文献出处: Mahpula A. The Research of Regional Logistics Competitiveness [J]. Journal of Transport Geography, 2015, 15(2): 30-34.
原文
The Research of Regional Logistics Competitiveness
Mahpula A
Abstract
At present, the development of logistics is the logistics demand rapid increase, the expanding market capacity, accelerates the construction of logistics infrastructure, third-party logistics fast growth the tendency, the whole logistics industry is developing in the direction of the information, globalization and specialization. At the same time, with the rapid increase of logistics demand, the development of the regional logistics more rapidly. Regional logistics is an important part of regional economy, the existence and development of regional logistics is the premise of existence and development of regional economy, no regional economy there would be no regional logistics. Regional logistics and regional economic development level, is closely related to the scale and the level of the different regional economic shape, size and industry, determines the level of regional logistics, the scale and structure form. Regional economic integration can make the area and regional logistics incline to reasonable, adapt to reasonable layout of industrial structure, to reduce logistics cost, promote the development of regional logistics. On the other hand, the regional economic development is inseparable from the development of regional logistics and regional logistics to provide support and guarantee for the development of regional economy, the development of the regional logistics will drive and promote the further development of regional economy. Therefore, the development of the regional logistics has become to improve the regional investment environment and industry development environment, expanding the scope of the regional influence, the key to enhancing regional competitiveness.
Keywords: Regional logistics; Regional logistics competitiveness; Evaluation index 1 Introduction
The rapid development of world economy and the progress of modern science and technology, the logistics industry as an emerging service industry, is developing rapidly in the global scope. Internationally, logistics industry is considered to be the economic development of the artery and basic industry, its development degree
become to measure a country's modernization degree and comprehensive national strength, one of the important marks is known as the "third profit source" of the enterprise, its role is more and more big, became the current after the IT industry, financial industry's hottest emerging industry a new growth point of national economy, and caused widespread social attention. Regional logistics is an important component of regional economy, is the important force in the formation and development of regional economy, it is to improve the efficiency and economic benefit in the field of regional circulation, improve the competitive ability of regional market, etc., plays a positive role in active. Behind the rapid development of modern logistics, however, there are still many problems; including logistics competitiveness level is lower than the level of logistics development is particularly prominent. Choosing logistics competitiveness development level evaluation index, since there is no uniform standard, can only use freight or freight turnover scale to measure logistics. Implementation of goods transport is the process of logistics spatial displacement at the center of the link, with the two indicators to measure logistics scale has certain scientific, but it can't reflect the outline of the regional logistics. Estimates of logistics demand, typically based on GDP and total retail sales of social consumer goods such as index of national economic accounting. This is just a simple measure of the macro level, the proportion of different researchers use different, ranging from teens to twenty percent, there are large difference between the results and gives theoretical analysis greater difficulties. At the same time, the logistics industry's economic statistical data shortage, there is no comprehensive logistics demand statistics, which made us qualitative understanding of the level of understanding of logistics.
2 Literature review
About the Core Competence theory, Core Competence (Core Competence) of the original intention is the Core skills or Core skills, this concept is in 1990 by the American strategic management experts made (C.K.P rahalad) and Britain's strategic management experts hamer (c. amel), refers to the enterprise organization of accumulating knowledge, especially about how to coordinate different production skills and integrate a variety of technical knowledge, and on the basis of advantage over other competitors unique ability, namely Core Competence is built on the basis of enterprise Core resources, is the enterprise intelligence, technology, products, management, culture and other elements in the reflection of comprehensive advantage
in the market. At present there are three typical academic argument: the ability theory represented by Rossby and Christie's school; School represented by porter's theory of market structure; Represented by Werner Phil and Penrose's theory of resource school. Core competitiveness is value, the ability to integrated, uniqueness, extensibility and inherent characteristics.
Related theory, the study of regional logistics, the logistics research of Europe and the United States, Japan and other developed countries, focus on the enterprise level, is committed to providing enterprise optimization strategy. And regional logistics system and competitiveness research, involved. According to literature review, the regional international logistics field of research mainly includes the following aspects: (1) from the perspective of multinational company research the global logistics resources configuration and coordination problems. Specific include logistics infrastructure, market competition mechanism and the problem of logistics supply chain operation. Such research quantification technology such as using the operational research tools, more for the global network of supply chain facility location positioning, and coordinate the factory more support, strategic distribution system design problem. This is an extension of the logistics enterprise level optimization study, the commonly used methods include mathematical analytical method, system simulation method and heuristic methods, etc. If only one method and graphical method solving the problem of the layout of the site; Mixed integer programming solve the problem of site selection of logistics center and logistics planning, etc.(2) from the perspective of urban economy and the environment, the research of urban traffic network Settings. For example Tanjguchietal from the city level, using a dynamic traffic simulation model, quantitative research economic growth, the transport demand, as well as the related road congestion and environmental pollution.(3) from the point of view of the city government, study its role in macro logistics development and utility. For example MeirJ. R and Senblatt, studied the global supply chain management in infrastructure financing, transportation and regional trading rules, corporate tax law of the government subsidies, and other effects of the main factors of global production and distribution network, etc.
3 Introduction to the theory of regional logistics related
3.1 The definition of regional logistics
Academic definition of regional logistics has not yet unified, a more accepted view is
that regional logistics is the geographical environment in a certain area, with large and medium-sized cities as the center, based on the regional scale and scope economy, combined with effective logistics service scope, area inside and outside of all kinds of goods from the supplier to accept to effective entity flow; Is the transport, storage, loading and unloading, handling, distribution, packaging, circulation processing, information processing, such as integrated logistics activities, to service in the composite system of regional economic development. It requires the integration, the integration of logistics management, namely to meet user needs for the purpose, to the goods, services and related information from the supplier to accept to the efficient flow of planning, execution, and control activities, is the organic unity of cash-flow, information flow and cash flow.
3.2 Relationship of regional logistics subject, object and carrier
Regional logistics has the characteristics of multi-level and multi-dimensional structure, its basic elements include logistics main body, object and logistics carrier, and the structure of the basic elements and their complete system, each element show different features, thus forming the function of the regional logistics. Regional logistics main body is directly involved in or specialized is engaged in the economic organization of regional logistics activity, including the owner of the goods
Flow, the third party logistics enterprise, storage and transportation enterprise, etc. Logistics is the supply chain logistics channels, the starting point and end point of connection in the whole course of the regional logistics activity plays a dominant and decisive role. Elements of the integrated logistics subject is the essential characteristic of modern logistics. Therefore, the elements of logistics as one of the main body, logistics has a decisive role in the development of logistics industry. Similar accumulation and regional economy industry, regional logistics also emphasizes the logistics main body accumulation, logistics main body in space is beneficial to promote the logistics activities of large-scale, intensive, body development, it is also a regional logistics park, logistics center, the objective basis of the formation of distribution centers, and regional logistics park, logistics center and distribution center determines the spatial structure of the regional logistics system.
3.3 Regional logistics and regional economic relations
Regional logistics is an important part of regional economy, the existence and development of regional logistics is the premise of existence and development of
regional economy, no regional economy there would be no regional logistics. Regional logistics and regional economic development level, is closely related to the scale and the level of the different regional economic shape, size and industry, determines the level of regional logistics, the scale and structure form. Logistics is always accompanied by business flow, the more advanced the regional economy, manufacturing and trading more active, the logistics industry as a service industry will have a good customer base and market infrastructure, the greater the chance of large-scale development. On the other hand, the regional economic development is inseparable from the development of regional logistics and regional logistics to provide support and guarantee for the development of regional economy, the development of the regional logistics will drive and promote the further development of regional economy. Thus, regional logistics and regional economy is the unity of interdependence. Regional economy is the premise and foundation of regional logistics development, is the dominant force in the regional logistics development; Regional logistics is an important part of regional economy, is the regional economic support system, and serve the regional economy. Regional logistics development goal and strategy must obey and serve the regional economic development goals and strategies.
4 Regional logistics competitiveness
Regional logistics competitiveness refers to a certain space range (general administrative area as the border, across regions), the logistics industry are different from other areas of the assignment of resources was made in the advantage, the logistics enterprises, government policy support and industrial innovation ability, eventually embodied through regional internal benign competition will be more than all kinds of resources, the ability to effectively integrate to form a complementary and integrated ability system, reflect the regional comparison of competitive power in the logistics activity, reflect the size of the regional logistics service ability and the logistics industry development level of high and low. The competitiveness of the regional logistics is mainly composed of six basic elements constitute: social and economic development level, scale of logistics demand and supply condition of logistics, the logistics development of logistics industry in the enterprise information development level, development level, the macro environment.
4.1 The social and economic development level
Comprehensive social and economic development level reflects the regional logistics competitiveness level of social economic basis, is the guarantee of development of regional logistics competitiveness, to provide support for the sustainable development of regional logistics, from the other side also reflects the competitiveness of regional logistics development potential and power.
4.2 The logistics demand scale
Logistics demand scale is mainly refers to the logistics services in the field such as production, consumption and circulation quantity and scale, to some extent, restricted by local resource conditions, it reflects a region, the demand for logistics service level and size: the size of the logistics demand, determines the size of the logistics market capacity, is the premise of existence and development of regional logistics industry and the foundation.
4.3 Logistics supply condition
The supply condition of logistics refers to the logistics infrastructure provided for the development of the logistics industry, all kinds of logistics technology and equipment, is engaged in the logistics services enterprises and the corresponding professionals such as the number and size of traffic capacity and regional situation, the comprehensive reflection of regional logistics supply capacity and service level, reflects the effect on the development of the logistics industry to promote and satisfaction, is the main factor of the formation and development of regional logistics competition.
4.4 Logistics enterprise development level
Logistics enterprise comprehensive development level reflects the regional logistics main body's ability to provide logistics services and meet customer demand, embodies the subject of logistics operation level, mainly including the enterprise competition ability, profit ability and performance level, reflect a certain period of logistics enterprises in the area of the overall level of development, is the key factor for the formation of regional logistics competitiveness.
4.5 Information development level
Mainly refers to the regional information development level of information degree and the level of information technology. Logistics is based on information flow, logistics has become more and more rely on the whole process of access to information. Many logistics enterprises have established their own information
management system as a crucial to the development of its core competitiveness, the development level of information is the one important factor for the formation of regional logistics competitiveness level.
4.6 Logistics macro environment
Macro environment refers to the logistics industry development of logistics industry development planning, land use policy, tax policy, market access policy, talent training, such as the soft environment, affecting the development of logistics industry reflects the external environment for the development of the logistics industry to provide favorable conditions and the environment support.
译文
区域物流竞争力研究
作者 Mahpula A
摘要
当前，物流的发展正呈现出物流需求快速上升、市场容量不断扩大、物流基础设施建设加速、第三方物流快速成长的趋势，整个物流产业正朝着信息化、全球化和专业化的方向发展。同时，随着物流需求的快速增加，区域物流的发展更加迅猛。区域物流是区域经济的重要组成部分，区域物流的存在和发展是以区域经济的存在和发展为前提的，没有区域经济也就没有区域物流。区域物流与区域经济发展的水平、规模密切相关，不同区域经济的水平、规模和产业形态，决定了区域物流的水平、规模和结构形态。区域经济一体化能使区域内和区域间的物流趋向合理，适应产业结构的合理布局，从而降低物流成本，促进区域物流发展。反之，区域经济的发展也离不开区域物流的发展，区域物流为区域经济的发展提供支撑与保障，区域物流的发展将带动和促进区域经济的进一步发展。因此，区域物流的发展己成为改善区域投资环境和产业发展环境、扩大区域影响范围、提升区域竞争力的关键。
关键词:区域物流，区域物流竞争力，评价指标
1 引言
世界经济的快速发展和现代科学技术的进步，物流产业作为一个新兴的服务性产业，正在全球范围内迅速发展。在国际上，物流产业被认为是经济发展的动脉和基础产业，其发展程度成为衡量一国现代化程度和综合国力的重要标志之一，被誉为企业的“第三利润源泉”，其发挥的作用越来越大，成为了继IT业、金
融业之后的当前最热门的新兴产业和国民经济新的增长点，引起了社会的普遍重视。区域物流是区域经济的重要构成要素，是区域经济形成与发展的重要力量，它对提高区域流通领域的效率和经济效益，提高区域市场的竞争能力等，发挥着积极的能动作用。然而，现代物流快速发展的背后仍然存在较多的问题，其中物流竞争力水平低于物流发展水平显得尤为突出。选择物流竞争力发展水平评价指标时，由于没有统一的标准，只能利用货运量或货运周转量来衡量物流规模。运输是物流过程中实现货物空间位移的中心环节，用这两个指标来衡量物流规模有一定的科学性，但不能真实反映地区物流的全貌。估计物流需求量时，通常的做法是根据GDP和社会消费品零售总额等国民经济核算指标。这仅仅是宏观层次上的一种简单估算，不同的研究人员采用的比例不同，从百分之十几到百分之二十不等，所得结果存在较大差异，给理论分析带来了较大的困难。同时，有关物流产业的经济统计资料极度缺乏，也没有全面的物流需求统计数据，这使我们对物流的理解始终处于定性的认识水平上。
2 文献综述
关于核心竞争力理论，核心竞争力 (Core Competence)的原意是核心能力或核心技能，这一概念是1990年由美国的企业战略管理专家普拉哈拉得(C.K.Prahalad)和英国的企业战略管理专家哈默尔(C.Hamel)提出的，指的是企业组织中的积累性知识，特别是关于如何协调不同的生产技能和整合多种技术知识，并据此获得超越其他竞争对手的独特能力，即核心竞争力是建立在企业核心资源基础之上的，是企业的智力、技术、产品、管理、文化等要素的综合优势在市场上的反映。目前学术界有三个有代表性的论点:以罗斯比和克里斯蒂森为代表的能力论学派;以波特为代表的市场结构论学派;以沃纳菲尔和潘罗斯为代表的资源论学派。核心竞争力具有价值双重性、能力整合性、独特性、延伸性和时段性的特点。
关于区域物流的相关理论研究，物流发达的欧美、日本等国研究，侧重于企业层面，即致力于提供企业优化策略。而区域层面的物流系统及竞争力研究，则涉及不多。根据文献查阅，国际上区域性物流领域研究，主要包括以下几个方面:(1)从跨国公司角度研究全球性物流资源配置和协调问题。具体包括物流基础设施、市场竞争机制及物流供应链运行等问题。此类研究多利用运筹学等数量化技术工具，为供应链的全球网络设施选址定位、多工厂协调、战略配送体系设计等问题提供支持。这是企业层面物流优化研究的扩展，常用方法包括数学解析法、系统仿真法和启发式方法等。如位分法和图解法解决一元网点的布局问题;混合
整数规划解决物流中心的选址以及物流规划问题等。(2)从城市经济和环境角度，研究城市交通网络的设置问题。例如 Tanjguchietal从城市层面，利用交通仿真动力学模型，定量研究经济增长、运输需求，以及道路拥挤和环境污染的相互关联。(3)从城市政府角度，研究其在宏观物流发展中承担的角色和效用。例如MeirJ.R和Senblatt，研究了全球化供应链管理中设施融资、交通以及地区交易规则、企业税费法律中的政府补贴等全球生产和配送网络主要因素的效用等。
3区域物流相关理论概述
3.1区域物流的定义
学术界对区域物流的定义尚未统一，一个比较认可的观点是，区域物流是在一定的区域地理环境中，以大中型城市为中心，以区域经济规模和范围为基础，结合物流的有效服务范围，将区域内外的各类物品从供应地向接受地进行的有效实体流动;是将运输、仓储、装卸搬运、配送、包装、流通加工、信息处理等物流活动集成，以服务于本区域经济发展的综合体系。它要求集成的、一体化的物流管理，即以满足用户需要为目的，对物品、服务及相关信息从供应地向接受地的有效率流动进行计划、执行和控制的活动，是物资流、信息流及资金流的有机统一体。
3.2区域物流主体、客体和载体的关系
区域物流结构具有多层次、多维度的特点，其基本要素包括物流主体、物流客体和物流载体，而基本要素又有其各自完整的结构体系，每一要素都表现出不同的功能，从而形成区域物流的整体功能。区域物流主体是直接参与或专门从事区域物流活动的经济组织，包括货主物
流企业、第三方物流企业、储运企业等。物流主体是供应链物流渠道起点和终点的联接者，在整个区域物流活动过程中起着主导和决定性的作用。物流主体要素的集成是现代物流的本质特点。因此，集物流各要素为一体的物流主体，对于物流业发展具有决定性作用。与区域经济产业积聚相类似，区域物流也强调物流主体积聚，物流主体在空间上的积聚有利于促进物流活动的规模化、集约化、体化发展，这也是区域物流园区、物流中心、配送中心形成的客观基础，而区域物流园区、物流中心、配送中心决定了整个区域物流系统的空间结构。
3.3 区域物流与区域经济的关系
区域物流是区域经济的重要组成部分，区域物流的存在和发展是以区域经济的存在和发展为前提的，没有区域经济也就没有区域物流。区域物流与区域经济
发展的水平、规模密切相关，不同区域经济的水平、规模和产业形态，决定了区域物流的水平、规模和结构形态。物流总是伴随着商流而生，区域经济越发达，制造及商贸越活跃，作为服务行业的物流业就会有良好的客户群和市场基础，大规模发展的可能性越大。反之，区域经济的发展也离不开区域物流的发展，区域物流为区域经济的发展提供支撑与保障，区域物流的发展将带动和促进区域经济的进一步发展。由此可见，区域物流与区域经济是相互依存的统一体。区域经济是区域物流发展的前提和基础，是拉动区域物流发展的主导力量;区域物流是区域经济的重要组成部分，是区域经济的支撑系统，为区域经济服务。区域物流的发展目标和战略必须服从并服务于区域经济发展的目标和战略。
4 区域物流竞争力
区域物流竞争力是指某空间范围内(一般以行政区域为边界，也可跨区域)，物流产业所具有的区别于其它区域的资源察赋优势、物流企业能力、政府政策支持和产业创新能力，最终体现为通过区域内部的良性竞争将以上各种资源、能力有效整合而形成的具有互补性、整合性的能力体系，反映了各区域在物流活动中相比较的竞争能力，体现了区域物流服务能力的大小和物流业发展水平的高低。区域物流的竞争力主要由六项基本要素共同构成:社会经济发展水平、物流需求规模、物流供给状况、物流企业发展水平、信息发展水平、物流业发展宏观环境。
4.1社会经济发展水平
社会经济发展水平综合反映了区域物流竞争力水平的社会经济基础，是区域物流竞争力发展的保障，为区域物流的可持续发展提供支撑，也从另一侧面反映了区域物流竞争力发展的潜力与动力。
4.2物流需求规模
物流需求规模主要指物流服务的生产、消费、流通等领域的数量和规模，在一定程度上受当地资源条件的限制，它综合反映了一个地区对物流服务的需求程度和规模:物流需求规模的大小，决定了物流市场容量的大小，是区域物流产业存在和发展的前提与基础。
4.3物流供给状况
物流供给状况指为物流业发展所提供的物流基础设施、各种物流技术装备、从事物流服务的企业及相应的从业人员等的数量和规模以及地区的交通能力状况，综合反映了区域物流的供给能力和服务水平，体现了对物流业发展的促进作用和满足程度，是区域物流竞争力形成和发展的主要因素。
4.4物流企业发展水平
物流企业发展水平综合反映了区域内物流主体提供物流服务及满足客户需求的能力大小，体现了物流主体的运作水平，主要包括企业的竞争能力、盈利能力及绩效水平，反映了一定时期区域内物流企业的总体发展水平，是区域物流竞争力形成的关键因素。
4.5 信息发展水平
信息发展水平主要是指区域的信息化程度及信息技术水平的高低。物流是依据信息来流动的，物流的整个过程已越来越依赖于对信息的获取。许多物流企业已把建立自身的信息管理系统作为发展其核心竞争力的关键，可见信息的发展水平是区域物流竞争力水平形成的一个重要因素。
4.6物流业发展宏观环境
物流业发展宏观环境主要指物流产业发展规划、土地利用政策、税收政策、市场准入政策、人才培养政策等影响物流业发展的软环境，体现了外界环境为物流业发展所提供的有利条件和环境支持。
四月深春，下着淅淅沥沥的小雨，荷塘像是洗去了冬日的泥土与残旧，好些荷叶开始生长，已经初现几处荷叶连连的影象。雨，打在荷叶上，发出“滴答”的响声，不禁让人感慨，荷塘的盛夏的美丽景色，在这时已经有了蓄势待发之势。一边回想着，一边期待。不知不觉，来到了荷塘。阳光如此明媚，照耀着整片荷塘，油绿绿的叶子，流动着金色的光泽。一眼望去，那些叶儿已长得宽宽厚厚，肥美硕大，一阵风吹来，它们就像调皮好动的一大群小孩，晃着胖嘟嘟的小身体挤向公共汽车。看呀，那莲叶的背后，藏着朵含苞待放的花骨朵儿，粉粉嫩嫩的，像极了白里透红的婴儿的小脸。走着，走着，你瞧，那里又有一朵小荷花在跟你捉迷藏。那朵，快要开了，粉红中带着丝丝的深红，就像古代躲在门帘后偷看意中人的少女。