Unit1 Greeting and introuduction
Dialogues /monologues:
1、You can tell they lived during the Depression.
这里的"tell"是断定的意思，咳……常常把它的意思与(告知、告诉)联系在一起，脑子便转不过弯来。
此句意思应该是：你可以断定他们生活在那时的大萧条期。
2、He really knows how to bring a person out.
"bring a person out."是“鼓励一个人的”的意思。
整句话的意思是：他非常善于鼓励别人/使别人振作起来。
PS：to bring sb. out
意思为：to make someone feel more comfident, happy, and friendly /使某人更加自信、开朗
3、he looks like his fun to be with.
整句话的意思是：他看起来是个很有意思的人。或，和他在一起应该会很有意思。
句子解析
4、since we're going to recruit some staff so that we can get our new school going in time。
这里的since, 和so that 是基于...原因的意思.根据意思我将其译成: 届时...将...以便...
整句话的意思是：届时我们将聘请一些工作人员以便使我们的新学校及时开学.
5、Would you address character description for the commercial and industrial arts staff?
arts staff 怎么翻译?
==>你能够给商业与工艺美术的职员讲讲特征描述吗?
arts跟前面的commercial and indutrial连在一起看，而非与后面的staff:
(the commercial and industrial arts) staff.
6、There are a number of other positions to consider.
"A number of" 换成 "a lot of" 或者是”a great many”行不行，为什么?
==>可以换成a lot of或a great many of,因为position是可数名词。如果这里是不可数名词，则只能用
a number of代替而不能用a great many.
修饰可数/不可数都行：a number of/a lot of,
只能修饰可数：a great many of(与many性质一样)
7、Would you mind letting me take a look in your briefcase?
将"letting me"换成 "let me" 行不行，为什么?
==>不行，mind是动词，后面不能直接跟动词原形，一般接名词(或动名词),这里的letting 是let的
动名词形式。
8、I’m afraid I certainly do mind, if it’s all the same to you.
“Do mind”与” all the same”什么意思?
==>do mind: 在英语中强调动词，用助动词do(各种时态)+动词原形。
==>all the same: 完全一样，用于强调。如：
Although you didn't complete it in time, I appreciate you all the same.
尽管你没有及时完成，我还是一样很感激你。
9、One day the life free from the harsh decrees of state-sponsored racial repression. (种族压迫)
在这句话中，state-sponsored 翻译成什么意思最好?
==>state-sponsored:国家发起的。用于修饰racial repression(种族压迫),是复合形容词，复合形容词的
相结合。
10、The state in which she was born had laws in place waiting to characterize her as unwelcome.
整句话的意思是：在她出生的洲有专门针对象她那一类人并将他们列为不受欢迎人士的法律。
11、Present was the usual mix that had so often accumulated into a burden too heavy for a single-parent household like the one Oprah Winfrey grew up in.
整句话的意思是：目前，这种平常的税收会不断地压迫在单亲家庭的身上,就象Winfrey 这样的例子.
12、One day the life free from the harsh decrees of state-sponsored racial repression.
整句话的意思是：有一天，生活可以从洲政府怂恿的残酷种族压迫中解放。
Passage:
The circumstances surrounding the birth of a female infant in Kosciusko, Mississippi, on Jan.29, 1954,were not promising present was the usual mix that had so often accumulated into a burden too heavy for a single-parent household like the one Oprah Winfrey grew up in. The state in which she was born had laws in place waiting to characterize her as unwelcome, to bar her participation in otherwise acceptable social activities, to shackle her to the residue of slavery and other injustices of the past. The simple truth is that her grandmother, her great-grandmother and all the
great-great-grandmothers before them never experienced one day of life free from the harsh decrees of state-sponsored racial repression.
In hindsight, it appears that her birth was an uneventful one. But at age three she was reciting speeches from church pulpits. Upon discovering books, the child delved into the written word, turning out weekly book reports for her father. Even during turbulent times, not a moment was wasted. Seeds were being planted, watered, and nurtured. On April 13, 1964, nearly an adolescent and watching television from the linoleum floor of her mother’s walk-up flat in something deep inside of her. She was watching the live broadcast of the Academy Awards ceremony and saw a young African-American actor receiving the film industry’s highest honor. Sharing in that moment and all it implied she later told me, caused her to say softly to herself, “If he can do that, I wonder what I could do?”
The ground had been set. The journey of Oprah Winfrey had begun. The babe, the child, the adolescent, the young woman-all their strengths were harnessed into a force of astonishing power that placed itself in the service of nature and the human family. That the world has changed in meaningful ways since 1954 is beyond question. Oprah and her activities were driving forces in many of those changes. Her enormously influential talk show, her philanthropic work with children in Africa and elsewhere, her popular book club and magazine, her empowering spiritual message, her contribution (by action and example) to improving race relations-all speak to the human family, touching hearts and leaving each one uplifted.
Mississippi too seems to be mellowing out into a more congenial place than it was in 1954. that may also be partly due to the very special energy that is Oprah Winfrey-a courageous, funny, compassionate, well-informed, dazzlingly curious person, as
down-to-earth and loving as any human being I’ve ever known.
参考译文:
故事的详情围绕在1954年六月29日出生于密西西比，科修斯科山的一个女婴。那时，对
于像Oprah Winfrey (奥普来.温弗里)这样日常开销负担特别繁重的单亲家庭来说，她的出身并不是那么让人期待。她所在的国家，已经有适当的法律等候着将她列为不受欢迎的对象，阻击
她参加其它合理的社交活动，让她背负上了奴隶制度剩余产物的枷锁，还有以往其它一些不公
平的待遇。简单的事实就是她的祖母、曾祖母以及更早的一代之前，在政府纵恿的种族镇压法
令下，从未经历过一天生命的自由。
之后的迹象表明，她的出生似乎平淡无奇。但是，在她三年的时候，便开始在教堂的讲道
坛背诵演说，在发现了书籍的之后，她便钻研上面写过的句子，每周向她的父亲作一次书籍汇报。即使在那个动荡不安的年代，也从不浪费一刻功夫。种子正在播种灌溉。在1964年4月13
日，她已成长为一个青少年，在她母亲那间无电梯的公寓的油布地毯上，电视里的一些东西深深地了触动了她。那时她正在看奥斯卡奖项的现场直播，一位年青的美国黑人演员被授予了电影行业中的最高荣誉。在分享那个神圣的时刻之后，她告诉了我所有这一切都在暗暗地促使她轻声地告诉自己“他能做到，难道我就做不到吗?”
道路已经被铺平了，Oprah Winfrey 开始了她的旅程。从婴儿到小孩、到青少年、再到年轻女士——万事俱备，使得她在服务于自然界与人类家庭上迸发出一种惊人的能力。从1954年起，毫无疑问，世界已经以一种积极的方式发生着改变。Oprah和她的脱口秀是其中的很多改变动力。她影响深远的脱口秀、对非洲乃至其它地方的小孩博爱举动、广受欢迎的书籍杂志俱乐部、激动人心的演说辞、以身作则为改善种族关系所作的贡献。这一切都讲给人类家庭，触动了他们的内心，每个人都深受鼓舞。
密西西比也受到了潮流的影响，比1954年看起来适意得多。其中的部分也许同样归功于Oprah Winfrey的非常独特的精神力量——一个勇敢、有趣、富有同情心、见识广博、闪耀着知识光芒的人，是我所知的人中最脚踏实地、让人钟爱的一个。
Unit 2 People
Phrases and Sentence:
1、 I don't ever want to have the effect on a person that this person had on me, where I was just blown away by disappointment. It took a few years to get over it.
PS：请高手重点解析”ever”的意思。
==>我甚至从未想过要给“给我留下印象的人”留下印象，在这一点上我感到十分失望。我用了许多年才克服这个毛病。
ever,在否定句中起加强语气的作用，not ever从未。
2、One thing I do is work with Make-A-w ish. If an ill child’s one wish to see a celebrity and he picks me, then I make time to see him. But I have to be very careful with these kids, because if you get too attached, you’re just setting yourself up for loss.
PS：请高手重点解析” because if you get too attached, you’re just setting yourself up for loss.
”的意思。
==>我做的一件事就是带着许愿做事。如果一个病了的孩子的愿望是想看一个名人并且他选择的是我，然后我抽出时间去看望他。但是我必须非常小心的跟这些孩子相处，因为如果你太依恋，你会感到不舍。
because if you get too attached, you’re just setting yourself up for loss.因为如果你太依恋，你会感到不舍。
其中attch是：使喜爱，使依恋：因情感因素，如爱戴或忠诚使联结。
set oneself up for loss是引起自己处于受损失或失去的状态。
3、Thank you for giving me the inspiration to stick around, at age 50, you have to feel you’re contributing to something.
PS：请高手重点解析” you have to feel you’re contributing to something.”
==>谢谢你给我关于等待的启示，在50岁时，你必须感到你正在做贡献。
"you have to fell you’re contributing to something"这句话的意思就是：在50岁时，你必须感到你正在对某些事情做贡献。
4、We stayed at the Ritz-Carlton and just had a blast. Or I’ll give everybody a ride in the Ultra light-it’s a flying kite.
PS：请高手重点解析“ride”在这里怎么翻译。
==>我们待在Ritz-Carlton并开了个狂欢会。否则我会给每个人乘坐一下“超轻型”---一个飞行的风筝。
ride就是乘坐。
5、“One day I’ll have my own barbecue.” In other words, every generation gets to improve on the dreams of the last generation.
PS：请高手重点解析这段话的真正含义。
==>“有朝一日，我将拥有自己的烤肉(比喻:实现自己的梦想)。换句话说，每代人必须在他上代人的梦想上有所提高。
6、But it came with a price because when he was drinking, we had jobs and money. When he quit, we traded alcoholism for being dirt-poor.
PS：请高手重点解析“we traded alcoholism for being dirt-poor.”这句话的真正含义。
==>但是这有一定的代价：因为当他饮酒的时候，我们有工作和工钱。当他戒酒了，我们就只有借酒消愁穷困潦倒了。
we traded alcoholism for being dirt-poor：其中的trade sth. for sth.以...和...
交易,以酗酒和穷困潦倒交易。
7、It got so bad that he either quit or got fired.
PS：请高手重点解析“so……that”在此句中的意义。
==>一般so...that是如此...以至于...的意思，这里上下句不是因果关系: 变得糟糕的是，他既没有辞职也没有被解雇。后半句that he either quit or got fired是so bad的补充状语从句，补充说明so bad的细节，不要太拘泥语法结构，更应该注重的是：1.英语语序特征，2.英语国家的人的逻辑思维特征。
8、He was a tool pusher essentially, sold drill bits to oil-drilling companies.
PS：翻译这句话。
==>他其实就是一个工具推销者，卖钻头给开采石油的公司。
9、I never think that I ‘m doing eight-minute cures on television. But I think that 50 percent of the solution to any problem lies in defining it first. I can be an emotional compass that points them down the path.
PS：请高手重点解析“cures”与“lies in”的意思，另外“point……down”是词组吗?
==>我从未想过我在用电视做一个8分钟的治疗。但是我认为任何问题50%的解决方法在于先界定它。我可能是沿着路径指向它们的情感罗盘(指南针)。
cure：名词，治疗。point和后面的down可以认为没有关系，这里不是词组，down这里的意思是“沿着”，相当于along。down the path是介宾结构词组，在句中作points them的补充状语。
建议：
不要从语法分析着手来学习英语，因为这样效果很差。最好是提高阅读量，让一切语法变为理所当然的事情，让记忆单词成为阅读时的副产品。
Passage：
If a computer were to design the perfect U.N. Secretary-General, he or she would look something like this: African born; European and American educated, with decades of service in the U.N. system; married to a European; and possessing a quiet charisma and calm authority as chaos arises.
That the U.N. in 1996 found such a person to restore its sense of direction and purpose was a near miracle. But out of the U.N.’s failures in Bosnia, Somalia and Rwanda came Kopi Annan, the career international civil servant who had participated in these disasters yet somehow survived and learned from them.
Today Annan is in the middle of his second term. His task is not finished, and the U.N. is still far from what it should be. But Annan has tested the limits of the job, accumulating more authority-one cannot use the word power, given the constraints the U.N. system places on him-than any of his predecessors.
His complex relationship with the U.S. government is little understood. When Annan takes positions in public that are displeasing to the bush administration, it unleashes its attack dogs. Yet when administration officials found their policies in Iraq floundering, they asked the U.N. for help. Some observers told Annan that he should responsibility was to the cause of stabilizing Iraq. He began to work toward the decisive date of June 30, when the u.s. will hand over control to Iraqi authorities and an uncertain situation will prevail determined by factors way beyond his, or anyone else’s, ability to control. But it is Annan’s destiny to be handed the very worst problems after they have been unsuccessfully addressed by others. Anyone who knows him knows
he wades into such problems with his usual blend of courage, self-control, modesty and optimism.
参考译文：
如果让电脑来设计一个完美的联合国秘书长，他/她应该是这样的：出生在非洲;在欧洲和美国接受教育;在联合国工作十年以上;配偶是欧洲人;出现混乱局面时能保持冷静、富有领导魅力的权威人士。
1996年联合国找到了这样一个人来恢复它的方向感和目的性，这简直就是个奇迹。联合国在波斯尼亚、索马里和卢旺达的行动失败后，科菲.安南却脱颖而出。身为国际公务员的他对参与了这一系列的空难性行动，幸存下来，并且从中学到很多东西。
现在，安南的第二任期已过一半。然而，他的任务还没有圆满完成，联合国离其理想状态还很远。但安南已经体验到了他这份工作的局限性——因为联合国体制对他的限制，他不能利用言语力量，然而他却比他的前任们积累了更多的权威性。
他与美国政府的复杂关系鲜为人知，当安南在公众面前的表现不能取悦布什政府的时候，美国就会攻击他。反过来，当美国政府官员发现他们的政策在伊拉克举步维艰的时候，他们却向联合国寻求帮助。有些观察家建议安南不要帮助美国摆脱困境，但是安南明白，自己最大责任是促成伊拉克局势的稳定。他开始朝6月30号这个决定性的日子努力，美国将会在这天向伊拉克政府移交政权，这将千万动荡局面。不管是安南还是其他任何人，在伊拉克问题上的成功与否都不会取决于他个人的控制能力。但是，安南注定要处理这些棘手的问题，而这些问题是由别人的失败造成的。所有熟悉安南的人都知道他将带着他一贯的勇气、自我控制能力、谦恭和乐观来介入这一难题。
Unit 3 House and Family
Phrases and Sentence:
1、She soon called my attention to the fact that she couldn’t work full time and keep house, too.
call attention to(唤起注意)
keep house(当家)
2、 I guess I just took it for granted that a wife was supposed to take care of her kids and husband.
take it for granted：(视为当然)
be supposed to：(应该、被期望)
3、You’ve got to get to know them.
have got to do：(必须做……)
get to：(在这里作“开始”的意思)
4、But maybe I’d better take that back and give her a hand.
take bake：(在这里作“取消”的意思)
give Sb. A hand(抽出空或腾出手帮助某人)
5、 They put me in mood for Italian food.
put in mind：(使记起、提醒)
6、I’ve put aside some money that I earned by doing some extra mechanical work. put aside：(储存、备用)
7、 I was putting a machine together today.
put together：(把……加起来、装配)
8、 I am putting forth a lot of effect to make this tablecloth.
put forth：(生出、作出)
9、 Do you want me to put my needlework away?
put away：(在这里作“放弃、处理掉”的意思)
请注意上面5个以“put”打头的短语与词组的用法
10、I was going by the store near your house ..
go by：(顺便走访)
11、Your black purse and shoes go nicely with that dress.
go with：(伴随、与……相配)
12、He always goes beyond my expectations.
go beyond：(超出)
13、The kids can’t go along with you.
go along with：(一起去、附和)
14、Your offer goes to prove that you’re a wonderful mother-in-law.
offer：(在这里作为“提意”的意思)
go to：(愿意为定位、转到的意思，在这里引申为?)
15、You know I get sick every single ti me the temperature goes below 68°.
go below：(下降)
请注意上面5个以“go”打头的短语与词组的用法
16、I could really go for a good comedy.
go for：(在这里作为“主张”的意思)
17、we can barely make ends meet.
ends meet：指收支平衡
18、Every thing I say goes in one ear and out the other.
goes in one ear and out the other.：(一个耳朵进，一个耳朵出。指听不进去的意思) 19、I’ve been keeping track of all of our phone bills.
keep track of：(明了、一目了然的意思)
20、I’ll have to call them and have them straighten it out.
straighten out：(改正、更正)
Passage:
On the day the World Trade Center fell, the Empire state Building once again became the tallest building in New York City. In the months that followed, six of its commercial tenants ran off. They did not want to be in the tallest anything, anywhere, anymore. At a time when U.S. Vice president Dick Cheney was still being shuttled around to undisclosed locations, skyscrapers suddenly seemed like the most disclosed locations. For a while, it looked as though the tall building, at least in the U.S., might be one more casualty of war.
Three years later, despite fears of terrorist attacks, big is beautiful again. On July 4, New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg presided at the rise at the World Trade Center site. New skyscraper projects are under way once more elsewhere in the city and around the U.S. Meanwhile, outside the states, where the taste for tall buildings never really faded, the skyscraper has also been
poking its head up in very different ways, and not just for reasons having to do with security. Since the 1990s, tall buildings have been reshaped by a number of global architecture stars whose vision is finally beginning to penetrate the more conservation American market.
Some of the best examples of that rethinking now fill two large galleries of the Museum of Modern Art’s temporary outpost in Queens, New York. Using 25 spectacular architectural models (some of more than 4 m high), “Tall buildings”, a show that runs at MOMA through Sept.27, looks at the ways in which the skyscraper has evolved since the early 1990s, at least in the hands of its most gifted practitioners, the kind who are proposing-and even producing, but usually in other nations-buildings that don’t resemble the dull boxes that crowd most American downtowns.
Engineering is, among others, a path to new kinds of beauty. Just look at Renzo piano’s London Bridge Tower, a slender glass pyramid that forms a glittering stalagmite against the old city’s skyline. You get a grasp of what ingenious engineering is all about from the London Headquarters of the insurance firm Swiss Re, designed by Norman Foster. Even before it opened in April, it was known as the small cucumber because it rises against the sky like a green pickle. But the building’s single feature is the inclusion of larger interior gardens throughout. B ut there’s a dematerializing spirit even in a building that didn’t requiring new fears of engineering-the Arcos Bosques
Corporativo in Mexico City, an arched tower with a vertical slot down its center that lightens the building’s mass brings the sky itself into play.
“Not only did American invent skyscraper”, says the Spanish designer Santiago Calatrava, “it invented the skyline.” But American skylines have got a little dull. With some work, the world’s architects might bring them back to a very tall stan dard.
参考译文:
世贸大厦倒榻的那一天，帝国大厦又一次成为纽约最高的建筑。在接下来的几个月，六家帝国大厦的商务住户搬走了，他们再也不想住在最高的楼里了，无论在什么地方。曾经有一度，当美国副总统迪克.切尼仍旧被不停地周转护送到各个隐蔽地点时，摩天大楼似乎突然间成了最暴露的地点。一时间，高楼大厦似乎成了战争的又一种牺牲品，至少美国是这样。
三年之后，人们依旧害怕恐怖袭击，但是高楼大厦再次成了美的化身。7月4号，纽约州州长乔治.帕塔奇和纽约市市长米歇尔.布鲁伯格主持了自由大厦的破土仪式，这座写字楼将建在世贸大厦原址上。在纽约的其他地方，甚至全美国，新摩天大楼的建设工程又开始火热地进行。同时，在摩天热从末褪去的其他国家，摩天大楼以截然不同的形态拔地而起，而这不仅仅是因为安全问题。从九十年代初期开始，高楼大厦的形态就被一些世界设计大师重塑了，这些设计大师的远见最终打入了较为保守的美国市场。}
那些新设计中的一些杰作现在正占据着位于纽约皇后区的现代艺术博物馆的两个临时展区。9月27号，现代博物艺术馆会举行一次名为“摩天大楼”的建筑模型(有些有四米多高)，以此来向人们展示九十年代初以来摩天大楼是如何发展的。至少在那些最有天赋的设计者手里设计出来或者是建造出来的建筑物，这些通常出现在别的国家，不再像一堆呆头呆脑的盒子簇拥在美国各城市的中心。
在众多领域里，工程建设是通向另类美丽的一种途径。看看雷佐.皮耶罗设计的伦敦塔，细长的玻璃金字塔组成一个闪耀的石笋直指伦敦上空，在空中形成美丽的轮廓。从瑞士在保险公司的伦敦总部大楼我们就能看出工程建设是多么的巧妙，那栋楼是由罗曼.弗斯特设计的。甚至在四月份对外之前，这座楼就被人们称为小黄瓜，因为它直耸入云，在天空的映衬下看上去就像一根绿黄瓜。但是这栋楼最显著的特点却是遍布室内各处的室内大花园。即使在不需要新工程技术的建筑物里也存在着非物质精神——墨西哥城的阿克斯.波斯克期公司大楼是一座拱行
的楼，在这座楼的中间有一条狭槽从上通向底部，这座狭槽把光带到了楼里的大部分地方并且使楼里的人能看见天空。
“美国发明的不光是摩天大楼”西班牙设计师圣地亚哥.卡拉托弗说，“它发明的还有摩天大楼的空中轮廓。”但是美国的空中轮廓显得有些单调。一段时间的努力之后，世界建筑大师们或许会使其重返“高”标准。
Unit 4 Environment
Phrases and Sentences:
1、He is famous for vigorously opposing the use of chemicals to kill pets.
PS:解析vigorously opposing 并翻译这句话。
==>vigorously opposing积极反对
全句翻译：他因为积极反对用化学品杀宠物而出名。
2、What would you recommend for a tenth-grader?
PS:解析tenth-grader到底是十年级的学生，还是十岁的小孩?
==>tenth-grade是“十年级”，所以tenth-grader当然是“十年纪的学生”了。十岁的小孩是：teenager
3、They used Singapore as a microcosm for examining a regionwide tropical biodiversity crisis,
and compiled population data from the past two centuries.
PS:翻译这句话。
==>他们用新加坡作为检查热带地区的区域性的生活差异危机一个缩影，并用过去两个世纪(的历史)来编纂人口数据。
其中biodiversity是由前缀bio-和diversity组合而成的，意思是生命的差异性。
4、Animals that call the forest home have suffered enormously.
PS:翻译这句话，重点解析"call"在这句话的意思。
==>call称为，当作。
全句翻译：以森林为家的动物们受到了巨大的灾难。
5、American and Europe will pool research into hydrogen-powered fuel cells.
PS:翻译这句话，重点解析"pool"在这句话的意思。
==>pool集中投入，pool的名词意思是“池塘”，动词本义是“汇合成塘”的意思，这里用的是比喻义，想象一下不难理解的。
全句翻译：
美国和欧洲将集中注资到氢燃料电池的研究中。
6、It shows the United States is out to make peace with eco-friendly Europe.
PS:翻译这句话
==>这表明美国将尽力与生态环境好的欧洲和平相处。
out这里是副词，表示“致力于”。
7、Fuel cells create electricity by combining oxygen and hydrogen without producing harmful emissions, and technical construction poses few basic challenges.
PS:翻译这句话，重点解析"call"在这句话的意思。
==>燃料电池通过氧气和氢气反应来发电而不发出有害物质，并且在技术的组建上提出了很少的挑战。
这里没有call,只有cell,是电池的意思，名词。pose challenge提出挑战，就是指技术上的难关。
8、But opinion is sharply divided over how to obtain hydrogen without wasting more natural resources.
PS:翻译这句话，重点解析"over"在这句话的意思。
==>但是在如何不浪费更多自然资源的情况下获得氢气这个问题上，意见出现了分歧。
其中的over相当于on,就是“关于”的意思。
9、That means making use of renewable resources for the task, say wind and solar resources.
PS:翻译这句话，重点解析"say"在这句话的意思。
==>那意味着该任务是要利用可再生资源，比如风能和太阳能。
其中的say是副词，比如，相当于for example.
10、Whitman assured the public that the air was safe before testing was conclusive. In addition, all EPA statements were required to be screened by the White House.
PS:翻译这句话
==>惠特曼向公众保证在测试下结论之前空气是安全的。而且，所有的EPA(美国环保署)申明都要求经过白宫的筛选。
screen：动词，筛选/过滤。
11、But New York Sen.(senator,参议员。)Hillary Clinton is calling for an investigation, saying somebody surely leaned on the EPA to lie, which Whitman strongly denies.
PS:翻译这句话
==>但是纽约的科学家希拉里.克林顿要求调查此事，说某些人明显的偏向于EPA(美国环保署)而说谎，对于这个，惠特曼坚决否认。
call for:相当于demand,require，
lean on:偏向于。
Passage:
When it comes to air pollution, the simple life isn’t necessarily the safest. The most poisonous atmosphere in Asia is found not in rapidly modernizing cities like New Delhi or Beijing but inside the kitchens of homes in rural Asia. Millions of families in the countryside heat their abodes and cook with open fires using cheap fuels that belch carbon monoxide and other noxious fumes at level up to 500 times international safety limits. Rural women and children often spend hours each day in poorly, ventilated kitchens, breathing this putrid air. “This is a problem that has been around forever, as long as humankind has existed, but it’s been ignored,” says Eva Rehfuess, a World
Health Organization expert on indoor air pollution. “If you walked into these ki tchens, your eyes would start tearing and you would find it difficult to breathe. It’s terrible. ”
The WHO estimates that indoor air pollution cause 1.6 million deaths per year in developing countries around the world, up to 555,000 of which occur in India alone-and overwhelmingly it’s the poor who are dying. Villagers have no choice but to use wood, coal or dung fires, raising the risk that young children will be killed by
carbon-monoxide poisoning or a bad case of pneumonia ravaging weakened lungs. Likewise, the women who typically keep their home fires burning are vulnerable to chronic respiratory diseases. “Day in and day out for 50 years, some of these women might be cooking six hours a day, exposed to pollutions,” says Rehfuess.
Curtailing indoor air pollution can be as simple as replacing open wood fires with better-ventilated cookstoves, but more sophisticated stoves can cost up to $120. China and India, home to the world’s largest rural populations, have launched ambitious national programs in recent decades to supply villagers with safer stoves at subsidized prices. But the programs have not always worked, in India, for example, some 33 million stoves were given out free to villagers in rural areas from 1984 to 2000—but because of a lack of health education or follow-up maintenance, most families abandoned the cookstoves for their old fires within a few years.
That’s left nongovernmental organizations like the shell Foundation to step into the gap. It has begun a pilot program with local Indian NGOs in a pair of rural states to develop and market clean, wood-burning stoves that cost just $5-$10 yet can reduce emissions by up to 40%. The project is on track to sell 1000,000 stoves by the end of 2005, and the groups plan to expand the program nationally in the future. Program manager Karen Westley says Shell and its partner NGOs made an effort to sell their customers not just more efficient tools but also the idea that different is better. “You have to make sure people actually want that damn thing,” says Westely. “They need to make the connection between having a better stove, breathing less smoke and experiencing better health in the end.”
But habits ingrained by tradition can be hard to break. “They’ve been living with this always, and so have their mothers and grandmothers,” says Rehfuess. “You have to give people the felling they can do something about it.” And that they’ll breathe a lot easier for their trouble.
参考译文:
说到空气污染，并不是说简单的日常生活就必然是最安全的。研究显示，在亚洲，毒气最浓的空气并不在新德里和北京这样的现代化速度很快的城市，而是在亚洲农村家庭的厨房里。在农村，上百万的家庭用明火取暖或是做饭，他们使用的是廉价的燃料，这些燃料所释放的一氧化碳量和其他有毒烟雾量是国际标准的500倍。农村地区的妇女和孩子经常每天在通风不好的厨房里待上几个小时，呼吸这种有毒的空气。“这个问题从人类诞生以来就一直存在着，但是却一直被忽视了，”一位名叫伊娃.瑞弗丝的世界卫生组织室内空气污染方面的专家说道，“走进厨房你的眼睛就开始流泪，而且你会觉得呼吸困难，这太可怕了。”
世界卫生组织估计，在发展中国家，室内空气污染造成每年160万人死亡，其中印度占55万——而且死亡的大部分都是穷人。村民们除了用木头，煤或者是粪肥来烧火之外别无选择，这样会增加小孩子一氧化碳中毒死亡的危险，肺功能减弱，肺炎得病率增加。同样，那些在家里生火的妇女很容易得慢性呼吸道疾病。瑞弗丝说“有些妇女一天要花6小时做饭，五十年里日复一日，每天都生活在污染中。”
减少室内空气污染其实非常简单，只要用一套通风比较好的厨灶来代替木头生火就可以了，但是比较高级的厨灶要花120美元。中国和印度是世界上两个农村地区人口最多的国家，在最近几十年里启动了全国范围的救助项目，以补贴价格供给农村居民安全性能最好的厨灶。但是，这个项目并不是一直起作用。例如，印度政府在1984-2000年间免费发放了三百三十万套厨灶给农村地区农民，但是由于缺少健康知识教育和相关维护，多数家庭几年之后就又回到他们原来的取火方式了。
这使得一些像谢尔基金会这样的非政府组织参与进来。该组织与印度当地非政府组织在一些乡村地区开始小规模实验项目，开发和推广干净的、燃烧木头的厨灶，并使之市场化。这样厨灶可以减少40%的氧化排放量，并且只需要5-10美元。这个项目计划到2005年底出售15套厨灶，该组织准备今后在全国范围内推广这个项目。该项目的经理凯温.威斯特里说谢尔和它的非政府组织合作伙伴努力销售给顾客的不光是一种最高效的工具，而且还有一种理念，那就是：有所改变会更好。威斯特里说：“你必须要确定人们确实想要那东西与他们最终需要的联系，即在拥有一套好的厨灶，少呼吸烟雾和体验到健康的身体这三者之间建立一种联系。”
但是根深蒂固的传统习惯很难改变。瑞弗丝说：“他们一直是这样生活的，包括他们的母亲和祖母也是这样生活的，你需要给他们一种感觉，那就是他们可以对此做些改变。”这样人们会对自己的麻烦事感到轻松许多。
Unit 5 Weather and Climate
Dialogues/monologues:
I am passionate about English, and the challenge of expressing English fluently and swimmingly with
foreigners was the principal motivation.
1、……having been brought up in the countryside.
2、Those mighty winds pulled in a band of cloud and some patchy rain through the small hours, and into the
first part of the morning.
我的翻译是：那些强劲的大风卷起一层云彩，还有些零星的小雨下了好一会，一直持续到清晨。
不知道准确否?请高手赐教。
3、clearer skies and much light winds allowed temperatures to drop well into single figures resulting in a touch
of grand frost in some rural areas.
清凉的天空和微风让温度值降到了个位数,使得很多乡村地区出现了霜.
4、The early sunshine giving away to a bit more clouds.
give away：让步。
太阳被一小片云层遮住了。
5、There was something of a drier interlude before an active weather system moved in from the west.
6、Some of the more exposed locations saw sustained winds of 40mph with gusts of 58mph.
Passage:
The Greenhouse effect and Global warming
The heart-trapping capacity of the atmosphere is popularly known as the “greenhouse effect”. Despite public controversy surrounding global warming, the natural greenhouse effect has been long established as fact in the scientific community.
Indeed, carbon dioxide, and other gases, the earth’s natural climate would be about 33℃ cooler than it is. Life would have evolved quite differently in such a climate.
Most scientists believe that the rapid expansion of agriculture and industrial activities over the last several hundred years have generated significant increases in carbon dioxide and methane in the atmosphere. However, experts disagree about whether such changers have caused the increase of appr oximately 0.5℃ in the earth’s surface temperature that has been documented over the past century. Many scientists cite the fact that 1997 was the warmest year on record, following a decade in which 9 of the 11 hottest years of this century were reported, as strong, but circumstantial, evidence that human activities have altered the earth’s climate. Other experts, however, believe this temperature trend is a natural variation.
Also disputed is whether projected world population growth to more than 10 billion people by the year 2100 will result in a doubling or tripling of atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide. If such a buildup occurs, as many scientists predict, global surface temperatures could increase by anywhere from about one Celsius degree to about 4 Celsius degrees during the next century. The higher half of range involves temperature changes outside of those experienced by human civilizations since the end of the last ice age some 10,000 years ago. During the last ice age, average global temperatures were only about 5 Celsius degrees cooler than the present period.
A temperature increase of several degrees Celsius could result in a sea level rise ranging from about 10 cm to about 1 m. A sea level rise of about 0.5 m would be noticeable primarily in the most vulnerable, low-lying islands and coastal areas. Larger sea level rises would result in extensive flooding of lowland beaches, wetlands, and coastal settlements. Moreover, a higher sea level base would increases the risk of catastrophic storm surges in coastal areas, since flooding would likely extend island well beyond historic levels.
Warmer temperature could also intensify droughts in some regions, destabilize ecosystems, and cause the decline or extinction of some species. Since carbon dioxide enhances photosynthesis, some scientists have calculated that higher concentrations in the atmosphere would increase the productivity of crops and forests. But others have point out that carbon dioxide increase and a warming climate could encourage the spread of destructive pests, including weeds and disease-carrying insects.
参考译文：
大气储存热量的能力被普遍看作是“温室效应”。尽管公众对于全球气候变暖这一问题存在争议，但是在科学界，自然的温室效应问题很久前就被看作是事实了。确实，如果不是因为云层、水蒸气、二氧化碳以及其他气体对热量的储存，地球的自然温度应该比现在低33度，生命在那种气候条件下的进化将会大不一样。
大多数科学家相信，在过去几百年里农业和工业的迅速发展使得大气中二氧化碳和甲烷的含量迅速增加。然而，对于这些改变是否是造成地球表面温度比上个世纪增加了大约0.5摄氏度的原因，专家们持不同意见。许多科学家引述了这样一个事实：1997年是有气象记录以来最热的一年，之前的十年里有九年排在本世纪温度最高的前11名里，这充分且有力地证明了人类活动已经改变了地球的气候。但是另外一些科学家却认为这种温度变化趁势是自然变化。
另一个争议是关于世界计划人口到2100年突破100亿是否会使大气中二氧化碳含量增加一倍到两倍?许多科学家预测说如果这种情况真的发生的话，下个世纪世界各地的气温都将升高，升高程度从一度到四度不等。这个温度变化范围中最大的部分比从上个冰河时代末期到现在的10000年间人类经历的温度变化还要大。在上一个冰河时期，全球平均气温只比现在低5摄氏度。
温度升高几度会造成海平面升高10厘米到1米不等。海平面上升0.5米对于处在低地的岛屿和沿海地区来说就相当危险了。海平面再升高一些就会给低地的海滩、湿地、和沿海居民带来特大洪灾。而且，海平面升高就会增加沿海地区发生灾难性暴风雨的可能性，因为洪水可能会以前所末有的强度登陆。
温度升高还会加剧一些地方的干旱，破坏生态平衡，造成一些物种数量的减少甚至灭绝。由于二氧化碳能促进光合作用，所以一些科学家估计大气中二氧化碳含量的增加会提高庄稼的产量并且促进森林生长。但是另外一些科学家则指出二氧化碳的增加和气候变暖会使得具有破坏性的害虫、杂草以及携带疾病的昆虫大规模扩散。
Unit 6 Eating and Drinking
Dialogues /monologues:
1、I’m in a hurry.
我得赶紧。“in a hurry”指匆忙，有时用作口语也表示轻易地做好某件事情。
2、 These days the most sought-after tables are hidden away, several floors above ground, in the city’s high-rise apartments, which are run by chefs out of their own homes or from rented spaces..
这句话的意思我翻译为：目前，很多广受欢迎的餐馆总是藏匿在公寓大厦地面上方的楼层，就在厨
师们自家门口或是租的空地外面营业。
3、 Merely requesting a reservation can be as difficult as getting one.
哪怕是仅仅要求预定(房间)都有可能象真要得到它一样那么难。
4、 Exclusively is the main attraction for customers in a city that is still obsessed with status.
独有性(专用权)是吸引城市消费者的主要因素，因为人们还是会被身份地位(带来的虚荣感)所迷惑的。
5、I can’t make up my mind about what to have for dessert.
make up one’s mind：下决心、作决定。
本句的意思是：餐后吃什么甜点，我还没能做出决定。
Passage:
The ladies were puzzled. Cheryl Spangler, Valeria Borunda Jameson and Susan Puckett, three university-admissions workers on a training visit to Florence, Kentucky, had walked into a local barbecue joint called Chung Kiwha. But instead of sauce-covered mutton served up from the kitchen, they saw a buffet of uncooked meats and vegetables. Instead of knives and forks, they were given large scissors, chopsticks and metal tongs.
No candle flickered at their table, but a bucket of fiery wood charcoal hissed in the tabletop grill pit. Chung Kiwha served barbecue, all right—cook-it-your-self Korean barbecue. “I didn’t realize there were restaurants like this,” marveled Spangler to her friends, who hail from Knoxville, Tennessee, and I worked in restaurants for 20 years.
The secret is out, thanks to the growing popularity of restaurants where the customer is the chef. Long a staple of immigrant communities in big cities, restaurants where diners chop, grill, boil, or dip their dip their food are hot in the American heartland. St.Paul, Minnesota, has Thai hot-pot cooking. Indianapolis, Indiana, has Japanese shabu-shabu (another type of hot pot). A pizzeria in Las Vegas lets customers roll the dough.
Why would people bother going out t o cook their own meal? “Americans want control,” says Hudson Riehle, senior vice president of research for the National Restaurant Association. “The cook-it-your-self experience embodies the American values of freedom of choice and independence.” With fami lies spending 46% of their food budget on meals outside the home, they miss the cooking experience—sort of. “Psychologically, people want to be a little involved,” says Pamela Parseghian, executive food editor at Nation’s Restaurant News.
Not every diner, however, embraces the experience. Dragged in by enthusiastic wives, “men often sit with their arms crossed…that is, until we fill them up with good wine,” says Will Layfield, owner of the Melting Pot in Westwood, New Jersey. At the Vinoklet, diner Grey S chafer says, “I don’t cook at home, and if I’m going to pay good money, I want someone to do the cooking for me.” What’s more, do-it-your-self dining isn’t cheap. At the Minturn Country Club in Minturn, Colorado, Kobe beef costs
$49.95—uncooked. Still, restaurant-owners insist that the customer knows best. “Who knows what to them is rare?” says Mikulic, owner of Vinoklet. “This way, if they screw it up, I get no complaints.” Back at Chung Kiwha in Florence, diner Puckett sees it this way: “We don’t have to clean up, do we?.”
参考译文:
这些女士有些迷惑不解。谢丽尔.斯潘格勒，维丽瑞尔.波兰达.达姆森，和苏珊.帕克特是大学招生工作人员。在肯塔基州的弗罗伦斯培训时，她们走进了当地一家叫做强.吉瓦的烧烤酒吧去吃饭。然而，他们看到的并不是从厨房端出来抹好了酱的羊肉，而是生肉和蔬菜。服务员给她们端上来的餐具也不是刀和叉，而是剪子、筷子和钳子。餐桌上没有闪烁的烛光，有的只是一桶在烧烤架上嘶嘶作响的燃烧着的木炭。强.吉瓦经营的是烤肉——韩式自助烤肉。“我在
餐馆里工作了20年，从来不知道还有这样的餐馆。”，来自田纳西州洛克思尔的斯潘格勒好奇地对她的朋友说道。
由于就餐的客人就是厨师的餐馆数量在不断增加，秘密也就随之而被公开了。在美国中部大城市的主要移民聚集区，一些由顾客自己切、烤、煮、泡食物的餐厅非常火。明尼苏达州的圣.保罗有泰式火锅，印第安纳的印第安纳波利斯有日式涮锅(另外一种火锅)。拉斯维加斯的一家比萨店让顾客自己动手和面团。
为什么人们不怕麻烦在饭店里自己动手做饭呢?国家酒店协会一个研究项目部的副主任哈
德逊.瑞艾尔说，“美国人有很强的控制欲，这种自己动手做饭的体验表现了美国自主选择和独立的价值观。”对于那些把46%的饮食开销都用于在外面吃饭的家庭来说，他们有点怀念自己动手做饭的体验。“从心理学角度来说，人们想要参与进来。”帕米拉.帕斯伊恩这样说，他是《国家酒店新闻报》食品专栏的主编。
然而，并不是每个去饭店吃饭的人都渴望有这种体验。男人们被充满热情的妻子拉进饭店。“他们常常是双臂交叉地坐在那儿…也就是说，直到我们用好酒填满他们的肚子。”新泽西州威斯伍德一家叫做坩埚店的餐馆老板威尔.雷菲尔德说到。在维诺克利特餐厅，一名叫格瑞德.斯凯夫的就餐者说，“我在家从不做饭。如果在外面吃饭要花好多钱的话，我就希望别人来为我做。”此外，在自助餐厅吃饭并不便宜。在科罗拉多州明特恩乡村俱乐部，一份生的神户牛排要49.95美元。餐馆的老板仍然坚持说顾客清楚自己想要什么。“谁知道对他们来说，什么样才是适合他们的?”维诺克利特的老析米库利科说道，“这样，如果他们兴致很高，我也不落抱怨。”我们再回头说说弗罗伦斯的强.吉瓦吧，在那儿就餐的帕克特这样看问题：“最起码我们不需要收拾碗筷，不是吗?”
Unit 7 Food culture
Dialogues /monologues:
1、 Cooking at table side has always been part of traditional haute cuisine, or art of cooking.
art of cooking:烹饪术，例：art of defense: 武术。
2、I’m a very cook.
这里应该翻译为：我是一个绝对的厨师。
3、 Stir the mixture until it leaves sides of the bowl.
直译：与碗边脱离，即不沾碗边。引申义：就是要求充分搅匀.
4、 Roll the crust mixture into a round shape.
roll into: 卷成, 使合为一体。
将外面的蛋糕皮混合物卷成一团。
5、 Yes, the apple pie is ready to serve.
be ready to: 预备, 即将
是的，苹果派可以预备供应/享用了。
Passage:
What should be more French than an outdoor market on a sunny Sunday morning? The air is filled with vital fragrances from the fruits and vegetables piled high in the greengrocers’ creative layouts. A trace of the Atlantic blows off the shellfish on the fishmonger’s bed of ice.
This, you think, is the very essence of France, until read those little signs that tell you the tomatoes (which are really pretty tasteless) come from Moroccan hothouses, the grapes from South Africa, and the kiwis from Chile.
For generations, the French have prided themselves on their distinctiveness. Nothing has stood for France’s sense of exceptionalism more famously than its cooking. Gallic talent, taste and techniques have been exported all over the world. And therein lies part of the problem. From the Thames to Tokyo, non-French cooks have cracked the codes of the best French cuisine. Meanwhile, what was mediocre elsewhere has been imported. (Believe it or not, one restaurant associate with a famous Paris chef serves steak with a sauce that’s indistinguishable from the stuff on a Big Mac.) Th e result: many tourists—as well as the French themselves—no longer see what’s so special about French cooking.
The decline goes well beyond recent surveys that show growing complaints about mediocre quality and high prices. More and more restaurants-owners say that government tax and economic policies are limiting their profits, and thereby hurting their capacity to invest and hire more staff. They have got stuck in the red tape for which France is infamous—not to mention regulations from Brussels that affect everything from sales taxes to the bacteria in the Brie cheese. Many warn that expanding the European Union to the east will hurt small French farmers, who remain the backbone of traditional cuisine—and, hence French identity: Unfortunately for the French, there are few reassuring answers to these questions.
France’s problem isn’t the lack of creativity, but rather an unfavorable political environment for creativity. If you’re choked by bureaucracy and taxes, as so much of France is, “there is not much you can do,” says Raymond Blanc, born in the Jura region of France and chef of the two-star hotel-restaurant Manoir aux Quat’saisons. “I can open a business in England in five days. In France it would take three months.” The manoir aux Quat’saisons, by the way, is in Oxford, Britain, France’s ancient rival. And, when it comes to cooking, a future one as well.
关于Further Mathematics 与Mathematics Methods 注：11年级的课时计划会打乱书上章节的顺序 ●分析： 1) Further Mathematics内容覆盖广(6年级~大一)，与现行高中数学教材接轨小，在内容上仅有不到20%相同的地方，且难度较小，但除应用性强外，对国内数学帮助不大；但国内高中数学对Math有较大帮助。 2) Mathematics Methods 内容与国内高中数学内容相近，大约有70~80%相同，尽管在要求上更重于应用，理论难度要略低于国内数学，但它与国内数学互相辅助程度较大。然而要考虑的是：学生的英语水平及难度会对学生的VCE总分产生影响。 3) 假设只学习Mathematical Methods，根据Mathematical Methods教学安排调整中文数学的教学顺序例如：中文数学中的数列、向量内容后置，将Mathematical Methods中的概率统计前移。 ●方向 1)为了保证学生VCE的总分，应该保留Further Mathematic； 2)而为了让学生在报考国外大学的专业时有更多的选择(尤其指理工科)或得到更高的分数，应该学习Mathematical Methods，且Methods与国内数学的关系更为紧密。只是在学科的课时上，外教的配置上，学生的学费改变与否上考虑。 ●建议： 1、鉴于学生水平的参差不齐，理想状态：所有学生必修Further Mathematic，数学不错的(将来可 能报国外理科专业)的同学选修Mathematical Methods。这将会增加学生的课时。 2、学生学Further Mathematic和Mathematical Methods，多增加一门Mathematical Methods。 ------- 11年级学生学习Further Mathematic的3,4单元；12年级学生学习Mathematical Methods的3,4单元，最后参加5个学科的VCE大考。若这样可行，则可在不增加课时的基础上，多学了一个VCE学科。 ●初拟结论： 1、Methods代表国内数学的课改趋势 2、Methods尽管难度提高了，但因为计算的是标准分(按标准分折算)，故与Victoria省比较，应该占优，并不影响VCE总分。 3、Methods与国内数学接近，更利于二者的整合与互助。 4、Methods与国内数学接近，更利于学生对中外数学的统一认识------即：要学好Math，就必须将国内数学学好，反之亦然。尽管它们在内容和深度上还各有特点。
第一节口语考试概述 一、口试题型介绍 (-)口试题型介绍及评分标准 在众多的英语考试中，口语考试的设置逐渐多了起来，例如托福口语考试(TSE 口语考试);英语证书(BEC)中亦有口试部分，最近大学英语考试委员会也组织大学英语四级、六级考试成绩优秀的部分学生进行口语考试。PETS 进行口语考试，是对考生口语能力的检验，也将有力地促进全社会英语口语水平的提高，改变“听不懂，讲不出”，难以与外国人直接交流的局面。 1.口试题型介绍 PETS 三级口语考试共10 分钟，分为三个部分。第一部分3 分钟，两个考官将对两名考生就不同的话题分别提问，一般分别有3～4 个问题。考生的口答一般只需要一句话;有些问题需要几句话才能回答，考生需表明观点并陈述一定的理由。这部分涉及问候语、自我介绍，包括家乡、家庭、学校、专业、习惯、兴趣、爱好、交友、旅游以及日常生活的方方面面。 下面是考试大纲规定的交际话题。 (1) Personal Identification，People (2) Home and Family，Environment (3) Weather and Climate (4) Food and Drink (5) Daily Life (6) Free-time Activities (e. g. sports，parties，etc.) (7) Shopping (8) Holiday (9) Places (10) Travel (11) Health and Body Care (12) Services (e. g. hotel，post off ice，etc.) (13) Social Relations (14) Jobs and Occupation
公共英语三级（pets3）阅读翻译强化训练2 练习: The circumstances surrounding the birth of a female infant in Kosciusko, Mississippi, on Jan.29, 1954,were not promising present was the usual mix that had so often accumulated into a burden too heavy for a single-parent household like the one Oprah Winfrey grew up in. The state in which she was born had laws in place waiting to characterize her as unwelcome, to bar her participation in otherwise accebtable social activities, to shackle her to the residue of slavery and other injustices of the past. The simple truth is that her grandmother, her great-grandmother and all the great-great-grandmothers before them never experienced one day of life free from the harsh decrees of state-sponsored racial repression. In hindsight, it appears that her birth was an uneventful one. But at age three she was reciting speeches from church pulpits. Upon discovering books, the child delved into the written word, turning out weekly book reports for her father. Even during turbulent times, not a moment was wasted. Seeds were being planted, watered, and nurtured. On April 13, 1964, nearly an adolescent and watching television from the linoleum floor of her mother’s walk-up flat in something deep the film industry’s highest honor. Sharing in that moment and all it implied she
VCE题库打开软件Visual CertExam详细使用教程 VCE题库打开软件-Visual Certexam Suite免费版 https://www.doczj.com/doc/b56012530.html,/thread-36170-1-1.html 发现论坛有的会员对VCE软件使用不熟悉，影响做题效率，现在给大家奉上一个详细的使用教程。感谢各位会员对鸿鹄论坛的支持，我们一直在努力做到更好！ 1.打开Visual CertExam软件
2.选择Add按钮添加.VCE格式后缀题库文件
3.选择start直接可以做题，但是该软件不仅仅有这些功能，请往下看吧，选择Exam按钮 4.如上图所示选择history，对了，这就是每次做题的历史记录，可以看到自己历次的成绩。
5.再回到3中选择Operation选项，如图所示 Randomize questions--勾选表示随机抽题，不勾选表示从题库的第一题开始做，建议刚开始接触题库的同学不用勾选，先熟悉一遍题目，等熟悉了再勾选随机抽题选项。 Randomize choices where enable-勾选表示题目的ABCD等选项也是随机出现的，不勾选表示选项跟题库给的顺序一样。
6.回到2中，选strat开始做题，可以选择做所有题目或者自己选择题目的类型，这样便于重点练习自己不熟悉的知识点，查漏补缺，底部Time on选项，默认考试时间是120分钟，可以根据自己的情况适当设置做题时间。 7. 点击上图的OK按钮，会有题库的介绍和相关说明如下图所示，按Begin按钮正式开始答题。
8. 选择题有单选跟多选，题干会题库该题有几个选项，注意下图左上角的Mark按钮，勾选表示对该题做了标记。黄色M即表示标记的题目。
口试真题实战 Test 1 Part I (3 minutes) Interlocutor: Good morning /afternoon.My name is …and this is my colleague … He /She is just going to be listening to us. And your names are … and …? Give me your mark sheets please.(请把你们的登分卡给我。) Thank you. (hand over the mark sheets to the assessor.)(接过卡后递给专事评分的老师.) First of all we”d like to know something about you,Candida A, so I'm going to ask you some questions. T: May I know your job? A: I am a math teach. T: What does your job involve? A: I help students with their math. T: How do you like your job? A: I like it a lot. I like to talk to people and help them. And my hours are also very flexible. T: Do you want to change your job in the future? A: Yes,I want to find another job with a higher pay. Interlocutor:Thank you. Now,we”d like to know something
公共英语等级考试三级(PETS3)学习笔记（六） Unit 21 Services(1) Dialogues /monologues: 1、 Hotel in London or in England specially, will ask for a credit card or a confirmation which will guarantee that your room is held, basically all night or for late arrival. 2、 This could be a precise place for you. 关于：precise 与 accurate 是否有区别? accurate，correct，delicate，exact，precise都含有一定的"正确,精确"之意 accurate 准确的，精确的，指某人或某事不仅不出错，而且与事实无出入，强调准确性 correct 正确的，指某人或某事合乎事实或公认的标准或规则，没有错误 delicate 精美、精细的、雅致的 exact 确切的、精确的,语气较accurate强,指某人或某事数量或质量完全符合事实或标准,而且在细致末节上也丝毫不差 precise 精密的,指具有高度的精确性和准确性,强调范围界限的鲜明性或细节的精密,有时略带"吹毛求疵"的贬义 3、 Art-house. Art-house：艺术电影院 指放映不属于商业主流电影的电影院。艺术电影院放映的影片，重视电影本身的品质，较不注重商业吸引力，如当代重要导演的影片、独立制片影片、影史的经典作品，及发行有限的前卫及实验电影。亦称 Art theater。 4、 Your restaurant specializes in hamburgers and chicken, right? specializes in：擅长于，专攻。 5、 As an unadvertised special, you can have a trip to the salad bar with your order for only a dollar more. 作为一个末做广告的特价餐，您可以多出一美元随意的在沙拉吧里定购。
口语必考话题 常用的表达方式有： . Sofar as I am concerned. 。 As everybody knows.。。. What I mean is.。. Well. ，。.. . You know That is to say.。 A 节部分常考话题汇总及答案 1. And what shall I call you Most people call me Xiao Huang. 2. Where do you come from which is one of the major cities in China. It used to be a. I was born in Xi‘an， the capital city at one point in China's history.when Shanghai born in Xi‘an. My parents moved to Shanghai b. I come from ， but I was occasional apart know much about Xi‘an，from was I just 4 years old， so I really don't summer visits to see I don't have any relatives at all living some good friends of the family. In fact， in Xi‘an. 3. Where about is your hometown which is in central China. Xi'an is located in Shanxi Province，4. Could you tell me something about your hometown historic ， the population is about 6 million. It‘s famous for its a. Hmm. 。 . wellespecially for the Terracotta Warriors. Xi'an was named the capital of China sites， Silk famous point of the over many dynasties. Also， Xi‘an is the starting several times about summer，in important in ancient times. The weather is extremely hot Road， which was below Centigrade 14 cold in the winter， about degrees and 40 degrees Centigrade，fairly zero. but ，b. Okay. Well， first of all， my hometown is “X”。 I was born in the city a moved to the outskirts of the town when I was small. “X” is a fairly large city —pretty population of 3 million. It's has pretty important economic centre actually. It a and is situated right near a large lake.flat，5. What is the climate like in your hometown cold it's In hot in summer， about 40 degrees Centigrade. winter，very It‘s generally about minus 14 degrees Centigrade. The spring and autumn are both mild and pleasant，— and the summer time is ，with temperatures ranging from 12 to 25 degrees Centigrade. Ohshort cold is and snowy; spring seasons.
PETS-3模拟题2 PartⅠReading Comprehension Passage 1 Very high waves are destructive when they strike the land. Fortunately, this seldom happens. One reason is that out at sea, waves moving in one direction almost always run into waves moving in a different direction. The two sets of waves tend to cancel each other out. Another reason is that water is shallower near the shore. As a wave gets closer to land, the shallow bottom helps reduce its strength. But the power of waves striking the shore can still be very great. During a winter gale, waves sometimes strike with the force of 6,000 pounds for each square foot. That means a wave, 25 feet high and 500 feet along its face, may strike the shore with a force of 75 million pounds. Yet the waves, no matter how big or how violent, affect only the surface of the sea. During the most raging storms, the water a hundred fathoms (600 feet) beneath the surface is just as calm as on a day without a breath of wind. 1. According to the passage, destruction caused by high waves occurs _______. A. regularly B. rarely C. always D. predictably 2. We know from this passage that out at sea, when waves going in opposite directions meet, their force __________. A. causes great damage B. extends to the ocean floor C. is liable to lessen D. increase rapidly 3. It is clear from the passage that coastal depth _________. A. is the only factor influencing the strength of high waves B. influences the power of high waves C. has no in influence upon the strength of very high waves D. is irrelevant to the question of the power of high waves 4. From the second paragraph of the passage we know that power of very high waves striking the shore is _________. A. constant B. equalized C. variable D. perpetual 5. From your reading of the passage, which of the following is true? A. At a depth of 1,200 feet the effects of a violent surface storm are frightful. B. A submarine commander navigating his vessel at a depth of 700 feet will not be affected by a raging surface storm. C. A typhoon 500miles out at sea can stir up the ocean floor. D. If high waves cab strike the shore with a horizontal force of 75 million pounds, the vertical force of such waves can have an even greater effect upon the ocean floor. Passage 2 To the Editor: Your article on plans for aiding the elderly to pay their housing costs was not quite
公共英语三级(p e t s)口语真题汇总口试真卷 Part 1 (3 minutes) Interlocutor: Good morning/afternoon. My name is... and this is my colleague... He/She is jus t going to be listening to us. Could I have your mark sheets, please ? Thank you. And your names are ... and ... ? (Hand over the mark sheets to the assessor. ) First of all, Candidate A, we'd like to know something about you, so I'm going to ask you some questions. （Select two or more questions from the following categ ory for Candidate A. ) Thank you.
Now, Candidate B, I'm going to ask you some questions. Select two or more questions from the following categor y for Candidate B. Thank you. Part 2 (3minutes) Interlocutor: Now, I'd like you to talk about something between yours elves. We're just going to listen. ( Place the picture sheet !［p．6］ in front of both ca ndidates. ) This is the picture for your reference. It shows a smal l boy' s childhood: 1. taken out by his grandpa for a walk, 2. taught to write by his parents, 3. looked after by a na nny, 4. playing with other children in a kindergarten.
制作方案一：将PDF制作成VCE文件 制作相关软件： 1、Exam Formatter (把PDF转成RTF) 2、Visual CertExam Suite (主要用designer把RTF转成VCE) 具体操作步骤： 1、打开exam formatter软件 2、选择file->import导入相应PDF文件 3、自动导入后，exam formatter如下 4、选择file->save as，保存成rtf文件 5、运行visual certexam designer->import导入刚才保存的rtf文件 6、next->选择rtf格式（刚才保存的为rtf格式）) 8、next，选择刚才保存的rtf文件 9、next，选择第三项 10、next，进行导入预览 11、next->import导入完成 12、file->save as保存成vce文件 详情请参阅：https://www.doczj.com/doc/b56012530.html,/s/blog_6c991f270101a7bj.html 感谢@明旭2010分享的制作方案 制作方案二：将PDF转换成TXT后，制作成VCE文件 用第一种方案制作，依赖于Exam Formatter 对PDF的OCR识别，但事实上Exam Formatter并不是一款专业的OCR识别软件，它对PDF的文字识别效果很差。通过方案一制作出来的.VCE文件通常是这样的:
上面图片所属题库里面有280多道题，用方案一只识别出来9道题，而且题目标题，不同的题目也不能识别开来，所以方案一只适用于Exam Formatter 能对PDF完全识别的少部分情况。 VCE题库文件制作2种方法:一种是PDF文件导入（方案一），另一种就是直接将TXT文件导入designer 制作。既然Exam Formatter对PDF的文字识别效果不好，那我们可不可以先用专业的PDF文字识别软件现将题库文字识别出来，再用TXT来制作VCE题库呢？ 制作相关软件： 1、CAJViewer 7.2 ：中国知网的专用浏览器，文字识别效果尚可。（免费） 2、ABBYY_FineReader：一家俄罗斯软件公司开发的OCR识别软件，识别准确率可以达到95% 以上。（收费） 3、Visual CertExam Suite (主要用designer把TXT转成VCE) 具体操作步骤： 1、用CAJViewer 7.2 打开你要识别的PDF文件 2、选择文件->另存为，在弹出的选项框里面，保存类型选择TXT 3、打开你识别好的TXT文件： 将QUESTION 替换成Q ,比如QUESTION1=Q1，QUESTION2=Q2以此类推 将Correct Answer 替换成Answer
公共英语三级口试流程 PETS3口语考试分A、B、C三节，测试考生用英语进行口头的能力。 每次口试采取两名口试教师和两名考生的形式。一名口试教师不参与交谈，专事评分；另一名主持口试，随时与考生交谈并评分。专事评分的教师所给分数的权重占考生口试成绩的三分之二，主持口试的教师所给分数的权重占考生口试成绩的三分之一。 A节：考查考生提供个人信息、回答有关他们日常生活、家乡、家庭、工作、学习等问题的能力。该节约需3分钟时间。 B节：考查考生就信息卡上的图 片或文字讨论有关问题的能力。该节约需3分钟时间。 C节：要求考生就信息卡上的图片或文字作简短描述，之后另一考生就同一话题阐述个人观点。该节约需4分钟时间。 Test skill 进入考场的时候，记住一定不要紧张，要面带微笑。应平静地坐在口试教师示意你坐的地方，坐下的时候要自然，坐姿要端正。坐下后，考官会跟你说如下三句话： Could you pass me your mark sheet please? （麻烦你递给我你的记分卡?） May Ihave your name? （我能知道你的名字吗?） My name is…， and this is … she/he will onlylisten to us．（我是……，这位是……，他/她只负责听我们说话。）三句话次序可能会颠倒，但不妨碍大家听懂意思。你须将口试计分卡交给专事评分的老师，然后老师会确认一下计分卡上的信息。随后口试考试正式开始。口试过程中 （1）与口试教师或同伴对话时要保持目光接触，保持自然恰当的表情、手势和形体动作。（2）作为考生，你应该积极主动，多讲话，切忌一语不发地等着，问一句才答一句（当然也不要说起来没完没了）。对于一般疑问句的问题不要只答“Yes”、“No”，要把句子说完整，把一般疑问句改换成肯定句式，并适当加以简要的解释，不一定非要等到口试教师追问“why”时，再说话。（3）在Part B部分要特别注意两点： 一：是口试教师是不参与讨论的，互动交际在你和另一位考生之间进行，你应该与他/她互相问答、讨论和交换看法，说话的时候应该面对的是他/她而不是口试教师； 二：是你和另一位考生都是来参加考试的，在讨论发言中应保持基本的机会均等。由于是临时组成的搭档，你与对方的英语水平可能会不同，如果他/她为了显示自己的水平、获得高分而不停地说，你可以寻找机会，使用得体的交际语言打断同伴的发言，如“I’m sorry，but I have tointerrupt”“Excuse me，I have to stop you”“Sorry，Ithink．。。”。当然，如果你的同伴比较沉默，你可以用某些特定的语句启发你的同伴开口发言，这样才是良好的交流。这类语句有“This ismy point of view．What do you think”“Do you agree with me”“That’s mypoint．What’s your opinion”等。 （4）考试中应选择自己熟悉的东西或事情来说，否则可能会由于缺乏恰当的词汇而给自己造成麻烦。比如说如果需要回答或描述电视节目或者体育运动方面的问题或图片，选择一种比较容易表述的电视节目或体育运动要比选择你真正喜欢而描述难度比较大的节目或运动现实得多。 （5）回答问题或描述图片内容时要切题，不要说与题目内容无关、意义不大的话。 （6）考试过程当中，面部表情要与口中所说的内容相符合，该严肃的时候严肃、该活泼的时候活泼，否则就会很生硬。口试结束之后口试结束后，你应当用英语分别向两位口试教师道谢和告别，给他们留下一个完整的好印象。 公共英语三级口试技巧 1.考生对口试的流程一定要和考官一样熟悉。 总共多少分钟，一共几个阶段，每个阶段会出什么性质的图片或问题，什么时间要求等等。还有就是对考官的“指导用语”要相当熟悉，这些“套话”是所有考官都必须说而且只能说的，考生完全可以把这几句话背下来，这样考官要做什么，要说什么你都有数，不会紧张。
PETS 3 口语万能模板 1. 请考官/同伴重复问题 Sorry, Could you repeat that, please? Could you say it again, please? Excuse me, would you mind saying that again? Sorry, I didn’t quite catch that. 2. 思考，犹豫 Well, … … In fact, … … That’s an interesting questio n, I've never thought it, but I suppose to … … It's hard to say, but I guess … … Hmm, let me see … … I'm not sure, but maybe … … 3. 表达观点 As far as I am concerned, … … From my point of view, … … In my opinion, … … Fr ankly, it seems to me that … … 4.描述图片常用的表达语句 As i look at the picture.. Judging from the picture.. From the picture I can see------ The picture shows that------ The picture tells us that----- According to the picture------ As is shown in the picture----- We can see from the picture 5.描述图表常用表达语句 According to the picture, I can see----- The table /graph shows that ----- The figures in the table clearly bring out the differences between-----From the differences of the figures in the table , I can infer that-----From the graph /table, I know that---- 6.常用关联词 In the first place------secondly------ On one hand ------On the other hand------ What is the most important is----- What’s more----
pets3口试自我介绍 篇一：Pets3级口语自己总结 Pets3级口语 1、进入考场时，出于礼貌，进门时先敲门，询问能否进入，“May I come in? ” 你只用回答个“Thank you” 或“OK”就可以了。 2、待进到考官面前，要，放松的去应考，就当是与人的一次交流，不用紧张，越紧张越糟糕。考官会说“Sit down please” 你要面带微笑的去回答“Thank you” 3、他接下来就要要你的准考证和登分卡了“Give me your mark sheets Please.”你回答“Here you are”并把登分卡双手递给他，一定要有礼貌。 4、之后他会介绍一下自己和监考官，也会让你根据自己的情况做些简单介绍。他可能会这样说（第一章）Good morning! My name is ….and this is my colleague… He/ She is just goi ng to listening to us, and your name, please. First of all, I want you to introduce yourself to me/ I want to know something about yourself. 你把以下的话熟悉一下，回答者要做出正面乐观的回答，不用死板，仅供参考。 1）My name is … and my English name is …I’m a self-learner / self-study student, I study English by myself in my spare time, / I worked in
全国英语等级考试三级（pets3）阅读翻译训练 第一部份：Dialogues /monologues: 1、You can tell they lived during the Depression. 这个句子中"tell"是断定的意思，常常把它的意思与(告知、告诉)联系在一起，脑子便转不过弯来。 翻译为：你可以断定他们生活在那时的大萧条期。 2、He reallv knows how to bring a person out. "bring a person out."是“鼓励一个人的”的意思。 翻译为：他非常善于鼓励别人/使别人振作起来。 例：to bring sb...out 意思为：to make someone feel more comfident, happy, and friendly /使某人更加自信、开朗 3、he looks like his fun to be with. 翻译为：他看起来是个很有意思的人。或，和他在一起应该会很有意思。 4、since we're going to recruit some staff so that we can get our new school going in time。
这里的since, 和so that 是基于...原因的意思.根据意思我将其译成: 届时...将...以便... 翻译为：届时我们将聘请一些工作人员以便使我们的新学校及时开学. 翻译为：你能够给商业与工艺美术的职员讲讲特征描述吗? arts跟前面的commercial and indutrial连在一起看，而非与后面的staff:(the commercial and industrial arts) staff. 6、There are a number of other positions to consider. "A number of" 换成"a lot of" 或者是”a great many”行不行，为什么? 可以换成a lot of或a great many of,因为position是可数名词。如果这里是不可数名词，则只能用a number of代替而不能用a great many.修饰可数/不可数都行：a number of/a lot of,只能修饰可数：a great many of(与many性质一样) 7、Would you mind letting me take a look in your briefcase? 将"letting me"换成"let me" 行不行，为什么? 不行，mind是动词，后面不能直接跟动词原形，一般接名词(或动名词),这里的letting 是let的动名词形式。 8、I’m afraid I certainly do mind, if it’s all the same to you.
澳州VCE高中课程 什么是 VCE? ●澳大利亚维多利亚州授予的高中证书 ●一个单元是一门学科一学期的课程，需要通过至少16个单元以完成学业 ●成绩由学校内部考试和学校外部维州统一考试及综合评估组成，取得规定学 分，即获得澳大利亚高中VCE证书 谁认可VCE? ●VCE在世界范围内被广泛承认，尤其是英语国家 ●所有澳大利亚的大学认可VCE，录取取决于你的VCE评估成绩在澳洲的排名 有哪些VCE课程？ ●VCE课程与澳大利亚维洲开设的完全一致 ●起初开设4至6门核心科目，通常是英语、数学、中文和商科或科学等科目●第一学期开设英语预备课程，以确保学生达到接受英语授课的能力 如果管理VCE项目？ ●澳大利亚维州教育评估署官员每年都要对海外学校进行检查 ●澳洲半岛学校经常性派专业人士现场访问指导 ●澳洲半岛学校为在中国教授相同学科的老师提供指导老师 ●学生的成绩报告及学籍档案由澳洲半岛学校统一存档管理 VCE课程有哪些特色？ ●VCE课程全部用英语教学 ●由维州教育评估署提供教学大纲和考试评估 ●由澳洲半岛学校提供课程计划，浦外参与整合设置 ●绝大多数教学和评估资源在澳洲准备并与澳洲同步 VCE课程有何益处？ ●VCE课程为中国学生开辟了一条入读澳大利亚和其它国家大学的途径 ●学生可在自己的国家中学习得到世界承认的优质学历课程 ●节省了到国外就读高中所需的高额度的生活费用 ●学生可习得流利的英语，英语教学的经历为前去英语国家大学深造作好了充 分的准备 如果招生？ ●VCE课程学制：全日制三年，全部在浦外校园学习。 ●今年9月开班，计划招生100名。本市具有较好英语水平的初中毕业生，通 过相应的考核，即可成为课程项目正式学生就读。
1.考生对口试的流程一定要和考官一样熟悉。 总共多少分钟，一共几个阶段，每个阶段会出什么性质的图片或问题，什么时间要求等等。还有就是对考官的“指导用语”要相当熟悉，这些“套话”是所有考官都必须说而且只能说的，在上培训班的时候老师都会培训这部分内容，考生完全可以把这几句话背下来，这样考官要做什么，要说什么你都有数，不会紧张。 另外一个需要注意的是，考官的指导用语中会有对图片内容的描述，这是至关重要的，因为，PETS考试的图片都是黑白的而且画的非常不规则，想象力不丰富的人有时根本看不出到底画的是什么。而考官会在指导用语中说道： “ candidate A, here is your picture , this picture shows four different ways of keeping fit .....talk to each other ...."如果考生仔细听考官的这段话，你就可以很容易判断出图片的内容，而且知道你被要求做什么。 2.遵守考官指令。 PETS考试的时间控制比较严格，考官在每一部分开始之前都会告诉你有多少时间完成，“到时候会打断你，不要担心。”有的考生在考官说了“sorry , time is up "之后，仍然滔滔不绝，极力想在争取一些表现的机会。这种情况下，你只能得到考官再次提醒，并打断。你的举动直接影响到考官对整个流程时间的掌控，不会对你的“锲而不舍”留下任何好处的。 其次，很多考生为了有更多的时间去理解手中的图片或者准备要说的材料，过分自我投入，对于考官的指令不予理睬，考官的最后一句话一般是：“ would you like to begin now ?"，而很多考生对此不置可否，仍然低头沉思在图片的理解当中，这个时候考官会自动开始计时的，考生不确认开始时间会被认为是故意“拖时间”，或者连指导用语也听不懂，那后果可想而知了。 3.与partner之间的互动。 PETS考试时，大部分情况，作为考生，你身边都有一个partner。这个人的水平怎样你是不知道的，也不知道性格怎么样。所以有的考生在进行“talk to each other "环节的时候，只顾着自己发挥，结果发现身旁那人一句没插上不说，自己根本连续说不了三分钟的英语。其实在这种场合下，有效地和partner互动是非常关键的。 首先可以化解紧张，我们都有体会，当我们自己做一件紧张的事情的时候，如果能拉来另外一个人一起参与，就会感觉好很多。口试也一样，当你说上两句后，主动转向身旁的人说：“ what do you think ?”或者“what is your opinion ?”这会把你的紧张进行转移，同时也会给自己加分，因为语言互动这本身就是对语言流利使用的表现。 4.对时间的把控。