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秦家骢 杜维明

秦家骢杜维明:何为中国人(演讲实录中英文版)

2013-07-31光明网-学术频道

【编者按】本次讲座由北京大学高等人文研究院主办,香港资深评论员秦家骢先生主讲,杜维明教授主持,盖梦丽老师同声传译。秦家骢先生从海外华人的角度,结合自身多年的游历经验,提出了“何为中国人”这个问题。他指出民国时期承认满蒙为中国人,引发历史上中国人概念的混乱;他还讨论了大陆和香港的国籍政策差别,剖析了中国对海外华人的态度。

秦家骢先生

杜维明教授

主持人:杜维明(北京大学高等人文研究院院长、当代新儒家代表)嘉宾:秦家骢(前《华尔街日报》特派记者、资深评论员)

同声传译:盖梦丽(北京第二外国语学院教师)

时间:2013年7月24日

地点:北京大学第三教学楼(刘卿楼)207教室

讲座主题:何为中国人

杜维明:

我自北大高研院2010年9月正式成立起担任院长。北大高等人文研究院有三个研究教学方向:一是文化中国。文化中国的广义范围包括内地、香港、台湾、新加坡,主要是由海内外华人所组成的,包括散布世界各地的中国人或中国社会、华人社会,还包括和中国无血缘、婚姻关系,但和中国文化结了不解之缘的世界各阶层人士,包括科学家、金融经济学家、媒体、企业家,他们对于中国的关怀是长期的。比如在波士顿有上千家美国家庭领养了中国的孩子,在领养之前他们跟文化中国的关系不太大,但领养了孩子到家里,文化生态就有所改变。

二是文明对话。文明对话是以轴心文明作为对象。从世界文明来看,有基督教的世界、伊斯兰的世界、犹太教的世界,当然也有佛教的世界、道家和儒家的世界。现代人类和平文化的建构必须通过对话,所以我们对文明对话非常关怀。

三是世界宗教与普世伦理。最近我们得到了德国的一笔资助,来做世界伦理研究,特别是2008年金融风暴以后,世界秩序重组,有很多非常深刻的价值问题和道德问题。

在文化中国领域里,特别重视identity问题。大家可能不知道,“认同”这个观念在60年代才开始第一次成为学术界所用的“认同”,以前是逻辑问题,由美国著名心理学家艾尔森第一次提出“identity”。我在哈佛念书时把“identity”翻译成“认同”。1966年我回到台湾,到母校东海大学第一次教的课就是“文化认同与社会变迁”,集中讨论中国现代转化和儒家的命运问题。

台湾地区三、四十年以前的心态为“我是台湾人,当然是中国人”,可是随着台湾独立运动的进行,党外势力和民进党开始有影响,有人说“我是台湾人,但不知道我是中国人”。于是在台湾逐渐形成一种共识,70%以上的人认为“我是台湾人,我肯定不是中国人”。这对我们从事文化研究、中国研究和儒学研究是一个非常大的挑战。你不是中国人,那你是不是华人?当然是华人。华人逐渐取代了“中国人”,成为文化和族群的代表,所以所有新加坡的中国人都不说“我是中国人”,而是“华人”,是多元的“Chinese”。中国人翻译他们是“新加坡华人”,马来西亚如此,世界各地都是这样的情况。

这次非常荣幸能够请到香港资深新闻评论员及作家秦家骢先生,他的报道对塑造中国的世界形象做了极大的贡献,难得他对中国的认同是开放的而不是封闭的,是多元的而不是单一的,更重要的是有非常深刻的自我反思和自我批判精神。这次他来和大家探讨一个极为重要的问题,即“何为中国人”的问题。

秦家骢:

我决定选这个题目作为我演讲的主题,是希望这个题目你们都会感兴趣,因为在某种程度上,它涉及到在座所有的人------:“谁是中国人?”

我认为你们都是中国人。你们“90后”的一代是中华人民共和国成立三十年政治动荡过后诞生的第一代中国人,你们是见证权力从一个

领导人和平移交到另一个领导人的第一代中国人。你们是成长于一个相对和平,稳定,正常的环境中的第一代中国人。

你们可以去思考,去研究过去和现在的中国所作出的决定和政策,当然你们也会成为未来的领导者。

20多年前,一个叫王賡武的学者写过一本书,名字叫《中国的中国性》,王教授生于印尼,长于马来西亚,现在是澳大利亚公民,但他毕生研究的是中国和中国人,包括中国大陆的人民和海外华人。

他将自己的这本书献给他的三个孩子,“希望他们能够更好地了解自己的根。”

我觉得许多华人,这里“华人”指的是在国外出生和长大的汉族人,他们经常有种“无根”的感觉,他们希望更多的了解中国以及他们的家族背景。

我就属于这类华人。我生在香港,不仅与自己祖先的土地分离,也与自己在大陆的很多亲人分离。

我成长于二战后的香港,与祖先的土地天各一方,与大多数人成长过程中的所经历家庭关系如祖父母、叔父,姑妈,表兄弟等脱离。事实上,我甚至不知道我父亲前一次婚姻中有多少儿女。

这就是为什么在1979年中美关系正常化之后,我作为华尔街日报的代表被派到中国,利用这个机会我开始寻找失散多年的亲戚,并努力搜集自己的家族史料。我分别在上海社会科学院和北京明清档案里找到

了关于父亲和祖父的记录,父亲曾是上海的一名律师。事实上,我这一番寻觅将我带回到宋朝,宋朝词人秦观,字少游,是我的祖先。我在无锡的一座山上找到了他的墓碑,后来完成了有关我们家族史的著作,名为《秦氏千年史》。

在书中,王賡武教授问道:第一代中国人如何感到他们是中国人,这种中国意识几个世纪以来发生了什么变化,这种中国意识今天还有多少现实意义,中国人的自我意识与他人眼中的中国有什么不同?“

我再加一个问题:第一代中国人是在什么时候出现的?

我们可以确定第一代美国人出现在世界上的时间,那就是1776年美国成立的时候,但是中国是什么时候产生的呢?

许多中国人常说中国有5000年文明史,但是什么时候才有的中国人,中国什么时候称其为中国?

中国一词被认为产生于第一个皇帝,他统一了中国,建立了秦朝。那么中国人是否就是在公元前221年出现在世界舞台的呢?秦始皇是第一个中国人吗?第一个中国人是从哪里来的?

我对自己家族渊源的兴趣将我带入了基因地理工程的研究队伍,这一工程的目的是分析人类DNA样本,绘制出人类在世界繁衍的图谱。我把自己的DNA 样本给他们研究,由口腔采样发现,与所有非洲人之外的人一样,我的始祖也是约5万年前出生于非洲,生活在现在的埃塞俄比亚,肯尼亚或者坦桑尼亚。

后来我的祖先离开非洲来到中东地区。一些留在中东,其他则去往伊朗或者亚洲中部地区。

大约三万五千年前,我始祖中的一支出生于中亚或东亚地区。他的后代,也就是我的先辈,最终来到了中国。

我的直系祖先主要生活在江苏一带,大约700年前,聚集在无锡。我的父母在1937年日本侵华时离开上海,我们就是这样来到了香港。

现在回到”中国”的故事,今天的历史学家将中国的历史追溯到第一个皇帝,并认为虽然中国此后有很多次分分合合,但中国在之后的2200年间一直是一个统一的国家。

在西方,1648年威斯特法利亚条约被认为是一个主权国家产生的标志,这一观念被中华人民共和国接纳。

前面我问过中国人是什么时候出现的。当然,在我即将入学的那个时候,中国人与汉人是同一个概念。

我不知道中国的学校里是否还讲忠臣岳飞和奸臣秦桧的故事,秦桧害死了岳飞,故事发生在南宋时期。显然,岳飞与秦桧都是中国人,不过一个是爱国者一个是叛国者。

请大家原谅我花几分钟时间讲中国历史,我知道你们都比我更清楚这些。

南宋被元朝取代,元朝的开国皇帝叫忽必烈,是第一个蒙古人皇帝,也就是从这时候开始,“中国”这个概念变得有点复杂了。

忽必烈推翻了宋朝建立了蒙古人的王朝,也就是中国历史上的元朝。这是第一次由外国人统治全中国直到1368年。但是蒙古人真的是外国人吗?

既然忽必烈是中国的皇帝,从概念上来讲他也是中国人,除非他的这个皇帝与维多利亚女皇是一个概念。印度成为英国的殖民地,维多利亚成了印度的女皇,印度人都变成了英国的臣民,但维多利亚女皇不是印度人。

说到维多利亚女皇,1842年香港成为英国殖民地,维多利亚女皇在位,她也成了了香港的女皇。之后的一个半世纪,香港人成为英国的臣民直到1997年。但英国君主不是中国人。

但是忽必烈的情况似乎有点不同,(他统治时期)不是中国人成为蒙古人的臣民,而是蒙古人被变成了中国国民。

这个观点当然是现在中国政府的观点。

我参加过香港中文大学一名知名学者的讲座,他声称中国从来没有被征服或占领过,那时我才意识到这是当代的政治历史观。

他说,蒙古人没有征服中国,满洲人也没有征服中国。那不是征服之战而是内部战争。蒙古人和满人都是中国人,虽然他们自己可能不知道。

因此在当今中国,人们普遍认为蒙古人和满人不但没有征服中国,就连他们征服的土地也变成了中国的一部分,如今就在中国的版图上。

当然,维多利亚女皇与蒙古皇帝和满人皇帝行为上的不同在于,维多利亚女皇没有将自己的首都迁到北京。

蒙古人和满族人都将首都建在北京,因此,中国人将他们征服的土地看作中国的一部分,或者曾经一度是中国的领土。

我经常说,如果上世纪三、四十年代日本在占领中国大部分土地之后将都城从东京迁到北京,很多中国人现在可能会说日本在四十年代曾是中国的一部分。事实上,日本占领的所有土地,包括东南亚所有地区,都曾是中国的领土。

你们都知道,蒙古人统治了不到一个世纪,又一个汉族政权---明朝建立,明朝持续了几百年,满人来了建立了又一个外族王朝——清朝。偏巧这个王朝也是中国最后一个朝代。

在清朝初期,“反清复明”的呼声很高。

即使到了孙中山革命时期,还有“驱除鞑虏”的口号。

有趣的是,清朝一旦灭亡,孙中山和其他革命者决定接受满族人为中国人,并选择五色旗作为中华民国的第一面旗帜。五种颜色—红,黄,蓝,白,黑代表中国的五大民族---汉族,满族,蒙古族,回族和藏族。

其中原因很简单。如果满人不是中国人,那么他们占领的所有土地也不应该是中国的。

清朝的时候,中国领土辽阔,西藏,新疆,蒙古和满洲里都是中国的领土。

如果中国只承认汉民族,就会失去几乎一半的领土。因此,出于非常实用的理由,民国政权宣布中国人不仅仅包括汉人,还包括其他民族。

因此中华民国以及后来的中华人民共和国都承认非汉族人也是中国人,以此将清朝版图中的领土保留住。

但是这种对历史的重新解读也会产生问题。

这些非汉族人是什么时候成为中国人的,亦或他们一直都是中国人?

举例来说,如果忽必烈是中国人,他的祖父成吉思汗也是中国人吗?成吉思汗建立了历史上最大的王朝,包括中国的一部分以及中亚的大部分。事实上,蒙古王朝占领欧亚大部分地区。但是,现在的中国能把这些地方也看作是中国的吗?

这是当今中国政府继承和造就的历史包袱。

当中国的崛起引起周边国家担忧的时候,中国学术界和官员安抚说中国人从来不是扩张主义者。

如果是这样,为什么中国的疆界与第一个王朝时期迥然不同?中国是怎样变得如此之大的?

一种解释是汉民族不是扩张主义者,而蒙古族与满族人是。但是如果蒙古人和满族人也是中国人,那么刚才的解释就不成立。如果蒙古人与满族人向来都是中国人,那么中国在大部分历史阶段都是有攻击性的,扩张力很强的国家。

现在我们来看一个相关的问题,关于中国国籍问题。

第一部国籍法颁布于清王朝衰落时期,法律承认所有男性公民的后代都具有中国国籍。

据此,几代都生活在国外的华人仍被视为中国公民。

中华民国延续了这一做法。事实上,没有政府许可,改变国籍是不行的。中国国籍是个伤脑筋的问题。

直到1980年,中华人民共和国制定第一部国籍法,这个做法才得以改变。

国籍法的第九条规定“定居外国的中国公民,自愿加入或取得外国国籍的,即自动丧失中国国籍。”

但很少有人知道中国国籍法在大陆与香港说法不同。

1996年5月15日,香港被移交中国前一年,全国人民代表大会常务委员会颁布“关于〈中华人民共和国国籍法〉在香港特别行政区实施的几个问题的解释》

根据这个解释,凡具有中国血统的香港公民,本人出生在中国领土(含香港)者,以及其他符合《中华人民共和国国籍法》规定的具有中国国籍的条件者,都是中国公民。

国籍法的第九条在香港不适用,虽然香港现在是中华人民共和国的一部分。

因此,如果有人在国外自愿加入了外国国籍,在中国大陆他会被视为外国公民,但在香港则被视为中国公民。这种情况很奇怪,因为一个人在香港与大陆之间旅游时国籍会发生变化。

通过这个例子,我想说我对今天讨论的话题:谁是中国人感兴趣不仅是出于理论和学术的原因,还有个人的原因,因为我加入了美国国籍。

从1979年到1983年,我作为华尔街日报的记者在中国工作4年,每年中国外交部都要给我颁发印有美国国籍的记者证。每次在中国国内旅游,给我发的旅行证上都注明我的美国公民身份。

因此,《关于中国国籍法在香港实施的几个问题的解释>并不适用于我

最后,我想说说中国对所谓“海外华人”的态度。根据中国政治词典,海外华人即生活在国外的中国公民。但是,人们普遍认为它包括世界各地所有中国人的后代。

去年11月3日,中国日报的网络版刊登了一篇英语文章,题目是“海外华人参政成为不可阻挡的趋势”

文章举了美国,南非和澳大利亚政治家的例子,称他们为“参与外国政治事务”的海外华人。当然,就这些政治家个人而言,他们参与的是本国政治,而不是外国的政治。

文章说“为了加强与中国的交流与合作,这些国家需要越来越多的华人参与当地的政治生活。”

从中国日报的角度,这些华人政治家似乎是服务于中国的国家需要,虽然他们是在其他国家当选。

这种心理对海外华人充满危险。1999年李文和事件表明在美国,华人很容易被怀疑为间谍。

华人很容易被看作是第五纵队,不忠于自己国籍所在的国家反而忠诚于国外政权。

其他国家似乎不大承认移居国外的本国人的后代仍是本国公民。

例如许多美国人追溯他们的祖先是英国人,但英国不会宣城乔治布什和他的家人是“海外英国人”,他们自然的被认为是美国人。

但中国似乎坚持认为凡具有中国血统的都不是外国人,而仅仅是一个具有外国国籍的中国人。

这种心理使得访问中国的美国大使骆家辉陷入一个奇怪的境地。

同样,也使得整个新加坡国民虽在自己国家却有异乡人的感觉。

说了这么多,因为我对这个问题很感兴趣,只怕你们未必都感兴趣。

谢谢你们耐心得听我讲这么长时间。

如果你们有什么问题,我很乐意回答诸位的提问。

英文原稿:

Who is a Chinese?

I decided to pick as my topic a subject that I hope you will all be interested in because in a way it concerns all of you: “Who is a Chinese?”

I assume that all of you are Chinese. In fact, you belong to the

post-90s generation, the first generation in China to be born after the political turmoil that marked the first three decades of the People’s Republic of China. You were the first generation to witness a handover of power from one leader to another without death or bloodshed. You are

the first generation born in the PRC to grow up in a relatively peaceful, stable, normal environment.

You are in a position to reason and to think and to reflect on the decisions and policies of the past and the present. And, of course, you will be the leaders of the future.

More than two decades ago, the scholar Wang Gungwu (王賡武) wrote a book called “The Chineseness of China.”Professor Wang was born in Indonesia, grew up in Malaysia and is an Australian citizen. But he has devoted his life of scholarship to studying China and the Chinese people, both on the mainland and overseas.

He dedicated his book to his three children, “in the hope that they might better understand their roots.”

I think that many ethnic Chinese –and by that I mean Han Chinese –born and brought up outside China, often grow up feeling rootless and wanting to know more about China and about their own family background.

I certainly put myself in that category. I was born in Hong Kong and not only was I separated from the land of my ancestors, I was also separated from most of my family, who remained on the mainland.

I grew up in postwar Hong Kong, cut off from the land of my ancestors and cast adrift from the network of familial relationship in which most children are raised: grandparents, uncles, aunts, cousins. In fact, I didn’t even know how many brothers and sisters I had from my father’s earlier marriage.

That is why, when I was sent to China in 1979 after the normalization of diplomatic relations between China and the United States to represent the Wall Street Journal, I used the opportunity to look for long-lost relatives and trying to piece together my family history. I found records of my father, who was a lawyer in Shanghai, in the Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences and of my grandfather in the Ming-Qing Archives in Beijing. In fact, my search took me back to the Song dynasty, to the poet Qin Guan (秦觀), or Qin Shaoyou (秦少游), to whom we trace our ancestry.

I found his grave on a mountain in Wuxi (無錫) and ended up writing a book of my family history, “Ancestors: 900 Years in the Life of a Chinese Family”(秦氏千年史).In his book, Wang Gungwu asks: “How did the first Chinese feel that they were Chinese? How did that sense of Chineseness change over the centuries? How much of that sense is still relevant today? And how does this self-image compare with how others see China?”

I would add another question: When did the first Chinese appear on the scene?

We can determine quite exactly when the first American appeared in the world: 1776, when the United States of America was born. But when was China born?

A lot of people talk about 5,000 years of Chinese civilization, but when did the people become Chinese? When did China become China?

The word China supposedly came from the First Emperor, who unified the country and established the Ch’in Dynasty (秦朝). Is that when Chinese first emerged on the world scene, in 221 B.C.? Was Qin Shi-huang (秦始皇) the first Chinese? Where did the first Chinese come from?

My interest in my origin led me to take part in something called the Genographic Project, with the goal of analyzing human DNA samples and map out the route that humans took as they spread around the world. I gave them a sample of my DNA, obtained through a mouth swab, and discovered that, like all non-Africans, my earliest ancestor, about 50,000 years ago, was born in Africa and lived perhaps in present-day Ethiopia, Kenya or Tanzania.

My ancestors left Africa for the Middle East. Some of them remained in the Middle East, while others went on to Iran or Central Asia. About 35,000 years ago, another ancestor was born in Central or East Asia. His descendants –my ancestors –eventually arrived in China.

My own immediate ancestors lived primarily in Jiangsu Province and, in the last 700 years or so, were centered in Wuxi. My parents left Shanghai when the Japanese invaded in 1937, which is how we arrived in Hong Kong.

Well, to return to the story of China, historians today trace China’s history back to the first emperor and argue that though there were periods of division and periods of unity since then, China has been a unified country for more than 2,200 years.

In the west, the Treaty of Westphalia of 1648 is generally regarded as marking the birth of sovereign nation-states, a concept that has been embraced by the People’s Republic of China.

Earlier, I asked when the Chinese people came into being. Certainly, when I was going to school, the concept of Chinese was equated with the concept of the Han people.

I don’t know if schools in China still teach about the great patriot Yue Fei (岳飛) and the traitor Qin Kuai (秦檜), who brought about his execution in the southern Song dynasty. Clearly, both Yue Fei and Qin Kuai were Chinese, one a patriot and the other a traitor.

Forgive me while I spend a few minutes on Chinese history, which I’m sure you all know better than I do.

The southern Song dynasty was succeeded by the Yuan dynasty, established by Kublai Khan (忽必烈), the first Mongol emperor. This is where the concept of Chineseness gets a little tricky.

Kublai Khan overthrew the southern Song dynasty and established a Mongol dynasty, known to Chinese history as the Yuan dynasty. This was the first foreign dynasty to rule all of China, and it lasted until 1368. But were the Mongols foreigners in China?

Since Kublai Khan was the emperor of China, by definition he must have been Chinese. Unless, of course, Kublai Khan was the emperor of China in the same sense that Queen Victoria was Empress of India. India became a colony of Britain and the people of India became British subjects. Queen Victoria did not become Indian.

Speaking of Queen Victoria, she was, of course, also the Queen of Hong Kong since Hong Kong became a British colony in 1842 during her reign. The people of Hong Kong became British subjects for the next century and a half, until 1997. The British monarch did not become Chinese.

But with Kublai Khan, it seems, the situation was different. Instead of the Chinese becoming turned into Mangol subjects, it appears, the Mangol conquers were transformed into Chinese nationals.

That certainly is the view of the Chinese government today.

I became aware of the current political view of history when I went to

a talk at the Chinese University of Hong Kong given by a renowned scholar, who claimed that China was never conquered.

The Mongols did not conquer China, he said. The Manchus did not conquer China. Those were not wars of conquest but civil wars. The Mongols and Manchus were Chinese, though perhaps they didn’t know it.

So in China today, the accepted wisdom is that not only did the Mongols and Manchus not conquer China, but the lands that they conquered became part of China and, indeed, are part of China today.

Of course, the difference in behavior between Queen Victoria and the Mongol and Manchu rulers was that Queen Victor did not move her capital from London to Peking.

Both the Mongols and the Manchus established their capital in Beijing. Thus, Chinese people point to area conquered by them as Chinese territory, or having been Chinese territory at one time.

I often say that if Japan, after conquering much of China in the 1930s and 1940s, had moved its capital from Tokyo to Beijing, many Chinese people today would say that in the 1940s, Japan used to be part of China and, in fact, all the territories conquered by Japan, including virtually all of Southeast Asia, were part of China.

As you know, after somewhat less than a century of the Mongols, another Han Chinese dynasty, the Ming, was established, which lasted for several hundred years. But then the Manchus came and established another foreign dynasty, the Qing. Paradoxically, this foreign dynasty was also the last Chinese dynasty.

In the early years of the Qing dynasty, there were many calls to “overthrow the Qing and restore the Ming”(反清復明).

Even down to the time of Dr. Sun Yatsen (孫中山) there were calls to throw out the “alien”Manchus.

But, interestingly, once the Qing dynasty collapsed, Sun Yatsen and other revolutionaries decided to accept the Manchus as Chinese, and chose a five-colored flag as the first flag of the Republic of China. The five colors –red, yellow, blue, white and black –represented the five races of China –the Han, the Manchu, the Mongols, the Hui and the Tibetans.

The reason was simple. If the Manchus were not accepted as Chinese, then all the lands they conquered should not be considered part of China.

China became huge during the Qing dynasty, adding Tibet, Xinjiang, Mongolia and Manchuria.

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