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关于英语翻译问题详解

关于英语翻译问题详解
关于英语翻译问题详解

关于英语翻译问题详解翻译引论

翻译是学习外语的人一定会进行的一种活动,因此也是必须培

养的一种技能。这种活动可以是显形的和隐形的。当你手上有

原文,把它转换成另一种语言时,你在翻译。当你将自己大脑

中用母语储存的信息或想法用另一种语言表达出来时,你也是

在翻译,尽管这种翻译比较灵活、随意。我们学习外语进行国

际交流,应该是双向的:吸取介绍国外的社会、文化、习俗等

信息,同时还要介绍我们自己的相关信息,以达到交流的目的。

《大学英语课程教学要求》(试行)的一般要求中,对大学

生的翻译能力提出如下标准:能借助词典对题材熟悉的文章

进行英汉互译,英汉译速为每小时300个英语单词,汉英译

速为每小时250个汉字。译文基本流畅,能在翻译时使用恰

当的翻译技巧。

由此可见,该课程要求对培养学生的翻译能力提出的指标不

仅体现在译文的质量上,还反映在对翻译速度的要求上,这

种要求无疑是为了更好地适应国际交流的需要。大学生在英

语学习过程中,要努力提高英汉语言的运用能力,掌握英汉

互译的基本原理和技巧,在实践中不断培养和提高翻译技

能。

1) 翻译的定义和标准

长期以来中外学者对翻译作了许多富有启示性的阐述,如美

国著名翻译理论家尤金?奈达(Eugene A. Nida)给翻译作

出如下定义:

Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language, first in terms of meaning and secondly in

terms of style. (所谓翻译,是指在译语中用最贴切、最

自然的对等语再现原语的信息,首先达到词义对等,其次达

到文体对等。)

由此可见,翻译是把一种语言所表达的信息用另一种语言准

确而完整地再现出来的语言实践活动。一篇得体的译文,必

须能正确流畅地表达原文的意思。衡量译文质量的尺度,就

是通常所说的翻译标准,它是指导翻译实践的准则。

早在1792年,英国著名学者Alexander F. Tytler在《论

翻译的原则》中提出了翻译三原则:

i) The translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work.

译文应完整地复述出原作的思想。

ii) The style and manner of writing should be of the same character as that of the original.

译文的风格和笔调应与原作特点相符。

iii) The translation should have all the ease of the original composition.

译文应和原作一样流畅。

在我国,最为著名的是清朝末年严复在《天演论》中提出的“信、达、雅”三字翻译标准。其中的“信”指“忠实原文”,“达”指“译文流畅”,“雅”指“文字典雅”。严复的这一论述对我国翻译界有较为深远的影响。

虽然对于翻译标准,目前尚未定论,但翻译界普遍把“忠实,通顺”作为翻译中应该遵循的原则。所谓“忠实”,指译者应该正确地理解和表达原文的意思,保持原作的语气和文体风格。“通顺”,指译文文字流畅地道,遣词造句应当符合译语的语法规范和表达习惯。在翻译实践中,译者应该恰当地处理两者的关系,避免译文生硬、晦涩。

请看以下例子:

例(1):

The afternoon sun penetrated the mass of honeysuckle that covered the porch, and fell on my upturned face. My fingers lingered alomost unconsciously on the familiar leaves and blossoms which had just come forth to greet the sweet southern spring.

译文(1):午后的阳光渗透了覆盖了门廊的忍冬,照射到我向上的脸庞上。我的手指下意识地停留在这熟悉的,刚刚开花,来问候南方甜蜜春天的树叶和花朵上。

译文(2):午后的阳光透过爬满门廊的那簇忍冬,照射到我仰起的脸庞上。我的手指近乎下意识地抚弄这些熟悉的叶片和花朵,它们刚刚抽叶开花,迎来南方温馨的初春。

在该例翻译中,原文是一句带有定语从句的英语句子,译文(1)似乎是完全忠实原文,但“penetrate”、“linger”、“sweet”等词翻译僵硬,定语从句也没有作相应的处理,

语言晦涩,不符合中文的表达习惯;译文(2)按照中文的思维习惯和行文规范,对原句某些词语翻译作了调整,定语从句部分作了拆分、调整,语言较为优美,可读性增强,较好地体现了“忠实”和“通顺”的翻译标准。

例(2):

I do not think a day passes in my life in which I fail to look with fresh amazement at the miracle of nature.

译文 (1):在我生命中的每一天,我都带着新鲜的惊奇注视着大自然的奇迹。

译文 (2):在我生命中的每一天,我无不带着新奇的眼光观赏着大自然的奇迹。

在该句翻译中,原句是一句带有双重否定结构的英语句子,译文(1)将它转化为肯定句,在语气上有所减弱,没有很好地体现“忠实原文”的翻译原则,而且“fresh amazement”译成“新鲜的惊奇”也不符合中文的表达习惯;译文(2)用“无不”两字再现了双重否定结构,用“新奇的眼光”代替原文“新鲜的惊奇”,更为流畅、通顺。

例(3):

这家公司只有几年历史,可是其产品已经进入了国际市场。

译文(1):This company has a history of only a few years, but its products have already got into the international market.

译文(2):The company was set up only a few years ago, yet its products have found their way into the international market.

在该句翻译中,译文(1)完全照搬原文,“几年历史”译

成“a history of only a few years”,“进入国际市场”译成“have got into the international market”,但明显不符合英文表达习惯,“history”不能和“a few years”搭配,“进入市场”也不能译成“get into the international market”,译文(2)对原文进行了调整,用了“was set up only a few years ago”替代了“a history of only a few years”,用了专门词组“find their way into…”替代“get into the international market”,使英文更为流畅。

由此可见,在翻译过程中,忠实与通顺应该是相辅相成,两者不可偏废。

2)翻译的过程和步骤

翻译文章一般的过程是:理解、表达和校核。

首先,要理解原文,理解是表达的基础,译者必须准确地理解原文的内容、语言结构、背景知识等。在这一基础上,使用较为自然,妥帖的语言对原文信息进行转换,避免死译和望文生义地乱译。最后,译者要对原文内容进一步核实,对译文语言进行推敲,修改,以提高译文质量。在翻译过程中,理解原文是核心,只有理解得准确,才能翻译得恰当。

英汉词汇比较

词汇是构成语言的重要部分。英语、汉语分属不同的语言系统,它们的词类有一定的共性,也存在很多的差异,主要表现如下:

1)词类比较

词类指语言中词汇在语法上的划分,英语和汉语词类划分基本相同,主要词类基本对应,如:名词、动词、代词、连词、介词、数词、形容词、副词和感叹词。但是,英语和汉语在词类的划分上也有一些不同之处。除了上面列举的主要几种词类以外,英语还有冠词,汉语还有量词和助词。这些词类的作用在英语和汉语中有相近之处,但在使用的数量、频率以及语法功能等方面存在一定差异。

2)词的形态变化比较

在英语中,词类有较为复杂的形态变化,如名词、代词、动词和形容词在数、格、时、体、态、式、级、人称方面都有变化,以动词为例,英语中就有16种时态,每个动词有五种形式(一般形式,一般现在时第三人称,过去式,过去分词,现在分词),还有不同语态(主动,被动),不同语气(虚拟、陈述、祈使)。而汉语的词类变化较少,动词变化也较少,没有形式变化,时态借助几类助词来表示。

3)词义比较

英、汉语言的词汇都很丰富,但对于词汇的涵义范围不尽相同,主要有以下几种:

A) 完全对等

briefcase 公文包

movie 电影

self-confidence 自信

in detail 详细地

security checks 安全检查

B) 部分对等

painful 令人痛苦的;疼痛的

envy 嫉妒,羡慕

brother 兄,弟

elementary 初级的,基础的,小学的

C) 无适当对等词

teenager 13至19岁的青少年

amount (指不可数的)量,数额

overkill 过度杀伤力,表示宣传活动等方面不必要的过度行为

4)搭配差异

英语和汉语在词的搭配能力方面有所差异。如英语某些动词的搭配能力很强,以动词“fall” 为例,它在不同的语境之下就有多种搭配能力,在译成中文时需要选择不同的词汇,以符合汉语表达习惯,如:

Don't walk along the top of the wall; you might fall. 别在墙顶上行走,你会摔下来的。

The ripe fruit fell from the tree. 熟了的果子从树上掉了下来。

Interest rates fell sharply last week. 上周利率下跌很厉害。

A prayer was said in memory of those who fell in the war. 举行祷告是为了纪念战争中的阵亡将士。

She fell asleep. 她入睡了。

The city fell to the enemy. 这座城市沦陷了。

Her face fell when I told her the news.当我告诉她这个消息时,她突然沉下脸来。

义,这是词本身

所具备的特性。

假如一个词离

开语境而独立存在,语义是不确定的,也是不可译的。英语和汉语的词汇都非常丰富,英语的一词多义,汉语的一字多义的现象十分普遍。同样,一个简单的字或词语,在不同的上下文中,就可能有不同的含义,这就需要要我们依靠具体的上下文来判断某个字或词语的意义。 如果在翻译过程中,拘泥于词典提供的基本释义,机械地在两种语言中寻找对应的词,是有碍于译文质量的。译者只有在掌握词典基本释义的基础上,根据具体的语言环境和搭配习惯确定和选择词义,才能进行不同的翻译搭配,并确定词义。

我们以 “develop”一词为例,来看不同搭配中的不同词义。

1) Scientists are developing new drugs to treat arthritis. 科学家门正在研制治疗关节炎的新药物。

2) She should have developed her own style instead of copying him. 她应该形成她自己的风格,而不是抄袭他的。

3) He had developed a certain affection for me.

他对我有了一定的感情。

4) The course is designed to help students develop their speaking skills.

这门课是为了培养学生的说话技能而设计的。

5) Some alcoholics develop liver disease.

一些酗酒者会得肝病。

6) We will develop a few of these points in the seminar.

我们将在学术讨论会上阐述其中的某几点。

7) We would like to see the land developed for low-cost housing. 我们想看到这片土地开发后用来建造低成本的住宅。

8) Did you ever get the pictures developed ?

你有没有把照片冲洗出来?

9) Land animals are believed to have developed from sea animals.

词是句子甚至整个语篇的基本构建单位,如何选择恰当词义,是翻译过程中首先要碰到的问题。只有选择了适当的词义,并在必要时加以 恰如其分地引申,才能确保译文的通顺。大部分词不只有一个实际意

陆地动物被认为是从海洋动物进化而来的.

10) She's developed some very strange habits since she started living on her own.

自从她自己住后,她养成了一些很奇怪的习惯。

以上十个例子都包含develop一词,尽管均用作动词,根据上下文的不同,其词义都不尽相同。仅依赖于掌握的基本意义,不充分考虑上下文因素,也不借助于搭配关系所提供的语义线索,就无法准确把握该词在以上句子中的确切含义。

同样,一字多义在汉语中也相当普遍,以中文中的“吃”为例,词典中有多个意义和搭配,翻译此字,需要借助字典,也需要上下文的启示。请看下例:

1)吃饭 have a meal

2)吃瘪 be beaten, acknowledge defeat

3)吃不开 be unpopular

4)吃不消 be unable to stand

5)吃醋 be jealous

6)吃馆子 dine out

7)吃豆腐 flirt with a woman

8)吃耳光 get a slap in the face

9)吃官司 get into trouble with the law

10)吃惊 be startled

11)吃苦 bear hardship

12)吃亏 suffer losses

由此可见,汉英两种语言都有一词多类和一字多义的现象,在翻译过程中,正确选择恰当的词语是保证译文质量的重要前提,特别是要善于选择和确定原文中关键词的词义。

词义选择可以从以下五个方面着手:

Ⅰ) 通过词语的搭配选择

词的搭配关系主要指词与词的横向组合关系,英语与汉语在长期的使用过程中,都形成了各自的组合规律或搭配习惯。因此,在翻译中,可以通过词之间的固定关系选择词及确定词义。以英文词语“run”为例,当它做动词时,最为我们熟悉的意义是“跑”,但在许多场合中,都不能以此义来翻译,需要根据与之搭配的词确定其词义:

1) For a while, she ran a restaurant in Boston.

她曾有一段时间在波斯顿开餐馆。

2) Run the tape back to the beginning.

把磁带倒到头。

3) The company is running a series of advertisements in the national newspapers.

公司在全国性的报纸上登了系列广告。

4) The play ran for two years.

本剧持续放映了两年。

5) Water was running off the roof.

水从屋顶上流淌下来。

6)The idea runs in his mind. 这个念头萦绕在他的脑海里.

II) 根据上下文选择词义

英语中同一个词,同一词类,在不同场合往往有不同含义,因此可根据上下文的联系来判断和确定某个词在特定场合下所具有的词义,请看下例:

1) Government figures underestimate the problem.

政府的数字低估了这个问题。

2) Several leading figures resigned from the party.

几个主要的人物从政党中辞职了。

3) Most women have to watch their figure.

大部分妇女得注意她们的身材。

4) There are few figures in the street scene and most are children.

街景中雕像很少,且大部分都是孩子。

5) I could see two figures in the distance.

我可以看见远处有两个人影。

III) 根据词性确定词义

很多英文单词有多种词性,当词性不同时,往往词义也有所不同,因此,在翻译过程中首先可分析确定词性,然后再根据词性选择适当的词义。以本单元的close一词为例:

1)The shops close at 5:30. (动词)

商店五点半关门。

2) The church is close to the school. (形容词)

教堂离学校很近。

3) They were sitting close together on the couch. (副词)

他们紧挨着坐在长沙发上。

4) Finally the meeting was brought to a close by the new chairman. (名词)

最后,新上任的主席结束了会议。

IV. 根据词义的褒贬确定词义

词汇按照感情色彩可以分为褒义,贬义和中性。在翻译过程中,译者必须注意词汇的感情色彩,一般应严格按照原文的精神来进行。例如:

A. aggressive

1) Aggressive nations threaten world peace.

侵略成性的国家威胁世界和平。

2) A good salesman must be aggressive if he wants to succeed.

要做个好推销员一定要有闯劲才能成功经验。

B. sensitive

1) He's very sensitive about being small, so don't mention it.

他对自己个子矮小很敏感,可别提这件事。

2) When I need advice, he is a helpful and sensitive friend.

当我没主意时,他是个乐于助人、体贴的朋友。

词义的引申

英译汉时,有时某些词并不能完全按照字典的基本含义翻译,如生搬硬套或逐词死译,会使译文生硬,令人费解,甚至可能造成误解。这时应当根据上下文和逻辑关系,从该词的基本含义出发,进一步加以适当的引申,选择比较适当的汉语词语来表达。在这里,我们要讨论三种方法。

1.将词义抽象化

英语中表示具体形象的词或短语来表示某种特性,事物,概念等,翻译此类词时,可将其作抽象化的引申,使译文流畅。请看下例:

1)Life is full of smiles and tears.

生活充满了欢乐和悲哀.

2)If neighbors have changed, neighborhoods have not. They still have the same parts.(Unit 1, Book I)

如果邻居换了人,整个街坊不会变。街坊里该有什么还会有。

3)Writing the book brought the two closer, healing the father's traumas and patching up their relationship.

这部书的写作拉近了他俩的距离,治愈了父亲的创伤,并弥合了父女间的裂隙。

2. 将词义作具体化引申

英语擅长用抽象概念表达具体事物,抽象思维较突出;汉语更倾向于运用形象的方法表达抽象的概念。在翻译过程中,可以把英语的某些抽象词作具体化引申,如:

1) I looked up to find that another poor soul had met the same fate as I had.(Unit 4, Book I)

抬头看见一个可怜的家伙遭遇了和我原先一样的命运。

2)I first began to wonder what I was doing on a college campus when my parents drove off,leaving me standing pitifully in a parking lot. (Unit 4, Book I)

当我父母开车离去,留下我可怜巴巴地站在停车场上时,我开始寻思我在校园里该做什么。

3)Perhaps three days was long enough for the campus population to have forgotten me. (Unit 4, Book I)

兴许三天时间已经足以让校园里的人把我忘在脑后。

3.根据语境对词义作具体化引申

1) The corrections were marked in red.

修改的地方都用红笔标出。

2) Be honest about yourself, and you won't go wrong. (Unit 3, Book 1)

对自己的情况要照实说,这样准没错。

3) How often in introductions has a name failed to stick because your mind was on the way someone looked or acted? (Unit 3, Book 1)

向你介绍别人时,有多少次是由于你在注意这个人的长相和动作而没能记住他的名字?

4) Someone else may worry about the sun and the soil and the possibility of frost, but for both young plants and freshmen it is enough to be alive and here. (Unit 4, Book 1)

也许有人会担心阳光是否充足,土壤是否肥沃,霜冻是否降临,但是对幼苗和大学新生来说,能够存活,能够跨进大学的校门,就足够了。

词类转译(1)—名词和动词转换

由于英汉语言在表达方式和遣词造句等方面的差异,翻译

时不能逐字硬译,也不能一味追求词类的对应,而需要把

原文中属于某种词类的词在译文中转换成另一类,这就是

词类转换。因此,词类转换是英汉互译中很重要的手段之

一。

1.英译汉的词类转换

1.1 动、名词转译

1) 名词转化为动词

A. 由动词派生的名词

1) We have ruled out tool use and invention as ways

of telling animal behavior from human behavior.

我们已经把使用和发明工具,从区分动物和人类行为的方

法中排除出去了。

2) Another way of dealing with enemies is either to

have a very good protection or to be able to escape

quickly.

还有一种对付敌人的方式是,要么防卫可靠要么能够迅速

逃逸。

B. 含有动作意味的名词

1) What is the purpose of their playing?

它们为何玩耍?

2) When the termites bite at the stick, the chimpanzee

removes it and eats them off the end—like our use of

a fork.

当白蚁啃咬树枝时,就把树枝抽回,接着就把枝条底端的

白蚁吃掉——就和我们使用餐叉一样。

C. 有些加后缀er 的词。

1) He is a lover of animals. 他热爱动物。

2) The castle gets lots of visitors from America. 有很多美国人到这座城堡来游览。

2) 动词转化为名词

A. 名词派生的动词

1) An interest in people's deepest feelings characterizes all her writings.

对人们最深沉感情的关注,是她所有著作的特征。

2) She personifies beauty and grace.

她是美丽与优雅的化身。

B 名词转用的动词

1) You can see what a Dodo looked like from the picture.

你只能从照片中得知渡渡鸟的模样。

2) These exercises are designed to strengthen the muscles.

这些锻炼的目的是为了增强肌肉。

2.汉译英的词类转换

2.1汉语动词转译成英语名词

汉语中动词用得多,除大量的动宾结构外,还有连动式、兼语式等两个以上动词连用的现象,而英语一句话往往只有一个谓语动词,而且英语名词比汉语名词多,鉴于这一特点,在汉译英时,鉴于这一特点,在汉译英时,需要把某些汉语动词转换成英语名词,例如:

1)我不知道你喜欢喝什么,茶还是咖啡?

I don't know your preferences, would you like tea or coffee?

2)他们坚决要求立刻偿还债款。

They are insisting on immediate repayment of the debt.

3) 控制人口和发展经济是我们当前的首要任务。

Population control and economic development are the two most important tasks of our present time.

4) 目前大家都非常注意保护环境和节约资源。

People nowadays pay special attention to environmental protection and the conservation of resources.

2.2. 汉语名词转为英语动词。

1)结婚戒指是夫妇结合的象征。

A wedding ring symbolizes the union of husband and wife.

2)工厂必须把增加产量作为自己的目标。

The factory must aim at an increase in production.

3)摇头通常的意思是“不”。

When you shake your head it usually means “no”.

4)箱子里满是书,重量为一吨。

The box was full of books and weighed a ton.

词类转译(2)—其他词类转换

1.1形容词与副词的互相转译

A.形容词转译成副词

当英语名词译成汉语动词时,修饰该名词的形容词往往转译成副词,例如:

1) She gave me a black look.

她狠狠地瞪了我一眼。

2) The children made rude remarks about the old man.

几个孩子无礼地对那老人评头论足。

3) They don't normally give an advance notice about which building they're going to inspect.

他们通常不预先通知要检查哪栋大楼。

B.副词转译成形容词

英语动词译成汉语名词时,修饰该动词的副词往转译成形容词,例如:

1) We don't want to get too deeply involved with these people.

我们不想和这些人有太深的交往。

2) The people most immediately affected by the drought

千百万山区人终于摆脱了贫穷。

2) She's a sales manager but she has a regional sales director over her.

她是销售部经理,但还有一位区域销售主任管着她.

3) In 1845,John Franklin left England with 134 men to look for a route through the Arctic.

1845年,约翰﹒富兰克林带着134人离开英格兰前往寻找穿过北极的线路。

1.3 汉语动词转译成英语介词短语

1)一座跨越杭州湾的大桥已开始建造。

A bridge has been under construction which will span the Hangzhou Bay.

2)这份报告虽然很长,但不切要领,我看不懂。

Although the report is very long, it is beside the point and beyond my comprehension.

3)我谨代表全公司,感谢你所做的所有工作。

On behalf of the entire company, I would like to thank you for all your work.

4)我们全体赞成他的建议。

We were in favour of his suggestion.

1.4 汉语动词转为英语形容词

1)他害怕蜘蛛。

He's afraid of spiders.

2)他热爱科学研究,但对提升职称不感兴趣。

He is keen on scientific research but indifferent to promotion.

3)他一点都不清楚自己想过什么样的生活。

He isn't at all clear about what he wants to do with his life

词义增补(1)—名词、动词的增添

由于表达方式和语言结构的差异,在英汉翻译时,需要按意义和句法上的需要在原文的基础上添加一些必要的词,使译文更加流畅、自然。这种添加词语使译文流畅、自然的方法在翻译中称为词义的增补。词义的增补能够帮助有效地处理译文,是翻译中常用的手段。

英译汉的增词

1.1 增加动词

比较英、汉两种语言可以发现:在英语中,名词使用频率高;而汉语中则是动词用得多。因此,在英语没有动词出现的情况下,根据意义需要,可以在名词前后增加原文中虽无其词而有其义的动词,使译文更加忠实原文,语言也更为通顺,更符合中文表达习惯。例如:

1) You will often remember the reason why you were asked to learn this poem or song. It may have been for a show to which families were invited.

你往往会记得当时要你学会这首诗或这首歌的理由。这也许是为了表演节目,还邀请了家人观看。

2) Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability.

读书足以怡情、足以博采、足以长才。

3) In the evening, after concerts and the table tennis exhibitions, Edward would prepare for his presentation the next day.

晚上在出席音乐会,观看乒乓球表演之后,爱德华还得准备第二天的表演。

1.2 增加名词

英语中的不及物动词后面不跟宾语。在翻译中遇到这种情况时,汉语译文常常需要填补宾语。例如:

1) I haven't enough time to read.

我没有足够的时间读书。

2) Every day you can see her doing

housework---cooking, sweeping, and cleaning.

每天你都可以看见她做家务—做饭,扫地,收拾房间。

有时在某些形容词前也需要增加一些名词,使意义更加完

整,例如:

1) This dictionary is indeed cheap and good.

这本词典真是价廉物美.

2)A new kind of aircraft-small,cheap,pilot-less -is attracting increasing attention.

一种新型的飞机正越来越引起人们的注意——这种飞机体积小、造价低、无人驾驶。

在翻译某些名词(特别是由动词和形容词派生的抽象名词)时也需要在该词后增加一个名词,使语言表达更加符合中文习惯。例如:

1) The leader is not satisfied with our preparation.

领导对我们的准备工作不满意。

2) The border dispute has been a continuing source of tension.

边界争端一直是造成紧张局势的根源。

3) Anyone wanting to enter the computer business faces tough competition.

任何想进入计算机行业的人都面临着强硬的竞争对手。

4) The world needn't be afraid of a possible shortage of coal, oil, natural gas or other resources for fuel for the future.

世界无需担心将来可能出现的煤、石油、天然气或者其他燃料来源短缺问题。

汉译英的增词

2.1 增加代词或名词

汉语里无主语或没有宾语的句子很多,英语则不同。在汉译英时,常须将隐含的主语与宾语补上,以符合英语语法习惯。例如:

1) 非常盼望收到你的回信。

I’m looking forward to your reply.

2) 这位医生致力于寻求癌症的治疗方法。

The doctor devoted herself to finding a cure for

cancer.

汉语中物主代词使用不如英语多,翻译时需增添相关代词,例如:

1) 当然,在第一次演讲前他并不知道会有怎样的结果。

Of course, he did not know what the outcome would be before his first speech.

2) 他致富后就忘了老朋友了。

He forgot his old friends when he became rich.

3) 她冒着生命危险去抢救那个溺水儿童。

She risked her life trying to save the drowning child.

4) 她不小心让裙子夹在门缝里给撕破了。

She accidentally shut her skirt in the door and tore it.

词义增补(2)—其他词类增添

英汉两种语言,由于表达方式和语言结构的差异,翻译时既可能要将词类加以转换,又可能要在词量上加以增减。词义增补就是在翻译时按意义和句法上的需要在原文的基础上添加一些必要的词,使译文更加流畅,自然,它是译者有效处理译文的一种必要手段。

在英译汉的过程中,译者应该在必要时按意义上(或修辞上)和句法上的需要增加一些词来更忠实通顺地表达原文的思想内容。当然这里所说的增词不是无中生有地随意增词,而是增加原文中虽无其词而有其意的一些词。根据意义上或修辞上的需要,如何增加形容词、副词及量词的情况将在这里作重点介绍。

1.1 增加形容词或副词.

为了增加译文的可读性, 在名词前面可适当地增加形容词,在某些动词前可增加副词。例如:

1) “This is grasping at straws, I know,” said the helpless man.

“我知道,这是在抓救命稻草,”他无可奈何地说。

2)With the meeting to begin in just a couple of hours,

I hadn't the time to worry about such trifles.

不出两三个小时会议就要开始,我没有闲工夫为这些琐事操心了。

3) “It'll make a man of him,” said Jack. “College

his chin on the back.

他把椅子转过来,叉开腿一屁股坐在上面,下巴搁在椅背

上。

1.2 增加量词

英语中数词(包括不定冠词)与可数名词往往直接连用,它

们之间没有量词,而汉语却需要借助量词,因此翻译时应

根据汉语表达习惯恰当地增加表示形状、特征或材料的量

词。在英译中的过程中,增加量词的现象十分普遍,即便

在本单元的三篇阅读文章也出现不少范例。例如:

1) She even put his name in a poem that she wrote.

她甚至把他的名字写进她的一首诗里。

2) He was so surprised and pleased that he decided to

write her a letter.

他惊喜万分,于是决定给她写一封信。

3) We were going to meet and then drive down South

where I've got a job promised me.

我们本来打算在这里汇合,然后开车到南方去,那里人家

答应给我一份工作。

4) She was wearing a red flower on her suit, but it

was not the little red rose they had agreed upon.

她穿着套装,衣服上佩着一朵红花,但不是他们约好的红

玫瑰。

5) She was standing almost directly behind the girl,

a woman well past 40, her graying hair under a worn

hat.

她站在那姑娘的身后,几乎紧挨着她。那是一位有四十好

几的妇女,一顶旧帽子遮盖了她的灰发。

6) A young woman was coming toward him.

一位年轻女子朝他走来。

总之,在实际英汉翻译过程中,增译是非常重要的手段,

译者应该掌握英汉语言词类用法的不同特征,根据语义需

要和上下文要求,添补必要的词汇,使译文更加流畅、通

直译与意译

英、汉两种语言在结构和语义表达方面存在着雷同和差异,翻译时有时用直译,有时用意译。直译指不仅忠实于原文内容而且忠实于原文形式的翻译方法,要求在保持原文内容的前提下,力求使译文与原文

2) I'll always remember Thanksgivings as the times we ate good food, sang old-fashioned songs, and shared a lot of love with family and friends.

译:我将永远记得,感恩节是我们吃美食、唱老歌、与家人朋友分享爱的时刻。

3) Although I don't visit it often now, it was once the center of my life.

译:尽管我现在不常去那儿,但那里曾经一度是我生活的中心。

二、意译法

由于语言的差异,有时很难保持逐字对等且保持原文结构和语义,在这种情况下,就得借助意译。美国著名翻译学家奈达(Nida)提出在翻译中改变形式,使用意译的五个条件:

1)直译会导致意义上的错误时;

2)引入外来语形成语义空白,读者可能自己填入错误的意义时;

3)形式对等引起严重的意义晦涩时;

4)形式对等引起作者原意所没有的歧义时;

5)形式对等违反目的语的语法或文体规范时;

英汉两个民族在历史渊源、文化传统、风俗习惯、地理环境等诸多方面存在差异,这种差异反应在语言表达上,翻译时应该不拘泥于原文的语法结构,需要根据汉语的习惯进行调整,使意思得以较为完整地转换, 主要有以下几种情况:

1.英语和中文表达的语义有较大差异,需要按照汉语习惯进行表达,以避免违反文化习惯

例如:

1) It rains cats and dogs. 大雨滂沱。

2) Every dog has his day. 人人都有得意的日子。

2.英译汉时能找到汉语的对等含义,但是语义有所差异,按照汉语的语言习惯表达

例如:

1) Where there is a will, there is a way. 有志者事竟成。

2) Practice makes perfect. 熟能生巧。

3) One boy is a boy, two boys half a boy, three boys no boy.

一个和尚挑水吃,两个和尚抬水吃,三个和尚没水吃。

4) Everyone seems much friendlier to each other than usual at Christmastime.

在圣诞节期间,对大家来说,人与人之间似乎都要比平时友好得多。

3.根据上下文语境,对有些词汇、句式进行适当调整、转换

例如:

1) First of all, Christmas takes you out of the ordinary routine of life.

译:首先,圣诞节使你摆脱日常生活的轨道。

2) They give us a reason to forget routine, to celebrate, and to make memories.

节日使我们有理由忘掉日常的惯例,去庆祝、去做值得回忆的事情。

3) The spirit of the Thanksgiving holiday promotes life, friendship, closeness and family unity.

译:其实,感恩节的宗旨就是提升生活,增进友谊、亲密关系和家庭团结。

4) They seemed to be perfectly compatible, both intellectually and spiritually.

他们才情并茂,精神融洽。

5) Then, in September, 1846, in a secret marriage ceremony, Elizabeth Barrett became Elizabeth Barrett Browning.

1846年9月,他们举行了婚礼,仪式是秘密进行的,于是伊丽莎白?巴雷特变成了伊丽莎白?巴雷特?勃朗宁。

与词义有关的误译

在一个句子中,每个词语都与其他词语发生关系,互为语

境。翻译一个词,必须先从它在上下文中所处的地位及与

其他词的搭配关系去理解,去进行贴切的翻译,否则会出

现误译。下面列举了一些能说明问题的译文,不难看出[译

2]要比[译1] 语言自然通畅,符合目的语的习惯。

1. 一词多义及搭配差异造成的误译

例(1) She said it was a test. (After-Class Reading II,

2017考研英语翻译重难点解析:反译法

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