2014年管理类联考英语二真题
Section I Use of English
Directions:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
Thinner isn’t always better. A number of studies have __1___ that normal-weight people are in fact at higher risk of some diseases compared to those who are overweight. And there are health conditions for which being overweight is actually ___2___. For example, heavier women are less likely to develop calcium deficiency than thin women. ___3___ among the elderly, being somewhat overweight is often an ___4___ of good health.
Of even greater ___5___ is the fact that obesity turns out to be very difficult to define. It is often defined ___6___ body mass index, or BMI. BMI ___7__ body mass divided by the square of height. An adult with a BMI of 18 to 25 is often considered to be normal weight. Between 25 and 30 is overweight. And over 30 is considered obese. Obesity, ___8___,can be divided into moderately obese, severely obese, and very severely obese.
While such numerical standards seem 9 , they are not. Obesity is probably less a matter of weight than body fat. Some people with a high BMI are in fact extremely fit, 10 others with a low BMI may be in poor 11 .For example, many collegiate and professional football players 12 as obese, though their percentage body fat is low. Conversely, someone with a small frame may have high body fat but a 13 BMI.
Today we have a(an) _14 _ to label obesity as a disgrace.The overweight are sometimes _15_in the media with their faces covered. Stereotypes _16_ with obesity
include laziness, lack of will power,and lower prospects for success.Teachers,employers,and health professionals have been shown to harbor biases against the obese. _17_very young children tend to look down on the overweight, and teasing about body build has long been a problem in schools.
1. [A] denied [B] conduced [C] doubled [D] ensured
2. [A] protective [B] dangerous [C] sufficient [D]troublesome
3. [A] Instead [B] However [C] Likewise [D] Therefore
4. [A] indicator [B] objective [C] origin [D] example
5. [A] impact [B] relevance [C] assistance [D] concern
6. [A] in terms of [B] in case of [C] in favor of [D] in of
7. [A] measures [B] determines [C] equals [D] modifies
8. [A] in essence [B] in contrast [C] in turn [D] in part
9. [A] complicated [B] conservative [C] variable [D] straightforward
10. [A] so [B] unless [C] since [D] while
11. [A] shape [B] spirit [C] balance [D] taste
12. [A] start [B] qualify [C] retire [D] stay
13. [A] strange [B] changeable [C] normal [D] constant
14. [A] option [B] reason [C] opportunity [D] tendency
15. [A] employed [B] pictured [C] imitated [D] monitored
16. [A] compared[B] combined [C] settled [D] associated
17. [A] Even [B] Still [C] Yet [D] Only
18. [A] despised [B] corrected [C] ignored [D] grounded
19. [A] discussions [B] businesses [C] policies [D] studies
20. [A] for [B] against [C] with [D] without
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)
Text 1
What would you do with 590m? This is now a question for Gloria Mackenzie, an 84-year-old widow who recently emerged from her small, tin-roofed house in Florida to collect the biggest undivided lottery jackpot in history. If she hopes her new-found for tune will yield lasting feelings of fulfillment, she could do worse than read Happy Money by Elizabeth Dumn and Michael Norton.
These two academics use an array of behavioral research to show that the most rewarding ways to spend money can be counterintuitive. Fantasies of great wealth often involve visions of fancy cars and extravagant homes. Yet satisfaction with these
material purchases wears off fairly quickly what was once exciting and new becomes old-hat; regret creeps in. It is far better to spend money on experiences, say Ms Dumn and Mr Norton, like interesting trips, unique meals or even going to the cinema. These purchases often become more valuable with time-as stories or memories-particularly if they involve feeling more connected to others.
This slim volume is packed with tips to help wage slaves as well as lottery winners get the most "happiness bang for your buck." It seems most people would be better off if they could shorten their commutes to work, spend more time with friends and family and less of it watching television (something the average American spends a whopping two months a year doing, and is hardly jollier for it).Buying gifts or giving to charity is often more pleasurable than purchasing things for oneself, and luxuries are most enjoyable when they are consumed sparingly. This is apparently the reason MacDonald's restricts the availability of its popular McRib - a marketing trick that has turned the pork sandwich into an object of obsession.
Readers of “HappyMoney” are clearly a privileged lot, anxious about fulfillment, not hunger.Money may not quite buy happiness, but people in wealthier countries are generally happier than those in poor ones. Yet the link between feeling good and spending money on others can be seen among rich and poor people around the world, and scarcity enhances the pleasure of most things for most people. Not everyone will agree with the authors’ policy ideas, which range from mandating more holiday time to reducing tax incentives for American homebuyers. But most people will come away from this book believing it was money well spent.
21. According to Dumn and Norton,which of the following is the most rewarding purchase?
[A]A big house
[B]A special tour
[C]A stylish car
[D]A rich meal
22. The au thor’s attitude toward Americans’ watching TV is
[A]critical
[B]supportive
[C]sympathetic
[D]ambiguous
23. Macrib is mentioned in paragraph 3 to show that
[A]consumers are sometimes irrational
[B]popularity usually comes after quality
[C]marketing tricks are after effective
[D]rarity generally increases pleasure
24. According to the last paragraph,Happy Money
[A]has left much room for readers’criticism
[B]may prove to be a worthwhile purchase
[C]has predicted a wider income gap in the us
[D]may give its readers a sense of achievement
25. This text mainly discusses how to
[A]balance feeling good and spending money
[B]spend large sums of money won in lotteries
[C]obtain lasting satisfaction from money spent
[D]become more reasonable in spending on luxuries
Text 2
An article in Scientific America has pointed out that empirical research says that, actually, you think you’re more beautiful than you are. We have a deep-seated need to feel good about ourselves and we naturally employ a number of self-enhancing strategies to research into what the call the “above average effect”, or “illusory superiority”, and shown that, for example, 70% of us rate ourselves as above average in leadership, 93% in driving and85% at getting on well with others—all obviously statistical impossibilities.
We rose tint our memories and put ourselves into self-affirming situations. We become defensive when criticized, and apply negative stereotypes to others to boost our own esteem, we stalk around thinking we’re hot stuff.
Psychologist and behavioral scientist Nicholas Epley oversaw a key studying into self-enhancement and attractiveness. Rather that have people simply rate their beauty compress with others, he asked them to identify an original photograph of themselves’ from a lineup including versions that had been altered to appear more and less attractive. Visual recognition, reads the study, is “an automatic psychological process occurring rapidly and intuitively with little or no apparent conscious deliberation”. If the subjects quickly chose a falsely flattering image- which must did- they genuinely believed it was really how the looked. Epley found no significant gender difference in responses. Nor was there any evidence that, those who self-enhance the must (that is, the participants who thought the most positively doctored picture were real) were doing so to make up for profound insecurities. In fact those who thought that the images higher up the attractiveness scale were real directly corresponded with those who showed other makers for having higher self-esteem. “I don’t think the findings that we having have are any evidence of personal delusion”, says Epley. “It’s a reflection simply of people generally thinking well of themselves’. If you are depressed, you won’t be self-enhancing.
Knowing th e results of Epley ’s study, it makes sense that why people heat photographs of themselves Viscerally-on one level, they don’t even recognise the person in the picture as themselves, Facebook therefore, is a self-enhancer’s paradise,where people can share only the most flattering photos, the cream of their wit ,style ,beauty, intellect and lifestyle it’s not that people’s profiles are
dishonest,says Catalina Toma of Wiscon—Madison university ,”but they portray an idealized version of themselves.
26. According to the first paragraph, social psychologist have found that ______.
[A] our self-ratings are unrealistically high
[B] illusory superiority is baseless effect
[C] our need for leadership is unnatural
[D] self-enhancing strategies are ineffective
27. Visual recognition is believed to be people’s______
[A] rapid watching
[B] conscious choice
[C] intuitive response
[D] automatic self-defence
28. Epley found that people with higher self-esteem tended to______
[A] underestimate their insecurities
[B] believe in their attractiveness
[C] cover up their depressions
[D] oversimplify their illusions
29.The word “Viscerally”(Line 2,para.5) is closest in meaning to_____.
[A]instinctively
[B]occasionally
[C]particularly
[D]aggressively
30. It can be inferred that Facebook is self-enhancer’s paradise because people can _____.
[A]present their dishonest profiles
[B]define their traditional life styles
[C]share their intellectual pursuits
[D]withhold their unflattering sides
Text 3
The concept of man versus machine is at least as old as the industrial revolution, but this phenomenon tends to be most acutely felt during economic downturns and fragile recoveries. And yet, it would be a mistake to think we are right now simply experiencing the painful side of a boom and bust cycle. Certain jobs have gone away for good, outmoded by machines. Since technology has such an insatiable appetite for eating up human jobs, this phenomenon will continue to restructure our economy in ways we can't immediately foresee.
When there is exponential improvement in the price and performance of technology, jobs that were once thought to be immune from automation suddenly become threatened. This argument has attracted a lot of attention, via the success of the book Race Against the Machine, by Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee, who both hail from MIT's Center for Digital Business.
This is a powerful argument, and a scary one. And yet, John Hagel, author of The Power of Pull and other books, says Brynjolfsson and McAfee miss the reason
why these jobs are so vulnerable to technology in the first place.
Hagel says we have designed jobs in the U.S. that tend to be "tightly scripted" and "highly standardized" ones that leave no room for "individual initiative or creativity." In short, these are the types of jobs that machines can perform much better at than human beings. That is how we have put a giant target sign on the backs of American workers, Hagel says.
It's time to reinvent the formula for how work is conducted, since we are still relying on a very 20th century notion of work, Hagel says. In our rapidly changing economy, we more than ever need people in the workplace who can take initiative and exercise their imagination "to respond to unexpected events." That's not something machines are good at. They are designed to perform very predictable activities.
As Hagel notes, Brynjolfsson and McAfee indeed touched on this point in their book. We need to reframe race against the machine as race with the machine. In other words, we need to look at the ways in which machines can augment human labor rather than replace it. So then the problem is not really about technology, but rather, "how do we innovate our institutions and our work practices?"
31. According to the first paragraph, economic downturns would _____.
[A]ease the competition of man vs. machine
[B]highlight machines’threat to human jobs
[C]provoke a painful technological revolution
[D]outmode our current economic structure
32. The authors of Race Against the Machine argue that _____.
[A]technology is diminishing man’s job opportunities
[B]automation is accelerating technological development
[C]certain jobs will remain intact after automation
[D]man will finally win the race against machine
33. Hagel argues that jobs in the U.S. are often ___ .
[A]performed by innovative minds
[B]scripted with an individual style
[C]standardized without a clear target
[D]designed against human creativity
34. According to the last paragraph, Brynjolfsson and McAfee discussed ___ .
[A]the predictability of machine behavior in practice
[B]the formula for how work is conducted efficiently
[C]the ways machines replace human labor in modern times
[D]the necessity of human involvement in the workplace
35. Which of the following could be the most appropriate title for the text?
[A]How to Innovate Our Work Practices
[B]Machines will Replace Human Labor
[C]Can We Win the Race Against Machines
[D]Economic Downturns Stimulate Innovations
Text 4
When the government talks about infrastructure contributing to the economy the focus is usually on roads, railways, broadband and energy. Housing is seldom mentioned.
Why is that? To some extent the housing sector must shoulder the blame. We have not been good at communicating the real value that housing can contribute to economic growth. Then there is the scale of the typical housing project. It is hard to shove for attention among multibillion-pound infrastructure project, so it is inevitable that the attention is focused elsewhere. But perhaps the most significant reason is that the issue has always been so politically charged.
Nevertheless, the affordable housing situation is desperate. Waiting lists increase all the time and we are simply not building enough new homes.
The comprehensive spending review offers an opportunity for the government to help rectify this. It needs to put historical prejudices to one side and take some steps to address our urgent housing need.
There are some indications that it is preparing to do just that. The communities minister, Don Foster, has hinted that George Osborne, Chancellor of the Exchequer, may introduce more flexibility to the current cap on the amount that local authorities can borrow against their housing stock debt. Evidence shows that 60,000 extra new
homes could be built over the next five years if the cap were lifted, increasing GDP by 0.6%.
Ministers should also look at creating greater certainty in the rental environment, which would have a significant impact on the ability of registered providers to fund new developments from revenues.
But it is not just down to the government. While these measures would be welcome in the short term, we must face up to the fact that the existing ￡4.5bn programme of grants to fund new affordable housing, set to expire in 2015,is unlikely to be extended beyond then. The Labour party has recently announced that it will retain a large part of the coalition’s spending plans if returns to power. The housing sector needs to accept that we are very unlikely to ever return to era of large-scale public grants. We need to adjust to this changing climate.
36. The author believes that the housing sector__.
[A] has attracted much attention
[B] involves certain political factors
[C] shoulders too much responsibility
[D] has lost its real value in economy
37. It can be learned that affordable housing has__.
[A] increased its home supply
[B] offered spending opportunities
[C] suffered government biases
[D] disappointed the government
38. According to Paragraph 5,George Osborne may_______.
[A] allow greater government debt for housing
[B] stop local authorities from building homes
[C] prepare to reduce housing stock debt
[D] release a lifted GDP growth forecast
39. It can be inferred that a stable rental environment would_______.
[A]lower the costs of registered providers
[B]lessen the impact of government interference
[C]contribute to funding new developments
[D]relieve the ministers of responsibilities
40. The author believes that after 2015,the government may______.
[A]implement more policies to support housing
[B]review the need for large-scale public grants
[C]renew the affordable housing grants programme
[D]stop generous funding to the housing sector
Part B
Directions:
Read the following text and answer the questions by finding information from the right column that corresponds to each of the marked details given in the left column. There are two extra choices in the right column. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
Emerging in the late Sixties and reaching a peak in the Seventies, Land Art was one of a range of new forms, including Body Art, Performance Art, Action Art and Installation Art, which pushed art beyond the traditional confines of the studio and gallery. Rather than portraying landscape, land artists used the physical substance of eland itself as their medium.
The British land artist, typified by Richard Long’s piece, was not only more domestically scaled, but a lot quirkier than its American counterpart. Indeed, while you might assume that an exhibition of Land Art would consist only of records of works rather than the works themselves, Long’s photograph of his work is the work. Since his “action”is in the past the photograph is its sole embodiment.
That might seem rather an obscure point, but it sets the tone for an exhibition that contains a lot of black-and-white photographs and relatively few natural objects. Long is Britain’s best-known Land Artist and his Stone Circle, a perfect ring of purplish rocks from Portishead beach laid out on the gallery floor, represents the elegant, rarefied side of the form. The Boyle Family, on the other hand, stand for its dirty, urban aspect.
Comprising artists Mark Boyle and Joan Hills and their children, they recreated random sections of the British landscape on gallery walls. Their Olaf Street Study, a square of brick-strewn waste ground, is one of the few works here to embrace the mundanity that characterizes most of our experience of the landscape most of the time.
Parks feature, particularly in the earlier works, such as John Hilliard’s very funny Across the Park, in which a long-haired stroller is variously smiled at b y a pretty girl and unwittingly assaulted in a sequence of images that turn out to be different parts of the same photograph.
Generally however British land artists preferred to get away from towns, gravitating towards landscapes that are traditionally considered beautiful such as the Lake District or the Wiltshire Downs. While it probably wasn’t apparent at the time, much of this work is permeated by a spirit of romantic escapism that the likes of Wordsworth would have readily understood. Derek Jarman’s yellow-tinted film Towards Avebury, a collection of long, mostly still shots of the Wiltshire landscape, evokes a tradition of English landscape pain ting stretching from Samuel Palmer to Paul Nash.
In the case of Hamish Fulton, you can’t help feeling that the Scottish artist has simply found a way of making his love of walking pay. At typical work, such as Seven Days, consists of a single beautiful black-and-white photograph taken on an epic walk, with the mileage and number of days taken listed beneath. British Land Art as shown in this well selected, but relatively modestly y scaled exhibition wasn’t about imposing on the landscape, more a kind of landscape-orientated light
conceptual art created passing through. It had its origins in the great outdoors, but the results were as gallery-bound as the paintings of Turner and Constable.
A. originates from a long walk that the artist took.
41.Stone Circle B.illustrates a kind of landscape orientated light conceptual art
42.Olaf Street Study C.reminds people of the English landscape painting tradition
43.Across the Park D. represents the elegance of the British land art
44.Towards Avebury E. depicts the ordinary side of the British land art
45.Seven Days F.embodies a romantic escape into the Scottish outdoors
G. contains images from different parts of the same photograph Section III Translation
46.Directions:Translate the following text from English into Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)
Most people would define optimism as endlessly happy, with a glass that’s perpetually half fall. But that’s exactly the kind of false cheerfulness that positive psychologists wouldn’t recommend. “Healthy optimists means being in touch with reality.” says Tal Ben-Shahar, a Harvard professor, According to Ben- Shalar,realistic optimists are these who make the best of things that happen, but not those who believe everything happens for the best.
Ben-Shalar uses three optimistic exercisers. When he feels down-sag, after giving a bad lecture-he grants himself permission to be human. He reminds himself
that mot every lecture can be a Nobel winner; some will be less effective than others. Next is reconstruction, He analyzes the weak lecture, leaning lessons, for the future about what works and what doesn’t. Finally, there is perspective, which involves acknowledging that in the ground scheme of life, one lecture really doesn’t matter. Section IV Writing
Part A
47. Directions: Suppose you are going to study abroad and share an apartment with john a local student ,write him an email to
1)tells him, about your living habit ,and
2)ask for advice for living there
You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.
Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead.
Do not write the address. (10 Points)
Part B
48.Write an essay based on the following chart. In your essay, you should
1)interpret the chart, and
2)give your comments.
You should write about 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET. (15points)
2014年管理类专业硕士学位全国联考综合能力真题(完整版) 一、问题求解：第1～15小题，每小题3分，共45分。下列每题给出的A、 B、C、D、E五个选项中，只有一项是符合试题要求的。请在答题卡上将所选项的字母涂黑。 1.某部门在一次联欢活动中共设了26个奖，奖品均价为280元，其中一等奖单价为400元，其他奖品均价为270元，一等奖的个数为 (A)6 (B)5 (C)4 (D)3 (E)2 2.某单位进行办公室装修，若甲、乙两个装修公司合做，需10周完成，工时费为100万元；甲公司单独做6周后由乙公司接着做18周完成，工时费为96万元。甲公司每周的工时费为 (A)7.5万元 (B)7万元 (C)6.5万元 (D)6万元 (E)5.5万元 3.如图1，已知AE=3AB，BF=2BC。若ΔABC的面积是2， 则ΔAEF的面积为 (A)14 (B)12 (C)10 (D)8 (E)6 4.某公司投资一个项目。已知上半年完成了预算的，下半年完成了剩余部分的，此时还有8千万元投资未完成，则该项目的预算为 (A)3亿元 (B)3.6亿元 (C)3.9亿元 (D)4.5亿元 (E)5.1 亿元
5.如图2，圆A与圆B的半径均为1，则阴影部分的面积为 (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) 6.某容器中装满了浓度为90%的酒精，倒出1升后用水后又倒出1升，再用水将容器注满，已知此时的酒精浓度为40%，则该容器的容积是 (A)2.5升 (B)3升 (C)3.5升 (D)4升 (E)4.5升 7.已知为等差数列，且，则 (A)27 (B)45 (C)54 (D)81 (E)162 8.甲、乙两人上午8：00分别自A,B出发相向而行，9：00第一次相遇，之后速度均提高了1.5公里/小时，甲到B，乙到A后都立刻沿原路返回。若两人在10：30第二次相遇，则A,B两地的距离为 (A)5.6公里 (B)7公里 (C)8公里 (D)9公里 (E)9.5公里 9.掷一枚均匀的硬币若干次，当正面向上次数大于反面向上次数时停止，则在4次之内停止的概率为 (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) 10.若几个质数(素数)的乘积为770，则它们的和为 (A)85 (B)84 (C)28 (D)26 (E)25
2014年考研英语二真题及答案解析 (1~20/共20题)Section ⅠUse of English Thinner isn’t always better. A. number of studies have __1___ that normal-weight people are in fact at higher risk of some diseases compared to those who are overweight. And there are health conditions for which being overweight is actually ___2___. For example, heavier women are less likely to develop calcium deficiency than thin women. ___3___ among the elderly, being somewhat overweight is often an ___4___ of good health. Of even greater ___5___ is the fact that obesity turns out to be very difficult to define. It is often defined ___6___ body mass index, or BMI. BMI ___7__ body mass divided by the square of height. An adult with a BMI of 18 to 25 is often considered to be normal weight. Between 25 and 30 is overweight. And over 30 is considered obese. Obesity, ___8___,can be divided into moderately obese, severely obese, and very severely obese. While such numerical standards seem___9___ , they are not. Obesity is probably less a matter of weight than body fat. Some people with a high BMI are in fact extremely fit,___10___ others with a low BMI may be in poor ___11___ .For example, many collegiate and professional football players ___12___ as obese, though their percentage body fat is low. Conversely, someone with a small frame may have high body fat but a ___13___ BMI. Today we have a(an) ___14___ to label obesity as a disgrace.The overweight are sometimes ___15___in the media with their faces covered. Stereotypes ___16___ with obesity include laziness, lack of will power,and lower prospects for success.Teachers,employers,and health professionals have been shown to harbor biases against the obese. ___17___very young children tend to look down on the overweight, and teasing about body build has long been a problem in schools. Negative attitudes toward obesity,___18___in health concems，have stimulated a number of anti-obesity__19__.My ownhosital system has banned sugary drinks its facilities.Many employes instituted weight loss and fitness initiatives. Michelle Obama has launched a high-visibility campaign ___20___childhood obesity，even claiming that it represents our greatest national security threat. 第1题 A.denied B.concluded C.doubled D.ensured 第2题 A.protective B.dangerous C.sufficient D.troublesome 第3题 A.Instead B.However C.Likewise D.Therefore
2014年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语(二)试题 Section I Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) Thinner isn’t always better. A number of studies have __1___ that normal-weight people are in fact at higher risk of some diseases compared to those who are overweight. And there are health conditions for which being overweight is actually ___2___. For example, heavier women are less likely to develop calcium deficiency than thin women. ___3___ among the elderly, being somewhat overweight is often an ___4___ of good health. Of even greater ___5___ is the fact that obesity turns out to be very difficult to define. It is often defined ___6___ body mass index, or BMI. BMI ___7__ body mass divided by the square of height. An adult with a BMI of 18 to 25 is often considered to be normal weight. Between 25 and 30 is overweight. And over 30 is considered obese. Obesity, ___8___,can be divided into moderately obese, severely obese, and very severely obese. While such numerical standards seem 9 , they are not. Obesity is probably less a matter of weight than body fat. Some people with a high BMI are in fact extremely fit, 10 others with a low BMI may be in poor 11 .For example, many collegiate and professional football players 12 as obese, though their percentage body fat is low. Conversely, someone with a small frame may have high body fat but a 13 BMI. Today we have a(an) _14 _ to label obesity as a disgrace.The overweight are sometimes_15_in the media with their faces covered. Stereotypes _16_ with obesity include laziness, lack of will power,and lower prospects for success.Teachers,employers,and health professionals have been shown to harbor biases against the obese. _17_very young children tend to look down on the overweight, and teasing about body build has long been a problem in schools. Negative attitudes toward obesity, _18_in health concerns, have stimulated a number of anti-obesity _19_.My own hospital system has banned sugary drinks from its facilities. Many employers have instituted weight loss and fitness initiatives. Michelle Obama launched a high-visibility campaign _20_ childhood obesity, even claiming that it represents our greatest national security threat. 1. [A] denied [B] concluded [C] doubled [D] ensured 2. [A] protective [B] dangerous [C] sufficient [D]troublesome 3. [A] Instead [B] However [C] Likewise [D] Therefore 4. [A] indicator [B] objective [C] origin [D] example 5. [A] impact [B] relevance [C] assistance [D] concern 6. [A] in terms of [B] in case of [C] in favor of [D] in of 7. [A] measures [B] determines [C] equals [D] modifies 8. [A] in essence [B] in contrast [C] in turn [D] in part
2014年管理类联考真题及详解 一、论证有效性分析：分析下述论证中存在的缺陷和漏洞，选择若干要点，写一篇600字左右的文章，对该论证的有效性进行分析和评述。（论证有效性分析的一般要求是：概念特别是核心概念的界定和使用是否准确并前后一致，有无各种明显的逻辑错误，论证的论据是否成立并支持结论，结论成立的条件是否充分等。） 现代企业管理制度的设计要遵循的重要原则是权力的制衡与监督，只要有了制衡与监督，企业的成功就有了保证。 所谓的制衡，指对企业的管理权进行分解，然后使要分解的权力相互制约达到平衡，它可以使任何人不能滥用权力。至于监督，指对企业管理进行严密观察，使企业运营的各个环节处于可控范围之内，而且所有环节都在可控范围之内，那么企业的经营就不可能产生失误。 同时以制衡与监督为原则所设计的企业管理制度还有一个固有特点，即能保证其实施者的有效性，因为环环相扣的监督机制能确保企业内部各级管理者无法敷衍塞责，万一有人敷衍塞责也会受到这一机制的制约。 再者，由于制衡的核心是权力平衡，而企业管理的权力又是企业运营的动力与起点，因此权力平衡就可以使企业运营保持平衡。 另外，从本质上来说，权力平衡就是权力平等，因此，这一观念本身蕴含平等的观念。平等观念一旦成为企业管理理念，必将促成企业内部和谐与稳定。 由此可见，如果权力的制衡与监督这一管理原则付诸实践，就可以使企业运营避免失误，确保其管理制度的有效性，日常运营平衡了，促进内部的和谐与稳定，这样企业一定能够成
功。 【逻辑错误分析】 （1）文中提到“只要有了制衡与监督，企业的成功就有了保证”过于绝对，制衡与监督只是企业成功的条件之一。 （2）文中提到“制衡可以使任何人不能滥用权力”过于绝对，部门之间若无法有效配合、相互信任，制衡也难以约束权力。 （3）文中提到“所有环节都在可控范围之内，那么企业的经营就不可能产生失误”是错误的，制衡与监督都是对内的，无法保证对外策略的正确性，仍有可能失误。 （4）文中“监督机制能确保企业内部各级管理者无法敷衍塞责，万一有人敷衍塞责也会受到这一机制的制约”一句自相矛盾，“确保”与“有效制约”在程度上有很大差距。 （5）“权力平衡”只能论证出维持“企业运营的动力”，而无法论证出“使企业运营保持平衡”。 （6）文中提到“权力平衡就是权力平等”缺乏事实依据。 （7）“内部的和谐与稳定”是“企业成功”的必要条件而非充分条件，因此无法推出企业一定能够成功。 【参考范文】 制衡监督需理性看待 本文旨在通过分析制衡与监督的优点，论证出“权力的制衡与监督这一管理原则付诸实践，企业就能够成功”这一结论。这种论证无疑是不充分的。 首先，核心逻辑无法自洽。本文所列举的重要论据有“防止权力滥用”、“确保实施的有效性”、“保持运营平衡”、“宣扬平等观念”，以上种种皆是制衡与监督的有利影响，但这不足以论证出制衡与监督在任何情况下对企业都是有利的，更无法得出企业必然成功的结论。
2014年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语二试题 Section I Use of English Directions: Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark[A],[B],[C]or[D]on the ANSWER SHEET.(10points) Thinner isn’t always better.A number of studies have1that normal-weight people are in fact at higher risk of some diseases compared to those who are overweight.And there are health conditions for which being overweight is actually2.For example,heavier women are less likely to develop calcium deficiency than thin women.3among the elderly,being somewhat overweight is often an4of good health. Of even greater5is the fact that obesity turns out to be very difficult to define.It is often defined 6body mass index,or BMI.BMI7body mass divided by the square of height.An adult with a BMI of 18to25is often considered to be normal weight.Between25and30is overweight.And over30is considered obese.Obesity,8,can be divided into moderately obese,severely obese,and very severely obese. While such numerical standards seem9,they are not.Obesity is probably less a matter of weight than body fat.Some people with a high BMI are in fact extremely fit,10others with a low BMI may be in poor 11.For example,many collegiate and professional football players12as obese,though their percentage body fat is low.Conversely,someone with a small frame may have high body fat but a13BMI. Today we have a(an)14to label obesity as a disgrace.The overweight are sometimes15in the media with their faces covered.Stereotypes16with obesity include laziness,lack of will power,and lower prospects for success.Teachers,employers,and health professionals have been shown to harbor biases against the obese.17very young children tend to look down on the overweight,and teasing about body build has long been a problem in schools. Negative attitudes toward obesity,18in health concerns,have stimulated a number of anti-obesity 19.My own hospital system has banned sugary drinks from its facilities.Many employers have instituted weight loss and fitness initiatives.Michelle Obama launched a high-visibility campaign20childhood obesi-ty,even claiming that it represents our greatest national security threat. 1.[A]denied[B]conduced[C]doubled[D]ensured 2.[A]protective[B]dangerous[C]sufficient[D]troublesome 3.[A]Instead[B]However[C]Likewise[D]Therefore 4.[A]indicator[B]objective[C]origin[D]example 5.[A]impact[B]relevance[C]assistance[D]concern 6.[A]in terms of[B]in case of[C]in favor of[D]in of 7.[A]measures[B]determines[C]equals[D]modifies 8.[A]in essence[B]in contrast[C]in turn[D]in part 9.[A]complicated[B]conservative[C]variable[D]straightforward 10.[A]so[B]while[C]since[D]unless 11.[A]shape[B]spirit[C]balance[D]taste 12.[A]start[B]qualify[C]retire[D]stay 13.[A]strange[B]changeable[C]normal[D]constant 14.[A]option[B]reason[C]opportunity[D]tendency 15.[A]employed[B]pictured[C]imitated[D]monitored 16.[A]compared[B]combined[C]settled[D]associated
2014年考研英语二大小作文真题及答案解析 英语二大作文 Directions: Write an essay based on the following chart.In your essay, you should 1) interpret the chart, and 2) give your comments。 You should write about 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET. (15points) As the bargraph indicates, both city and rural area witnessed a distinguished phenomenonin population fluctuation. Indeed, population in city increased at a breakneckspeed and surpassed that of rural area during the period from 1990 to 2010while population in rural region slightly decreased down to a scale which wasclose to that of city。
Whataccounts for this disparity? The answer involves two factors. The firstcontributing factor is the substantially fast developing steps of cities inChina. No one can deny that since Chinese economic reform from 1980s whichmostly benefits people in city. The second reason is that Chinese farmers enjoythe harvest from new policies that are established to benefit farmers. Peoplein rural areas are allowed to migrate for work and residence by the law and anincreasing number of farmers choose to work in city and become migrant workersjust because they would make much more money than ever before in city. Allthese are the result of urbanization。 Basedon the analyses above, we can safely draw the conclusion that the process ofurbanization will continue in the years ahead, and every single Chinese benefitsfrom the fast development of China。 英语二小作文 Suppose you are going to study abroad and share an apartment with John, a local student, write him an email to 1) tell him about your living habits, and 2) ask for advice about living there。 首先，注意试题要求，一定要在首段告知写信目的后，在第二段给出自己的生活习惯，尾段一定按着题目要求向对方请求一些建议，否则会被认为是没有涵盖所有信息点，会被扣分。 其次，第二段写自己的生活习惯时，不宜写的太过极端和个性，否则你的信件会让目标读者反感，因此起不到大纲要求的“对目标读者产生预期效果”，也会被无情扣掉很多分。
2014年管理类联考综合逻辑真题 26.随着光纤网络带来的网速大幅度提高，高速下载电影、在线看大片等都不再是困扰我们的问题。即使在社会生产力发展水平较低的国家，人们也可以通过网络随时随地获得最快的信息、最贴心的服务和最佳体验。有专家据此认为：光纤网络将大幅提高人们的生活质量。以下哪项如果为真，最能质疑该专家的观点? (A)网络上所获得的贴心服务和美妙体验有时是虚幻的。 (B)即使没有光纤网络，同样可以创造高品质的生活。 (C)随着高速网络的普及，相关上网费用也随乞增加。 (D)人们生活质量的提高仅决定于社会生产力的发展水平。 (E)快捷的网络服务可能使人们将大量时间消耗在娱乐上。 27.李栋善于辩论，也喜欢诡辩。有一次他论证到：“郑强知道数字87654321，陈梅家的电话号码正好是87654321，所以郑强知道陈梅家的电话号码。” 以下哪项与李栋论证种所犯的错误最为类似? (A)中国人是勤劳勇敢的，李岚是中国人，所以李岚是勤劳勇敢的。 (B)金砖是由原子组成的，原子不是肉眼可见的，所以金砖不是肉眼可见的。 (C)黄兵相信晨星在早晨出现，而晨星其实就是暮星，所以黄兵相信暮星在早晨出现。 (D)张冉知道如果1：0的比分保持到终场，他们的队伍就出现，现在张冉听到了比赛结束的哨声，所以张冉知道他们的队伍出线了。 (E)所有蚂蚁是动物，所以所有大蚂蚁是大动物。 28.陈先生在鼓励他孩子时说道：“不要害怕暂时的困难和挫折，不经历风雨怎么见彩虹?”他孩子不服气的说：“您说的不对。我经历了那么多风雨，怎么就没见到彩虹呢?” 陈先生孩子的回答最适宜用来反驳以下哪项? (A)如果想见到彩虹，就必须经历风雨。 (B)只要经历了风雨，就可以见到彩虹。 (C)只有经历风雨，才能见到彩虹。 (D)即使经历了风雨，也可能见不到彩虹。 (E)即使见到了彩虹，也不是因为经历了风雨。 29.在某次考试中，有3个关于北京旅游景点的问题，要求考生每题选择某个景点的名称作为唯一答案。其中6位考生关于上述3个问题的答案依次如下： 第一位考生：天坛、天坛、天安门; 第二位考生：天安门、天安门、天坛; 第三位考生：故宫、故宫、天坛; 第四位考生：天坛、天安门、故宫; 第五位考生：天安门、故宫、天安门; 第六位考生：故宫、天安门、故宫; 考试结果表明每位考生都至少答对其中1道题。 根据以上陈述，可知这3个问题的答案依次是： (A)天坛、故宫、天坛;
2019年10月髙等教育自学考试全国统一命题考试 英语(二）试卷（课程代码：00015） 本试卷共8页，满分100分，考试时间150分钟。 考生答卷前必须将自己的姓名和准考证号写在答题卡上。 必须在答题卡上答题，写在试卷上的答案无效。 第一部分：阅读判断（第1?10题，每题1分，共10分） 下面的短文后列出了10个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子作出判断：如果该句提供的是正确信息，选择A；如果该句提供的是错误信息，选择B;如果该句的信息文中没有提及，选择C。在答题卡相应位置上将答案选项涂黑。 To Lease(租赁) or Not to Lease Planning to lease a car because you don't think you can afford to buy? Think again. Leasing can end up being just as expensive as buying. Most people think about leasing because they believe it will cost them less money. They're right-it is cheaper, but only in the short term. For example, if you were to lease anew Subaru Forester, you might pay $300 per month for the car. If you were to buy the same car, you would pay about $400 per month. Over a three-year, you would save $3600-a big savings. But after your lease is over, you have to give the car back. Many people want to lease because they can drive a more expensive car than they might otherwise be able to afford. For example, if you spend $300 monthly on a car, you might be able to lease a new Ford Explorer. For the same price, you might have to buy a used Explorer, or buy a new but much less expensive model. A lease，therefore，allows you to drive the latest models of more expensive cars. However, whatever car you can afford to buy you get to keep it, and it will always have a resell or trade-in(以新旧换)value if you want to upgrade to a new car later. Furthermore, people who lease cars are often shocked by how much they must pay when the lease is over . Most leases limit you to a certain number of miles. If you go over that, you must pay for each mile. As a result, you may end up paying thousands of dollars in mileage(里程) fees. In addition, when you lease ,you have to pay for regular maintenance and repairs to the vehicle. Since you must return the car finally, you are paying to repair someone else's car.
2014考研英语二答案及解析
2014年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）试题解析 Section I Use of English 1、【答案】B concluded 【解析】题干中，一系列的研究已经_____，事实上，正常体重的人的患病风险要高于超重的人。根据句义，后面的部分实际上是研究的结论，因此concluded符合题意，其他选项denied（否认）与意义相反，doubled（翻倍）与题意较远，ensured（确保）不符合题意，因为研究不能确保后面的事实，只能得出后面的事实作为结论。所以正确答案为B。 2、【答案】A protective 【解析】题干中，对于某些健康情况，超重事实上是有_____。根据前文研究的结论，超重能减少罹患疾病的风险，说明超重具有一定的保护作用。Dangerous和文章意思相反，sufficient表示充足，troublesome表示有麻烦，不符合题意，所以正确答案为A。 3、【答案】C likewise 【解析】第三句话中，较重的女人患缺钙的比例低于较瘦的女人。_____，在老年人中，一定程度上超重……。需要填入的是和前半句表示顺接的词语。A 选项instead表示逆接的句意关系，B选项however也表示逆接，D选项therefore 表示因此，只有C选项likewise意为同样地；也，而且。因此正确答案为C。 4、【答案】A indicator 【解析】本句话中，_____，一定程度上超重，经常是健康的_____。A选项，表示指示器，指标。B选项objective表示客观；C选项origin表示来源，D选项example表示例子。根据前面的文章内容，已经明确指出超重代表了健康，因此超重是健康的指标。因此正确答案为A。
2014年管理类综合能力真题及解析 一、问题求解：第1～15小题，每小题3分，共45分。下列每题给出的A、B、C、D、E 五个选项中，只有一项是符合试题要求的。请在答题卡上将所选项的字母涂黑。 1. 某部门在一次联欢活动中共设了26个奖，奖品均价为280元，其中一等奖单价为400元，其他奖品均价为270元，一等奖的个数为( ) (A)6 (B)5 (C)4 (D)3 (E)2 2. 某单位进行办公室装修，若甲、乙两个装修公司合做，需10周完成，工时费为100万元;甲公司单独做6周后由乙公司接着做18周完成，工时费为96万元.甲公司每周的工时费为( ) (A)7.5万元(B)7万元(C)6.5万元(D)6万元(E)5.5万元
二、条件充分性判断：第16~25小题，每小题3分，共30分。要求判断每题给出的条件(1)和条件(2)能否充分支持题干所陈述的结论。A、B、C、D、E五个选项为判断结果，请选择一项符合试题要求的判断，在答题卡上将所选项的字母涂黑。 (A)条件(1)充分，但条件(2)不充分. (B)条件(2)充分，但条件(1)不充分. (C)条件(1)和(2)单独都不充分，但条件(1)和条件(2)联合起来充分. (D)条件(1)充分，条件(2)也不充分. (E)条件(1)和(2)单独都不充分，条件(1)和条件(2)联合起来也不充分. 16. 已知曲线l:y=a+bx-6x2+x3.则(a+b-5)(a-b-5)=0. (1)曲线l过点(1，0). (2)曲线l过点(-1，0). 17. 不等式|x2+2x+a|≤1的解集为空集. (1)a<0. (2)a>2. 18. 甲、乙、丙三人的年龄相同. (1)甲、乙、丙的年龄成等差数列. (2)甲、乙、丙的年龄成等比数列. 19. 设x是非零实数.则x3+=18. (1)x+=3. (2)x2+=7.
绝密★启用前 2014年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试 管理类专业学位联考 英语（二） （科目代码：204） 考生注意事项 1.答题前，考生须在试题册指定位置上填写考生编号和考生姓名；在答题卡指定 位置上填写报考单位、考生姓名和考生编号，并涂写考生编号信息点。 2.考生须把试题册上的“试卷条形码”粘贴条取下，粘贴在答题卡的“试卷条形码粘 贴位置”框中。不按规定粘贴条形码而影响评卷结果的，责任由考生自负。 3.选择题的答案必须涂写在答题卡相应题号的选项上，非选择题的答案必须书写 在答题卡指定位置的边框区域内。超出答题区域书写的答案无效；在草稿纸、试题册上答题无效。 4.填（书）写部分必须使用黑色字迹签字笔书写，字迹工整、笔迹清楚；涂写部分 必须使用2B铅笔填涂。 5.考试结束，将答题卡和试题册按规定交回。 （以下信息考生必须认真填写） 考生编号 考生姓名
Section I Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) Thinner isn’t always better. A number of studies have __1___ that normal-weight people are in fact at higher risk of some diseases compared to those who are overweight. And there are health conditions for which being overweight is actually ___2___. For example, heavier women are less likely to develop calcium deficiency than thin women. ___3___ among the elderly, being somewhat overweight is often an ___4___ of good health. Of even greater ___5___ is the fact that obesity turns out to be very difficult to define. It is often defined ___6___ body mass index, or BMI. BMI ___7__ body mass divided by the square of height. An adult with a BMI of 18 to 25 is often considered to be normal weight. Between 25 and 30 is overweight. And over 30 is considered obese. Obesity, ___8___,can be divided into moderately obese, severely obese, and very severely obese. While such numerical standards seem 9 , they are not. Obesity is probably less a matter of weight than body fat. Some people with a high BMI are in fact extremely fit, 10 others with a low BMI may be in poor 11 .For example, many collegiate and professional football players 12 as obese, though their percentage body fat is low. Conversely, someone with a small frame may have high body fat but a 13 BMI. Today we have a(an) _14 _ to label obesity as a disgrace. The overweight are sometimes_15_in the media with their faces covered. Stereotypes _16_ with obesity include laziness, lack of will power, and lower prospects for success. Teachers, employers, and health professionals have been shown to harbor biases against the obese. _17_very young children tend to look down on the overweight, and teasing about body build has long been a problem in schools. Negative attitudes toward obesity, _18_in health concerns, have stimulated a number of anti-obesity _19_.My own hospital system has banned sugary drinks from its facilities. Many employers have instituted weight loss and fitness initiatives. Michelle Obama launched a high-visibility campaign _20_ childhood obesity, even claiming that it represents our greatest national security threat.