农业生物技术学报袁2010年袁第 18卷袁第4期袁第793~800页 Journal of Agricultural Biotechnology,2010,Vol.18,No.4,793~800
评论与展望
Review and Progress
动物实验评价转基因食品食用安全的研究进展
刘海燕 1,2 许文涛 2,3 罗云波 2,3 王洪新 1 黄昆仑 2,3*
1 江南大学食品学院袁 食品科学与技术国家重点实验室袁 无锡 214122曰
2 中国农业大学食品科学与营养工程学院袁 食品安全实验室袁 北京 100083曰3农业部转基因生物食用安全检验监督测试中心袁北京 10008
3 *通讯作者袁hkl009@https://www.doczj.com/doc/bd12792874.html,
摘 要 转基因食品的食用安全评价是转基因产品开发中的重要环节袁其中动物实验在转基因食品的安全 性评价中占据了非常重要的位置袁主要解决转基因食品在整体水平上对健康的影响遥 本研究将实验动物按 照大型禽畜和小型啮齿类进行了初步分类袁综述了用不同动物实验来评价第一代尧第二代转基因食品安全 的研究现状袁并对今后的研究进展进行了展望遥 关键词 动物实验袁转基因食品袁食用安全评价
Research Progress on Assessment of Genetically Modified Food Safety by Animal Experiment
Liu Haiyan 1,2 Xu Wentao
2
Luo Yunbo 2 Wang Hongxin 1 Huang Kunlun
2,3*
1State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology,College of Food Science and Technology,Jiangnan University,Wuxi 214122,China?2 Laboratory of Food Safety,College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering,China Agricultural University,Beijing 100083,China?3The Supervision,Inspection &Testing Center of Genetically Modified Food Safety,Ministry of Agriculture,Beijing 100083,China *Corresponding author,hkl009@https://www.doczj.com/doc/bd12792874.html, DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1674-7968.2010.04.027
Abstract Food safety assessment of genetically modified food is an important step of developing genetically
modified products,and animal experiment is the only way to assess the genetically modified food safety. Generally animal study is to evaluate effects on health in the overall level.In this article,animals used are classed large livestock and small rodents,different animal studies on evaluating the safety of genetically modified food are summarized and the prospect of animal study is focused on.
Keywords Animal study,Genetically modified food,Food safety assessment
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1674-7968.2010.04.027
基金项目院本研究由国家转基因生物新品种培育重大专项课题渊No.2008ZX08011-005和No.2009ZX08011-001B 冤共同资助 收稿日期院2009-10-28
接受日期院2009-12-22
转基因作物遍布全世界袁 许多国家同意在实质 等同性原则基础上对转基因作物进行安全评价后再 将其用于食用遥 但是袁转基因生物具有实质等同性并 不意味着它是绝对安全的或者没有必要对其食用结 果进行全面评价渊Novak,and Haslberger,2000冤遥比如 食用转基因植物后营养方面的问题袁 个体本身的变 化可能不明显袁 但是营养摄入后累积的副作用可能 是显著的袁 所以转基因食品成分代替传统食品成分 后由食物整体引起的直接尧间接尧急性或累积的影响 需要评价遥 另外袁引入某基因带来的副作用如过敏尧
DNA 向肠道菌群的转移 (包括抗生素抗性转移)尧代
谢激素分泌失衡尧营养的改变尧产生毒素成分尧转抗 除草剂基因植物除草剂残留袁 以及所有由于重组蛋 白表达而产生的非期望效应等也需要评价遥
评价转基因食品的安全性实验方法主要有院体 外尧体内试验遥 体外试验有院通过加热评估转基因生 物蛋白的稳定性渊Okunuki et al., 2002冤袁饲料加工贮 藏过程中转基因生物蛋白的稳定性 渊Guan et al.,
2005冤袁胃尧肠中酶消化后转基因生物蛋白的稳定性曰 研究也证实转基因 DNA 可转移到环境 渊Bertolla et
农业生物技术学报
Journal of Agricultural Biotechnology
al.,2000冤或肠道细菌中遥生物物理和生物化学分析 中袁在体外模拟了适合细胞生存的机体内环境袁用来 评价比如转基因可能对食用者组织细胞核活性带来 的影响渊Vlas佗k et al.,2003冤袁或是评价转基因生物的 可能毒性遥为了评价转基因在整个生物体水平上对 健康的影响袁体外试验不能完全代替动物实验遥 体内 试验主要是通过先饲喂动物转基因产品袁然后通过 研究实验动物身体各方面机能参数来评价转基因产 品的安全性遥
现在普遍认为袁评估短期尧长期的毒性和可能的 过敏袁利用实验动物某些与人类相近似的特性袁通过 动物实验评价转基因生物的安全性遥动物喂养是不 可替代的实验步骤遥本文综述了有关不同动物饲喂 转基因食物的研究现状遥
1大型禽畜用于转基因食品安全评价
很多大型禽畜袁如鸡尧猪尧牛尧羊等都用于转基因 食品安全评价遥 根据研究目的选择适合的大型禽畜袁如猪袁其亲缘关系和人很接近袁器官大小也接近于 人袁很适合营养代谢等方面的研究曰奶牛尧羊等用来 研究转基因食品对动物产的奶的产量成分的影响曰鸡尧鹌鹑等产蛋动物用来研究转基因食品对动物所 产蛋的影响遥在评价转基因食品对肉质影响的研究 中也经常用鸡做实验动物遥有学者研究某种转基因 微生物在体内的定值袁选择鸡作为实验动物袁是因为 鸡的体温和该种微生物的最适生长温度最接近遥1.1 大型禽畜用于第一代转基因食品安全评价
第一代转基因产品是用基因工程手段提高了产 量改善了品质遥 比如为了抗虫袁植物中转入了抗虫蛋 白曰最著名的晶体蛋白 Cry毒素袁是在自然界中由土 壤细菌苏云金芽胞杆菌渊Bt冤的某些亚种产生袁这一 毒素对欧洲玉米螟幼虫或某些其它鳞翅目幼虫有选 择毒性遥 对于除草剂耐受性袁转基因植物转入了高水 平耐受除草剂的化学物质的细菌基因袁最著名的是 草甘磷袁它是除草剂草甘磷的活性成分袁除此之外现 在也出现了其他类型的除草剂遥这些基因修饰手段 主要用于作物袁并进行畜禽的喂养 渊主要是玉米大 豆冤研究遥 许多研究的主要目的是以非转基因亲本为 对照验证其与转基因作物营养是否相同遥
用 Bt玉米饲喂奶牛尧猪尧绵羊尧鸡和鹌鹑袁在动 物生长率尧消化率尧肉质特征方面没有显著差别遥同 样袁用 Bt大豆饲喂鸡袁鸡的体重袁鸡肉得率等方面也 没有显著性差异渊Kan and Hartnell,2004a,b冤遥转基 因玉米能够产生抗虫蛋白袁饲喂家禽袁其日常表现没 有变化渊Brake et al.,2005冤遥
用含有除草剂的玉米或大豆喂猪尧反刍动物袁动 物表现渊消化尧体重尧肉的成分冤没有变化渊Taylor et al., 2003冤袁或者用转基因植物中既抗虫又抗除草剂 的蛋白表达产物饲喂动物袁对动物体重尧肉质没有显 著性影响渊Taylor et al., 2005冤遥另外袁当用含 Bt和 /或抗除草剂的植物饲喂奶牛或绵羊袁所产奶的产量 或成分没有显著性变化渊Hammond et al.,1996冤遥用耐草甘磷油菜尧小麦渊Kan and Hartnell, 2004 a, b冤和 Bt棉花渊Mandal et al.,2004冤饲喂鸡袁或用耐草 甘磷的大米和甜菜饲喂反刍动物和猪渊Bohme et al., 2001冤院所有作物都表现出与传统作物相同的营养遥一些研究者将转基因玉米和大豆对禽畜的影响 方面的观察扩展到其它更多的参数袁例如观察外源 植物和 /或转基因 DNA及蛋白质在动物组织器官 中是否存在渊Trabalza-Marinucci et al.,2008冤袁在肠道 内容物或粪便中的是否存在 渊Alexander et al., 2004冤袁在蛋或奶中的是否存在遥除了在转基因玉米 和大豆中袁也在抗除草剂饲喂绵羊 渊Bertheau et al., 2009冤或合成桔粉糖的马铃薯饲喂猪渊Lucas,2007冤的实验中观察转入基因的被消化的情况遥只是偶尔 在肠道内容物或粪便中监测到转基因的 DNA和蛋 白质袁表明它们完全被消化酶降解遥 在最近奶牛饲喂 抗虫玉米的研究中表明玉米的细胞核和 /或染色体 DNA片段能够穿过牛的小肠屏障袁但是没有监测到 牛的 血 液 中 存在转基因的片段或蛋白 质
渊McNaughton et al., 2008冤遥
1.2 大型禽畜用于第二代转基因食品安全评价
禽畜也被用来研究第二代转基因植物遥第二代 转基因食品通常是通过提高某一有益成分的含量袁改善有益的营养成分或降低不良成分的含量来改善 植物的营养品质遥如已研制出富含高赖氨酸的转基 因玉米袁高油酸含量的转基因大豆等遥
用富含高赖氨酸的玉米 渊Guthrie et al.,2004冤或 高油酸含量的转基因大豆饲喂鸡袁从动物表现和尸 检数据看袁动物日常表现尧肉质没有显著性改变遥来 源于大肠杆菌的谷氨酸脱氢酶能够提高植物对 N元 素的利用 渊可以提高植物营养冤渊Nyannor et al., 2007冤袁来源于大肠杆菌的磷酸酶能够改善植物生长 性能提高对磷元素的利用 渊von Wettstein et al., 2000冤袁猪饲喂转大肠杆菌的谷氨酸脱氢酶基因的玉 米及转大肠杆菌的磷酸酶基因的玉米袁对动物的生
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动物实验评价转基因食品食用安全的研究进展 Research Progress on Assessment of Genetically Modified Food Safety by Animal Experiment
长率和肉的品质没有显著性影响遥耐热的大肠杆菌 茁 -葡聚糖能够显著提高食品的营养价值袁用表达该 茁 -葡聚糖的基因工程大麦饲喂鸡袁也没有改变其生 长率和肉的品质渊von Wettstein et al., 2003冤遥降低植 物中植酸的含量袁可以提高含磷化合物的利用率降 低磷酸盐的分泌袁分别用转高表达植酸基因的玉米 渊Spencer et al., 2000冤尧大豆渊Powers et al.,2006冤尧大 麦渊Veum et al., 2007冤饲喂猪袁结果对动物的表现没 有显著性改变遥
用能够提高肉豆蔻酸和棕榈酸的转基因油菜籽 渊Bohme et al.,2007冤或合成桔粉糖的马铃薯渊Bohme et al., 2005冤饲喂猪袁动物表现有所下降遥
2 小型啮齿类动物用于转基因食品安全评价
有大量实验是通过饲喂小型啮齿类动物 渊各种 老鼠袁兔子等冤来研究转基因食品对健康的影响遥与 大型禽畜相比袁用小型啮齿类动物操作相对简单成 本又低袁其寿命短尧易于检验遥在长期的研究中大量 个体在统一的标准条件下生长袁易于用多种方法评 价饲喂转基因食品产生的任何影响遥
2.1 用于第一代转基因食品安全评价
一些研究表明不论转基因植物在表达抗虫蛋白 渊Teshima et al.,2002冤袁或是抗除草剂性能 渊Chrenkov佗 et al., 2002冤袁或是表达以上两种转基因 成分的植物渊Hammond et al.,2004冤袁转基因玉米和 大豆与传统亲本相比在饲喂动物时不仅动物表现相 同袁而且血液尿液组成袁免疫相关参数袁病理学特征 相同渊Malley et al., 2007冤遥用表达抗虫的 琢 -淀粉酶 抑制因子的豌豆渊Palombo et al., 2000冤袁或抗黄瓜花 叶病毒的甜椒尧番茄饲喂动物袁动物的生长袁血液成 分袁器官大体解剖方面都没有变化遥
还有一些研究表明饲喂转基因植物后袁动物在 功能和结构上有一些变化遥研究表明耐草甘磷大豆 能引起成年小鼠的肝脏 渊Chen et al.,2003冤尧胰脏 渊Malatesta et al., 2002冤尧睾丸 渊Malatesta et al., 2002a冤尧胚胎渊Vecchio et al., 2004冤细胞形态结构和 相应器官酶的活性的变化袁同样袁可以引起兔子心 脏尧肾脏酶活性的改变渊Cisterna et al., 2008冤遥另外袁一项饲喂耐草甘磷大豆的长期的研究表明袁饲喂老 鼠转基因大豆两年袁可以提高活性氧等年龄标志物 的表达渊Tudisco et al., 2006冤遥用产生抗虫蛋白的玉 米饲喂断乳幼年小鼠和老年小鼠袁表明十二指肠和 外周免疫反应有所改变 渊Malatesta et al.,2008冤曰而 且袁对饲喂 Bt玉米的三代大鼠的研究表明肝尧肾在 组织尧生物化学方面有所变化 渊Finamore et al., 2008冤遥Bt马铃薯渊Kilic and Akay, 2008冤袁表达植物凝 聚素的马铃薯渊Fares et al., 1998冤在啮齿类肠道示踪 中发现有变化袁而马铃薯仍保持着对引起粪便酶活 和消化产物的 Y病毒的抗性 渊Juskiewicz et al., 2005冤遥
为了评价耐除草剂转基因植物的潜在风险袁用 大鼠和小鼠来验证某一除草剂和 /或其活性成分遥文献中报道的研究结果有时候也不一致遥 例如袁用大 鼠小鼠口服饲喂草甘磷袁有的研究报道仅对肝脏有 轻微影响袁而其他报道会改变酶活性遥 用大鼠进行实 验来研究饲喂耐草甘磷大豆可能产生的过敏反应袁结果没有不良反应发生渊Chang et al., 2003冤袁而有的 研究表明袁耐草甘磷大豆和传统亲本大豆有相同的 致敏结构袁在小鼠体内诱导相似的反应渊Gizzarelli et al.,2006冤遥另一方面袁研究发现用 Bt抗虫蛋白饲喂 大尧小鼠时产生某种免疫原性袁豌豆中表达的大豆 琢 -淀粉酶抑制因子可以引起小鼠特异性免疫反应
渊Prescott et al.,2005冤遥
2.2用于第二代转基因食品安全评价
用改善营养价值的基因工程植物袁如富含赖氨 酸和油酸玉米和大豆饲喂动物袁没有负面的报道遥 大 豆赖氨酸渊提高主要氨基酸的含量袁降低血清胆固醇 的水平冤表达的马铃薯袁表达大豆赖氨酸的大米渊He et al., 2009冤袁产生 酌 -亚油酸的油菜 渊El Sanhoty, 2004冤袁用大鼠尧小鼠进行实验袁动物的生长袁血液成 分袁器官大体解剖方面都没有变化遥
2.3用于最新类型转基因食品安全评价
最近几年转基因食品又有了新发展袁因为成本 低袁效率高袁可以通过口服提高利用率袁所以在生物 医药领域中用转基因植物作为生物反应器生产高附 加值的医用肽类和蛋白质类药物 渊Momma et al., 2000冤遥 有一些通过对实验动物的研究来证明某些转 基因植物有促进健康预防疾病的作用遥番茄果实能 够积累花青苷袁花青苷与人类许多疾病的预防有关袁研究证明它能显著延长癌症小鼠的寿命渊Kinney, 2006冤遥用表达白介素 -12的番茄果实饲喂患有肺结 核的小鼠袁能提高其抗感染的能力袁降低肺部组织的 损坏渊Butelli et al., 2008冤曰而且袁增加黄酮类物质含 量的转基因番茄可以提高小鼠心血管的健康 渊El侏 as-L佼 pez et al., 2008冤遥用表达抗炎症细胞因子的
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农业生物技术学报
Journal of Agricultural Biotechnology
白介素 -10的低生物碱烟草口服饲喂患肠炎 渊炎症 会导致一系列急性慢性的肠损伤冤的小鼠袁会显著降 低炎症部位的肿瘤坏死因子渊Rein et al.,2006冤遥转基因植物也是高效便宜的可食用疫苗的来 源袁这种疫苗能够避免人类噬菌体比如病毒和朊病 毒的感染遥研究表明用表达狂犬病毒糖蛋白 G的转 基因玉米口服饲喂小鼠袁能有效预防狂犬病
渊Menassa et al., 2007冤袁能产生大肠杆菌不耐热的全 病毒能引起疟疾袁其无毒亚基的基因工程玉米饲喂 幼年尧老年小鼠袁能够对所有受试动物产生高效率的 免疫 渊Karaman et al.,2006冤遥用表达鼠疫耶尔森氏 F1 -V抗原融合蛋白的转基因番茄饲喂小鼠袁其免疫 原反应提高袁这就为预防有毒衣原体和噬菌体病毒 的疫苗提供了生产途径渊Alvarez et al.,2006冤遥人们 普遍认为人类 茁 -淀粉样物质是早老年痴呆症的重 要组成成分袁用表达 茁 -淀粉样物质的转基因番茄饲 喂小鼠袁能引起免疫反应袁这样通过特异的疫苗增加 了降低 茁 -淀粉酶的治疗方法渊Youm et al.,2008冤曰表 达人类免疫缺陷病毒一型破伤风病毒蛋白的转基因 番茄能引起小鼠血清免疫反应袁抑制胞外破伤风病 毒活性袁限制疾病发展蔓延渊Ram侏 rez et al.,2007冤遥能 够表达霍乱病毒 B亚基的转基因番茄能够使小鼠产 生血清和粘膜免疫渊Jiang et al., 2007冤曰表达诺沃克病 毒衣壳蛋白的转基因番茄是流行性胃肠炎的重要药 物渊Zhang et al., 2006冤袁肠病毒 71型的外壳蛋白能引 发幼儿手足口病并发致命的神经并发症袁表达外壳 蛋白的转基因番茄对该病有益渊Chen et al.,2006冤袁研 究表明用以上的转基因番茄饲喂小鼠能提高免疫原 性遥
3 用动物实验评价转基因食品的优点、 局限性 和发展趋势
为了从生物整体水平评价转基因食品的安全 性袁目前普遍采用动物试验的方法袁常用的实验动物 种类很多袁有猪尧牛尧羊等大型哺乳动物和反刍动物袁鸡尧鹌鹑等禽类袁各种老鼠尧兔子遥 实验动物种类也是 依据不同的实验目的袁结合动物本身特点选择最为 敏感的动物遥
3.1 用动物实验评价转基因食品的优点
动物实验在评价转基因食品中起着重要作用遥在结构与功能方面袁人和其它哺乳动物之间存在许 多相似点袁比如消化吸收系统尧代谢途径较相似袁从 解剖学上看袁除在体型的大小比例存在差异外袁身体 各系统的构成基本相似袁因此袁它们在生命活动中基 本功能过程也是相似的遥为了增加作物产量和抗逆 性及增加营养成分的含量尧防病治病研制开发出来 了各种转基因食品遥而任何一种新型转基因食品要 应用于人类之前都要评价其安全性袁以保证人类健 康遥 所以要选择适合的动物进行安全评价实验袁动物 也为人类健康做出了巨大贡献遥
3.2 用动物实验评价转基因食品的局限性
用动物实验的方法评价转基因食品对人类健康 的影响与其他健康相关研究一样存在局限袁由饲喂 动物得到的结果直接用于人类无疑是不够准确的袁因为人和动物在代谢生理过程及生活方式上有不可 预知的内在特异的差别遥在不同的实验条件研究结 果有时会有冲突曰尤其是转基因生物产品的品质特 性随着不同地区的植物或不同的食品加工方式而改 变袁实验动物自身也存在个体差异和生长效率的不 同袁这也可能使实验结果有所不同遥 例如有学者研究 小鼠口服饲喂草甘磷袁有的研究报道仅对肝脏有轻 微影响袁而其他报道会改变酶活性遥 用大鼠进行实验 来研究饲喂耐草甘磷大豆可能产生的过敏反应袁结 果没有不良反应发生渊Chang et al.,2003冤袁而有的研 究表明袁耐草甘磷大豆和传统亲本大豆有相同的致 敏结构袁在小鼠体内诱导相似的反应渊Gizzarelli, 2006冤遥 这就需要多次重复性实验并且对实验结果进 行统计分析后再得出结论袁以使实验结果趋于客观遥3.3 用动物实验评价转基因食品的发展趋势
3.3.1有些方面的研究还需要进一步的实验支持
随着人们需求的增多袁转基因食品种类也不断 增加以满足人们的不同需求袁例如满足营养要求的 第二代高 VC含量的转基因番茄尧满足观赏需求的 彩色玫瑰尧以及彩色的观赏鱼遥 一些方面的研究还需 要进一步的实验支持遥 需要引起我们注意的是袁仅有 少数长期影响的研究针对弱势群体袁老人和幼儿及 胚胎的研究也很少遥这方面研究较少的原因可能是 试验成本高尧时间长袁但是我们没有理由忽视其中产 生的不可预期的影响袁尤其是转基因食品被不同年 龄尧健康状况尧生活方式的人群食用后产生的不可预 期的影响遥 许多食品比如花生中的花生凝集素尧鸡蛋 中的卵清白蛋白等都可能引起过敏遥原有食品不存 在过敏成分袁转入某基因后是否可能产生致敏性袁这 一问题值得我们研究遥 对于这一问题袁我们需要逐一 的进行体内体外实验寻找适合的方法来评价转基因
796
植物及其衍生物的潜在致敏性遥而要将转基因成分 加入到人们的食物中时袁要对实验进行合理设计尤 其要注意对敏感人群如新生儿尧儿童尧老人尧病人这 些易感群体的影响遥 因此袁选择适合种类的特殊发育 阶段的动物进行实验是必要的遥 而选择实验动物时袁如果是研究转基因生物对健康影响的慢性实验或观 察动物的生长发育时袁应选择幼龄动物曰在研究转基 因生物对老年人的影响时常选用老龄动物袁因其机 体的代谢和各种功能反应已接近老年遥
目前袁新型的转基因食品主要是提高营养含量袁和作为药品和营养品的来源袁如可以通过服用转乳 铁蛋白基因的奶牛产的奶作为贫血患者的良好治疗 方法遥饲喂这样的转基因植物的研究不是简单比较 基因等同性袁而是研究基因转移引起的效应遥然而袁即便有一些负面的或长期的影响也受到总体参数限 制遥 这些转基因植物产生了新的生物代谢途径袁这可 能增加代谢紊乱的风险袁而这些风险往往观察不到遥因此对这类转基因植物的评价要复杂得多袁需要增 加对众多代谢途径的逐一分析遥今后应在转基因产 品进入市场之前对其本质进行评价袁尤其对于有药 物辅助作用的功能性食品来说为它可能变成不利于 代谢平衡的不稳定因素袁因此更要选择适合的动物 对其安全性进行认真评价遥
3.3.2实验动物的种类还有待于继续丰富
随着人们需求的增多袁转基因食品种类也不断 增加以满足人们的不同需求袁所评价的方面也在不 断增多袁根据实验的不同目的袁需要找到更适合的实 验动物袁实验动物的种类还有待于继续丰富遥比如袁从进化的角度看袁猩猩和猴子与人类最接近袁在解剖 学尧组织器官功能尧白细胞抗原及染色体带型等方面 与人相似袁和这方面相关的转基因产品用这些动物 试验的结果来说明人则很有说服力遥
3.3.3要注意选择最适的实验动物
不是所有动物都适合进行任何动物实验袁要根 据动物本身特点和不同实验目的袁选择适合的动物遥如果研究对高胆固醇或动脉硬化有预防和治疗作用 的新型转基因产品袁那么用高胆固醇膳食饲喂兔尧鸡尧猪尧狗尧猴等动物造模时袁均可诱发动物的高脂血 症或动脉粥样硬化遥 但猴和猪除有动脉粥样硬化外袁心脏冠状动脉前降支形成斑块尧大片心肌梗塞袁情况 与人更为相似遥 如需要在外科手术操作性实验中袁选 用猪或狗等大动物比用大鼠尧小鼠在操作实感上更 接近于人类遥 家犬是红绿色盲袁不能以红绿为刺激条 件进行条件反射实验曰其汗腺不发达袁不宜选作发汗 实验曰胰腺小袁适宜作胰腺摘除术曰胃小袁易作胃导 管袁便于进行胃肠道生理的研究遥大鼠无胆囊袁不会 呕吐袁不能做胆功能观察或催吐实验遥 狗尧猫尧猴等动 物呕吐反应敏感袁则宜选用遥 家兔对体温变化十分敏 感袁宜选做发热尧解热和检查热原的实验研究袁大鼠尧小鼠体温调节不稳定袁不宜选用遥 一般动物可自身合 成维生素 C袁豚鼠则不能合成袁因而可用来做维生素 C缺乏试验遥
实验动物的选择要本着选用结构简单又能反映 研究指标的动物的原则遥进化程度高或结构功能复 杂的动物有时会给实验条件的控制和实验结果的获 得带来难以预料的困难遥在能反映实验指标的情况 下袁选用结构功能简单的动物袁例如果蝇的生活史短 (12 d左右)尧饲养简便尧染色体数少(只有 4对)尧唾腺 染色体制作容易等诸多优点袁所以是遗传学研究的 绝好材料袁而同样方法若以灵长类动物为实验材料袁其难度是可以想象的遥
另外袁摄入第二代转基因植物及衍生物后的影 响袁及出现的更新的新型的转基因食品对人类的影 响也更为复杂袁遥 对这些转基因食品的评价为了能够 观察到摄入转基因食物的非期望效应袁应该在动物 实验基础上结合先进的技术手段和分子生物学知识
渊基因组学尧蛋白组学尧代谢组学冤及功能形态学技术 渊例如核磁共振尧光学电子显微镜及相关技术冤进行 长期多代喂养试验遥
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800
动物实验评价转基因食品食用安全的研究进展
作者：刘海燕， 许文涛， 罗云波， 王洪新， 黄昆仑， Liu Haiyan， Xu Wentao， Luo Yunbo， Wang Hongxin ， Huang Kunlun
作者单位：刘海燕,Liu Haiyan(江南大学食品学院,食品科学与技术国家重点实验室,无锡,214122;中国农业大学食品科学与营养工程学院,食品安全实验室,北京,100083)， 许文涛,罗云波,黄昆仑,Xu Wentao,Luo Yunbo,Huang
Kunlun(中国农业大学食品科学与营养工程学院,食品安全实验室,北京,100083;农业部转基因生物食用安全检
验监督测试中心,北京,100083)， 王洪新,Wang Hongxin(江南大学食品学院,食品科学与技术国家重点实验室
,无锡,214122)
刊名：
农业生物技术学报
英文刊名：JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY
年，卷(期)：2010，18(4)
被引用次数：0次
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