Unit1
1.F International trade is only the exchange of goods between nations.
2.T Countries trade with each other partly because of cost advantages.
3.T Trade means countries can provide a wider variety of products for their consumers
4.T International trade can greatly expand the market, which enables the suppliers to take advantage of economies of scale.
5.T Exchange rate fluctuations may create many problems for international trade.Exchange rate fluctuations may create many problems for international trade
6. T Still in some cases, political reasons can outweigh economic considerations between countries.
7. T When we provide shipping insurance service for foreigners, it can be seen as an example of invisible trade.
8.F Trade surplus means that a country’s imports exceed its exports.
9. T Tariff and quotas are the examples of trade barriers.
10. T A duty levied on a specific shipment can be an import, a protective and a compound duty at the same time.
1. ___________ is the reason why international trade first began. a. Uneven distribution of resources c. Economic benefit b. Pattern of demand d. Comparative advantage
2. If one country concentrates on the production of the goods in which it has a comparative advantage, and produces more than it can use, then it will sell the left to other countries. This reason for international trade is called ___________. a. economies of scale c. specialization
b. variety of style d. patterns of demand
3. The production cost will decrease if the goods are produced on a large scale. This is called ___________. a. economies of scale c. specialization b. variety of style d. patterns of demand
4. The followings are the special problems for international trade except for ___________. a. using foreign languages and foreign currency c. having risks b. under foreign laws, customs and regulations d. numerous cultural differences
5. ___________ refers to an exchange of services, labor or other non-physical goods between countries. a. Invisible trade c. International trade b. Visible trade d. Balance of trade
6. Invisible trade consists of the following items except for ___________. a. transport services across national borders c. insurance services across national borders b. foreign tourist expenses d. product exchange across national borders
7. ___________ is the difference between the value of the goods and services that a country exports and the value of the goods and services that it imports. a. Trade balance c. Trade deficit b. Trade surplus d. Trade barrier
8. Each country has to earn ___________ to pay for imports. a. money c. cash b. foreign
exchange d. currency
9. ___________ is collected according to physical quantity. a. Revenue tariff c. Specific duty
b. Protection tariff d. Alternative duty
10. Which is not the example of trade barriers? ___________ a. Tariffs c. Import duties b. Quotas d. Income tax
1.国际贸易international trade
2. 比较优势comparative advantage
3. 规模经济economies of scale
4. 经济增长economic growth
5. 外汇foreign currency
6. 有形贸易visible trade
7. 无形贸易invisible trade
8. 贸易差额balance of trade
9. 贸易顺差trade surplus
10. 贸易逆差trade deficit
11. 贸易壁垒trade barrier
12. 非关税壁垒.non-tariff barrier
13. 财政关税revenue tariff
14. 保护关税revenue tariff
15. 进口关税import duty
16. 出口关税export duty
17. 从量税specific duty
18. 从价税Ad valorem duty
19. 进口许可证import license
20. 配额quota
翻译
1.International trade, also known as world trade, foreign trade or overseas trade, is the exchange of goods and services between countries.
国际贸易，又称世界贸易、对外贸易或海外贸易，是国与国之间商品和服务的交换交换。
2.Trade may occur because of economies of scale, that is, the cost advantages of large-scale production.
贸易可能源于规模经济，即大规模生产带来的成本优势。
3.Visible trade refers to exports and imports of goods, while invisible trade refers to an exchange of services, labor or other non-physical goods between countries.
有形贸易即产品的进出口，而无形贸易则指服务和资产的交换。
4. If a country’s exports exceed its imports, it has a trade surplus and the trade balance issaid
to be positive. If imports exceed exports, the country has a trade deficit and its tradebalance is said to be negative.
如果出口大于进口，即为贸易顺差，称为出超；如果进口大于出口，则为贸易逆差，称为入超。
5. A tariff is a tax levied on a commodity when it crosses the boundary of a customs area which usually coincides with the area of a country.
关税即当货物跨越关境边界时征收的税，关境通常就是国境。
6. A quota is a limitation in value or in physical terms, imposed on import and export of certain goods for a certain period of time.
配额是对某一商品在某一特定时期的进出口加以价值或数量上的限定。
7. 各种形式的贸易壁垒主要来源于政府干预(government intervention)。
Various forms of trade barriers are largely derived from government intervention.
8. 近年来中国经济迅速增长，贸易结构也相应改变很大。
China’s economic growth has been tremendous in recent years and its trade structure has correspondingly undergone considerable transformation.
9. 当前国际贸易中最大的困难是非关税壁垒，如进口配额、出口管制等。
The major difficulties in international trade today are the non-tariff barriers like quota sdttl and export controls.
10. 大多数贸易协定是多边协定，而非双边协定。
Most trade agreements today are multilateral rather than bilateral.
Unit2
T1.A term for defining one particular grade of quality in one country may have quite a different meaning in another country.
T2.In the case of sale by buyer’s sample or sale by seller’s sample, the quality of the commodities should be strictly the same as what of the sample. Otherwise, it should be stipulated in the contract clearly.
F3.The grades of the same product are always the same in different countries.
F4.In international trade, only the Metric System is allowed to indicate the quantity of goods. T5.Different ways of measurement such as by weight, by length, by area, by volume and by capacity may be used for different products.
F6.In reality, the quantity of goods shipped must be exactly the same with that stipulated in the contract.
T7.Packing should be designed according to the need of the cargo.
F8.Generally speaking, more packing is required for containerized consignments.
T9.Marking of goods can facilitate loading, unloading, transit, storage, inspection and help avoid wrong shipment.
T10.Nos.1- 150 in the shipping mark means that there are 150 packages of goods and this package is the first one.
1.The sample made by the seller according to the buyer’s, and then sent to and confirmed by the buyer is called d. counter sample
2.___________ are usually sold by trade mark or brand name? a. Manufactured goods with steady quality
3.The methods commonly used to express the quality include the followings except for ___________. a. sale by sample b. sale by materials c. sale by description d. sale by trade mark or brand name
4.In international trade, the goods that are demanded on special shape or the characteristics of color and taste should be sold ___________. a. by sample b. by specification c. by grade d. by name of origin
5.Quality standard of FAQ is usually used in the trade of ___________. a. agricultural products b. wood c. aquatic products d. manufactured goods
6.If there is a quality tolerance clause in a contract, within the range of the tolerance, the buyer___________. a. must accept the goods b. can refuse the goods c. can demand the price to be adjusted
7.Quality latitude can be stipulated in the contract in the following ways except for______. a. to stipulate a certain scope b. to stipulate more or less clause c. to stipulate “max”or “min”
d. to stipulate a tolerance
8.A company exports 50 tons of wheat, but the exporter delivers the extra 2 tons. If there is no other regulation on quantity in the L/C, then the importer should ___________. a. accept 52 tons b. refuse to take 52 tons c. accept extra 1 ton d. refuse to accept extra 2 tons
9. The more or less clause is normally used for ___________. a. bulk goods b. packed units c. individual items d. containerized goods
10. The followings are the typical examples of indicative marks except for ___________. a. Handle with care b. Inflammable c. Keep upright d. Keep in dry place
1. 商品描述description of commodity
2.对等样品counter sample
3.复样duplicate sample
4.参考样品original sample / reference sample
5.凭规格买卖sale by specifications
6.良好平均品质FAQ
7. 上好适销品质GMQ
8. 品牌brand
9. 商标trade mark
10. 品质公差quality tolerance
11. 品质机动幅度quality latitude
12. 数量quantity
13. 计量单位unit of measurement
14. 公吨metric ton
15. 溢短装条款more or less clause
16. 包装packing
17. 纸箱carton
18. 装运标志/唛头shipping mark
19. 指示性标志indicative marks
20. 警告性标志warning marks
1.In order to take the initiative, the seller may reproduce the buyer’s sample, and send it back to the buyer as a type sample. After the buyer confirms this sample, sale by buyer’s sample is changed into sale by the seller’s counter sample.
为了采取主动，卖方可根据买方样品加工出类似样品交买方确认。买方确认后，凭买方样品买卖变为凭卖方对等样品买卖。
2.FAQ means a quantity of a product that is offered not on a particular quality specification but on the basis that is equal to the average quality of the current group or recent shipment. 良好平均品质是指不按特定商品规格，而以近期的一批货物或装船货物的平均品质为基础提供的一批货物。
3.Tolerance means the permissible range within which the quality supplied by the seller may be either superior or inferior to the quality stipulated in the contract.
公差指卖方交货品质优于或劣于合同规定质量的许可范围。
4.It is very difficult to measure accurately some agricultural and mineral products like corn, wheat, coal, etc., then a “more or less clause”, also called “plus or minus clause”, may be used to allow some tolerance in the quantity.
有时难以保证装运商品的数量与合同规定完全相符，因此会使用溢短装条款或称增减条款以允许数量差额。
5.Unless there is a stipulation that the quantity of the goods must not be exceeded or reduced, or the goods are to be calculated by number of package, 5% more or less of the goods in quantity should be accepted.
如果未规定商品质量不能增加或者减少，则可有5%的增减幅度。
6.Packing should be designed according to the need of the cargo. Bulk cargoes require little packing. General merchandises require adequate packing of various types.
包装应按货物的需要来设计。散装货几乎不用包装，大路货需要不同类型的合适包装。
7. 我方对产品质量很满意，想知道它们是怎么包装的。
We appreciate the quality of your products but would like to know how they are packed.
8.豆子是以散装或尼龙袋供应的。
The beans are supplied in bulk or in gunny bags.
9.我方采用纸箱而非木箱，因为纸箱同样适用于海上运输，但成本更少，重量更轻。We have now adopted carton packing instead of wooden cases as the former is just as seaworthy as the latter while the cost is less and the weight lighter.
10.每罐装330毫升零度可口可乐，每24罐装一纸箱。
Pack the Coco Cola Zero in tins of 330ml each, 24 tins to a carton.
Unit3
T1.A unit price consists of four parts: currency unit, unit price figure, measuring unitand price terms.
F2. Both money of account and money of payment must be stipulated in the contract clearly.
T3. The fluctuations of exchange rates may influence the interests of traders
T.4. Generally, the price of a foreign exchange is expressed in another currency.
T5. Generally speaking, the exporter likes to use hard currency as payment currency.
T6. Commission refers to service fees, while discount is a certain percent of price reduction.
F7. Commission and discount must be stipulated in the price clause in a contract.T8. According to whether the price includes commission or not, the price can be divided into net price and commission-included price.
T9. Discount is usually used as a means of promoting and expanding sales.
T10. “USD200.00 per M/T CIFC2% London”means that the seller will receive 200.00US dollars for per metric ton.
1.Total cost of exporting includes ___________. a. production cost c. production cost and all charge before exporting b. sales price d. production cost, all charge and taxes before exporting
2. Which one is the best expression of unit price in international trade?___________ a. CIF LONDON US$1010/MT b. USD1,010.00/MT c. CIF LONDON USD1,010.00/MT d. CIF LONDON $1,010.00
3. The seller reduces the price by a certain percentage of the original price for the buyer, that’s to say, the seller does proper favor in price for the buyer. The favor is called____. a. commission b. discount c. advance payment d. deposit
4. While choosing the money for the payment in international trade, one should _____. a. choose hard money b. choose soft money c. choose soft money for export and hard money for import d. choose hard money for export and soft money when import
5. In international trade, the method of calculating plain commission is ___________. a. net
price multiplied by commission rate b. commission-included price multiplied by commission rate c. net price divided by（one minus commission rate）d. commission-included price divided by（one minus commission rate）
6. In international trade, the commission is usually collected by ___________. a. the exporter
b. the importer
c. the insurance company
d. the intermediary
7. Which one is the price including commission? ___________ a. FOBS b. FOBT c. FOBST
d. FOBC
8. Which one of the following quotation is improper? ___________ a. FOB QINGDAO USD10.00/PC b. CIF LIVERPOOL GBP125.00/MT c. FOB SHANGHAI $15.25/PC d. FOB JINAN USD2.00/KG
9. The followings are included in CFR and CPT prices expect for ___________. a. production cost b. freight c. insurance premium d. profit
10. If the unit price clause is stipulated as“USD 200.00 per metric ton CIF London less 3% discount”, the seller will receive ___________ US dollars for one metric ton. a. 200.00 b. 194.00 c. 206.00 d. 196.00
1. 单价unit price
2.总值total amount
3.欧元EUR/Euro
4.英镑GBP
5.价格术语price term
6. 计价货币money/currency of account
7. 支付货币money/currency of payment
8. 本币home currency
9. 硬(通)货币hard currency
10. 软(通)货币soft currency
11. 汇率exchange rate
12. 外汇保值条款exchange proviso clause
13. 中间商intermediary
14. 明佣plain commission
15. 现金折扣cash discount
16. 数量折扣quantity discount
1.A unit price consists of four parts: currency unit, unit price figure, measuring unit and price terms.
单价由四部分组成：计价货币、单位价格金额、计量单位和价格术语。大连理工大学出版社
2.In ISO 4217 Currency Code List, the currency code is composed of the country’s two
character Internet country code plus an extra character to denote the currency unit.
在国际标准化组织4217货币代码表中，货币代码由国家网络代码的两个字母和代表计价单位的另一个字母组成。
3.Total amount equals to the unit price multiplied by the quantity of the goods. It is often shown in the contract not only in Arabic numbers but also in English words.
总值等于单价乘以商品的数量。合同中的总值不止用阿拉伯数字表示，还用英大连理工大学出版社文字表示。
4.Theoretically, use of hard currency as payment currency is more favorable to the exporter, while the importer prefers to pay in soft currency.
理论上来说，以硬通货币作为支付货币对出口商来说更有利，而进口商更愿意用软货币。
5.Foreign exchange rate is the price relationship between the currencies of two countries or the price of one currency in terms of the other.
汇率就是两国货币间的价格关系或一种货币相对于另一种货币的价格。大连理工大学出版社
6.Plain commission is often represented by a capital letter “C”followed a percentage of commission rate, which is inserted into the price term, for example,“USD200.00 per M/TCIFC2% London
.明佣通常用大写字母“C”加上佣金的百分率，嵌入价格术语中来表示，如“CIF 伦敦价每公吨200美元含2%佣金。”
7.该报盘以我方最终确认为准。
The offer is subject to our final confirmation.
8.你方如果不把价格降到市场价格水平就没有希望做成买卖。
It will be hopeless to get the business if you don’t bring your price into line with the world market.
9.请报最优惠的CIF伦敦价，包括3%佣金在内。
10.We’d like to have your most favorable CIF London price, including 3% commission. 10. 价格是上海工厂交货价每公吨300英镑。
The price is GBP 300 per metric ton EXW Shanghai.
Unit4
( F ) 1. All international business transactions are done under Incoterms 2010.
( T ) 2. Trade terms can be called price terms because they stand for the price component. ( T ) 3. EXW in Incoterms 2010 is the trade term under which the obligations and costs borne by and risks of the seller are minimum.
( F ) 4. Under FCA in Incoterms 2010, the risk of loss of or damage to the goods is transferred from the seller to the buyer at the time the buyer accepts the goods.
( T ) 5. Generally speaking, under FOB in Incoterms 2010, it is the seller’s responsibility to
apply for the export license and pay the export duty.
( F ) 6. Under FOB San Francisco, San Francisco is the port of destination.
( F ) 7. DAT and DAP require the seller to clear the goods for export.
( T ) 8. The buyer has more responsibilities, costs and risks when using FOB than using CIF. ( T ) 9. Under CPT Tokyo, Tokyo is the place of delivery.
( T ) 10. The DDP should not be used if the seller is unable to obtain import license directly or indirectly.
1. The trade terms define the responsibilities and expenses of ___________. a. both the seller and the buyer c. both the shipper and carrier b. both the consignee and the consignor d. both the seller and the operator
2. ___________ means that the seller delivers when the goods are placed at the disposal of the buyer on the arriving means of transport ready for unloading at the named place of destination.
a. CPT c. DAT
b. DDP d. DAP
3. Under ___________, the risk of loss of or damage to the goods passes when the goods are alongside the ship, and the buyer bears all costs from that moment onwards. a. DAT c. FOB b. FAS d. CIF
4. ___________ means that the seller delivers the goods on board the vessel or procures the goods already so delivered, and he must contract for transport and insurance. a. FAS c. CFR b. FOB d. CIF
5. In such circumstances where goods are handed over to the carrier before they are on board the vessel, for example goods in containers, which are typically delivered at a terminal, ___________ should be used. a. FCA c. CPT b. FOB d. DAT
6. The buyer should note that under ___________ the seller is required to obtain insurance only on minimum cover. a. EXW c. CIP b. FOB d. DDP
7. ___________ may be used for any mode or modes of transport. a. FCA CPT DAP c. FCA FAS CIF b. FCA FOB EXW d. FCA CFR DAT
8. ___________ can only be used for waterway transport. a. CIF CIP DAT c. CPT CIF FOB b. CFR CPT DAP d. CIF CFR FOB
9. Under ___________, the seller fulfils its obligation to deliver when it hands the goods over to the carrier and not when the goods reach the place of destination. a. CFR CIF DAT c. CPT CIP FCA b. FCA FAS FOB d. DAT DAP DDP
10. ___________ requires the seller to clear the goods for export and import, where applicable. a. EXW c. DAP b. DDP d. CPT
1. Trade terms, also called price terms or delivery terms, are an important part of a unit price in international trade, standing for specific responsibilities and obligations of both the buyer and the seller.
贸易术语，又称价格术语或交货术语，是国际贸易中单价条款的重要组成部分，代表
买卖双方各自特定的责任和义务。
2.FCA requires the seller to clear the goods for export, where applicable.
FCA 要求卖方在需要时办理出口清关手续。
3.Under CPT, the seller must contract for and pay the costs of carriage necessary to bring the goods to the named place of destination.
CPT下，卖方必须订立运输合同，自付费用将货物运至指定的目的地。
4.Under CIP, the seller also contracts for insurance cover against the buyer’s risk of loss of or damage to the goods during the carriage.
CIP下，卖方还必须订立保险合同以防买方货物在运输途中灭失或损坏风险。
5.When CPT, CIP, CFR or CIF are used, the seller fulfils its obligation to deliver when it hands the goods over to the carrier and not when the goods reach the place of destination.
在CPT, CIP, CFR或CIF 适用的情形下，卖方的交货义务在将货物交付承运人，而非货物到达指定目的地时，即告完全履行。
6.卖方必须支付在需要办理海关手续时，货物出口应交纳的一切关税、税款和其他费用。
The seller must pay, where applicable, the costs of customs formalities necessary for export, as well as all duties, taxes and other charges payable upon export.
7.CFR适用于海洋运输和内河沿运，而CPT则适于任何运输方式。
CFR is only applied to sea and inland waterway transport while CPT may be used for any mode of transport.
8.卖方必须按照销售合同提供货物和商业发票。
The seller must provide the goods and the commercial invoice in conformity with the contract of sale.
9.自卖方交货之时起，买方必须承担货物灭失或损坏的一切风险。
The buyer bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods from the time the goods have been delivered.
10.FOB是指卖方在指定的装运港，将货物交至买方指定的船只上，或者指（中间销售商）设法获取按该种交付方式交付的货物。
FOB means that the seller delivers the goods on board the vessel nominated by the buyer at the named port of shipment or procures the goods already so delivered.
Unit5
T1. Sea transport is the most important mode of transport in international trade now.
T2. The freight of liners is relatively fixed, while the freight of tramps is mainly determined by the market.
F3. Multimodal transport means the goods are carried by at least two modes of transport
under at least two multimodal transport operators.
F4. Time of shipment in a contract can only be a fixed period of time.
F5. If optional places of destination are stipulated in the contract, the extra freight due to selecting place of destination must be paid by the importer.
T6. Partial shipment means that the goods under one contract are shipped in different terms or by different lots.
T7. In case it was stipulated in the contract that“shipment is made during July and August”, one lot of the goods must be shipped in July while another in August.
F8. If there is no direct sail to the destination, a transshipment clause shall be stipulated in the contract.
T9. Transshipment may increase the cost of shipment and the possibility of delay in delivery. T10. The notice of shipment under CFR is very important, because the buyer will takeout insurance upon receipt of the notice.
1.The characteristics of liner transport are that ___________. a. the line, the port, the time and the freight rate are fixed b. its freight is determined by the market c. the variety and quantity of goods shipped are more flexible d. the obligations and rights of both the seller and the buyer are stipulated in the B/L
2. ___________ transport is a major mode of transport in terms of capacity, only second to sea transport. a. Road b. Air c. Container d. Rail
3. ___________ transport has a high distributive ability of offering a door-to-door service. a. Air b. Road c. Sea d. Inland waterway
4. In container transport situation, the shipping company can supply “door to door” service under the condition of ___________. a. FCL/FCL b. FCL/LCL c. LCL/FCL d. LCL/LCL
5. The operator who signs the multimodal transport documents ___________. a. is only responsible for the first stage of the transportation b. must be responsible for the whole transportation c. is not responsible for transportation d. is only responsible for the last stage of the transportation
6. Which stipulation of the date of shipment is often used in a contract? ___________ a. one specific day b. within several days after the seller receives the L/C c. prompt shipment d. shipment as soon as possible
7. Which of the following is right about the stipulation of the place of destination clauses in the international trade contract? ___________ a. To stipulate the place of destination roughly.
b. Only one place of destination can be stipulated in the contract.
c. To stipulate two places of destination.
d. More than one place of destination can be contracted in case it is difficult to decide it.
8. The seller usually sends the ___________ to the buyer immediately after the goods are loaded on board the ship, advising him of the shipment. a. shipping advice b. shipping
instructions c. shipping date d. shipping port
9. Partial shipment may be necessary when ___________. a. direct liners are not available b. the amount of the cargo is very small c. the shipping date is very close d. the export covers a large amount of goods
10. Transshipment may be necessary when ___________. a. direct liners are not available b. the amount of the cargo is very small c. the shipping date is very close d. the export covers a large amount of goods
1. 运输方式mode of transport
2.班轮liner
3.不定期轮tramp
4.程租船voyage charter
5.期租船time charter
6.铁路运输rail transport
7.集装箱运输container transport
8.整箱货FCL/full container load
9.拼箱货LCL/less than container load
10.集装箱货运站CFS/container freight station
11.集装箱堆场CY
12.多式联运multimodal transport
13.托运shipper
14.收货人carrier
15.装运时间time of shipment
16.装运港port of shipment
17.目的港port of destination
18.分批装运shipping notice/advice
19.转运partial shipment
20.装运通知transshipment
1.A liner operates over a regular route, stops at fixed ports according to an advertised schedule. Its freight is relatively fixed with loading and unloading charges included.
集装箱运输可以提供整装整交的门到门服务、整装散交下的门到站服务、拼装散交下的站到站服务和拼装整交下的站到门服务散交下的站到站服务和拼装整交下的站到门服务。
2.Multimodal transport means the carriage of cargoes by at least two modes of transport on the basis of a multimodal transport contract and only one multimodal transport operator (MTO) is responsible for taking the cargoes from the consignor and delivering them to the consignee.
这是指在一份多式联运合同下，采用两种或两种以上运输方式，由一个多式联运经营人负责将货物从发货人运至收货人的运输方式。
3.There are basically two ways to set time of shipment: One is to clearly specify a period of time and the other is to create a link between the time of shipment and the time of receipt of L/C, M/T, T/T or D/D.
在FOB或CFR或CIF合同下，装运港通常由卖方提出，在得到买方确定后，在合同中做出规定同中做出规定。
4.Partial shipment, also called shipment on installments, means that the goods under one contract are shipped in different terms or by different lots.
分批装运又被称为分期装运，是指一个合同项下的货物分若干期或若干批装运。
5.The seller shall notify the buyer in a shipping notice the contract number, name of commodity, quantity, name of vessel, date of shipment, etc. immediately after effecting shipment so that the buyer can make preparation for receiving the goods at the place of destination.
卖方应在装运通知，通知买方合同号，商品名称，数量，船名，装运日期，装运等后运等后，买家可以在目的地的接收货物的制备。买家可以在目的地的接收货物的制备
6.我方得到通知，无法提前装运，只能延期到下个月。
We have received notice that delivery has to be put off to early next month.
7.对于CIF合同，我方一般规定装运港为“中国港口” ，这样便于在就近口岸装运。As a rule, we stipulate “China Port” as the port of loading, so it will be convenient to ship the goods at a near port.
8.我方可以把货物从汕头经香港转运到大阪。
We can have the goods shipped from Shantou to Osaka via Hong Kong, where they can be transshipped.
9.如合同规定“4到6月3等批每月装运一批” ，则每批装运都形成一份独立的合同。As the contract provided, goods are requested to be shipped in three equal monthly installments daring April to June ,each forms a separate contract.
10.货物将于5月初到达你方港口，届时我方将电话通知你方。
It will reach your port of destination in early May. We shall give you a call to let you know. Unit6
F1. Cargo transport insurance is to protect the interests of traders from any possible financial losses.
T2. Goods may meet two types of risks during transit in ocean transport: perils of the sea and extraneous risks.
T3. When the cost of salvaging the consignment would exceed the value of the consignment in sound condition, and the consignment is reasonably abandoned, we consider it as
constructive total loss.
T4. Sue and labor expenses arise from measures properly taken by the insured and his agent for minimizing or avoiding losses caused by the risks covered in the insurance policy.
T5. FPA covers contribution to general average and salvage charges.
T6. WPA is a wider cover than FPA.
F7. In international trade, if All Risks was covered, any loss caused by any reason on the way can be compensated by insurance company.
F8. The additional coverage can be taken out separately.
F9. It is the best way to choose a large insurance coverage.
T10. When a number of consignments of similar export goods are intended to be covered,open policy is a better method.
1.___________ is the practice of sharing among many persons risks that would otherwise be suffered by only a few. a. Trade b. Transportation c. Insurance d. Description
2. The losses done to the goods in marine transportation can be classified into two types, namely ___________. a. actual total loss and constructive total loss b. general average and particular average c. basic loss and additional loss d. total loss and partial loss
3. In the marine cargo insurance practice, general average is ___________. a. a kind of partial loss b. a kind of total loss c. partial loss or total loss decided by the time d. constructive total loss
4. The export rice can not be used for its original function because of its having been soaked by the sea water for a long time owing to the accident. As a result, the goods have to be sold at a lower price at the destination. The loss herein is a/an ___________. a. particular average
b. general average
c. actual total Loss
d. constructive total loss
5. WPA was covered for export goods, and part of the insured goods were damaged because of tsunami on the way, then the insurance company should ___________. a. compensate for the whole lot b. compensate for the part damaged c. compensate for none d. compensate for all the exporting goods
6. Export clothes are soa ked heavily because of the ship’ s hitting the submerged reef in the sea, if the cost dealt with the damage and sent the goods to the destination is more than the value insured, and the goods were abandoned, then the loss can be regarded as______. a. general average b. actual total loss c. constructive total loss d. particular average
7. The deal was concluded on a CIF basis and the goods were covered against WPA. It happens that the goods have been burnt because of the fire after being loaded, then ___. a. the loss is due to the seller b. the seller asks the insurance company for compensation c. the buyer asks the insurance company for compensation d. the loss is due to the party who pays the freight
8. Particular additional coverage as per CIC ___________. a. can be covered alone b. can’t be
covered alone c. can be covered alone when more than two of them are covered d. can be covered alone when only one of the insured applies for insurance
9. Under CIC, general additional risks include the following except for ___________. a. Risk of Shortage b. TPND c. Failure to Delivery d. Risk of Odor
10. Basic coverage of marine cargo insurance under CIC includes the following except for ___________. a. FPA b. War Risk c. WPA d. All Risks
1. 承保人/保险人insurer
2.投保人/被保险人insured
3.保（险）费premium
4.保险金额insured amount
5. 全部损失total loss
6. 部分损失partial loss
7. 共同海损general average
8. 单独海损particular average
9. 施救费用sue and labor expenses
10. 救助费用salvage charge
11. 保险险别/范围insurance coverage
12. 平安险FPA
13. 水渍险WPA
14. 一切险All Risks
15. 战争险War Risk
16. 保险单insurance policy
17. 保险凭证insurance certificate
18. 预约/开口保单open policy
19. 联合凭证combined certificate
20. 批单endorsement
1.Cargo transport insurance is a contract whereby the insurer, on the basis of premium paid, undertakes to indemnify the insured against losses.
货物保险即承保人在获得保险费的情况下对所保货物承担损失的补偿的契约。
2.The losses can fall into total loss and partial loss. Total loss of goods can further be divided into actual total loss and constructive total loss. Partial loss can be either general average or particular average
损失可以分为两种：全部损失和部分损失。全部损失可以进一步分为实际全损和推定全损。部分损失可分为共同海损和单独海损。
3.General average is in use when both the ship and the goods on board are endangered and the captain, for the safety of the ship and the goods on board, intentionally and reasonably does some sacrifices or makes some expenses. Particular average means that a particular
consignment is partially damaged.
当船只和船上货物受到威胁时，船长为了维护船只以及船上货物的安全，故意合理牺牲部分货物或者产生费用理牺牲部分货物或者产生费用，即为共同海损。即为共同海损
4.It should be noted that “All Risks” does not, as i ts name suggests, really cover all risks. It excludes coverage against damage caused by war, strikes, riots, etc.
应该指出的是一切险并非如其名所示，真的包括一切风险。一切险条款不包括由战争、罢工、动乱等造成的损坏。
5.Open policy is a convenient method for insuring the goods where a number of consignments of similar export goods are intended to be covered.
预约保单是对一系列准备投保的相似货物进行投保的简便方法。
6.由卖方按照发票金额的115%投保一切险。
Insurance is to be covered by the seller for 115% of the invoice value.
7.我公司将按买方要求为这批货投保水渍险。
We’ll cover the goods against WPA as required by the buyer.
8.我认为偷窃提货不着险已包含在贵公司的CIF报价中
I think TPND is included in your CIF quotation.
9.我公司同意加保破碎险，但其保险费由你方承担。
We agree to add the coverage of Breakage Risk, but its premium should be borne byyour company.
10.请根据中国人民保险公司海洋运输货物保险条款按发票金额的120%向该公司投保水渍险。
Insurance is to be covered for 120% of the invoice value against WPA as per of the People's Insurance Company of China.
Unit7
T1. There are three parties involved in a draft, while two parties in a promissory note
F2. The payee and the drawer of a draft used in international trade must be the same person, that is, exporter.
T3. A check can be seen as a special draft.
T4. Remittance involves four parties together.
T5. An L/C is a conditional bank undertaking of payment, and refers to banker’s credit.
F6. An L/C is irrevocable if it does not stipulate whether it is irrevocable or revocable according to UCP 600.
T7. The exporter prefers a confirmed L/C to an unconfirmed L/C.
F8. Under D/A, it is the bank in exporter’s country who makes acceptance to the draft and delivers documents to the importer.
T9. In the case of D/P, documents will not be released to the importer until payment is made.
T10. As to the exporter, the risk of D/A 60 days after sight is greater than D/P 60 day safter sight.
1. There is a draft whose drawer and drawee are both bankers. Which one is it in the followings? a. Commercial draft. b. Banker’s draft. c. Clean draft. d. Documentary draft.
2. There are three parties to a draft. Which one is not included? a. Drawer. b. Drawee. c. Payee. d. Bank.
3. A Check is a kind of ___________ drawn on a banker.a. sight draft b. time draftc. sight promissory note d. time promissory note
4. Which one of the following is not the means of remittance? a. L/G. b. M/T.c. T/T. d. D/D.
5. Which means of international payment is a kind of banker’s credit? a. Remittance. b. Collection. c. L/C. d. D/D.
6. Which L/C means double guarantee for the beneficiary?g ya. Revocable L/C. b. Documentary L/C.c. Confirmed L/C. d. Transferable L/C.
7. As to confirmed L/C, the payment responsibility of confirming bank is ___________.a. primary b. secondary c. third d. fourth
8. The most important document in documentary collection is ___________a. commercial invoice b. certificate of originc. bill of exchange d. certificate of inspection
9. As to the exporter, the risk of D/P, D/A and L/C can be arranged (from great to small) as followings: ___________.a. D/A, D/P, L/C b. L/C, D/P, D/Ac. D/P, D/A, L/C d. D/A, L/C, D/P
10. In the following terms of settlement, which is the most risky one for the exporter? a. T/T in advance. b. D/A. c. D/P at sight. d. D/P after sight.
1. 汇票出票人draft/bill of exchange
2.出票人drawer
3. 受票人/付款人drawee/payer
4. 受款人payee
5. 支票check
6. 本票promissory note
7. 支付方式term of payment
8. 汇付remittance/remit
9. 信汇mail transfer (M/T)
10. 电汇telegraphic transfer (T/T)
11. 票汇demand draft (D/D)
12 不可撤销信用证irrevocable L/C
13.保兑信用证confirmed L/C
14.即期信用证sight L/C
15.远期信用证usance/time L/C
16.不可转让信用证non-transferable L/C
17 跟单托收documentary collection
18.承兑交单Documents against Acceptance (D/A)
19.即期付款交单D/P at sight
20.远期付款交单D/P after sight
1.Draft, also referred to as bill of exchange, is an unconditional written order issued by one person (the drawer) to another (the drawee), requiring the latter to pay on demand, or at a fixed time or determinable future time a sum of money to or to the order of a specified person, or to the bearer (the payee).
汇票是一个人（出票人）向另一个人（受票人）签发的，要求其在见票时、某一特定时间、或者在指定日期无条件支付确定的金额给某人或者持票人（受款人）的票据。
2. Sight draft calls for immediate payment on presentation to the drawee while time draft is payable at a later date e g 30 45 60 or 90 days after sight or a certain date is payable at a later date, e.g. 30, 45, 60, or 90 days after sight or a certain date.
即期汇票要求受票人示票后立即付款，远期汇票要求在见票后30、45、60、90天或某一特定日期进行付款。
3.According to the different means of sending the trust deed for payment, remittance can be divided into mail transfer (M/T), telegraphic transfer (T/T) and demand draft (D/D).
根据银行间转交信托书的方式，汇付可分为信汇、电汇和票汇。
4.L/C is a written undertaking by a bank to the exporter at the request, and in accordance with the instruction of the importer to effect payment up to a stated sum of money, within a prescribed time limit and against documents. It is a kind of banker’s credit.
信用证就是银行根据要求，按照买方指示承诺在某一特定时期内根据单据向卖方支付一定金额的书面承诺。跟单信用证是一种银行信用。
5.A confirmed L/C means that the confirming bank in the exporter’s country will pay if the issuing bank cannot pay. Thus, the exporter has double assurance of payment and is better protected
保兑信用证是指如果开证行无法付款，则由出口国的保兑行进行支付。卖方具有获得货款的双重保证，能得到较好的保护。
6.In the case of D/P, documents will not be released to the importer until payment is made. There are D/P at sight and D/P after sight. In the case of D/A, documents are handed over to the importer upon his acceptance of the draft drawn by the exporter. Payment will not be made until a later date.
付款交单需要实际付款后交单，分为即期付款交单和远期付款交单。承兑交单时，进口商对出口商出具的汇票进行承兑后就能拿到单据，隔一段时间再进行付款。
7.我们都让让步，一半用信用证，一半用付款交单怎么样？
To meet each other half way, what do you say to 50% by L/C, and the balance by D/P?
8.据我所知，你方按国际惯例，也接受其他支付方式。大连理工大学出版社
As far as I know, you now do business according to international practice and also accept other kinds of terms of payment.
9.我方要求15%的预付货款于装运前一个月电汇至我公司。
We demand a payment of 15% in advance be remitted by T/T to us one month before the date of shipment.
10.贵公司应凭我公司的跟单汇票于见票时付款。
You should make payment against our documentary draft upon presentation.
Unit8
( F ) 1. The agency to inspect the commodities in international trade must be decided by the exporter and the importer.
( F ) 2. When DDP is used, the commodity is generally inspected in the exporting country. ( F )3. All export commodities should be inspected by authorized commodity inspection bureaus.
( T ) 4. To make inspection after shipment means that the inspection carried out at the port/place of destination or at the importer’ s premises in importing country will be final. ( T ) 5. For one contract, the same method of inspection should be used for inspection and reinspection to avoid disputes.
F6.Once the payment of penalty is made, the contract is no longer to be performed.
F7. Penalty and compensation for the losses in sales contract are the same thing.
F8.The seller should be liable for the losses caused by force majeure.
F9.Arbitration is the best way to solve problems in international trade.
T10.The arbitral award once made is the final decision and has the force of law.
1.Among those inspection methods, the most commonly used one is ___________. a. to make inspection before shipment b. to make inspection after shipment c. to make inspection in exporting country and reinspection in importing country d. to take the weight inspected before shipment as final and the quality inspected after shipment as final.
2.The deal was concluded on a CIF basis and the goods were insured against All Risks and War Risk. The seller delivered the goods according to the contract stipulation and submitted clean B/L to the buyer. After receiving the goods, the buyer found that the goods are damaged because of the damage to the outside packing. There is also a sea protest showing that the damage is due to heavy weather. Whom should the buyer claim against?_______ a. Shipping company. b. Insurance company. c. Seller. d. Carrier.
3. When ___________ happens, the party that fails to perform the contract is allowed to relieve liabilities of the non-performance. a. war b. that world market price goes up c. manufacture fault d. currency devaluation
4. In international commodity sales, the commonly used way to stipulate force majeure clause is ___________. a. in a general way b. without stipulation c. in a way to list the scope d. in a comprehensive way
5. The necessary condition of settling disputes through arbitration is that ___________. a. the seller and buyer have an arbitration agreement or an arbitration clause in the contract b. the seller and buyer have contract c. the case can’t be settled through conciliation d. one party comes to nothing through litigation
6. The following descriptions of arbitration award are correct except for ___________. a. the award is final. b. the seller or buyer can sue in a law court about the award. c. if the award is not executed by one party, the other may ask the competent court to enforce it. d. the award is binding upon both parties.
7. If the sales contract between a Chinese company and a Japanese company stipulates that the arbitration shall be conducted in defendant’s country. Where will the arbitration be heard if the Japanese company is the claimant? ___________ a. Beijing. b. London. c. Tokyo. d. New York.
8. Generally speaking, an arbitration clause should specify the following points except for ___________. a. an arbitration agency b. a location for arbitration c. the number of arbitrators
d. an arbitral award
9. The number of arbitrators in an arbitration tribunal can be the followings except for ____. a.
1 b. 3 c.4 d. 5
10. In international trade, the best method of settling disputes is ___________. a. negotiation
b. lawsuit
c. arbitration
d. Litigation
1. 质量检验证书inspection certificate of quality
2.数量检验证书inspection certificate of quantity
3.重量检验证书inspection certificate of weight
4.价值检验证书inspection certificate of value
5.原产地证certificate of origin
6.异议discrepancy
7.索赔claim
8.罚金penalty
9.赔偿compensate/compensation
10.不可抗力force majeure
11.仲裁机构arbitration agency
12.仲裁arbitration
13.裁决tribunal(tribunal) award
14.审理hearing
新世纪商务英语综合教程第二册课文译文 第一单元语言的事务和商务的语言 课文一 以其它手段建立的世界帝国 汪滢陈俐丽译 它无处不在。它是约3.8亿人的母语，还是约占此人数三分之二人的第二语言。全世界有10亿人在学习它，约占世界人口三分之一的人或多或少会接触到它。预计到2050年，全世界半数人会近乎精通它。它是全球化时代的语言——国际商务、政治和外交等活动使用它，也是计算机和互联网的通用语言。你能在科特迪瓦的海报上看到它，能在东京的流行歌曲中听到它，还能在金边的官方文件中读到它。《德国之声》电台用它播放节目，法国商学院用它授课，玻利维亚的内阁会议用它作为交流媒介。的确，这种在14世纪的英格兰只有“下等人”才说的语言取得了长足的发展进步，如今已经成为世界的语言。 为什么会这样？原因不在于英语好学。诚然，英语单词词性简单，但是动词变化不规律，语法怪异，拼写和发音之间的对应简直是噩梦。由于传播十分广泛，英语衍生出众多的版本，有些独特的表达连英语为“母语”的人们也难以相互理解。 英语的来源甚广，包括罗曼语、日耳曼语、挪威语、凯尔特语等等，因此它必定会杂乱无章，但正是这种灵活性在使它变得庞杂的同时，也变得更加强大。提到新词，英语几乎毫不阻拦地接纳。每年出版商都会推出包含大量新词的新字典。例如，过往十年里不仅出现了很多网络用语、计算机用语、手机用语（如“浏览器”、“下载”、“发短信”等），还诞生了大量青少年俚语（如“赞”、“正”、“残”、“酷”、“杯具”）。虽然一些守旧者强烈反对，但这些都被英语欣然接纳。 英语母语者也并非一直对自己语言的这种放任态度毫不在意。18世纪便有三位作家——约瑟夫·爱迪生（《旁观者周刊》的创立者）、丹尼尔·笛福（《鲁滨逊漂流记》的作者）以及约翰森·斯威夫特（《格列佛游记》的作者）希望建立一个委员会来规范英语。 所幸，自由贸易的原则占了上风。一种语言的成败并不取决于它的内在品质，“而全在于说这种语言的人拥有多大权力。” 英语随时代发展，到19世纪它已蔓延到日不落帝国的各个角落，自那以后它开始成为全球的语言。 英语的发展不仅见于其在英国殖民地的广泛应用，还体现在它在遥远国度的用途。例如，1940年，德国和日本协商建立反对英美的同盟，这两国的外交大臣交流时使用的便是英语。然而，不论英语如何地海纳百川，它日后的成功要归功于美国这个英语国家作为世界巨头的崛起，这其中也存在导致摩擦的重大原因。 英语成为全球通用的语言，其好处在于便利各国人民相互交流、进行商务往来。然而，语言不仅是国与国之间对话交流的媒介，还是文化和身份的宝库。在很多国家，英语日益显现出压倒性势头，将要破坏或摧毁当地的文化，有时甚至在英国也有如此令人悲叹的情景，目前横扫世界的语言叫做英语，但承载它的确是美国文化。 英国人对此倒没什么怨言。虽然有一些人对这些词语的消亡感到遗憾，如“bullet-proof waistcoat”演变成“bullet-proof vest”（均为“防弹背心”的意思）、每句话开头都加“hopefully （希望如此）”，完成时态彻底消亡，以及“presently”的意思从“尽快”变成了“目前”，
作文字数要求100-200字！ Unit2 1.CDBBBBDCBB 2.(1)regards,say(2)specialized,with(3)with,by(4)If,interesting,enquiry(5)available(6)p opularity(7)finances,to(8)compliance 3.(1)Weareoneoftheleadingimportersdealinginelectronicproductsinthearea,andtakethis opportunitytoapproachyouinthehopeofestablishingbusinessrelations. (2)Wehavebeenengagedinhandlingimportingandexportingofmachineryandequipmentf ydraftatsight. (5).Youarecordiallyinvitedtotakeadvantageofthisattractiveoffer.Weareanticipatingalar georderfromtheUnitedStates,andthatwillcauseasharpriseinprice. (6).WewillsendyouafirmofferwithshipmentavailableintheearlyMayifyouorderreachesu sbeforeMarch10. (7).Becausethereisabriskdemandforthegoods,theofferwillbeopenonlyfor5days. (8).Wearegivingyouafirmoffer,subjecttoyourreplyhereby5p.m.ourtime,Tuesday,July10 Unit5 1.(1)on,fulfill,with,to,with (2)to,with,on (3)of,from,for,on,terms 来源：网络转载
I can't believe it!Right in the middle of our conversation,Peter turned around abruptly and walked out of the room! C.suddenly突然的 The doctor said that there was only a slim hope of survival for the people in the air crash. D.very little微弱的 7 Unlike the well-mannered John,Jim was rather uncouth. A.rude粗鲁的 Jack is a resolute man. Once he sets up a goal,he won't give it up easily. resolute:坚决的 The results of the competition excedded our expectations. 超过 The author tried to interpret a difficult problem in a simple way to the readers. 解释 The company was sold according to the evaluation of its assets. 计算 They exaggerated the enemy's losses and understated their own. 没有如实地陈述 Her work is sometimes good,but the problem is she's not consistent. 一致的 The subsidiary company is operated by a young manager appointed by the board of directors. 属附公司 Canada is a bilingual country where two languages are used officially. 双语的 He had the ability to write fluent and idiomatic English. 习语的 The number of employees in the company has trebled over the past decade. 雇员 They have published a lot of new books on international issues. 发行 I will have to consult my lawyer before I can give you an answer on that. 就诊 I'd appreciate it if you let me get on with my job. 感谢 Company sales improved dramatically following a ＄2 million marketing campaign. 市场营销His parents are quite well-off;they've just bought him a new car for his birthday. 富有的 Please describe the operation of the system in unprofessional language so that
外贸英语函电课后习题参考答案 （For Reference Only） Chapter 1 Business Letter I. Answer the following questions. 1. How many principal parts is a business letter composed of? What are they? Generally speaking, there are seven principal parts of a standard business letter. They are the letter head; the date; inside name and address; saluation; the body of a letter(message); the complimentary close and signature. 2. What are the three main formats of a business letter used today? Which format do you like best? There are three main formats of a business letter in use at present: the conventional indented style; the modern block style and the modified block style. I like the modern block style, since it is simple and we can save much time. 3. What is P.S.? It is postscript, refers to one or more remarks the writer may add to the core or body of the letter,usually hand-written side by side with or below the signature and enclosure parts, where
新世纪商务英语综合教程第一册课文译文 第一单元万维网 课文一 有互联网必有路 增加社会交流之商业指导 丹奈斯·J. 德沃 张筱霖译 凯瑟琳·吉诺伊是波士顿 Swift Media 网络社区的合作创始人之一，她的饮食、起居、呼吸都浸泡在网络2.0中。不仅她最新的商业公司依靠网络2.0召集会议，几乎她所有的新办公司都依靠各种网络工具来运行。她有五位全职雇员，如今她已经非常熟练老到地使用她的博客、wiki、合作工具以及其他林林种种免费或低费用网络服务。 “网络2.0的吸引力在于，它能让小企业主找到通往市场的途径，而过去小企业主几乎没有门径。”凯瑟琳·吉诺伊对《电子商务时报》的记者如是说。 目前，她的网络应用“组合”包括如下内容： ●一个wiki，用来协调位于波士顿、衣达荷和乌克兰的程序员工作； ●Basecamp，一个基于网络的项目管理工具（大约每月40美元） ●Highrise，用来追踪与他人的联系与活动（与https://www.doczj.com/doc/b110147555.html,的小型网络版类似） ●一组 Google(Nastag:GOOG)工具（例如, Google Docs 工作表，用于发博文的Google Notebook，Google AdWords 关键词搜索） 有时她甚至通过Facebook和LinkedIn 与客户作交流，她也是Twitter微博和https://www.doczj.com/doc/b110147555.html,等社交网络的粉丝。 关于宠物狗的博客 吉诺伊曾用网络2.0帮助过一位从事宠物狗养殖的朋友，这位朋友的生意渐渐下滑，而其竞争者熟知技术门道，他们的品牌则广为传播。吉诺伊只不过帮朋友建了个博客，并在Google AdWords上登记了合适的关键词，朋友的生意马上兴旺起来。 吉诺伊说，她的策略并非是一时兴起、简简单单建个博客。“任何小企业主都可以把博客用作网上营销工具，但是，要与Google AdWords结合起来才能推动访客流量的增加。许多职场专业人士都把Google AdWords与在线服务管理结合起来，于是利润猛增。” 策划细节是值得的。“建博客轻而易举，但是创造一个足以让你的企业施展影响的环境，就不那么容易。”比尔·瑞利，微软的中小企业营销处长也这样认为。“你的种种努力须源自你的核心商业需要，而且要与细化、具体的策略紧紧保持一致。” 大池塘里的小鱼 瑞利认为，在主动接近潜在顾客方面，网络2.0业已把小企业放在了一个有利的竞争位置。她对电子商务报的记者说，“这些小企业主较早应用网络工具，已经把握了方向盘。这是因为网络2.0令他们的营销业务花费不多，却达到了所需规模，而这在网络2.0出现前根本不可能。
Key to exercises Key to Unit 1 I. Answer the following questions. 1. The essential 7C’s in commercial English correspondence are clearness，conciseness，courtesy，consideration，completeness，concreteness，correctness. 2. If a letter show impoliteness, it cannot achieve the purpose of writing. More serious consequences will be that it may offend the recipient and damage the established business relations. The courteous writer should be sincere and tactful, thoughtful and appreciative. Another important thing is promptness. 3. If conciseness conflicts with courtesy, then make a little sacrifice of conciseness. Generally speaking, you will gain in clearness and conciseness by writing short sentences rather than long ones. 4. A business letter consists of eleven principal parts: (1) the letter-head (including the date) (2) the inside name and address (3) the salutation (4) the subject heading or caption (5) the opening sentences (6) the body of letter (7) the closing sentences (8) the complimentary close (9) the wr iter’s signature and official position (10) the enclosure (11) the postscript 5. Envelopes must have the accuracy, accessibility and good appearance. Ⅱ. Translation the following paragraphs into Chinese. 国际贸易带来了更高效率的生产和世界产量的增加，从而使国家（或个人）可以消费更大和更多样化的商品组合。一个拥有有限的天然资源的国家通过国际贸易可以生产和消费超过它有限资源的物品。国际贸易扩大了一个国家可以出售商品的潜在市场中。商品的国际需求增长可以转化为更大的生产和更广泛使用原料和劳动力，从而使国内就业增长。来自于国际贸易的竞争也迫使国内企业通过现代化和创新变得更有效率。 Ⅲ. Additional Exercise. 1. Correct the mistakes in the following letter and separate the message into two paragraphs. ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES Co. P. O. Box 3259 22th January, 2009 The Manager Messrs Clarke & Smith Ltd. 68 High Street London EC 4 England
1. 检验证书用来表明商品是否符合合同条款。 2. 有时，在合同中有必要订立一个罚金条款，以防万一出现未交货、迟交货、或迟开信用证等一方违约的情况。 3. 当发生不可抗力时，援引不可抗力条款的一方必须在规定期限内及时通知另一方。 4. 裁决指仲裁庭做出的决定。 5. 仲裁协定或合同中的仲裁条款应写明仲裁费用由谁承担。 6. In this case, who is to bear the losses? 7. A force majeure clause should also be specified in the sales contract. 8. Any claim by the buyer regarding the goods shall be filed within thirty days after the arrival of the goods at the port of destination. 9. If you want to file a claim, you should give us a survey report issued by an inspection agency approved by us. 10. I’ll ty pe a clean contract and we can sign it this afternoon. 1. 在信用证支付方式下指望银行付款，而非进口方付款的能力或意愿，但出口方只有遵从信用证的所有条款，才能得到货款。 2. 银行开出信用证就意味着该银行要承担在合适的汇票和单据被出示后付款的责任。 3. 受益人即信用证中所指定的有权接受货款的人，即出口商。 4. 在这一步骤中，买方应填写申请表，包括品名、质量、数量、单价、总值、贸易术语、付款时间、包装、装运期限等。通常买方还应该明确信用证的有效期。 5. 通常，信用证应在装运日期前至少15天内到达卖方，以留出充足的时间进行审核，必要时进行修改，并安排装运。 6. 如果修改通知书涉及两个以上条款，相关各方只能按照惯例全部接受或全部拒绝，而不能只接受其中的一部分，而拒绝其他部分。 7. Wang Ling found that all its clauses were all right except the shipment validity when checking the L/C. 8. As stipulated in the contract, the buyer should open a letter of credit in favor of the seller 30 days before the month of shipment. 9. The letter of credit has been opened in your favor. 10. Generally, the letter of credit specifies the beneficiary’s name, description of goods, quantity, unit price, total amou nt, ports of loading and destination, trade terms, payment terms, shipping documents, shipment validity, negotiation validity, etc. 1. 在中国，由国家质量监督检验检疫总局来主管全国进出口商品的检验工作。 2. 未经检验合格，《种类表》中的进口商品不准销售、使用， 出口商品不准出口。 3. 应注意不同检验证书的有效期不同，如果检验证书到期，商品就需要重新报验。 4. 商检机构应当在对外贸易合同约定的索赔期限内完成检验，并签发检验证书。 5. 对这批货物进行30%的抽样检查所得的检验报告是最终的，对双方都有约束力。 6. What’s the time limit for the reinspection? 7. The reinspection fee should be borne by the seller. 8. These goods are not allowed to pass the customs without legal inspection. 9. The buyer is entitled to reinspect the goods upon their arrival even though inspection has been made before shipment. 10. Whose survey report will be taken as final if we find any shortage? Unit 12 1. 运输代理行是运输领域的专家，了解各种最新的运输方式及其相关运费。 2. 运费按以公吨为单位的重量（重量吨）来计算，这种方式用“W ”表示。运费也可以按尺码吨来计算，用“M ”表示。 3. 对于贵重物品，按商品估价的一定百分比收取从价运费，这种方式用“Ad V al.”表示。 4. 航空运费的性质是运费只适用于从一机场到另一机场（单程），且只是运费，不包括其他额外费用， 如报关和仓储费用等。 5. 规定滞期费和速遣费的目的是为了促进装卸任务的及时完成。 6. 提单代表货物的所有权。 7. The freight is roughly based on weight and destination. 8. As we are in urgent need of the goods, please ship the goods immediately upon receipt of the L/C. 9. Under FOB, instead of the seller, it is the buyer who will arrange for the shipping space. 10. We await your shipping instructions. Unit 9 Unit 10 Unit 11
Unit1 1. Truly, the tongue spoken back in the 1300s only by the "low people" of England has come a long way. Paraphrase: Indeed, the language spoken as early as 1300s by the native people in England has developed for a long time 2. But however accommodating English might be the real reason for the latter day triumph of English is the triumph of the English-speaking United States as a world power. Paraphrase:Adaptable, as English might be, the English owes its success to the victory of the English-speaking United States as a world power. 3. As the 20th century drew on, however, and English continued to encroach, French was driven on to the defensive. Paraphrase:As the 20th century was approaching, and English kept on expanding beyond limits, French was put in a cornered position, having to fight for protection. 4. In India some people see English as an oppressive legacy of colonialism that should be exterminated. Paraphrase:India was once regarded as the Jewel in the Crown of the British Empire. People in India would think the English language reminds them of the period of colonialism, which should be wiped out. 5. But for many peoples the triumph of English is the defeat, if not outright destruction, of their own language. Paraphrase:But for many peoples, the success or the wide spread of English means the defeat, perhaps even a complete extinction, of their own language. 6. Thus the triumph of English not only destroys the tongues of others; it also isolates native English-speakers from the literature, history and ideas of other peoples. Paraphrase:Therefore, the success of English not only defeats other languages, but separates native English speakers from the literature, history and ideas of other ethnic groups.
国际商务英语函电答案【篇一：世纪商务英语外贸函电(第二版)课后习题答案】 letter 1.at, of, with, in, for letter 2.from, into, with, of, to p40 https://www.doczj.com/doc/b110147555.html,rming, interesting, dealing, sample, details, quality, prices, applied, items, inquiry unit 3 p55 letter 1.from, for, by, with, on letter 2.with, in, of, in, from p56 2.referring, established, cost, quality, opinion, responsibility, part, satisfied, information, decision unit 4 p71 letter 1. to, of, at, in, by letter 2.with, in, with, for, with p73 2.advertisement, leading, interested, details, dealers, line, market, replying, over, item unit 5 p88 letter 1.for, with, at, by, to letter 2.for, for, by, at, by/under p89 2.inquiring, quotation, receipt, subject, confirmation, discount, catalogue, brochure, separate, appreciate unit 6 p105 letter 1.of, on, in, with, to letter 2.of, in, by, for, at p106 2.offer, regret, price, sold, level, difference, transaction, counter-offer, samples, acceptance unit 7 p122 letter 1.to, of, of, in, for,
商务英语写作 外贸函电的模板 外贸函电是我们建立对外贸易关系和外贸往来的重要手段。我们将依次给大家介绍一些外贸函电格式样板，供大家参考。 1、请求建立商业关系 Rogers Chemical Supply Co. 10E.22 Street Omaha 8, Neb Gentlemen: We have obtained your name and address from Aristo Shoes, Milan, and we are writing to enquire whether you would be willing to establish business relations with us. We have been importers of shoes for many years. At present, we are interested in extending our range and would appreciate your catalogues and quotations. If your prices are competitive we would expect to transact a significant volume of business. We look forward to your early reply. Very truly yours 自米兰阿里斯托鞋类公司知悉贵公司和地址，特此修函，祈能发展关系。多年来，本公司经营鞋类进口生意，现欲扩展业务范围。
盼能惠赐商品目录和报价表。如价格公道，本公司必大额订购。烦请早日赐复。 此致 2、回复对方建立商业关系的请求 Thank your for your letter of the 16th of this month. We shall be glad to enter into business relations with your company. In compliance with your request, we are sending you, under separate cover, our latest catalogue and price list covering our export range. Payment should be made by irrevocable and confirmed letter of credit. Should you wish to place an order, please telex or fax us. 本月16日收到有关商务关系的来函，不胜欣喜。谨遵要求另函奉上最新之出口商品目录和报价单。款项烦请以不可撤销保兑之信用证支付。如欲订货，请电传或传真为盼。
Unit 9 职场 Background Knowledge I. Career Career is a term defined by the Oxford English Dictionary as an individual’s ―course or progress through life (or a distinct portion of life)‖. As of 2006, the word usually only pertains to one’s remunerative work (and sometimes also formal education). A career is traditionally seen as a course of successive situations that make up a person's worklife. One can have a sporting career or a musical career without being a professional athlete or musician, but most frequently "career" in the 20th century referenced the series of jobs or positions by which one earned one's money. It tended to look only at the past. As the idea of personal choice and self direction picks up in the 21st century, aided by the power of the Internet and the increased acceptance of people having multiple kinds of work, the idea of a career is shifting from a closed set of achievements, like a chronological résumé of past jobs, to a defined set of pursuits looking forward. In its broadest sense, career refers to an individual’s work and life roles over their lifespan. In the relatively static societies before modernism, many workers would often inherit or take up a single lifelong position (a place or role) in the workforce, and the concept of an unfolding career had little or no meaning. With the spread during the Enlightenment of the idea of progress and of the habits of individualist self-betterment, careers became possible, if not expected. II. Career Assessment Career Assessments are tests that come in a variety of forms and rely on both quantitative and qualitative methodologies. Career Assessments can help individuals identify and better articulate their unique interests, values, and skills. Career counselors, executive coaches, career development centers, and outplacement companies often administer career assessments to help individuals focus their search on careers that closely match their unique personal profile. Career counseling advisors assess people's interests, personality, values and skills, and also help them explore career options and research graduate and professional schools. Career counseling provides one-on-one or group professional assistance in exploration and decision making tasks related to choosing a major/occupation, transitioning into the world of work or further professional training. The field is vast and includes career placement, career planning, learning strategies and student development. By the late 20th century a plethora of choices (especially in the range of potential professions) and more widespread education had allowed it to become fashionable to plan (or design) a career: in this respect the careers of the career counsellor and of the career advisor have grown up. It is also not uncommon for adults in the late 20th/early 21st centuries to have dual or multiple careers, either sequentially or concurrently. Thus, professional identities have
新世纪商务英语第二版阅读教程2：叶兴国unit13答案Unit13 Part I Background Information 《国富论》总结了近代初期各国资本主义发展的经验，并在批刘吸收了当时有关重要经济理论的基础上，就整个国民经济运动过程作了较系统、较明白的描述。本书不但对英国资本主义的发展产生了重大的促进作用，且对世界资本主义的发展来说，恐怕也没有任何其他一-部资产阶级的经济学著作曾产生那么广泛的影响。难怪当时有些资产阶级学者把它奉为至宝。《国富论》在今日之意义主要表现在以下两点:首先，承认人在经济生活中的利已性是搞市场经济的前视。其次，亚当，斯密在(国富论)中提出的依革“看不见的手”管理经济尽量减少政府干预的思想对每个国家的经济改革有重要的指导意义。 Part II Notes to the Texts Text A of the Natural Progress of Opulence 1. The Wealth of Nations:中文译名为《国富论》或《国民财富的性质和原因的研究》，为影响世界历史进程的10部书之-，影响人类文化进程的100部经典之一，对中国近代社会影响最大的经济学译著。这是一部将经济学、政治理论、哲学、历史和经济实践活动奇妙结合在一起的书，作者亚当.斯密是英国著名古典政治经济学家、哲学家，被誉为现代西方经济学之父。 2. Adam Smith: 亚当.斯密(1723- -1790)，著名经济学家，经济学的主要创立者。1723年，亚当.斯密出生于苏格兰法夫郡的魁克卡迪，青年时最早就读于格拉斯哥大学，后转人牛津大学。1750年到1764年亚当.斯密在格拉斯哥大学担任逻辑学和道德学教授,于1759年出版了第一本著作《道德情操论》，并因此确立了他在知识界的地位。此后，亚当.斯密在1766年开始着手《国民财富的性质和原因的研究》(简称《国富论》)的写作，1773年基本完稿，后又经3年润色，直至1776年3月出版。此书的出版不仅在英国本土产生了重大影响，而且在欧洲和美洲也引起了大众的广泛讨论。因此，亚当.斯密被认为是“现代经济学之父”和“自由企业的保护神”。 3. The great commerce of every civilised society is that carried on between the inhabitants of the town and those of the country. It consists in the exchange of rude for manufactured produce, either immediately, or by the intervention of money, or of some sort of paper which represents money.文明社会的重要商业,就是都市居民农村居民通商。这种商业，有的是以原生产物与制造品直接交换，有的是以货币或纸币做媒介交换。 4. The town, in which there neither is nor can be any reproduction of substances, may very properly be said to gain its whole wealth and subsistence from the country. We must not, however, upon this account, image that the gain of the town is the loss of the country. 不再生产亦不能再生产生活资料的都市，其全部财富和全部生活资料都可说是得自农村。但我们不要根据这点，就说都市的利得即是农村的损失。 5.他们有相互的利害关系。这里,分工的结果，像其他方面的分工一样,对双方从事各种职业的居民都有利益。 6.按照事物的本性，生活资料必先于便利品和奢侈品，所以，生产前者的产业，亦必先