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高中英语语法专题复习:独立主格结构

高中英语语法专题复习:独立主格结构
高中英语语法专题复习:独立主格结构

高中英语语法专题复习:独立主格结构

一、独立主格结构的含义和实质

“独立主格结构”(absolute construction)又叫“独立结构”,是带有自己主语的非谓语动词分句和无动词分句。由于在语法上有自己的逻辑主语,结构上与主句不发生关系,因此传统语法叫做“独立主格结构”。其实,所谓“独立主格结构”并非真正独立,它还是一种从属分句,与主句紧密联系在一起,共同表达一个完整的意思,通常在句中起状语分句的作用。独立主格结构可放于句首、句尾,用逗号和主句隔开。

二、独立主格结构的基本形式和功能

独立主格结构可以分为两部分:一部分是名词或代词,起逻辑主语的作用;另一部分是非谓语动词分句(现在分词、过去分词、不定式)或无动词分句(名词、形容词、副词、介词短语),表示前面名词或代词的动作或状态。

基本形式是:名词普通格/代词主格+现在分词/过去分词/不定式/名词/形容词/副词/介词短语,with引导的复合结构。

1.名词/代词+ 现在分词

现在分词表示前面的名词或代词主动进行的动作或状态等。

例The man lay there, his hands trembling.

So many students being absent, the meeting had to be put off.

His homework having been done, Tom went to sleep.

注:“独立结构”中的being或having been 有时可以省去,这样就成了无动词分句或过去分词分句。

2.名词/代词+过去分词

过去分词表示前面的名词或代词被动完成的动作或所处的一种状态。

例The boy lay on his back, his hands crossed under his head.

The job not finished, we couldn’t see the film.

Her shirt caught on a nail, she could not move.

后面两个句子也可以看成省略掉了having been,being。如果加上,这两个句子就又变成了现在分词分句。

3.名词/代词+不定式

不定式表示的是将来的动作。

例He suggested going for a picnic, Mary to provide the food.

These are the first two books,the third one to come out next month.

We shall get together at 7:30, the procession(游行)to start moving at 8 sharp.

4. 名词/代词+名词

名词一般做前面名词或代词的同位语。

例Many people joined in the work, some of them women and children.

He fought the tiger,a stick his only weapon.

5.名词/代词+形容词短语

形容词(短语)说明前面名词或代词的性质,状态,原因等。

例The floor wet and slippery, we had to stay outside for a while.

I heard that she got injured in the accident,my heart full of sorry.

这两个句子也可以看成是省略了being,如果加上,就变成了现在分词分句。

6.名词/代词+副词

副词说明前面名词或代词的状态。

例The meeting over, we all went home.

Nobody in, he left a message on the board.

He sat at the table, head down.

7. 名词/代词+介词短语

介词短语说明伴随前面名词或代词的方式或者状态。

例The teacher came in, a book under his arm.

The hunter entered the forest,gun in hand.

Nobody at home, the thief took a lot of things away.

8.with引导的复合结构, 也可以认为是一种独立主格结构

例A woman got on the bus with a baby around her arms.

The teacher came in with several students following behind.

With a lot of things to deal with, he will have a difficult time.

With the work done, he went out to eat.

He left the office with the lights on.

Mary rushed out of the house with the door open.

三、学习独立主格结构应注意的一些问题

1.独立主格结构中分句和主句的主语不一致

从以上例子我们可以看出,含有独立主格结构的句子,前后主语是不一致的,这也是独立主格结构和非谓语分句作状语的最重要区别。

例(1) Hearing the news, he was very excited.

(2) Winter coming, it gets colder and colder.

在这两个句子里,第一个句子,前后的主语是一致的,都是he, 也就是说动词hear的动作发出者是主语he , 因此它是一个现在分词短语作状语表示原因的句子;而第二个句子,我们可以发现,有两个主语,第一个是动词come 的逻辑主语winter, 而第二个主语是句子真正的主语it,非谓语动词coming 和it 之间没有任何关系,因此它是一个独立主格结构。

2.在独立主格结构中,动词是用现在分词还是过去分词

一般来说如果逻辑主语和动词之间是主谓关系,用现在分词。如:Time permitting, we will go out to play.一句中,time 和permit 之间是逻辑上的主谓关系--“时间允许”,因此用现在分词。如果逻辑主语和动词之间是动宾关系,并且有被动的意思,用过去分词。如:“More time given, we should have done it better. ”一句中,time 和give 之间的关系是动宾关系,有被动的意思---“如果被给更多时间”,因此用过去分词。

3.独立主格结构相当于一个状语从句

独立主格结构不是一个句子,而是相当于一个状语从句,可以表示时间、原因、条件、方式和伴随情况等。

例Work done, John went home.相当于一个表示时间的状语从句:When the work has been done, John went home.

例There being no buses, we had to walk home.相当于一个表示原因的状语从句:Because there are no buses, we had to walk home.

4.完成时态的运用

在独立主格结构中如果强调分词的时间发生在主句动作时间之前,常用现在分词的完成时态having done,根据情况确定是用主动还是被动。

例The last bus having gone, we had to walk home.

His wallet having been stolen, he di dn’t know what to do next.

【巩固练习】

1.The weather___fine, they decided to go out for a walk.

A. were

B. was

C. is

D. being

2. The composition given by the teacher___ , Alice went to watch TV.

A. being done well

B. has been done well

C. having done well

D. done well

3. The last plane___ , they had to stay in the hotel for another night.

A. left

B. having left

C. having been left

D. be leaving

4. It is a beautiful village with a mountain____ it.

A. Surrounded

B. surrounding

C. having surrounded

D. having been surrounded

5. Everything___ into consideration, his work is well done.

A. taking

B. taken

C. has been taken

D. being taken

6. All his work___, he left his office at ease.

A. finished

B. had been finished

C. finishing

D. to finish

7.The power station was built on the river with our village and some others___ with electricity.

A. to supply

B. supplied

C. supplying

D. having supplied

8. ____five minutes____ before the last train left, we arrived at the station.

A. There being; to go

B. It was; left

C. It had; left

D. There was; to go

9. Christmas____, the family was full of excitement.

A. was then only days away

B. were then only days away

C. then only days away

D. having been then only days away

10. They first reach an agreement on the basic principle, the details____later.

A. to work it out

B. having been worked out

C. to be worked out

D. being worked out

11. The purse_____, they went to the police.

A. not yet found

B. has’t been found

C. being not found

D. not having yet found

12. They sat in the room with the curtains_____.

A. drawing

B. having been drawn

C. drawn

D. being drawn

13. Cars_____, they were punished by the police.

A. parking illegally

B. parked illegally

C. being parked illegally

D. having parked illegally

14. Mr. Smith stood beside the window, his attention ____ the car outside.

A. focus on

B. focusing upon

C. focused on

D. been focused on

15. There____, we left.

A. being nothing else to do

B. is nothing else to do

C. was nothing else to do

D. having nothing else to do

1-5 DDBBB 6-10 ABACC 11-15 ACBCA

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高中英语语法(8)-独立主格结构

第八章独立主格结构 非谓语动词作状语时,它的逻辑主语应该是句子的主语。但有时非谓语动词带有自己的主语,从而在结构上与主语不发生关系,我们称之为独立主格结构(Absolute Construction)。其实,所谓“独立主格结构”也并非真正独立,它还是一种从属的结构。 一、非谓语动词独立主格结构 在独立主格结构中,非谓语动词和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。 Such an able man to help you,you will surely succeed sooner or later. 有这么能干的人来帮你, 你迟早一定会成功的。(such an able man和to help you 之间存在着主谓关系) = Since such an able man will help you, you will surely succeed sooner or later. He seating himself at the desk, his mother began to tell him a story. 他在书桌旁坐好后,他母亲开始给他讲故事。(seating himself at the desk拥有了自己的逻辑主语he,注意是“主格”) = When he seated himself at the desk, his mother began to tell him a story. The key to the bike lost, he had to walk to school. 由于丢了自行车钥匙,他只好步行去学校。(lost 的逻辑主语是the key,lost 也可以用完成式having been lost) = Because the key to the bike had been lost, he had to walk to school. A.不定式“独立主格结构” 在“逻辑主语+动词不定式”结构中,动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。这种结构也可用一个从句或并列分句来表达。 1.动词不定式用主动的形式 在独立主格结构中,动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。 His mother to come tonight,he is busy preparing the dinner. 他母亲今晚要来,他正在忙着准备饭菜。(= As his mother is to come tonight, he is busy preparing the dinner.) ——will you go to the comcert tonight 你今晚去听音乐会吗? ——sorry.So many exerise-books to check,I rially can't afford any time. 对不起,有这多的作业要批,我真的抽不出时间。 (=Because I shall check so many exercise-books tonight,I really can't afford any time.) The four of us agreed on a division of labour,each to translate a quarter of the book. 我们四人同意分工干,每人翻译全书的四分之一。 (=The four of us agreed on a division of labour and each is to translate a quarter of the book.)Many trees,flowers,and grass to be planted,our newly-built school will look even more beautiful. 种上许多的树,花和草后,我们新建的学校将看上去更美。(=If many trees,flowers,and grass are planted,our newly-built school will look even more beautiful.) B.-ing形式“独立主格结构”

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独立主格结构 一、概念 “独立主格结构”就是由一个相当于主语的名词或代词加上非谓语动词、形容词(副)词或介词短语构成的一种独立成分。该结构不是句子,也不是从句,所以它内部的动词不能考虑其时态、人称和数的变化,它与主句之间不能通过并列连词连接,也不能由从句阴道词引导,通常用逗号与主句隔开。独立主格结构在很多情况下可以转化为相应的状语从句或者其他状语形式,但很多时候不能转化为分词形式,因为它内部动词的逻辑主语与主句主语不一致。 二、独立主格的特点

【注意】 1.当独立主格结构中的being done表示“正在被做时”,being不可以被省略。 2.当独立主格结构的逻辑主语是it, there时,being不可以省略。 三、独立主格结构的用法。 一般放在句首,表示原因时还可放在句末;表伴随状况或补充说明时,相当于一个并列句,通常放于句末。 四、非谓语动词独立主格结构。 “名词或代词+非谓语动词”结构构成的独立主格结构称为非谓语动词的独立主格结构。名词或代词和非谓语动词具有逻辑上的主谓关系。 1.不定式构成的独立主格结构 不定式构成的独立主格结构往往表示还未发生的行为或状态,在句中常 作原因状语,有时做条件状语。 Lots of homework to do, I have to stay home all day.

由于很多作业要做,我只好待在家里。 So many children to look after, the mother has to quit her job. 如此多的孩子要照顾,这个妈妈不得不辞掉她的工作。 2.动词+ing形式的独立主格结构 动词-ing形式的句中作状语时,其逻辑主语必须是主句的主语,否则就 是不正确的。动词-ing形式的逻辑主语与主句的主语不一致时,就应在 动词的-ing形式前加上逻辑主语,构成动词-ing 形式的独立主格结构, 逻辑主语与动词间为主谓关系,是分词的动作执行者,分词表示的动作 时逻辑主语发出的动作。 We redoubled our efforts, each man working like two. 我们加倍努力,每个人就像在干两个人的活。 The governor considering the matter, more strikers gathered across his path. 总督思考这个问题时,更多的罢工工人聚集到他要通过的路上。 The guide leading the way, we had no trouble getting out of the forest. 在向导的带领下,我们轻松地走出了森林。 3.过去分词形式的独立主格 过去分词形式的独立主格结构是由“逻辑主语+过去分词”构成。逻辑主 语与动词之间为动宾关系,它是分词的动作承受者,这一结构在句中作 时间状语,原因状语、伴随状语、条件状语等。 This done, we went home.做完这个,我们就回家了。 All our savings gone, we started looking for jobs. 积蓄用完后,我们都开始找工作。 More time and money given, we can finish the work in advance. 如果给予更多的时间和金钱,我们能提前完成这个工作。 五、其他形式的独立主格结构

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2019高考英语语法:withwithout引导的独立主格结 构 withwithout 引导的独立主格结构 介词withwithout +宾语+宾语的补足语可以构成独立主格结构,上面讨论过的独立主格结构的几种情况在此结构中都能体现。 A.with+名词代词+形容词 He doesn誸like to sleep with the windows open. 他不喜欢开着窗子睡觉。 = He doesn誸like to sleep when the windows are open. He stood in the rain, with his clothes wet. 他站在雨中,衣服湿透了。 = He stood in the rain, and his clothes were wet. 注意: 在”with+名词代词+形容词”构成的独立主格结构中,也可用已形容词化的-ing形式或-ed形式。 With his son so disappointing,the old man felt unhappy. 由于儿子如此令人失望,老人感到很不快乐。 With his father well-known, the boy didn誸want to study. 父亲如此出名,儿子不想读书。 B.with+名词代词+副词 Our school looks even more beautiful with all the lights on. 所有的灯都打开时,我们的学校看上去更美。

= Our school looks even more beautiful ifwhen all the lights are on. The boy was walking, with his father ahead. 父亲在前,小孩在后走着。 = The boy was walking and his father was ahead. C.with+名词代词+介词短语 He stood at the door, with a computer in his hand.或 He stood at the door, computer in hand. 他站在门口,手里拿着一部电脑。 = He stood at the door, and a computer was in his hand. Vincent sat at the desk, with a pen in his mouth.或 Vincent sat at the desk, pen in mouth. 文森特坐在课桌前,嘴里衔着一支笔。 = Vincent sat at the desk, and he had a pen in his mouth. D.with+名词代词+动词的-ed形式 With his homework done, Peter went out to play. 作业做好了,彼得出去玩了。 = When his homework was done, Peter went out to play. With the signal given, the train started. 信号发出了,火车开始起动了。 = After the signal was given, the train started. I wouldn誸dare go home without the job finished. 工作还没完成,我不敢回家。

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3-18岁纯英式素质教育领航者:纯英式资深外教,纯英式国际领先教材,纯英式学习环境! 优尼全能英语:高中英语语法练习题及参 考答案 1. My son got up late this morning. He only had _______ for breakfast. A. two bread B. two slice of bread C. two slices of bread D. two slices of breads 2. _______ room is big and bright. They like it very much. A. Tom and Sam

B. Tom’s and Sam C. Tom and Sam’s D. Tom’s and Sam’s 3. —Do you know how many ___a horse has and how many _____ a bee has? —Of course I know. A. teeth; feet B. tooth; foot C. foot; teeth D. teeth; foot 4. __________ woman in a purple skirt is Betty’s mother. A. The B. A C. An D. / 5. Now telephones are very popular and they are much ______ than before.

A. cheap B. cheaper C. cheapest D. the cheaper 6. —Hi, Tom. Is your brother as active as you? —No, he’s a quiet boy. He is _________. A. less outgoing than me B. not so calm as C. more active than I D. as outgoing as I 7. English ____ in many countries, but Chinese ____ their own language.

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