20 million. Heat and Health 1.More than 600 people died from heat in Chicago. In 1995. 2.What can piople learn from the Mean Heat Index? The average temperature of an extrem ely hot day. 3.A heat wave is a period of time during which. The weather is much hotter than usual. 4.Muscle pain in hot weather means that. Y our body needs more water. 5.For people who are not in good health,heat can. Be deadly. Losing W eight 1.The study showed that most of the girls. Had a healthy body weight. 2.What percentage of the girls considered themselves overweight? Nearly 30 percent. 3.The survey participants were girls. Who were 10 to 1 4. 4.What kind of institution does the lead researcher work with? A hospital. 5.Unhealthy attitudes about weight,body image and food may. Lead to an eating disorder. Pushbike Peril 1.According to the passage, some engineers are trying to improve the handlebars because. they are not noble enough. 2.In paragraph 2, the author mentions a study of serious abdominal iniuries. To tell us why Kristy Arbogast began the projict. 3.Paragraph 3 mainly discusses. how serious injuries occur. 4.The passage implies that. It is not easy to persuade manufacturers to adopt the new design. 5.In which of the following ways the handgrip work? It reduces the dangerous forces in bicycle accidents. Aate-night Erinking 1.The author mentions “pick-me-up”to indicate that. coffee is a stimulant. 2.Which of the following tells us how caffeine affects sleep? Caffeine halves the body’s levels of sleep hormone. 3.What does paragraph 3 mainly discuss? Different effects of caffeinated coffee and decaf on sleep. 4.What does the experiment mentioned in paragraph 4 prove? Caffeine drinkers produce less sleep hormone. 5.The author of this passage probably agrees that. we should not drink coffee after supper. Attitudes to AIDS Now 1.What do activists worry about? People may stop worrying about AIDS. 2.According to the passage, people’s attitude toward the cure of AIDS is. realistic. 3.The Gallup Poll shows that the number of people. Who think AIDS is the country’s top health killer has fallen. 4.According to the Kaiser Poll, which of the following is NOT correct? More and more people die of AIDS now.
Taking Pictures of the World Meet Annie Griffiths Belt,a National Geographic photographer.Belt has worked for National Geographic since 1978,and has taken pictures on almost every continent in the world.In fact,Antarctica is the only continent Belt hasn't seen yet. Belt's photographs are well known for their beauty and high quality.They also reflect very different cultures and regions of the world.Belt has photographed the ancient city of Petra, Jordan,as well as the green landscapes of the Lake District in England.Recently,her pictures appeared in a book about undeveloped natural places in North America. Everywhere that Belt goes,she takes pictures of people. Belt has found ways to connect with people of all ages and nationalities even when she does not speak their language." The greatest privilege of my job is being allowed into people's lives,"she has said."The camera is like a passport,and I am often overwhelmed by how quickly people welcome me!"
2020年职称英语《卫生类》阅读判断练习5 They Say Ireland's the Best Ireland is the best place in the world lo live for 2005.according to a life quality ranking that appeared in Britain.s Economist magazine last week. The ambitious attempt to compare happiness levels around the World is based ol3 the principle that wealth is not the only measure of human satisfaction and well-being. The index of 111 countries uses data on incomes.health.unemployment.climate,political stability,job security,gender equality as well as what the magazine calls "freedom,family and community life". Despite the bad weather,troubled health service.traffic congestion（拥挤）,gender inequality,and the high cost of living.Ireland scored an impressive 8.33 points out of l0. That put it well ahead of second-place Switzerland,which managed 8.07. Zimbabwe. troubled by political insecurity and hunger,is rated the gloomiest（最差的）,picking up only 3.89 points. "Although rising incomes and increased individual choices are highly valued,"the report said. "some of the factors associated with modernization such as the breakdown（崩溃）in traditional institutions and family values in part take away from a positive impact." "Ireland wins because it successfully combines the most desirable elements of the new with the preservation of
2014中考英语阅读理解及答案：互联网改变 生活 It’s hard to imagine life without the Internet. How greatly it has changed our lives in the past 15 years since it was widely used. At the same time, however, the Internet has also caused some traditions to fall away (消失). E-mail is quicker and cheaper. Getting a handwritten letter from a friend has become a rare (稀有的) pleasure. Who would like to pay 60 yuan for 12 songs in a plastic case if you can find music in the Interact for free? When almost any fact can be found within seconds through Google and Baidu, personal memory becomes less important. The Web can remember it for us. When was the last time you watched the world out of a window? When was the last time you read a favorite book once again? When was the last time you sat in the cinema with your family? More and more people lose themselves in the Internet. They show less interest and spend less time in the outside world. You’ve spent the past few years talking with your freinds on QQ, or reading about his or her QQ suqare, so meeting a freind is no longer as important as it once was.
2013职称英语阅读理解英文及译文 2013年新增（一）阅读判断 1.第一篇：Taking Pictures of the world 2.*第十二篇：Starting a New Tradition （二）概括大意与完成句子 1.第五篇：US Signs Global Tobacco Treaty 2.第八篇：How We Form First Impression （三）阅读理解 1.第三篇：Shark Attack ！ 2.第五篇：The Travels of Ibn Battuta 12年新增的篇目：第1、8、10、11、16、19、20、26、30、33、34、35、37、38、47篇 13年新增的篇目：第3、5篇。 12年第8篇(C级)第33篇B级，第35篇A级2012年已考 职称英语阅读理解文章译文(参加综合A、B、C级考试需要掌握文章) 3 第一篇讲述关于人们的故事 Telling Tales about People 第二篇课外学习带来很大不同 4 Outside-the-classroom Learning Makes a Big Difference 5 第三篇小心鲨鱼 5 Shark Attack! 6 第四篇火鸡盛宴和感恩节的祝福 6 Feast on Turkey and Good Wishes at Thanksgiving 7 第五篇伊本白图泰游记7 The Travels of Ibn Battuta 8 第六篇看电视与长途汽车旅行9 TV Shows and Long Bus Trips 10 第七篇现代日光浴者10 Modern Sun Worshippers 11 第八篇变化中的中产阶级11 The Changing Middle Class 12 第九篇单亲幼儿最出色12 Single-parent Kids Do Best 13 第十篇艾伦的来信13 A Letter from Alan 14 第十一篇芭蕾舞的发展14 The Development of Ballet 15 第十二篇走私15 Smuggling 15 第十三篇芭比娃娃16 The Barbie Dolls 16 第十四篇睡眠17 Sleep 17
2020年职称英语考试卫生类B级阅读判断练习及答案 （3） “We hire talent. ” Those are the words of Rod Franz， a civil service computer technology director， responding to the question of opportunities for women who are interested in pursuing careers as computer technicians. On at least one of three shifts in his operation， the male-female ratio is 50-50. That is not surprising because government and educational institutes are required by the law to make every effort to open hiring opportunities to women and minority workers. What may be even more interesting to young women is that，according to Franz， private industry is hiring women and minorities away from us. And， since private industry pays more， it succeeds. Managers in the rapidly growing computer service field are quick to agree. They strongly encourage women to train for technician jobs， and they actively recruit female technicians across the country. They believe that this career field offers a wealth of possibility for women. A recent study by the Devry Institute of Technology that involved 100 employment managers in the Chicago area showed，too， that the number of women entering the field of computer science is on the rise， and that those already in the field are moving up. A significant increase in the number of women
2014中考英语阅读理解及答案：国宝熊猫 The panda is one of the anmails most in are about 1,000 pandas living in nature reserves and research centres look after about 160 are studying how they live and more baby pandas are born in the zoos. Pandas live in the forests and mountains of Southwest mainly live on bamboo,and each panda needs to eat a lot of bamboo every area of bamboo is becoming smaller for many different reasons ,so pandas have less and less land to live on .Pandas don’t have many babies,and baby pandas often die,The situation is becoming very serious. Our govemment is working hard to save are more than 30 nature reserves to protect pandas but these are not enough .The government has made a new plan to help nature reserves will be bigger and the bamboo will grow the pandas will have enough food to eat and enough places to live born in the zoos may go back to live in the nature reserves. Most people love panda is one of the best-known animals in the is the symbol for the World Wide Fund For WWF works to protect all animals in danger,so the panda has become the symbol of all animals in is still a long way to go to save
Passage 1 Have you ever seen a moon that looks unbelievably big? 1.To what do we compare the size of the harvest moon? (all of these) 2.The main purpose of the article is to inform. 3.The author knew most people find the moon mysterious. 4.The moon looks bigger if it is near the horizon 5.The autumn moon helps farmers see as they harvest their crops. Passage 2 Strange thing happens to time when you travel. 1.The best title for this selection is How Time Changes Around the World. 2.The difference in time between zones is one hour. 3.From this selection it seems true that the Atlantic Ocean is divided into five time zones. 4.The international date line is the name for the point where a new day begins. 5.If you cross the ocean going east, you set you clock ahead one hour in each new time zone. Passage 3 Holidays in the United States usually occur at least once a month. 1.The government of the United States makes it a rule for workers to have a 3-day weekend almost once a month. 2.Workers in the United States sometimes work from Tuesday to Sunday. 3.Which statement is NOT true according to this passage? All the workers have a half-month vacation. 4.The reason why someone has to divide his vacation into several parts is that no one can be found to take his place . 5.Which of the following is the best title for this passage? Something about the holidays and Vacation in the U.S. Passage 4 Sarah Winchester was a very rich woman. 1.What did Sarah keep doing to her house? Making it bigger. 2.The story says that Sarah?s house had floors. 3.Who did the work on Sarah?s house? Carpenters and plumbers and other workers. 4.How long did the work on the house continue? For 38 years. 5.Sarah?s house was finally finished when she died. Passage 5 The diner is only a humble restaurant, but it has a special place in American life. 1.What?s the main idea of paragraph 2? The attraction of different people. 2.The purpose of the last paragraph is to give a summary of the whole passage. 3.Why do truck drivers like a diner?It’s a haven against loneliness. 4.Diners attract many different kinds of people. 5.Diners are fascinating. Passage 6 In the past two years, millions of Americans have suddenly embraced the bicycles as 1.The word “embrace” in the first sentence is closest in meaning to make use of. 2.It can be concluded that if people continue to concern themselves with air pollution and physical fitness, bicycle sales will continue to rise. 3.The bicycle is enjoying a strong revival. 4.The reader can also conclude that Americans are concerned with the quality of their lives . 5.In the sentence “…and this isn?t America?s first bicycle boom.” The word “boom” means a rapid increase in sale.