"... we want more than just a formula. First we have an
observation, then we have numbers that we measure, then
we have a law which summarizes all the numbers. But
the real glory of science is that we can find a way of
thinking such that the law is evident."
"The Feynman lectures on physics",
Addison-Wesley, MA, 1966, p.26-3. THE GHOSTLY SOLUTION OF THE QUANTUM PARADOXES
AND ITS EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATION*
Raoul Nakhmanson
Frankfurt am Main, Germany?
This conference is entitled "Frontiers of fundamental physics". What does this mean? Is it the frontiers of today's physical knowledge, or is it the frontiers of physics itself as a science?
In my paper I shall try to show that today it is the same: the frontiers of contemporary physical knowledge coincide with the conceptual frontiers of physics as a science regarding the behaviour of so-called inanimate matter and even cross over to invade into the kingdom of ghost. Such a point of view permits a very natural interpretation of quantum phenomena, and suggests essentially new experiments in which information plays the principal r?le.
The microworld has surprised the "classical" physicists with the following paradoxes:1,2
1) Before quantum mechanics (QM) was created: quantization of mass, charge, energy, angular momentum; the identity of particles of the same type; wave-particle duality.
2) In QM: statistical predictions, Heisenberg's uncertainty principle, Pauli's exclusion principle.
3) In standard (Copenhagen) interpretation of QM: rejection of the classical realism, a ban on speaking about non-measured parameters, trajectories, etc.; Bohr's complementarity prin-ciple, collapse of the wave function.
The Copenhagen interpretation is only a translation of the mathematical formalism of QM to the ordinary language but not an interpretation in a common sense, because it does not explain how, why, and in which frames this formalism works. Feynman told his students that the quantum world was not like anything that we know; and although everybody knows QM, many people use it, some of them develop it, but nobody understands it.
In discussions about QM the "Gedankenexperimente" play an important r?le. We will discuss three of them which were really performed:
1) Delayed-choice experiment.3 In one arm of an interferometer a Pockels cell is placed which closes the path of photons at the short moment when they can pass the cell. In accor-dance with old local-realistic concept each photon flies only in one arm of the interferometer. If it is the arm with the cell the photon will be absorbed and nothing will be registered. If it is another arm, the short work of the cell placed far away does not act on the photon and the same interference as without the cell must be registered. But no interference was found in accordance with QM.
* Shortened version of a report which was read on September 30, 1993 in Olympia, Greece.
? Present address: Waldschmidtstrasse 131, 60314 Frankfurt, Germany.
Frontiers of Fundamental Physics, Edited by M. Barone
and F. Selleri, Plenum Press, New York, 1994
2) Aharonov-Bohm effect.4 In accordance with QM the frequency of wave-function oscillation depends on the energy. If the particle has different energies in different arms of the interferometer, it leads to an additional phase shift and changes the interference pattern. The experiments were performed with an electron interferometer and a magnetic vector potential and justified the predictions of QM. It is of interest that in the experiments the electrons did not cross the magnetic field. From the old classical point of view it looks like non-local action at a distance.
3) Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) experiment. It was suggested in5 and modernized by Bohm.6 Here two particles emitted simultaneously have common non-factorisable wave function and are measured after parting by a large distance. There is some correlation between the results measured. Bell has shown7 that any local realistic theory (i.e. theory with hidden parameters and restricted velocity of interaction) estimates the uppermost limit of such correlation, and this limit is smaller than predicted by QM. The experiments being performed2 are in accordance with QM, and today's dominant opinion is that local realism has been disproved and one must refuse either reality lying beyond the measurements (like Copenhagen) or locality. Later I will show that this conclusion as well as Bell's theorem itself do not have the generality being ascribed to them.
The EPR-scheme raises a question about separability. "Common sense" prompts that after some time and distance the "magic" correlation between particles must disappear, i.e. the factorisation of the wave function must take place. But how? The analogous question is connected with measuring procedure itself: If interaction between particle and apparatus allows several output results, the QM forecasted end state is a superposition of these results. But in practice the result of each measurement is a pure state, and the result of the series is a statistical mixture. It seems as if QM does not describe the whole measurement process.8 There are some explanations of the EPR paradox. From the Copenhagen point of view it is so as it is. Speaking about some hidden parameters of particles, e.g. directions of spins, before the measurement, has no sense, and Bell's theorem and experiments justify this.
Non-local theories with hidden parameters.9 Here an instantaneous action at a distance is provided by instantaneous collapse of the wave function in all space. The critics emphasize that these theories only rewrite the Schr?dinger's equation in a more complex form, giving the same results and nothing new.
Action of future on the past.10 If such action is possible, the future conditions of measu-rement can act on the hidden parameters of particles at the moment of their departure to tune them for correct correlation. Up to now there is no complete theory ready to defy critique. But common sense prompts that such a world can not be stable.
Fatalism. This possibility was noted particularly by Bell.11 In the spirit of Laplace it is possible to think that everything is pre-determined, particularly our choice of position of analyser. Here we are confronted with the old problem of "free will". If free will exists man (and not only he) can control the choice of alternatives taking into account physical and social conditions. The following chain of syllogisms supports the existence of free will:→ Useful changes are selected and consolidated by evolution.
+ During evolution the volume of the human brain increases.
= The volume of brain is a useful quantity.
+ Intelligence depends on the brain volume; as a rule,
the greater the volume, the higher the intelligence.
= Intelligence is useful.
+ Intelligence can develop itself only if it can choose among several
alternatives; only in such situations can intelligence be useful.
= Free choice, i.e. free will exists.
One can reply that the increase of the brain volume as well as evolution itself are included in the fatalistic scenario. But if one considers the existence of free will ad hoc as an axiom, then, in accordance with these syllogisms, free will gives intelligence a chance to evolve.
The roots of free will do not lie in the macroworld which is ruled by deterministic laws. They lie in the microworld, and quantum uncertainty points to it. Human intelligence is not the only product of free will. It is possible that earler, the free will created some intelligence at the level of its roots, i.e. in microworld. Because the time (measured not in seconds but in events) flowed there much faster, this intelligence had a longer evolution period. Perhaps the golden age of it is over, and now we have to do it only with a "rudimentar" intelligence (so called by Cochran12). The additional pointers on intelligent matter are the Einstein's formula E = mc2 , the informational character of the wave function ψ, the principle of the least action, and quantum-mechanical stochastics.13
The development of quantum physics was a step across the boundary between matter and ghost drawn by Descartes. Physicists felt it and spoke about the free will of electrons and ghost (spirit, consciousness, intelligence) in matter. Similar meanings were expressed by Charles Galton Darwin, Eddington, Heisenberg, Schr?dinger, Pauli, Jordan, Margenau, Wigner, Charon, Cochran, and others. Feynman said that it looks as if a computer is in each point of space. Cambrige University Press has published a book touching this theme11 con-taining interviews with Bell, Bohm, Wheeler, Peierls, Aspect, and others.
Some interesting analogies between microworld and people have been noticed. Niels Bohr saw the manifestation of his complementarity principle in human thinking. Margenau wrote about Pauli's exclusion principle:14
"Prior to that time, all theories had affected the individual nature of so-called 'parts'; the new principle regulated their social behaviour... The particles, though initially assumed to be free, are seen to avoid each other... In a crude manner of speaking, each particle wants to be alone; each runs away then it 'smells' the other, and its sense of smell is keener the more nearly its velocity equals to the other's."
This was said about Fermi-particles. Such behaviour is typical for scientists: each of them tries to find his own theme. Sometimes people's behaviour is like a Bose-particle. Pheno-mena such as fashion in dress or music, and applause or coughing in concert halls, are examples of Bose-condensation. The same man can manifest himself as a Bose- or Fermi-person. For particles this was only possibe in "big bang" time. Are we now at the same stage of evolution?
The next example concerns the EPR-experiment. Let us suppose there are twins, Ralf and Rolf, both of whom live in Frankfurt and work for Lufthansa as pilots. They fly all over the world but mainly to England and Greece. For Lufthansa (not for their families!) they are indistinguishable "particles". The twins always try to dress alike, they believe that this brings them happiness. Because they are often in different countries, they agree on an order of sartorial priority: cold before warmth and rain before dry spell.
Figure 1. Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) experiment and the apparent non-local interaction.
God, who is observing the twins, sees as a rule the striking correlation: the twins dress alike! For example, Ralf and Rolf arrive in England and Greece, respectively. If it is cold in England, not only Ralf but also Rolf wears the overcoat in spite of the warm weather; if it is raining in Greece, not only Rolf but also Ralf hides beneath an umbrella, regardless of whether it is raining or not (Fig.1); etc.. "What is the matter?" - thinks God, - "I estimate experimental conditions, namely, weather in England and Greece and the twins' financial status, telephoning is too expensive for them. It seems there is a non-local interaction between the twins. I am sure it is a new escapade of the devil!"
God's conclusion was only half true. In his heavenly chariot he fell behind the technical progress of the 20th century. He was right suspecting the devil. But up to now the devil does not realize non-local interaction. Instead, he has invented television, power computer for meteorology, and communication satellite. Because of it the twins watch TV at every evening for a good tomorrow world weather forecast .
Although our behaviour occurs in real space-time, the strategy of it is not there. It is in our consciousness, which controls our behaviour, taking into account physical and social laws and circumstances. To develop a strategy we use our knowledge only about the past, and propagate it on the future. The thoroughness of the forecast depends on the information taken into account and the power of the intelligence.
But let us come back to physics. Unfortunately the idea about intelligent matter is not developed up to now. They, who spoke about ghost in matter, did not go beyond such a statement and did not suggest any hypotheses and schemes which could be tested experimen-tally. From another side physicists using QM do not see the necessity of such an idea and follow the principle thought as old as Aristoteles but named after William of Ockham "Ockham's Razor":
"entities should not be multiplied beyond necessity".
Niels Bohr said, that there are trivial and deep statements. To be asked "What is a deep statement?" he answered: "It is such a statement, that an opposite statement is also a deep one." If one accepts the Ockham's principle as a deep statement then, according to Bohr,
"entities should not be canceled beyond necessity"
must also be accepted as a deep statement. Besides, the practical necessity is not the only or main criterion of theory.
A consistent development of the idea of intelligent matter naturally interprets quantum paradoxes as well as QM itself within the limits of local realism, and suggests essentially new experiments with microparticles and atoms in which information plays the principal r?le.
In the new conception the wave function ψ is a strategy-function. It reflects an optimal behaviour of particles. It is not in the real 3-dimensional space. It is in imaginary configura-tion space, which, in its turn, is in the imagination (consciousness) of the particle. When the particle receives new information (it takes place by any interaction with micro- or macro-objects), it can change its strategy. Thus occurs the collapse of the wave function. It occurs not in the real (infinite) space, but in the consciousness of particles. The consequent time is determined by the rapidity of this consciousness. Therefore, compared with space-time conditions of experiment, collapse is local and instantaneous. Von Neumann and Wigner suggested that human consciousness has influence on the collapse of ψ- function. It is not so: in the human consciousness only the human knowledge about the ψ- function collapses. The laws of both collapses lie beyond physics.
The wave-particle duality is a mind-body one. In the space there exists only the particle; the wave exists in its consciousness, as well as the reflection of the whole world. If there are many particles, their distribution in accordance with the ψ- function looks as a real wave in real space.
Particles are artifical things. Division into different sorts or species with internal identities is typical for mass products. It simplifies production, usage, repairs, and replacement of such objects. Technics, plants and animals illustrate it very well. In the last two cases the production is ruled at the genetic level. For example, people have a very narrow statistical distribution of sizes and masses; the world records in sport differ from the middle results not more than twice. The identity of particles of one sort in QM is analogous to the identity of vehicles of one sort with respect to traffic rules. The individual differences lies beyond QM.
Because of free will the behaviour of particles is not strictly determined. In situations allowing alternative outputs the theory gives only a distribution of priorities. Taking this into account the particle makes its choice. The optimal tactics of proportional proving of all possibilities by an ensemble of disconnected particles is randomization of this choice. To do it the particles must have the generators of random signals.
If some theory and random generator (RG) are used to choose the alternative, it looks like a complete algorithm. Well, but where is the free will now? Is it only to change the RG?
The answer is, that purpose and means create a dependence. Really free is he who has no purpose and no desire including the desire of freedom. Therefore there is a danger that in the "Konsumgesellschaft" we transform ourselves into some kind of automata. Perhaps the microworld did not avoid it. But the new turn of development can be connected with a change of purpose or new information. Besides, G?del's theorem prompts, that the space of correct statements can be manifold. In such a case to reach a new fold one must make a "quantum jump". "Do not sin against logic, one reaches nothing new", - said Einstein.
Pauli's principle and Bose- and Fermi-particles were discussed above. These types of social behaviour are optimal for searching (fermions) and power action (bosons). In the last case some macroscopical effects can be observed (in superconductors, superfluids, lasers).
With respect to Heisenberg's uncertainty principle: In the new conception it reflects not the reality but QM as a theory of measurement. In reality the particle has definite coordinates, impulse, trajectory, etc.. But during an interaction with the measurement apparatus it has a possibility to choose the next state. It solves this problem using its intelligence (reflected in the ψ- function), random generator, and freedom (e.g. reflected in the choice of RG). Neither QM nor any other theory predicts a particular result: it would be a refusal of free will.
In spite of this, the dream of Einstein and other realists, to know the values of all parame-ters included in a theory can become true. Particles remember what happened and tell it to others. To do this, they must have synchronised clocks, measure rules, and reference points for space and time. In this sense it is possible to speak about absolute coordinates and time, like Greenwich's ones. If we can communicate with particles13,15, they can say everything about their parameters and forecast their and our future.
The new concept includes the previous realistic ones: empty waves2 and parallel worlds16 exist, but not in the real world: as virtual possibilities they exist in the consciousness of a particle. Not the real10 but a forecasted future acts on the past . The above mentioned danger of total algorithmisation looks like a stochastic fatalism .
The new explanation of delayed-choice and EPR experiments, and suggestions how to have "non-QM-results", were done in13. The essence is, that particles are well informed about the world and its development. The Aharonov-Bohm effect has the same explanation. Besides, this effect emphasizes a priority of potential against field (in classical physics they enjoy equal rights). From the new point of view it is natural, because potential just contribu-tes to the action function whose minimum as a function of trajectory is wanted. It should be observed that the idea of forecasting the conditions on this trajectory is also included in the least action principle. The change from integral form to a differential one does not solve the problem: the notion of derivative is connected with two points, and if we are in one of them, we know only the past conditions in the second point and must extend this into the present.
The proof of Bell's theorem is based on the next assertion: if a particle 1 is measured in the point A having a condition (e.g. angle of analyser) α , and P a is a probability of result a ,
then a condition β existing in a distant point B , there is a measured particle 2 , has no influ-ence on the P a , and vice versa. Here Bell and others saw the indispensable requirement of local realism. Mathematically it can be written as
P ab(λ1i,λ2i,α,β) = P a(λ1i,α)×P b(λ2i,β) , (Bell) (1)
where P ab is the probability of the join result ab , and λ1i and λ2i are hidden parameters of particles 1 and 2 in an arbitrary local-realistic theory. Under the influence of Bell's theorem and the following experiments some "realists" reject locality. In this case an instan-taneous action at a distance is possible, and one can write
P ab(λ1i,λ2i,α,β) = P a(λ1i,α,β)×P b(λ2i,β,α) . (non-locality) (2) In principle such a relation permits a description of any correlation between a and b, particularly predicted by QM and observed in experiments. But in the frame of local realism the condition (1) is not indispensable. Instead, one can write
P ab(λ1i,λ2i,α,β) = P a(λ1i,α,β′)×P b(λ2i,β,α′) , (forecast) (3)
where α′ and β′ are the conditions of measurements in points A and B , respectively, as they can be forecast by particles at the moment of their parting. If the forecast is good enough, i.e. α′ ≈α and β′ ≈β , then (3) practically coincides with (2) and has all its advan-tages plus locality.
On the issue of separability: The EPR-particles have a common strategy. It can continue as long as they can forecast the future. But particles can also have so intensive interactions (e.g. with detectors) that initial strategy is not important anymore. In both cases the con-sciousness of the particle has an ability to cut off and forget the old partnership.
QM is "microsociology". Like its humane sister, it makes only probabilistic forecasts. The transition to classical physics is the transition from sociology of persons to sociology of crowds: the level of freedom decreases and behaviour becomes deterministic. Feynman's statement "quantum world is not like anything that we know" is right only if we do not take into account living beings. If a baby, having more experience with his parents than with "inanimate" matter, could make experiments, the behavior of microparticles would appear to it to be very natural.
REFERENCES
1. M.Jammer. The Conceptual Development of Quantum Mechanics, McGraw-Hill, New York (1966).
2. F.Selleri. Quantum Paradoxes and Physical Reality, Kluwer, Dordrecht (1990); Wave-Particle Duality,
F.Selleri, ed., Plenum Press, New York (1992).
3. J.Baldzuhn, E.Mohler, and W.Martienssen. Z. Phys.-Cond. Matt. 77B, 347 (1989) and Refs. cited there.
4. Y.Aharonov, D.Bohm. Phys.Rev.115, 485 (1959).
5. A.Einstein, B.Podolsky, and N.Rosen. Phys.Rev.47, 777 (1935).
6. D.Bohm. Quantum Theory, Prentice Hall, New York (1951).
7. J.S.Bell. Physics1, 195 (1965).
8. E.Wigner, in The Scientist Speculates, I.J.Good, ed., London (1962); G.Ludwig, in Werner Heisenberg und
die Physik unserer Zeit, Vieweg, Braunschweig (1961).
9. L. de Broglie. J.Phys.Radium8, 225 (1928); D.Bohm. Phys.Rev. 85, 166 (1952).
10. O.Costa de Beauregard. Nuovo Cimento B42, 41 (1977).
11. The Ghost in the Atom. P.C.W.Davies and J.R.Brown, eds., Cambridge University Press (1986).
12. A.A.Cochran. Found. Phys. 1, 235 (1971).
13. R.Nakhmanson, in Waves and Particles in Light and Matter, A.van der Merwe and A.Garuccio, eds.,
Plenum Press, New York (1994), p. 571.
14. H.Margenau. The Nature of Physical Reality. McGray-Hill, New York (1936).
15. R.Nakhmanson. Preprint 38-79, Institute of Semiconductor Physics, Novosibirsk (1980); see also Ref.13
and A.Berezin and R.Nakhmanson. J. of Physics Essays3, 331 (1990).
16. H.Everett III. Rev.Mod.Phys. 29, 454 (1957); see also B.S. DeWitt. Phys.Today9, 30 (1970).
The way 的用法 Ⅰ常见用法： 1)the way+ that 2)the way + in which（最为正式的用法） 3)the way + 省略（最为自然的用法） 举例：I like the way in which he talks. I like the way that he talks. I like the way he talks. Ⅱ习惯用法： 在当代美国英语中，the way用作为副词的对格，“the way+ 从句”实际上相当于一个状语从句来修饰整个句子。 1)The way =as I am talking to you just the way I’d talk to my own child. He did not do it the way his friends did. Most fruits are naturally sweet and we can eat them just the way they are—all we have to do is to clean and peel them. 2）The way= according to the way/ judging from the way The way you answer the question, you are an excellent student. The way most people look at you, you’d think trash man is a monster. 3）The way =how/ how much No one can imagine the way he missed her. 4）The way =because
The way的用法及其含义（二） 二、the way在句中的语法作用 the way在句中可以作主语、宾语或表语： 1.作主语 The way you are doing it is completely crazy.你这个干法简直发疯。 The way she puts on that accent really irritates me. 她故意操那种口音的样子实在令我恼火。The way she behaved towards him was utterly ruthless. 她对待他真是无情至极。 Words are important, but the way a person stands, folds his or her arms or moves his or her hands can also give us information about his or her feelings. 言语固然重要,但人的站姿,抱臂的方式和手势也回告诉我们他(她)的情感。 2.作宾语 I hate the way she stared at me.我讨厌她盯我看的样子。 We like the way that her hair hangs down.我们喜欢她的头发笔直地垂下来。 You could tell she was foreign by the way she was dressed. 从她的穿著就可以看出她是外国人。 She could not hide her amusement at the way he was dancing. 她见他跳舞的姿势，忍俊不禁。 3.作表语 This is the way the accident happened.这就是事故如何发生的。 Believe it or not, that's the way it is. 信不信由你, 反正事情就是这样。 That's the way I look at it, too. 我也是这么想。 That was the way minority nationalities were treated in old China. 那就是少数民族在旧中
定冠词the的用法： 定冠词the与指示代词this ,that同源,有“那(这)个”的意思,但较弱,可以和一个名词连用,来表示某个或某些特定的人或东西. (1)特指双方都明白的人或物 Take the medicine.把药吃了. (2)上文提到过的人或事 He bought a house.他买了幢房子. I've been to the house.我去过那幢房子. (3)指世界上独一无二的事物 the sun ,the sky ,the moon, the earth (4)单数名词连用表示一类事物 the dollar 美元 the fox 狐狸 或与形容词或分词连用,表示一类人 the rich 富人 the living 生者 (5)用在序数词和形容词最高级,及形容词等前面 Where do you live?你住在哪? I live on the second floor.我住在二楼. That's the very thing I've been looking for.那正是我要找的东西. (6)与复数名词连用,指整个群体 They are the teachers of this school.(指全体教师) They are teachers of this school.(指部分教师) (7)表示所有,相当于物主代词,用在表示身体部位的名词前 She caught me by the arm.她抓住了我的手臂. (8)用在某些有普通名词构成的国家名称,机关团体,阶级等专有名词前 the People's Republic of China 中华人民共和国 the United States 美国 (9)用在表示乐器的名词前 She plays the piano.她会弹钢琴. (10)用在姓氏的复数名词之前,表示一家人 the Greens 格林一家人(或格林夫妇) (11)用在惯用语中 in the day, in the morning... the day before yesterday, the next morning... in the sky... in the dark... in the end... on the whole, by the way...
“tｈｅwａｙ+从句”结构的意义及用法 首先让我们来看下面这个句子: Ｒead the foｌloｗｉnｇpassagｅａnd talkａbout ｉt wi ｔh your classmaｔes．Try tｏｔeｌl whaｔyｏu thiｎk ｏf Tom aｎd ｏｆｔhe ｗay the chiｌｄrenｔrｅated ｈim. 在这个句子中，ｔhe waｙ是先行词,后面是省略了关系副词that或in whｉch的定语从句。 下面我们将叙述“the ｗaｙ+从句”结构的用法。 1.tｈe wａy之后，引导定语从句的关系词是tｈat而不是hoｗ,因此，<<现代英语惯用法词典＞＞中所给出的下面两个句子是错误的：Ｔhｉs is ｔｈeｗayｈowｉtｈａppened. This is the way how he ａlwａｙs treats me. 2．在正式语体中,thaｔ可被in which所代替;在非正式语体中，ｔhat则往往省略。由此我们得到theｗay后接定语从句时的三种模式：1) tｈe ｗaｙ＋ｔhａt-从句２）the way +ｉn whiｃh－从句3) the ｗay +从句 例如：Ｔｈe way(in whiｃh ，thａt) ｔhｅｓｅｃomｒade ｓloｏｋａｔｐrobｌems is wrong．这些同志看问题的方法
不对。 Ｔｈｅｗａy(that ,ｉn ｗhiｃh)yoｕ’ｒe doinｇit is comple ｔeｌy crａzy.你这么个干法,简直发疯。 Wｅａdmiｒｅd him for thｅｗay ｉｎｗhｉch he fａｃeｓdiｆficultieｓ． Waｌlａｃe ａｎd Ｄarwiｎｇreed ｏn the way ｉｎwhi ｃh ｄｉfｆｅrｅnt forms ｏf life had ｂegｕn.华莱士和达尔文对不同类型的生物是如何起源的持相同的观点。 Thｉs is ｔｈe ｗaｙ（tｈａｔ) hｅdｉd it. I lｉkeｄｔhe waｙ(ｔhat) ｓｈeｏｒganized ｔhe ｍeetｉng． 3.theｗay(tｈat)有时可以与hｏw(作“如何”解）通用。例如： That’s tｈe ｗaｙ(tｈaｔ) shｅspoke. = Tｈat’s how shｅspoke.
表示“方式”、“方法”，注意以下用法： 1.表示用某种方法或按某种方式，通常用介词in(此介词有时可省略)。如： Do it (in) your own way. 按你自己的方法做吧。 Please do not talk (in) that way. 请不要那样说。 2.表示做某事的方式或方法，其后可接不定式或of doing sth。 如： It’s the best way of studying [to study] English. 这是学习英语的最好方法。 There are different ways to do [of doing] it. 做这事有不同的办法。 3.其后通常可直接跟一个定语从句(不用任何引导词)，也可跟由that 或in which 引导的定语从句，但是其后的从句不能由how 来引导。如： 我不喜欢他说话的态度。 正：I don’t like the way he spoke. 正：I don’t like the way that he spoke. 正：I don’t like the way in which he spoke. 误：I don’t like the way how he spoke. 4.注意以下各句the way 的用法： That’s the way (=how) he spoke. 那就是他说话的方式。 Nobody else loves you the way(=as) I do. 没有人像我这样爱你。 The way (=According as) you are studying now, you won’tmake much progress. 根据你现在学习情况来看，你不会有多大的进步。 2007年陕西省高考英语中有这样一道单项填空题： ——I think he is taking an active part insocial work. ——I agree with you_____. A、in a way B、on the way C、by the way D、in the way 此题答案选A。要想弄清为什么选A，而不选其他几项，则要弄清选项中含way的四个短语的不同意义和用法，下面我们就对此作一归纳和小结。 一、in a way的用法 表示：在一定程度上，从某方面说。如： In a way he was right.在某种程度上他是对的。注：in a way也可说成in one way。 二、on the way的用法 1、表示：即将来(去)，就要来(去)。如： Spring is on the way.春天快到了。 I'd better be on my way soon.我最好还是快点儿走。 Radio forecasts said a sixth-grade wind was on the way.无线电预报说将有六级大风。 2、表示：在路上，在行进中。如： He stopped for breakfast on the way.他中途停下吃早点。 We had some good laughs on the way.我们在路上好好笑了一阵子。 3、表示：(婴儿)尚未出生。如： She has two children with another one on the way.她有两个孩子，现在还怀着一个。 She's got five children，and another one is on the way.她已经有5个孩子了，另一个又快生了。 三、by the way的用法
The way的用法及其含义（一） 有这样一个句子：In 1770 the room was completed the way she wanted. 1770年，这间琥珀屋按照她的要求完成了。 the way在句中的语法作用是什么？其意义如何？在阅读时，学生经常会碰到一些含有the way 的句子，如：No one knows the way he invented the machine. He did not do the experiment the way his teacher told him.等等。他们对the way 的用法和含义比较模糊。在这几个句子中，the way之后的部分都是定语从句。第一句的意思是，“没人知道他是怎样发明这台机器的。”the way的意思相当于how；第二句的意思是，“他没有按照老师说的那样做实验。”the way 的意思相当于as。在In 1770 the room was completed the way she wanted.这句话中，the way也是as的含义。随着现代英语的发展，the way的用法已越来越普遍了。下面，我们从the way的语法作用和意义等方面做一考查和分析： 一、the way作先行词，后接定语从句 以下3种表达都是正确的。例如：“我喜欢她笑的样子。” 1. the way+ in which +从句 I like the way in which she smiles. 2. the way+ that +从句 I like the way that she smiles. 3. the way + 从句(省略了in which或that) I like the way she smiles. 又如：“火灾如何发生的，有好几种说法。” 1. There were several theories about the way in which the fire started. 2. There were several theories about the way that the fire started.
way 的用法 【语境展示】 1. Now I’ll show you how to do the experiment in a different way. 下面我来演示如何用一种不同的方法做这个实验。 2. The teacher had a strange way to make his classes lively and interesting. 这位老师有种奇怪的办法让他的课生动有趣。 3. Can you tell me the best way of working out this problem? 你能告诉我算出这道题的最好方法吗？ 4. I don’t know the way (that / in which) he helped her out. 我不知道他用什么方法帮助她摆脱困境的。 5. The way (that / which) he talked about to solve the problem was difficult to understand. 他所谈到的解决这个问题的方法难以理解。 6. I don’t like the way that / which is being widely used for saving water. 我不喜欢这种正在被广泛使用的节水方法。 7. They did not do it the way we do now. 他们以前的做法和我们现在不一样。 【归纳总结】 ●way作“方法，方式”讲时，如表示“以……方式”，前面常加介词in。如例1； ●way作“方法，方式”讲时，其后可接不定式to do sth.，也可接of doing sth. 作定语，表示做某事的方法。如例2，例3；
t h e-w a y-的用法
The way 的用法 "the way+从句"结构在英语教科书中出现的频率较高, the way 是先行词, 其后是定语从句.它有三种表达形式:1) the way+that 2)the way+ in which 3)the way + 从句(省略了that或in which),在通常情况下, 用in which 引导的定语从句最为正式,用that的次之,而省略了关系代词that 或 in which 的, 反而显得更自然,最为常用.如下面三句话所示,其意义相同. I like the way in which he talks. I like the way that he talks. I like the way he talks. 一.在当代美国英语中,the way用作为副词的对格,"the way+从句"实际上相当于一个状语从句来修饰全句. the way=as 1)I'm talking to you just the way I'd talk to a boy of my own. 我和你说话就象和自己孩子说话一样. 2)He did not do it the way his friend did. 他没有象他朋友那样去做此事. 3)Most fruits are naturally sweet and we can eat them just the way they are ----all we have to do is clean or peel them . 大部分水果天然甜润,可以直接食用,我们只需要把他们清洗一下或去皮.
way的用法总结大全 way的用法你知道多少，今天给大家带来way的用法，希望能够帮助到大家，下面就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。 way的用法总结大全 way的意思 n. 道路,方法,方向,某方面 adv. 远远地，大大地 way用法 way可以用作名词 way的基本意思是“路,道,街,径”,一般用来指具体的“路,道路”,也可指通向某地的“方向”“路线”或做某事所采用的手段,即“方式,方法”。way还可指“习俗,作风”“距离”“附近,周围”“某方面”等。 way作“方法,方式,手段”解时,前面常加介词in。如果way前有this, that等限定词,介词可省略,但如果放在句首,介词则不可省略。
way作“方式,方法”解时,其后可接of v -ing或to- v 作定语,也可接定语从句,引导从句的关系代词或关系副词常可省略。 way用作名词的用法例句 I am on my way to the grocery store.我正在去杂货店的路上。 We lost the way in the dark.我们在黑夜中迷路了。 He asked me the way to London.他问我去伦敦的路。 way可以用作副词 way用作副词时意思是“远远地,大大地”,通常指在程度或距离上有一定的差距。 way back表示“很久以前”。 way用作副词的用法例句 It seems like Im always way too busy with work.我工作总是太忙了。 His ideas were way ahead of his time.他的思想远远超越了他那个时代。 She finished the race way ahead of the other runners.她第一个跑到终点,远远领先于其他选手。 way用法例句
t h e_w a y的用法大全
The way 在the way+从句中, the way 是先行词, 其后是定语从句.它有三种表达形式:1) the way+that 2)the way+ in which 3)the way + 从句(省略了that或in which),在通常情况下, 用in which 引导的定语从句最为正式,用that的次之,而省略了关系代词that 或 in which 的, 反而显得更自然,最为常用.如下面三句话所示,其意义相同. I like the way in which he talks. I like the way that he talks. I like the way he talks. 如果怕弄混淆，下面的可以不看了 另外，在当代美国英语中,the way用作为副词的对格,"the way+从句"实际上相当于一个状语从句来修饰全句. the way=as 1)I'm talking to you just the way I'd talk to a boy of my own. 我和你说话就象和自己孩子说话一样. 2)He did not do it the way his friend did. 他没有象他朋友那样去做此事. 3)Most fruits are naturally sweet and we can eat them just the way they are ----all we have to do is clean or peel them . 大部分水果天然甜润,可以直接食用,我们只需要把他们清洗一下或去皮. the way=according to the way/judging from the way 4)The way you answer the qquestions, you must be an excellent student. 从你回答就知道,你是一个优秀的学生. 5)The way most people look at you, you'd think a trashman was a monster. 从大多数人看你的目光中,你就知道垃圾工在他们眼里是怪物. the way=how/how much 6)I know where you are from by the way you pronounce my name. 从你叫我名字的音调中,我知道你哪里人. 7)No one can imaine the way he misses her. 人们很想想象他是多么想念她. the way=because 8) No wonder that girls looks down upon me, the way you encourage her. 难怪那姑娘看不起我, 原来是你怂恿的
The way 的用法 "the way+从句"结构在英语教科书中出现的频率较高, the way 是先行词, 其后是定语从句.它有三种表达形式:1) the way+that 2)the way+ in which 3)the way + 从句(省略了that或in which),在通常情况下, 用in which 引导的定语从句最为正式,用that的次之,而省略了关系代词that 或in which 的, 反而显得更自然,最为常用.如下面三句话所示,其意义相同. I like the way in which he talks. I like the way that he talks. I like the way he talks. 一.在当代美国英语中,the way用作为副词的对格,"the way+从句"实际上相当于一个状语从句来修饰全句. the way=as 1)I'm talking to you just the way I'd talk to a boy of my own. 我和你说话就象和自己孩子说话一样. 2)He did not do it the way his friend did. 他没有象他朋友那样去做此事. 3)Most fruits are naturally sweet and we can eat them just the way they are ----all we have to do is clean or peel them . 大部分水果天然甜润,可以直接食用,我们只需要把他们清洗一下或去皮.
the way=according to the way/judging from the way 4)The way you answer the qquestions, you must be an excellent student. 从你回答就知道,你是一个优秀的学生. 5)The way most people look at you, you'd think a trashman was a monster. 从大多数人看你的目光中,你就知道垃圾工在他们眼里是怪物. the way=how/how much 6)I know where you are from by the way you pronounce my name. 从你叫我名字的音调中,我知道你哪里人. 7)No one can imaine the way he misses her. 人们很想想象他是多么想念她. the way=because 8) No wonder that girls looks down upon me, the way you encourage her. 难怪那姑娘看不起我, 原来是你怂恿的 the way =while/when(表示对比) 9)From that day on, they walked into the classroom carrying defeat on their shoulders the way other students carried textbooks under their arms. 从那天起,其他同学是夹着书本来上课,而他们却带着"失败"的思想负担来上课.
The way的用法及其含义（三） 三、the way的语义 1. the way=as（像） Please do it the way I’ve told you.请按照我告诉你的那样做。 I'm talking to you just the way I'd talk to a boy of my own.我和你说话就像和自己孩子说话一样。 Plant need water the way they need sun light. 植物需要水就像它们需要阳光一样。 2. the way=how（怎样，多么） No one can imagine the way he misses her.没人能够想象出他是多么想念她！ I want to find out the way a volcano has formed.我想弄清楚火山是怎样形成的。 He was filled with anger at the way he had been treated.他因遭受如此待遇而怒火满腔。That’s the way she speaks.她就是那样讲话的。 3. the way=according as （根据） The way you answer the questions, you must be an excellent student.从你回答问题来看，你一定是名优秀的学生。 The way most people look at you, you'd think a trash man was a monster.从大多数人看你的目光中,你就知道垃圾工在他们眼里是怪物。 The way I look at it, it’s not what you do that matters so much.依我看，重要的并不是你做什么。 I might have been his son the way he talked.根据他说话的样子，好像我是他的儿子一样。One would think these men owned the earth the way they behave.他们这样行动，人家竟会以为他们是地球的主人。
一．Way：“方式”、“方法” 1.表示用某种方法或按某种方式 Do it (in) your own way. Please do not talk (in) that way. 2.表示做某事的方式或方法 It’s the best way of studying [to study] English.。 There are different ways to do [of doing] it. 3.其后通常可直接跟一个定语从句(不用任何引导词)，也可跟由that 或in which 引导的定语从句 正：I don’t like the way he spoke. I don’t like the way that he spoke. I don’t like the way in which he spoke.误：I don’t like the way how he spoke. 4. the way 的从句 That’s the way (=how) he spoke. I know where you are from by the way you pronounce my name. That was the way minority nationalities were treated in old China. Nobody else loves you the way(=as) I do. He did not do it the way his friend did. 二．固定搭配 1. In a/one way：In a way he was right. 2. In the way /get in one’s way I'm afraid your car is in the way， If you are not going to help，at least don't get in the way. You'll have to move－you're in my way. 3. in no way Theory can in no way be separated from practice. 4. On the way (to……) Let’s wait a few moments. He is on the way Spring is on the way. Radio forecasts said a sixth-grade wind was on the way. She has two children with another one on the way. 5. By the way By the way，do you know where Mary lives? 6. By way of Learn English by way of watching US TV series. 8. under way 1. Elbow one’s way He elbowed his way to the front of the queue. 2. shoulder one’s way 3. feel one‘s way 摸索着向前走；We couldn’t see anything in the cave, so we had to feel our way out 4. fight/force one’s way 突破。。。而前进The surrounded soldiers fought their way out. 5.. push/thrust one‘s way（在人群中）挤出一条路He pushed his way through the crowd. 6. wind one’s way 蜿蜒前进 7. lead the way 带路，领路；示范 8. lose one‘s way 迷失方向 9. clear the way 排除障碍，开路迷路 10. make one’s way 前进，行进The team slowly made their way through the jungle.
在the way+从句中, the way 是先行词, 其后是定语从句.它有三种表达形式:1) the way+that 2)the way+ in which 3)the way + 从句(省略了that或in which),在通常情况下, 用in which 引导的定语从句最为正式,用that的次之,而省略了关系代词that 或in which 的, 反而显得更自然,最为常用.如下面三句话所示,其意义相同. I like the way in which he talks. I like the way that he talks. I like the way he talks. 如果怕弄混淆，下面的可以不看了 另外，在当代美国英语中,the way用作为副词的对格,"the way+从句"实际上相当于一个状语从句来修饰全句. the way=as 1)I'm talking to you just the way I'd talk to a boy of my own. 我和你说话就象和自己孩子说话一样. 2)He did not do it the way his friend did. 他没有象他朋友那样去做此事. 3)Most fruits are naturally sweet and we can eat them just the way they are ----all we have to do is clean or peel them . 大部分水果天然甜润,可以直接食用,我们只需要把他们清洗一下或去皮. the way=according to the way/judging from the way 4)The way you answer the qquestions, you must be an excellent student. 从你回答就知道,你是一个优秀的学生. 5)The way most people look at you, you'd think a trashman was a monster. 从大多数人看你的目光中,你就知道垃圾工在他们眼里是怪物. the way=how/how much 6)I know where you are from by the way you pronounce my name. 从你叫我名字的音调中,我知道你哪里人. 7)No one can imaine the way he misses her. 人们很想想象他是多么想念她. the way=because 8) No wonder that girls looks down upon me, the way you encourage her. 难怪那姑娘看不起我, 原来是你怂恿的 the way =while/when(表示对比) 9)From that day on, they walked into the classroom carrying defeat on their shoulders the way other students carried textbooks under their arms.
“the way+从句”结构的意义及用法 首先让我们来看下面这个句子： Read the following passage and talk about it with your classmates. Try to tell what you think of Tom and of the way the children treated him. 在这个句子中，the way是先行词，后面是省略了关系副词that 或in which的定语从句。 下面我们将叙述“the way+从句”结构的用法。 1．the way之后，引导定语从句的关系词是that而不是how,因此，<<现代英语惯用法词典>>中所给出的下面两个句子是错误的：This is the way how it happened. This is the way how he always treats me. 2. 在正式语体中，that可被in which所代替；在非正式语体中，that则往往省略。由此我们得到the way后接定语从句时的三种模式：1) the way +that-从句2) the way +in which-从句3) the way +从句 例如：The way(in which ,that) these comrades look at problems is wrong.这些同志看问题的方法不对。
The way(that ,in which)you’re doing it is completely crazy.你这么个干法，简直发疯。 We admired him for the way in which he faces difficulties. Wallace and Darwin greed on the way in which different forms of life had begun.华莱士和达尔文对不同类型的生物是如何起源的持相同的观点。 This is the way (that) he did it. I liked the way (that) she organized the meeting. 3.the way(that)有时可以与how(作“如何”解)通用。例如： That’s the way (that) she spoke. = That’s how she spoke. I should like to know the way/how you learned to master the fundamental technique within so short a time. 4．the way的其它用法：以上我们讲的都是用作先行词的the way，下面我们将叙述它的一些用法。
定冠词the的12种用法 定冠词the 的12 种用法，全知道?快来一起学习吧。下面就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。 定冠词the 的12 种用法，全知道? 定冠词the用在各种名词前面，目的是对这个名词做个记号，表示它的特指属性。所以在词汇表中，定冠词the 的词义是“这个，那个，这些，那些”，可见，the 即可以放在可数名词前，也可以修饰不可数名词，the 后面的名词可以是单数，也可以是复数。 定冠词的基本用法： (1) 表示对某人、某物进行特指，所谓的特指就是“不是别的，就是那个!”如： The girl with a red cap is Susan. 戴了个红帽子的女孩是苏珊。 (2) 一旦用到the，表示谈话的俩人都知道说的谁、说的啥。如：
The dog is sick. 狗狗病了。(双方都知道是哪一只狗) (3) 前面提到过的，后文又提到。如： There is a cat in the tree.Thecat is black. 树上有一只猫，猫是黑色的。 (4) 表示世界上唯一的事物。如： The Great Wall is a wonder.万里长城是个奇迹。(5) 方位名词前。如： thenorth of the Yangtze River 长江以北地区 (6) 在序数词和形容词最高级的前面。如： Who is the first?谁第一个? Sam is the tallest.山姆最高。 但是不能认为，最高级前必须加the，如： My best friend. 我最好的朋友。 (7) 在乐器前。如： play the flute 吹笛子
Way用法 A:I think you should phone Jenny and say sorry to her. B:_______. It was her fault. A. No way B. Not possible C. No chance D. Not at all 说明：正确答案是A. No way，意思是“别想！没门！决不！” 我认为你应该打电话给珍妮并向她道歉。 没门！这是她的错。 再看两个关于no way的例句： （1）Give up our tea break? NO way! 让我们放弃喝茶的休息时间？没门儿！ （2）No way will I go on working for that boss. 我决不再给那个老板干了。 way一词含义丰富，由它构成的短语用法也很灵活。为了便于同学们掌握和用好它，现结合实例将其用法归纳如下： 一、way的含义 1. 路线
He asked me the way to London. 他问我去伦敦的路。 We had to pick our way along the muddy track. 我们不得不在泥泞的小道上择路而行。 2. （沿某）方向 Look this way, please. 请往这边看。 Kindly step this way, ladies and gentlemen. 女士们、先生们，请这边走。 Look both ways before crossing the road. 过马路前向两边看一看。 Make sure that the sign is right way up. 一定要把符号的上下弄对。 3. 道、路、街，常用以构成复合词 a highway（公路），a waterway（水路），a railway（铁路），wayside（路边）
way/time的特殊用法 1、当先行词是way意思为”方式.方法”的时候,引导定语从句的关系词有下列3种形式： Way在从句中做宾语 The way that / which he explained to us is quite simple. Way在从句中做状语 The way t hat /in which he explained the sentence to us is quite simple. 2、当先行词是time时,若time表示次数时,应用关系代词that引导定语从句,that可以省略; 若time表示”一段时间”讲时,应用关系副词when或介词at/during + which引导定语从句 1.Is this factory _______ we visited last year? 2.Is this the factory-------we visited last year? A. where B in which C the one D which 3. This is the last time _________ I shall give you a lesson. A. when B that C which D in which 4.I don’t like the way ________ you laugh at her. A . that B on which C which D as 5.He didn’t understand the wa y ________ I worked out the problem. A which B in which C where D what 6.I could hardly remember how many times----I’ve failed. A that B which C in which D when 7.This is the second time--------the president has visited the country. A which B where C that D in which 8.This was at a time------there were no televisions, no computers or radios. A what B when C which D that