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商务英语考试复习提点
完型填空题:习惯用法结合语境
考点词汇一般不是商务术语,是四级以下的普通词汇。大多题目较容易,有个别题目较难。学生应该从搭配、习惯用法结合语境的方法解题。不过,想在此部分得满分是极难的。考生不要轻信自己的语感,这种感觉可能是错觉,真正的语感是以长期积累的实力为基础的。
语法题:牢记BEC知识点
没有必要去把语法知识详细完全地进行复习,而只需将BEC经常考核的知识点简要地总结并牢记在大脑里就可以了。BEC语法题历年考试所涉及的语法点十分有限。“名称记不清,记忆像猩猩”———牢记住考点语法名称,完全可以在这两部分获得满分。
搭配题:抓住中心和基本点
5篇100字左右的小短文,8个选项,选择出各个选项属于哪篇短文论述的内容。这部分主要是考查考生迅速找出短文MainIdea的能力。正确的做题方法是先读提示第一句,把握5篇短文共同论述的大致范围。然后直接阅读短文。阅读的时候,用笔在考卷上划出“一个中心,两个基本点”。“一个中心”指短文的中心思想MainIdea.“两个基本点”是除MainIdea以外重要的、十分特殊的论点。从5篇短文中找出15个左右的考点,解题的速度可大大提高。
句子填空题:弄清逻辑上的衔接
这部分对我国考生而言有很高的难度,因为它考查了中国人说话写文章最缺少严密的逻辑性。西文,尤其是商务文章极其讲究逻辑的缜密性,中心思想明确,意群(段)之间有清晰的逻辑关系,句与句之间紧密相连。知道了这样的思维差异,在解题时便有了方向:通过各种衔接手段来解题。词汇的衔接、语法的衔接,最重要的是逻辑上的衔接。其实,任何两句话之间的逻辑关系不外乎两种情况:不是顺着意思讲下去(顺接)就是意思发生了转折(逆接)。判断空格前后句之间的顺逆接关系,再寻找正确的选项解题就容易多了。平时考生在做阅读训练的时候要特别注意句子之间的逻辑关系。
阅读理解题:跳跃式阅读
商务英语期末考试参考答案 说明:商务英语期末考试有五种题型: 一、中英短语互译已经全部总结,见下文 二、问答题已经提供了参考答案,仅供参考,见下文 三、案例分析题请根据题目要求自行准备 四、英语段落翻译中文已经注明,请自己翻看商务英语教程 五、写作请根据题目要求自行准备 1、中英短语互译(详见商务英语课件——每个PPT中的短语部分) PPT1: 1. individual proprietorship个体经营,独资企业 2. convertible bonds 可转换债券 3. memorandum of association 公司章程 4. monopolistic competition 垄断竞争 5. business credit 商业信用 1. 财政资源 financial resources 2. 有限责任公司 limited company 3. 销售收入 sales revenue 4. 有形商品 tangible goods 5. 流动资金 working capital PPT2: 1. flexible manufacturing system 弹性生产系统 2. fractional reserve system 部分准备金制度
3. credit instruments 信用工具,信用票据 4. bull market/bear market 牛/熊或多头/空头市场 5. manufacturing process 制造工艺 1. 厂址选择 facility location 2. 库存控制 inventory control 3. 总支出 aggregate expenditures 4. 股权证/权益证 equity instruments 5. 财务管理 financial management PPT3: 1. performance appraisal 绩效/业绩评估 2. promotion-from-within 内部提拔 3. skills inventory 技术库存 4. macroeconomic ramification 宏观经济衍生物/结果 5. closed-end fund 封闭式基金 1. 项目生命周期 project life cycle 2. 软技能和硬技能 soft skills and hard skills 3. 补偿制度 compensation system 4. 开放式基金 open-ended fund 5. 优先股 preferred stock PP4: 1. profit-oriented objective 利润导向的目标 2. marketing intermediary 营销代理商
freelance 自由职业的[?fri:lɑ:ns] You sell your work or services to a number of different companies. 自由职业 你把你的工作或服务卖给许多不同的公司 teleworking 远程工作;在家办公; You work for a company from home via email,phone or the Internet电子办公 你在家中通过电子邮件、电话或互联网为一家公司工作, job-sharing 分担工作制 You do your job for part of the week and another person does it for the other part. 分担工作 你在这周做了你的这份工作的一部分,另一个人做另一部分 shift work 换班工作 You work during different parts of the day(eg nights).轮班工作 你在一天中的不同时段工作(如夜班) part-time 兼职;半日工作 You only work for some ot the week(not full-time).兼职工作 你只工作了一周(不是全职)。 temping 打临时工,做临时工作,打零工 You work for different companies for a short time without a permanent contract.临时工作 你在不同的公司工作很短的时间没有一个永久的合同。 c onsultancy 顾问工作,顾问职位; 咨询公司; [k?n?s?ltnsi:] You aren’t employed by a company,but are paid to give specialist advice.顾问公司;咨询公司 你不是受雇于公司,但支付给专业的意见 flextime 弹性上班制; You work a number of hours per week or month but you decide when you start or finish.弹性制 你每周工作几个小时或一个月,但你决定当你工作的起始时间 hot-desking 办公桌轮用制(按需要或依照轮流制度分配办公桌,而不是给每位员工桌子); You don’t have a permanent place or office to work at,but you find a place to work when you arrive.办公桌轮用 你没有一个固定的办公地点,但当你需要办公室可以找到一个办公地点 How to job - share Wouldn't it be nice if the working week finished on Wednesday? With a job-share it can. Here's the essential guide to making it work. 如果工作都在星期三完成,那岂不是很好吗?有工作共享就可以做到。这里是使它工作的基本指南。 (0) Find the perfect partner Find someone you like. 'Be prepared to communicate and share credit and blame,says Carol Savage, the managing director of Flexecutive, a flexible working consultancy.
第九、十章知识点清单 1、电荷之间的相互作用:同种电荷_______异种电荷________ 2、电路是由_______________________等电路元件组成的。电源是将_______能转化为_______能的装置。电磁炉在工作的时候将_________能转化为________能。 3、电路的三种状态:______________________其中短路有____________短路和__________短路两种。 习题1、如图2所示的四个电路图中,开关S闭合后,电源可能被损坏的电路是( ) 4、画出对应的电路元件符号:灯泡_______电铃________电动机________开关______电源_______滑动变阻器__________电压表_______
电流表_________
5、_______________的物体叫做导体,常见的导体有_________________________________. ___________________的物体叫做绝缘体,常见的绝缘体有______________________________习题2.下列四组物体中,在通常情况下属于绝缘体的一组是() A.钢尺、瓷碗、大地 B.固体食盐、纯净水、煤油 C.铅笔芯、食盐水、玻璃杯 D.钢制刀片、铝制饭勺、人体 6、导体容易导电的原因是__________________金属导体容易导电的原因是________________绝缘体不容易导电的原因是________________.玻璃在加热至红炙热状态时由绝缘体变成导体说明了___________________________________习题3、关于导体和绝缘体,下列说法错误的是A.导体容易导电是因为导体中有大量的自由电子 B.通常情况下塑料、玻璃、汽油都是绝缘体 C.绝缘体内缺少自由电荷,所以不容易导电 D.好的导体和绝缘体都是重要的电工材料
国开04009商务英语1任务6参考答案 说明:如果课程题目是随机的,请按CTRL+F在题库中逐一搜索每一道题的答案 题目1:— What if he still doesn't pay up? — : If it's a small amount we write it off as bad debt. For larger sums we… ; I've got to hurry. ; I have already done that. 标准答案:If it's a small amount we write it off as bad debt. For larger sums we… 题目2:—The senior managers need the results from last month straight away, so I can’t stop to talk. I’ve got to hurry. — : Go slowly. ; Stay longer. ; Ok, see you later. 标准答案:Ok, see you later. 题目3:—Hello, Sally. What’s the matter with you? You look worried. — : What shall I do if a customer doesn’t pay up on the due date? ; Yeah, that’s true. It requires great attention. ; Don’t mention it. 标准答案:What shall I do if a customer doesn’t pay up on the due date? 题目4:He didn’t seem to any actions. : make ; do ; take 标准答案:take 题目5: your check is received within a week we shall have no alternative. : Unless ; As ; If 标准答案:Unless 题目6:二、阅读理解:阅读下面的对话,选择合适的内容将对话补充完整。
广东外语外贸大学成人高等教育 商务英语(专科)2018学年第1学期 《商务英语阅读》试题(A 卷) 年级: 考试形式:闭卷 考试时间:90分钟 Part I Multiple Choices (15 points, 1 point each) Direction : There are 15 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four Choices 1. The fifth generation computers, with artificial intelligence, _______ and perfected now. A. developed B. have developed C. are being developed D. will have been developed 2. Y ou _______ her in her office last Friday; she’s been out of town for two weeks. A. needn’t have seen B. must have seen C. might have seen D. can’t have seen 3. She’s always been kind to me – I can’t just turn ______on her now that she needs my help. A. my back B. my head C. my eye D. shoulder 4. Careful surveys have indicated that as many as 50 percent of patients do not take drugs _______ directed. A. like B. so C. which D. as 5. The _______ goal of the book is to help bridge the gap between research and teaching, particularly the gap between researchers and teachers. A. joint B. intensive C. overall D. decisive 6. W e can accept your order _______ payment is made in advance. A. in the belief that B. in order that C. on the excuse that D. on condition that 7. The medical experts warned the authorities of the danger of diseases in the _______ of the earthquake. A. consequence B. aftermath C. results D. effect 8. Research universities have to keep up with the latest computer and scientific hardware _______ price. A. on account of B. regardless of C. in addition to D. not to mention 9. I am surprised _______ this city is a dull place to live in. A. that you would think B. by what you are thinking C. that you should think D. with what you were thinking 10. Don’t let the child play with scissors _______ he cuts himself. A. in case B. so that C. now that D. only if 11. They always give the vacant seats to _______ comes first. A. whoever B. whomever C. who D. whom 12. Doing your homework is a sure way to improve your test scores, and this is especially true _______ it comes to classroom tests. A. when B. since C. before D. after 13. Personal computers are no longer something beyond the ordinary people; they are _______ available these days. A. promptly B. instantly C. readily D. quickly 14. Owing to _______ competition among the airlines, travel expenses have been reduced considerably . A. fierce B. strained C. eager D. critical 15. Doctor often ______uneasiness in the people they deal with. A. smell B. sense C. hear D. tough Part II Word Match (15 points, 1 point each) Direction : Match the following words with their definitions within each group of five words. Write Group 1 1. authentic A. having powers of learning, reasoning or understanding 2. commitment B. twist; changing shape 3. exaggerate C. a promise or decision to do something 4. intelligent D. real; true and accurate 5. distortion E. say more than the truth about something Group 2 6. authority A. basic; central; forming the necessary basis of something 7. donate B. something that is considered more important than other matters 8. substantial C. the right or ability to control 9. priority D. give something for the benefit of others 10. fundamental E. large in size, value or importance Part III Sentence Completion (10 points, 1 point each) 1. George is not only a skillful painter, but also a ______ writer. (talent) 2. The ________ John to Mary was announced in the newspapers yesterday . (engage) 3. I love the movie because the _______ is my favorite. (act) 4. _______ to say , this absent-minded professor left his umbrella in the classroom again. (need) 5. I'm afraid the girl is a little ________ for her age and height. (weight)
freelance自由职业的[fri:lɑ:ns] Yousellyourworkorservicestoanumberofdifferentcompanies.自由职业 你把你的工作或服务卖给许多不同的公司 teleworking远程工作;在家办公; Youworkforacompanyfromhomeviaemail,phoneortheInternet电子办公 你在家中通过电子邮件、电话或互联网为一家公司工作, job-sharing分担工作制Youdoyourjobforpartoftheweekandanotherpersondoesitfortheotherpart.分担工作 你在这周做了你的这份工作的一部分,另一个人做另一部分 shiftwork换班工作 Youworkduringdifferentpartsoftheday(egnights).轮班工作 你在一天中的不同时段工作(如夜班) part-time兼职;半日工作 Youonlyworkforsomeottheweek(notfull-time).兼职工作 你只工作了一周(不是全职)。 temping打临时工,做临时工作,打零工Youworkfordifferentcompaniesforashorttimewithoutapermanentcontract.临时工作 你在不同的公司工作很短的时间没有一个永久的合同。 c onsultancy顾问工作,顾问职位;咨询公司;[knsltnsi:] Youaren’temployedbyacompany,butarepaidtogivespecialistadvice.顾问公司;咨询公司 你不是受雇于公司,但支付给专业的意见 flextime弹性上班制; Youdon’thavea permanentplaceorofficetoworkat,butyoufindaplacetoworkwhenyou arrive.办公桌轮用 你没有一个固定的办公地点,但当你需要办公室可以找到一个办公地点 Howtojob-share Wouldn'titbeniceiftheworkingweekfinishedonWednesdayWithajob-share (0)Findtheperfectpartner Findsomeoneyoulike.'Bepreparedtocommunicateandsharecreditandblame,saysCarolSava ge,themanagingdirectorofFlexecutive,aflexibleworkingconsultancy. creditandblame信用和责任;director主管,主任;flexible灵活的;consultancy顾问
《商务英语阅读》期末复习指导 一、课程说明 适于省开英语专业专科商务方向学习者使用。本课程选用的教材是由对外经济和贸易大学黄震华教授主编的《商务英语阅读》一书,中央广播电视大学2003年6月出版。共十八课,每课有正副课文各一篇,共三十六篇。 二、考试说明 考试的性质及方式:期末采用闭卷考试,时间90分钟。考核范围:广东电大编写的《商务英语阅读期末复习指导》;期末考试成绩计核方法:形成性考核成绩占30%,期末考试占70%。期末考试题型及所占比例:选择题(15%);填空题(10%); 翻译题(30%);阅读理解(45%)。 三、综合复习 (一)选择题 1、C 2、D 3、D 4、A 5、C 6、B 7、B 8、B 9、A 10、B 11、A 12、A 13、A 14、C 15、A 16、C 17、C 18、C 19、C 20、C 21、A 22、D 23、C 24、A 25、B 26、A 27、A 28、D 29、C 30、B 31、D 32、B 33、C 34、B 35、C 36、C 37、C 38、B 39、D 40、D (二)填空题 1.用下列词填空: 1、air-conditioned; 2、handmade; 3、thunder-struck; 4、heart-felt; 5、data-based; 6、self-employed; 7、custom-built; 8、weather-beaten 2.用下列词填空: 1. structure 2. managers 3. benefits 4. margin 5. capital market 6. investment 7. marketing concept 8. raw material 9. shareholders 10. capital
商务英语期末复习 Unit 2 1c词汇用下面的词语填进下列句子的空格中 1、Managers have to decide how best to allocate the human, physical and capital resources (资源、财力)available to them. 2、Managers – logically – have to make sure that the jobs and tasks given to their subordinates are manageable. 3、There is no point in setting objectives if you don’t communicate them to your staff. 4、Managers have to supervise their subordinates, and to measure, and try to improve, their performance. 5、Managers have to check whether objectives and targets are being achieved. 6、A top manager whose performance is unsatisfactory can be dismissed by the company’s board of directors. 7、Top managers are responsible for the innovations that will allow a company to adapt to a changing world. 1d词汇课文里有一些常见的动词-名词搭配(入achieve objectives, deal with crises等等。把下面的动词和名词按照常用搭配连起来。 1、make decisions 做出决策 2、communicate information/decisions/objectives 向……传达信息/决定/目标 3、allocate resources 分配资源,或“配置资源” 4、develop strategies/people 发展战略/培养人员 5、measure performance 测评绩效 6、motivate people 激励员工 7、perform jobs 完成工作 8、set objectives 设定目标 9、supervise subordinates监管下属 Unit 3 1b词汇下面是一些有关公司组织机构的基本词语。把它们和定义用直线连起来。 1、autonomous 自治的 Independent, able to take decisions without consulting a higher authority 2、decentralization 分散,分权 Dividing an organization into decision-making units that are not centrally controlled 3、function 职能 A specific activity in a company, e.g. production, marketing, finance 4、hierarchy 层次,层级 A system of authority with different levels, one above the other 5、line authority 直线职权 The power to give instructions to people at the level below in the chain of command 6、report to 向……报告(负责) To be responsible to someone and to take instructions from him or her 7、subordinates 下属 People working under someone else in a hierarchy Unit 4 1a词汇下列的句子说明某些关于工作的基本词汇。哪些是正确的答案? 1、To inspire, to induce, to give a reason or incentive to someone to do something. (motivate 激发) 2、A person employed by someone else, working for money. (employee 职工,雇员) 3、Relations between employers and employees, managers and workers, management and unions. (labor relations 劳资关系)
Word考试知识点: 1.文本的移动步骤:○1选择○2剪切○3到目的地○4粘贴 2.文本的复制步骤:○1选择○2复制○3到目的地○4粘贴 3.替换:○1先选择○2编辑—替换○3全部替换○4单击是最后单击确定,保存文件。 4.设置字符的字体、字号、字形、颜色、字符间距、字符缩放比例、字符的位置 操作原则:先选定后操作 步骤:○1先选择○2菜单【格式】—【字体】,再进行设置,最后确定,保存文件。 5.设置段落的首行缩进、悬挂缩进、左缩进、右缩进、段间距、行距、段落对齐。 操作原则:先定位后操作 步骤:○1先定位○2菜单【格式】—【段落】,再进行设置,最后确定,保存文件。 6.标题设置样式 法1:○1先定位后操作○2菜单【格式】—【样式和格式】,再进行设置,最后确定,保存文件。 法2:通过格式工具栏进行设置 7.页面设置中的纸张大小、页边距、方向。 步骤:菜单【文件】—【页面设置】再进行相应操作,最后单击确定,保存文件。 8.插入页码。 步骤:菜单【插入】—【页码】再进行相应操作,最后单击确定,保存文件。 9.在word文档中插入图片 10.表格的操作: (1)插入表格:菜单【表格】-【插入】-【表格】,出现“插入表格”对话框,然后定制列数和行数,最后单击“确定”。 (2)插入行、列,删除行、列。 (3)表格上方插入标题。 (4)单元格的拆分与合并。 (5)单元格内的字符对齐方式(有[上左、上中、上右],[中左、中
中、中右],[下左、下中、下右]9种方式) (6)表格行高与列宽的设置。(先选定行或列,右键-表格属性,再设置行高或列宽) (7)平均分布各行与各列。
国开04009 商务英语 1 任务 6 参考答案 说明:如果课程题目是随机的,请按CTRL+F在题库中逐一搜索每一道题的答案题目1:What if he still doesn't pay up? : If it's a small amount we write it off as bad debt. For larger sums we ; I've got to hurry. ; I have already done that. 标准答 If it's a small amount we write it off as bad debt. For larger sums we 案: 题目2:—The senior managers need the results from last month straight away, so I can ' t stop to talk. I ' ve got to hurry. : Go slowly. ; Stay longer. ; Ok, see you later. Ok, see you later. 标准答 案: 题目3: —Hello, Sally. What ' s the matter with you? You look worried. : What shall I do if a customer doesn ' t pay up on the due date? ; Yeah, that ' s true. It requires great attention. ; Don ' t mention it. 标准答案:What shall I do if a customer doesn 't pay up on the due date? 题目4:He didn ' t seem to any actions. : make ; do ; take 标准答 案:take 题目5:your check is received within a week we shall have no alternative. : Unless ; As ; If 标准答 案:Unless 题目6:二、阅读理解:阅读下面的对话,选择合适的内容将对话补充完整。 _Dear Sirs,_ _Account No.8756_ 1. {A; B; C; D; E}
Unit 1~2 Mercantilism 重商主义 Neomeicantilist 新重商主义者 Trade surplus 贸易顺差 Quota and tariff 配额和关税 Government intervention 政府干预 Zero-sum game 零和博弈 Positive-sum game 常和博弈 The theory of absolute advantage 绝对优势理论 The theory of comparative advantage 比较优势理论 Factor endowments 要素禀赋理论 Product life cycle 产品生命周期(+theory ……理论) Economies of scale 规模经济 Diminishing returns 收益递减规律 Green revolution 绿色革命 Voluntary restriction 自动出口限制 Deposit 佣金 First mover advantage 先占优势 Barrier to entry 进入(市场)壁垒 Porter’s diamond theory 波特的钻石理论 National competitive advantage 国家竞争优势 The department of commerce 商务部 Letter of credit 信用证 Draft /bill of exchange 汇票 bill of lading B/L 提单 Sight draft 即期汇票 Time draft 远期汇票 Banker ‘s acceptance 银行承兑(+bill …汇票) Trade acceptance 商业承兑汇票 Countertrade 对等贸易 Barter 易货贸易 Switch trading 转手贸易 Offset 抵消 Counter purchase 互购贸易 Compensation trade 补偿贸易 Mercantilism suggests that it is in a country’s best interest to maintain a trade surplus -- to export more than it imports(重商主义就是保持贸易顺差以实现一国的最大利益---出口超过进口) Mercantilism advocates government intervention(介入) to achieve a surplus in the balance of trade (重商主义主张政府介入以便实现对外贸易顺差) It views trade as a zero-sum game - one in which a gain by one country results in a loss by another (将贸易看成零和博弈,一个国家收益一个国家受损) Absolute Advantage 绝对优势 Adam Smith argued that a country has an absolute advantage in the production of a product when it is more efficient than any other country in producing it 亚当斯密认为一个国家生产一种商品比其他任何国家效率都高时存在绝对优势 According to Smith, countries should specialize in the production of goods for which they have an absolute advantage and then trade these goods for the goods produced by other countries 按照亚当斯密的说法,各国应该专门生产具有绝对优势的商品,然后用他们交换其他国家生产的商品 The Benefit(好处) of Absolute Advantage and Free Trade The Principle for International Division of Labor–Absolute Advantage 国际分工的原则---绝对优势 The Consequence(结果) of Division of Labor and Free Trade 分工的结果和自由贸易 1. To Production: the Flow of the Factor of Production 生产要素的流动; the Efficiency of Factor Distribution 要素分配效率;the Quantity of Production 产品质量。 2. To Consumer: Welfare from Free Trade自由贸易福利: low price of imports and more consumption 低价格的进口更多的消费 Comparative Advantage比较优势 Ricardo’s theory of comparative advantage suggests that countries should specialize in the production of those goods they produce most efficiently and buy goods that they produce less efficiently from other countries, even if this means buying goods from other countries that they could produce more efficiently at home李嘉图的比较优势理论认为一个国家分工生产最有效率的产品,而从别国购买自己生产效率相对较低的产品,
《商务英语阅读》期末考试复习资料一、词汇翻译题(课内词汇+课外高频商务词汇) 1.entrepreneur 企业家 2.specification 规格详述 3.human resources 人力资源 4.institution 机构 5.orientation 方向,导向,新员工 入职培训 6.decline 消减,衰亡 7.bonus 奖金 https://www.doczj.com/doc/b417187928.html,unch 推出,投放市场 https://www.doczj.com/doc/b417187928.html,munity 社区,共同体 10.necessities (生活)必需品 11.stock 股票 12.liquidity 流动性,变现性 13.risk 风险 14.potential 潜在的 15.act of God 不可抗力 https://www.doczj.com/doc/b417187928.html,y off 使……下岗 17.listed company 上市公司 18.log on 登入、连接(上网) 19.absolute interest 绝对产权 20.keyboard skills 打字技能 21.human resources 人力资源 22.account for 解释某事物的原因,占……比例 23.executive 高级管理人员,执行总 裁 24.logo 企业或公司等专用的标记、标 识 25.administration 管理 26.budget 预算27.feasible 可行的 28.industry 产业,行业 29.ingredient 成分,要素 30.securities 证券 https://www.doczj.com/doc/b417187928.html,mission 佣金 32.dividend 股息,红利 33.mature 到期,成熟 34.accounts receivable 应收账款 35.job description 岗位描述 36.letter of intent 意向书 37.living wage 基本生活工资 38.bar code 条形码 39.acid test 决定性的考验 40.executive 高管,主管 41.administrative expenses 行政管 理费用 42.jet lag 飞机时差反应 43.customized 用户化的,按客户要求 定制的 44.keep-fit market 保健市场 45.lecture theatre 梯形教室,梯形 报告厅 46.local adaptation 本土化 47.balance sheet 资产负债表 48.benefits package 福利套餐,整体 福利 49.bill of lading 提单、提货单 50.access fee 使用费 二、单项选择题(课内) 1.Factors of production refer to _______. A.natural resources and capital https://www.doczj.com/doc/b417187928.html,bor and entrepreneurs C.both A and B 2.The structure of a large manufacturing company and that of a small service firm
一绪论: 1环境污染:大气污染、臭氧层破坏、酸雨、水资源短缺、土地沙漠化、绿色屏障锐减、垃圾、物种濒危、人口激增、温室效应。 2造成环境污染的因素:物理的、化学的和生物的三方面,其中化学的占80%~90%。 3环境化学的特点是从微观的原子、分子水平上来研究宏观的环境现象与变化的化学机制及其防治途径,其核心是研究化学污染物在环境中的化学转化和效应。 4由于环境污染物种类繁多,世界各国都筛选一些毒性强、难降解、残留时间长,在环境中分布广的污染物优先进行控制,称为优先污染物。 5当前世界范围内最关注的化学污染物主要是持久性有机污染物,具有致突变、致癌变和致畸变作用的所谓“三变”化学污染物,以及环境内分泌干扰物。 6按环境变化的性质划分,则可分为环境物理效应、环境化学效应和环境生物效应。 7污染物在环境中的迁移主要有机械迁移、物理-化学迁移和生物迁移。 二大气环境化学 1根据温度随海拔高度的变化情况将大气分为四层:对流层、平流层、中间层、热层。 2大气污染物按照化学组成还可以分为含硫化合物、含氮化合物、含碳化合物和含卤化合物。 3燃料燃烧过程中影响NOx形成的因素:根据NOx形成的机理,燃烧过程中NO的生成量主要与燃烧温度和空燃比有关。 4甲烷是一种重要的温室气体,每个CH4分子导致温室效应的内力比CO2分子大20倍。 5氟氯烃类化合物既可以破坏臭氧层也可以导致温室效应。 6逆温:在对流层中,气温一般是随高度增加而降低,但在一定条件下会出现反常现象。 7大气稳定度是指气层的稳定程度,或者说大气中某一高度上的气块在垂直方向上相对稳定程度。气块在大气中的稳定度与大气垂直递减率和干绝热垂直递减率(干空气在上升时温度降低值与上升高度之比用Td表示)有关。一般来讲,大气温度垂直递减率越大,气块越不稳定。 8影响大气污染物迁移的因素:空气机械运动如风和湍流,由于天气形势和地理地势造成的逆温想想以及污染源本身特性。 9光化学反应:分子、原子、自由基或吸收光子而发生的化学反应。 10大气中的HO·和HO2·的来源:对于清洁大气O3的光解是大气中HO·的重要来源;对于污染大气,如有HNO2和H2O2存在,光解可产生HO·,HO2·主要来源于醛的光解尤其是甲 醛的光解。 11光化学烟雾:含有氮氧化合物和碳氢化合物等第一次污染物的大气,在阳光照射下发生光解 反应产生第二次污染物,这种由一次污染物和二次污染物的混合物所形成的的烟雾污染现象。他的特征:烟雾呈蓝色,具有强氧化性,能使橡胶开裂,刺激人的眼睛,伤害植物的叶子,并使大气能见度降低;光化学烟雾的形成条件是大气中含有氮氧化物和碳氢化合物存在,大气温度较低,而且有强的阳光的照射。 12光化学烟雾的控制对策:控制反应活性高的有机物的排放、控制臭氧的浓度。 硫酸烟雾与光化学烟雾的比较